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Psc Ref#:186233 PSC REF#:186233 Public Service Commission of Wisconsin RECEIVED: 06/14/13, 11:46:09 AM OFFICIAL FILING BEFORE THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF WISCONSIN Application of Highland Wind Farm, LLC for a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Docket No. 2535-CE-100 To Construct a 102.5 MW Electric Generation Facility and Associated Electric Facilities, to be Located in the Towns of Forest and Cylon, St. Croix County, Wisconsin REHEARING DIRECT TESTIMONY OF JESSE STOWELL 1 Q. Please state your full name and business address. 2 A. My name is Jesse Stowell, and my business address is 463 New Karner Road, Albany, 3 New York 12205. 4 Q. By whom are you employed and in what capacity? 5 A. I am employed by AWS Truepower (“AWS”) as a Senior Business Development 6 Manager. Established in 1983, AWS is an international leader and innovator in 7 renewable energy consulting and information services. Our team of meteorologists, 8 engineers, and environmental specialists are field-oriented and fully conversant with the 9 latest turbine technologies, large commercial projects, utility electrical systems, remote 10 field measurements, and distributed applications. AWS uses the best science and 11 technology to deliver accurate results for our clients. From resource and energy 12 assessment, project consulting, due diligence/independent engineering, performance 13 assessment and power production forecasting, we use science to help our clients’ projects 14 succeed. Direct-HWF-Stowell-1p Jesse Stowell, Direct Testimony Docket No. 2535-CE-100 1 Q. Would you briefly state the duties of your present position? 2 A. My role is twofold. I consult on topics concerning turbine technology and I work as a 3 business development manager. In the role of turbine technology expert, I consult on a wide 4 range of topics having to do with the features and performance of modern wind turbines. 5 Often my focus is how a particular turbine technology will affect the performance (energy, 6 environmental impact, reliability, etc) of the project that is utilizing that turbine. In my role 7 as a business development manager, I function primarily in the commercial capacity. My 8 job there is to work directly with clients seeking to understand how AWS can provide 9 services and expertise that will best address their project needs. 10 Q. What is your educational and professional background? 11 A. I’ve been working in the wind energy business since 1999. Prior to working for AWS, I led 12 the development of on-site and community-scale wind energy projects for the Energy 13 Solutions business unit of Johnson Controls. I was responsible for specification of turbine 14 technology (from a variety of different turbine OEM’s, including Siemens and Nordex) and 15 management of the wind project development process. Before joining Johnson Controls, I 16 was an Engineering Program Manager at Northern Power Systems where I was responsible 17 for the commercialization of a 100kW direct-drive, permanent-magnet wind turbine that was 18 originally developed for community-scale applications in cold climates. I have a Bachelor's 19 degree in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science from Duke University and am a 20 licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Vermont. 21 Q. What is the purpose of your testimony? 22 A. The purpose of my testimony is threefold. First, I will present the results of two 23 curtailment production models prepared for the developers of the Highland Wind Farm Direct-HWF-Stowell-2p Jesse Stowell, Direct Testimony Docket No. 2535-CE-100 1 (“Project”). Second, I will describe, in detail, the technical capabilities of the Nordex 2 N117 and Siemens SWT-2.3 turbines with regard to their ability to meet the 45 dBA 3 nighttime sound limit contained in Wis. Admin. Code § PSC 128.14. Finally, I will 4 provide testimony regarding the prevalence of using these types of wind turbine sound 5 reduction capabilities in wind projects today. 6 Q. Are you sponsoring any exhibits in connection with your direct testimony? 7 A. I am sponsoring Ex.-HWF-Stowell-1 which is a set of production models for the turbines 8 being considered for the Project. In my testimony I also rely on Exs.-HWF-Osterberg-2c, 9 3c and 4c. 10 Q. Please describe Ex.-HWF-Stowell-1 and how it was modeled. 11 A. Ex.-HWF-Stowell-1 is the Energy Production Estimate (“EPE”) for the Project that was 12 modeled by AWS. It reflects the long term average (and first year) annual energy output 13 for the turbine layouts utilizing the Nordex and Siemens turbines and a sound-based 14 curtailment strategy. It was modeled using the openWind Enterprise software to 15 calculate the energy output (gross and net of wake losses) both for the entire plant and for 16 each turbine. Other plant losses were subtracted to yield the net energy production. 17 Q. Please describe the results of the curtailment production modeling. 18 A. The net capacity factor for the Nordex N117 and the Siemens SWT-2.3-113 came to 19 percent and percent respectively. The reduction in output due to the noise 20 curtailment strategy is percent for the Nordex turbine and percent for the Siemens 21 turbine. Direct-HWF-Stowell-3p Jesse Stowell, Direct Testimony Docket No. 2535-CE-100 1 Q. Do you consider these results conservative? 2 A. Yes. The results are conservative because the sound curtailment strategy that was used in 3 the energy production model assumes that the sound emissions from the turbine are 4 always propagating in the worst case wind direction during all nighttime hours (10PM – 5 6AM). Mr. Hankard describes this modeling characteristic in more detail. In reality 6 there will be many periods of time during nighttime hours when the wind is blowing from 7 other directions, and noise reduced operation will not be necessary to keep sound levels 8 at neighboring receptors below the prescribed limits. This is due to the directional nature 9 of sound propagation in the presence of wind. Mr. Hankard’s analysis also demonstrates 10 that when the directionality of wind turbine noise emissions is taken into account when 11 programming the turbines the reduction in energy output is less than when relying solely 12 on nighttime curtailment that does not account for actual wind conditions. Finally, the 13 Nordex EPE’s are even further conservative because turbine 39 was modeled to cut out 14 (i.e. shutdown) at wind speeds higher than 8m/s during nighttime hours (10PM – 6AM). 15 In reality, this turbine will likely be able to operate at all wind speeds when the wind is 16 blowing from certain directions (for the same reasons previously stated above). 17 Q. Can you describe, generally, the abilities of modern utility scale wind turbines to 18 change or control the level of sound emitted by a turbine or set of turbines? 19 A. Since the majority of sound emissions from a wind turbine come from the tip of the blade 20 moving though the air, reducing the rotor rotational speed (and therefore the speed of the 21 blade tips) effectively reduces the level of sound emissions from the turbine. Modern 22 wind turbines utilize blade pitch control to regulate the rotational speed of the rotor, so 23 implementing changes in blade pitch control to slow down the rotor results in quieter Direct-HWF-Stowell-4p Jesse Stowell, Direct Testimony Docket No. 2535-CE-100 1 operation of the turbine. When the rotor speed is reduced so is the power output level for 2 a given wind speed. The result is a series of noise reduced power curves. Each power 3 curve has a maximum sound level and an associated (reduced) power rating. 4 Q. Please describe in detail the technical capabilities of the Siemens SWT-2.3 wind 5 turbine to meet the nighttime 45 dBA sound requirement in PSC 128.14? 6 A. Utilizing rotor speed control via changing the blade pitch as described above, the 7 Siemens SWT-2.3 wind turbine can be programmed to automatically change from normal 8 operation mode to reduced noise operation mode as a function of any combination of the 9 following parameters: day of the week, time of day, wind direction and wind speed. For 10 example, a given turbine could automatically change to reduced noise operation mode on 11 Monday - Thursday, during nighttime hours, when the wind is above 8m/s from any of 12 the directional sectors defined to be sensitive. These capabilities provide a great amount 13 of flexibility in specifying the conditions that require curtailment. As can be seen in Ex- 14 HWF-Osterberg-4c, the literature for the Siemens turbine does not state any limitations 15 with respect to how many directional sectors can be defined. 16 Within the reduced noise operation mode, there are six different reduced noise 17 operating curves (i.e. power curves) as shown in Ex-HWF-Osterberg-4c, Figure 2.2 (PSC 18 Ref. # 181229). See also Ex.-HWF-Hankard-8. Each power curve results in a lower 19 maximum power level, and a correspondingly greater reduction in sound emissions. The 20 user settings for the parameter setpoints and for the operating curve can be accessed via 21 the wind farm SCADA (Supervisory Controls and Data Acquisition System) and at the 22 individual turbine controller level. In addition, the Siemens SWT-2.3 turbine can be Direct-HWF-Stowell-5p Jesse Stowell, Direct Testimony Docket No. 2535-CE-100 1 manually changed “on the fly” to reduced noise operation mode at any time (independent 2 from any existing set points).
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