Persecution and Toleration in Britain 1400-1700

University of Cambridge Historical Tripos Part II

Specified Subject

PERSECUTION AND TOLERATION IN BRITAIN 1400-1700

Paper Convenor: Professor Alex Walsham

PERSECUTION AND TOLERATION IN BRITAIN 1400-1700

The early modern period is widely regarded as an era of intensified persecution: it bore witness to concerted drives to eliminate religious dissent and to discipline moral and social deviants; it unleashed vicious outbreaks of sectarian violence and precipitated wars of religion; and it left a lasting legacy of hatred and prejudice that led to the formation of distinctive and mutually antagonistic confessional identities. At the same time, it has frequently been identified as the crucible in which a tolerant society was born: it was a time during which old assumptions about the inherent evils of toleration were debated and contested in pulpits, public discourse and celebrated printed texts, in which kings, parliaments and civic magistrates issued famous edicts that permitted and sanctioned the existence of religious minorities, and in which ordinary people found creative ways of coexisting with neighbours who adhered to different faiths.

Focussing on Britain (and especially England), but setting it firmly within the context of wider European developments, this Specified Subject offers students the opportunity to explore the relationship between these competing impulses and tendencies between c. 1400 and 1700. It emphasises the value of forging links between the political and ecclesiastical, intellectual, social and cultural histories of the period and of combining a variety of approaches to the study of tolerance and intolerance in past societies. It will analyse the theory and practice of persecution in the late Middle Ages before assessing the impact and consequences of the Reformation. Evolving attitudes towards a wide range of minorities will be traced in a comparative fashion, alongside the differing ways in which they responded to the intolerance to which they were subjected and how this in turn shaped their mentality and outlook. The development of articulate defences of toleration will be addressed, as well as the more practical and subtle manifestations of forbearance and tolerance that have attracted attention in recent years. Throughout, consideration will be given to how definitions of orthodoxy and stereotypes of deviance shed light on the fears and preoccupations of the societies that engender them.The paper examines the scholarly controversies that have crystallised around the themes of persecution and toleration, interrogates the models of progress that underpinned much earlier historical discussion of these topics, and considers the strengths and weaknesses of newly emerging perspectives.

The paper will take the form of 16 lectures and 8 seminars, which will enable students to engage with closely with historiographical debates, conceptual and methodological problems, and key primary texts relating to selected topics. Each student will also have 4 individual supervisions.

The lectures will be delivered by Prof. Walsham. Drs Carys Brown ([email protected]) and Fred Smith ([email protected]) will assist with the teaching of the seminars and with supervisions. Supervisions will be coordinated by the Paper convenor.

Lecture List Michaelmas Term (1) Introduction (2) Heresy and Orthodoxy in the Late Middle Ages (3) The Reformation and Religious Deviance: Church and State (4) The Pursuit of Uniformity: Structures, Strategies and Mechanics (5) The Civil War and Restoration: The Politics of Dissent (6) Protestant Nonconformity: Puritans, Separatists, and the Sects (7) Papists: Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism (8) Unbelievers: Jews, Muslims, and Atheists

Lent Term (9) Enemies of God and Neighbours from Hell: Witches and Sinners (10) The Intolerance of the Populace: Collective Violence and Popular Prejudice (11) Making the Ultimate Sacrifice: Martyrs and Martyrdom (12) Holy Violence and Exodus: Resistance and Exile (13) Dissembling one’s Faith: Conformity and Nicodemism (14) The Rise of Toleration? Ideas and Actions (15) Living with Diversity: Religious Pluralism and Coexistence (16) Conclusions Seminar Classes There will be eight ninety-minute seminar classes for this paper. All students are expected to attend these. They will be held fortnightly in Michaelmas and Lent Terms. The themes of the seminars are as follows. These classes will combine discussion of key historiographical controversies, conceptual and methodological problems, and primary texts. Students will be asked to participate in group work in class, to prepare short presentations in pairs or threes, and to engage in structured debates. Documents for discussion will be placed on Moodle.

Michaelmas Term (1) The Duty of Persecution (2) Lollardy (3) Anti-popery and other prejudices (4) Enemies of God: Witch-hunting in Early Modern Britain

Lent Term (5) Embracing the Stake: Martyrs and Martyrologies (6) Ways of Lying: Dissimulation and Equivocation (7) The Cohabitation of the Faithful with the Unfaithful: Coexistence and Dilemmas of Conscience (8) Toleration and its Consequences

Easter Term Two ninety-minute revision classes

A further optional session in the Wren Library, Trinity College, to inspect early printed books relevant to this paper, will be organized in the Lent Term.

SEMINAR READING GUIDE Recommendations for secondary reading and some questions to consider ahead of the seminar are indicated below. Students are asked to read all the primary source extracts and at least one of the recommended secondary readings in preparation for the class. Note that many journals are available electronically, via JSTOR or other web platforms. If you are unable to obtain any of the items, please use your initiative and select something from the relevant section(s) of the bibliography.

(1) The Duty of Persecution This seminar will examine the theory and theology of persecution in the sixteenth & seventeenth centuries and its roots in the Bible and medieval era. It will consider key texts justifying the coercion of heretics and false believers and probe the assumptions behind the early modern pursuit of religious uniformity.

Documents (1) Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, ‘Whether Unbelievers ought to be compelled to the faith?’, ‘Whether Heretics ought to be tolerated?, and ‘Whether the church should receive those who return from heresy’, in D. G. Mullan (ed.), Religious Pluralism in the West (1998), pp. 58-60, 70-3. (2) Thomas More, A Dialogue concerning Heresies, in T. M. C. Lawler et al (eds), Works, vol. VI (1) (1973), pp. 405-10, 415-18. (3) Edmund Bonner, ‘A homilie of Christian love, or charitie’, in Homilies (1555), fos 25v-27r. (4) Samuel Rutherford, A Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience (1649), extracts in D. G. Mullan (ed.), Religious Pluralism in the West (1998), pp. 142-52.

Recommended Secondary Reading (1) Brad Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (1999), ch. 3 (2) John Coffey, Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558-1689 (2000), ch. 2. (3) Mark Goldie, ‘The Theory of Religious Intolerance in Restoration England’, in O. Grell, J. Israel and N. Tyacke (eds), From Persecution to Toleration (1991) (4) Alexandra Walsham, Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England 1500-1700 (2006), pp. 40-49. (5) Conrad Russell, ‘Arguments for Religious Unity in England 1530-1650’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 18 (1967), 201-26. (6) P. Zagorin, How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West (2003), ch. 2 (7) C. D’Alton, ‘Charity or fire? The Argument of Thomas More’s 1529 Dyalogue’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 33 (2002) (8) G. Schochet, ‘Samuel Parker, Religious Diversity and the Ideology of Persecution’, in R. Lund (ed.), The Margins of Orthodoxy: Heterodox Writing and Cultural Response, 1660-1750 (1995) (10) J. Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (2006), ch. 15

Some questions to consider: Why did the legacy of the Augustinian theory of persecution last so long? Why was the persecution of heretics & false believers regarded as a Christian duty and act of piety? Why did so many contemporaries believe that they not be tolerated in a Christian commonwealth? What arguments were set forth to justify the coercion and punishment of the unorthodox? To what extent did these change in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Why did the late medieval and early modern church and state pursue religious uniformity? Why was religious pluralism regarded as a recipe for political, social and religious chaos and disorder?

(2) Lollardy This seminar will explore the nature and significance of the phenomenon of late medieval lollardy and the response of the ecclesiastical authorities to it and the historiographical disagreements surrounding these issues. We shall examine ‘De Haeretico Comburendo’ and presentments and depositions of accused lollards.

Documents (1) ‘De Haeretico Comburendo’ (Of the Burning of Heretics), statute of 1401 (2) ‘Heresy and Orthodoxy in an English Town, 1429’, in J. Shinners (ed.), Medieval Popular Religion 1000-1500 (1999) (3) Hawisia Moore, confession of 1430, in R. N. Swanson (ed.), Catholic England (1993)

Recommended Secondary Reading (1) Margaret Aston, ‘Lollardy and Sedition 1381-1431’, Past and Present, 17 (1960), 1-44. (2) I. Forrest, The Detection of Heresy in Late Medieval England (2005), chs 2, 7, conclusion (5) A. McHardy, ‘De Heretico Comburendo, 1401’, in M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds), Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages (1997) (6) S. McSheffrey, ‘Heresy, Orthodoxy and English Vernacular Religion 1480-1525’, Past and Present (2005) (7) J. A. Thompson, ‘Orthodox Religion and the Origins of Lollardy’, History (1989) (8) J. Arnold, Belief and Unbelief in Medieval Europe (2005), ch. 6 (9) R. Rex, The Lollards (2002), chs 3-5 and conclusion (10) R. N. Swanson, Church and Society in Late Medieval England (1989), ch. 7 (11) G. W. Bernard, The Late Medieval English Church: Vitality and Vulnerability before the Break with Rome (2012), ch. 9

Some questions to consider: What was lollardy? How did it evolve between the 14th and early 16th centuries, and why? Did late medieval lollards consider themselves members of a dissenting sect? What strategies did the authorities adopt in their attempts to eradicate heresy and how effective were they? How easy was it to distinguish between lollardy and orthodoxy in late medieval England? How far did persecution shape the character of late medieval lollardy? Do trial records reveal more about the mentality of heretics or the preoccupations of church officials? To what extent was official fear of the lollard threat out of proportion to the reality? What significance should lollardy be accorded in explanations of the Reformation?

(3)Anti-popery and other prejudices This seminar focuses upon the construction, dissemination and function of stereotypes of deviance and forms of prejudice and encourages awareness of continuities over time and points of overlap between contemporary perception of different groups. The focal points for discussion will be popery, Quakerism, and the Ranter phenomenon. Documents to be discussed this week include visual representations and ephemeral polemical pamphlets.

Documents (1) Selected visual satires. (2) One of the following short pamphlets: The Jesuits character (1642); John Taylor, A delicate, dainty, damnable dialogue. Between the Devill and a Jesuite (1642); The Character of a Jesuit (1681). (3) One of the following short pamphlets: The Quakers fiery beacon or, The shaking-ranters ghost (1655); The Quakers dream: or the Devil's pilgrimage in England (1655); or The Quakers terrible vision; or, The devil's progress to the City of London (1655) (4) One of the following short pamphets: John Reading, The Ranters Ranting (1650); The Ranters declaration (1650); The Ranters Religion (1650); The Routing of the Ranters (1650). All of the printed items under (2, 3, 4) are available on EEBO (Early English Books Online; access via eresources@cambridge on the University Library homepage: you will need your Raven password.)

Recommended Secondary Reading (1) Peter Lake, ‘Anti-Popery: The Structure of a Prejudice’, in R. Cust and A. Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England (1989) (2) Robin Clifton, ‘Fear of Popery’, in C. Russell (ed.), The Origins of the English Civil War (1973) (3) D. Lemmings and C. Walker (eds), Moral Panics, the Media and the Law in Early Modern England (2009), essays by Walker and Walsham (4) J. C. Davis, Fear, Myth and History: The Ranters and the Historians (1986) (5) G. E. Aylmer, ‘Did the Ranters Exist?’, Past and Present, 117 (1987) (6) J. F. MacGregor et al, ‘Fear, Myth & Furore: Reappraising the Ranters’, Past and Present, 99 (1983) (7) P. Elmer, ‘Saints or Sorcerers: Quakerism, Demonology & the Decline of Witchcraft in 17th- Century England’, in J. Barry et al (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (1996) (9) S. A. Kent, ‘The Papist Charges against the Interregnum Quakers’, Journal of Religious History, 2 (1982-3) (10) B. Reay, ‘Popular Hostility towards the Quakers’, Social History, 5 (1980) (11) S. Sowerby, ‘Opposition to Anti-Popery in Restoration England’, Journal of British Studies, 51 (2012)

Some questions to consider In what ways do stereotypes of deviance illuminate the ideals, anxieties and fears of the orthodox? How can we account for their continuity over time? What functions did they serve? How were such stereotypes disseminated and to what extent did they shape popular perceptions of the members of dissenting churches and sects? What common features do the stereotypes of the papist, Quaker, and Ranter exhibit and how do you account for these similarities? How useful is the concept of a moral panic? To what extent was the Ranter phenomenon a product of propaganda and the popular press? What is the relationship between such stereotypes and the self-perception of the groups in question? If heresy had not exist would it have been necessary to invent it?

(4) Enemies of God: Witch-hunting in Early Modern Britain This seminar will examine the phenomenon of witch-hunting and seek to explore contrasting patterns of prosecution in England and Scotland. It will assess the relationship between popular attitudes and the views of the church and state and situate British developments in their continental context. We shall examine demonological writings such as William Perkins, The Damned Art of Witchcraft, records of Scottish witch trials, and material relating to the Civil War witchfinder Matthew Hopkins.

Documents (1) William Perkins, A discourse of the damned art of witchcraft (1608), extracts in I. Breward (ed.), The Work of William Perkins (1970) (2) Examination and Confession and Trial of Agnes Sampson, in Lawrence Normand and Gareth Roberts (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland (2000), pp. 141-9, 231-46. (3) Matthew Hopkins, The discovery of witches: in answer to severall queries, lately delivered to the judges of the assize for the county of Norfolk ([1647])

Recommended Secondary Reading (1) J. Sharpe, Instruments of Darkness: Witchcraft in England 1550-1750 (1996), intro, chs. 3-4. (2) M. Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft and Evidence in early Modern England’, Past and Present, 198 (2008) (4) J. Goodare, ‘Women and the Witchhunt in Scotland’, Social History (1998) (5) J. Goodare, The Scottish Witchhunt in Context (2002), esp. chs 3-4 (6) A. Gregory, 'Witchcraft, Politics and "Good Neighbourhood" in Early Seventeenth-Century Rye', Past and Present (1991) (7) M. Gaskill, 'Witchcraft in Early Modern Kent: Stereotypes and the Background to Accusations', in J. Barry et al (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (1996) (8) C. Elmer, Witchcraft, witch-hunting and politics in early modern England (2016) (9) J. Sharpe, 'The Devil in East Anglia: The Matthew Hopkins Trials Reconsidered', in J. Barry et al (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (1996)

Some questions to consider: To what extent and why did the advent of Protestantism intensify anxiety about witches? Why did the early modern state legislate in the area of witchcraft? Why did the early modern period see a proliferation of demonological tracts? What prompted accusations of witchcraft? What kinds of tensions and conflicts within local communities did they give expression to? What was the social profile of the witch in early modern England and Scotland? How significant a part did the idea of the demonic pact in early modern witch trials? How did the English legal system influence and shape the prosecution and trial of witches? Why was witchcraft regarded as an exceptional crime and how could it be proved? What was the politics of witch prosecution in early modern England and Scotland? In what circumstances did witch-hunting flourish? How does the pattern of prosecution and anxiety in England and Scotland compare with elsewhere in Europe ?

(5) Embracing the Stake: Martyrs and Martyrologies This seminar explores individuals who died or suffered for their faith. It explores why people were put to death or corporally punished for religious reasons in this period, the mentality of the victims of these acts, and the consequences of martyrdom for the authorities and for dissenting communities. It also considers the ways in which martyrs were represented and remembered. Students will be asked to compare martyrological accounts written by Protestants, Catholics, and Quakers.

Documents (1) ‘The Burning of Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley’ and ‘The Examination and Execution of Alice Driver and Alexander Grouch’, from John Foxe, Actes and Monuments (1570), extracts in John King (ed.), Voices of the English Reformation (2004) (2) ‘The Martyrdom of William Freeman, 1595’, in J. H. Pollen (ed.), Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, CRS 5 (1908), pp. 345-60. (3) ‘A True Report of the Life and Martyrdom of Margaret Clitherow, 1586, from John Mush’s True Report (1619) (4) Joseph Besse, A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, 2 vols (1753), vol. 2, ch. 4, pp. 89-103 (Quakers in Yorkshire 1652-1660) (5) Selected images of martyrdom and martyrs.

Recommended Secondary Reading (1) M. Rubin, ‘Choosing Death? Experiences of Martyrdom in Late Medieval Europe’, in D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, Studies in Church History 30 (1993) (2) R. Kolb, ‘God’s Gift of Martyrdom: The Early Reformation Understanding of Dying for the Faith’, Church History, 64 (1995), 399-411. (3) J. Dawson, ‘The Scottish Reformation and the Theatre of Martyrdom’, in D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, Studies in Church History 30 (1993) (4) P. Lake and M. Questier, ‘Agency, Appropriation and Rhetoric under the Gallows: Puritans, Romanists and the State in Early Modern England’, Past and Present, 153 (1996) (5) B. Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (1999), chs 4,5 or 7. (6) T. Freeman, ‘Over their Dead Bodies: Concepts of Martyrdom in Late Medieval and Early Modern England’ and ‘Imitatio Christi with a Vengeance’, in T. Freeman and T. Mayer (eds), Martyrs and Martyrdom in England c.1400-1700 (2007) (7) A. Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community 1535-1603 (2002), ch. 2 (8) C. Tait, ‘Adored for Saints: Catholic Martyrdom in Ireland, c. 1560-1655’, Journal of Early Modern History, 5 (2001) (9) J. R. Knott, ‘George Fox and Quaker Sufferings’, in his Discourses of Martyrdom in English Literature 1563-1694 (1993) (10) A. Lacey, The Cult of King Charles the Martyr (2003), ch. 1.

Some questions to consider What motivated early modern people to suffer and/or die for their faith? Why were heretics put to death and what were the purposes of the public spectacles? To what extent was the burning heretics and execution of religious dissidents counterproductive? What was the ‘theatre of martyrdom’? Why were martyrs such an asset to a persecuted religion? How were martyrologies exploited as weapons of propaganda in early modern Europe? Can we take these accounts of heroic suffering and death at face value? In what ways can martyrologies be said to have promoted intolerance in early modern Europe?

(6) Ways of Lying: Dissimulation and Equivocation This seminar seeks to assess the significance of the widespread resort to strategies for dissembling and disguising one’s faith and for avoiding the consequences of persecution by partially or fully conforming with the requirements of the church and state. Focal points for discussion and document analysis will include the practice of equivocation and the fierce condemnation of ‘nicodemism’ by the leaders of persecuted groups. An assessment will be made of why outward conformity provoked such concern and anxiety in early modern society.

Documents (1) John Bradford, The Hurt of Heringe Masse (1580 edition), fo. 1r-4v. (2) The declaration of the fathers of the councell of Trent concerning the going unto churches, at such time as hereticall service is saied or heresy preached’ (August 1562), in Ginevra Crosignani, Thomas M. McCoog, and Michael Questier (eds), Recusancy and Conformity in Early Modern England (2010), pp. 16-25. (3) Henry Garnet, ‘Treatise of Equivocation’ (c. 1598), in Ginevra Crosignani, Thomas M. McCoog, and Michael Questier (eds), Recusancy and Conformity in Early Modern England (2010), pp. 321-35.

Recommended Secondary Reading (1) P. Zagorin, Ways of Lying: Dissimulation, Persecution & Conformity in Early Modern Europe (1990), chs 7, 9, 10 (2) P.Zagorin, ‘The Historical Significance of Lying and Dissimulation’, Social Research, 63 (1996) (3) J. Wright, ‘Surviving the English Reformation: Commonsense, Conscience and Circumstance’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1999) (5) A. Pettegree, ‘Nicodemism and the English Reformation’, in his Marian Protestantism (1996) (6) S. Wabuda, ‘Equivocation and Recantation during the English Reformation: The Subtle Shadows of Dr Edward Crome’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History (1993) (7) A. Walsham, Church Papists (1993), chs 2-4 (8) A. Walsham, ‘England’s Nicodemites: Crypto-Catholicism and Religious Pluralism in the Post- Reformation Context’, in K. Cameron et al (eds), The Adventure of Religious Pluralism in Early Modern France (2000) (9) E. Vallance, ‘Oaths, Casuistry and Equivocation: Anglican Responses to the Engagement Controversy’, Historical Journal, 44 (2001) (10) J. D. Ramsbottom, ‘Presbyterians and Partial Conformity in the Restoration Church of England’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 43 (1992)

Some questions to consider What different forms did conformist or nicodemite behaviour take? How did those who practised conformity and dissimulation justify their behaviour? Was it merely a pragmatic response to persecution and was it underpinned by principle? Why did the leaders of most persecuted religions so fiercely condemn dissimulation conformity? When were they prepared to permit it? Were conformists more useful to repressed religious minorities than martyrs? Why have conformists and nicodemites been marginalized from the history of dissenting minorities and persecuted groups until fairly recently? When did dissenting minorities resort to forms of verbal dissimulation & equivocation? In what circumstances was it permissible to lie? Why were the practices of equivocation and mental reservation so controversial?

(7) The Cohabitation of the Faithful with the Unfaithful: Coexistence and Dilemmas of Conscience This seminar will examine the phenomenon of religious coexistence and the dilemmas of conscience that confronted the members of persecuted churches and sects in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Britain. It will consider how dissenting groups such as lollards, Catholics and Quakers interacted with their orthodox neighbours and the competing instincts towards assimilation and segregation, integration and separation, which shaped their encounters. We shall also examine some examples of the ‘cases of conscience’ engendered by different religious minorities.

Documents (1) Maria Dowling and Joy Shakespeare (eds), ‘Religion and Politics in Mid Tudor England through the Eyes of an English Protestant Woman: The Recollections of Rose Hickman’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 55 (1982), pp. 94-102. (2) P. J. Holmes (ed.), Elizabethan Casuistry, Catholic Record Society 67 (1981), extracts

Recommended Secondary Reading (1) Patrick Collinson, ‘The Cohabitation of the Faithful with the Unfaithful’, in O. P. Grell et al (eds), From Persecution to Toleration (1991) (2) W. Frijhoff, ‘The Threshhold of Toleration: Interconfessional Conviviality in Holland’, in his Embodied Belief (2002) (3) D. Plumb, ‘A Gathered Church? Lollards and their Society’, in M. Spufford (ed.), The World of Rural Dissenters 1520-1725 (1995) (4) A. Milton, ‘A Qualified Intolerance:The Limits & Ambiguities of Early Stuart Anti-Catholicism’, in A. Marotti (ed.), Catholicism &Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Texts (1999) (5) *C. Brown, ‘Militant Catholicism, Interconfessional Relations, and the Rookwood Family of Stanningfield, Suffolk, c. 1689–1737’, Historical Journal, 60 (2017) 21-45. (6) W. Sheils, ‘Catholics and their Neighbours in a Rural Community: Egton Chapelry 1590-1780’, Northern History, 34 (1998) (7) B. Stevenson, ‘The Social Integration of post-Restoration Dissenters, 1660-1725’, in Margaret Spufford (ed.), The World of Rural Dissenters 1520-1725 (1995) (8) A. Davies, The Quakers in English Society 1655-1725 (2000), ch. 14 and conclusion (9) B. Kaplan, Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe (2007), ch. 7 (also chs 5, 6, and 8) (10) Wayne te Brake, ch. 12 ‘The Contours of Religious Peace’, in Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe (2017)

Some questions to consider: What dilemmas of conscience did early modern dissenting minorities experience? To what extent and why did interaction with people who adhered to alternative faiths cause spiritual and moral discomfort? How possible was it for the adherents of persecuted religions to segregate themselves from their heretical or ungodly neighbours? What themes emerge from the case of consciences you have examined? What do they reveal indirectly about the development of religious tolerance at the grassroots? What strategies and arrangements facilitated coexistence in early modern Europe? In what circumstances did relatively stable and peaceful relations between members of different faiths break down? What have recent studies of the social history of tolerance and toleration revealed about the degree of interaction and hostility between dissenting minorities and orthodox society? Is this surprising?

(8) Toleration and its Consequences The final seminar for this paper will examine the emergence of reasoned defences of and arguments for toleration alongside political developments that translated this into official practice (notably the Act of Toleration of 1689) and the more elusive practice of tolerance at the grassroots. It will seek to assess the relationship between these and to engage critically with key historiographical contributions on this disputed topic. It will also reflect on some of the paradoxical consequences of toleration.

Documents (1) Jacobus Acontius, Stratagematum Satanae (1565), extract (2) Thomas Helwys, The Mistery of Iniquity (1612) (3) Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution, for Cause of Concience (1644), extract (4) John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (1685), extract All in D. G. Mullan (ed.), Religious Pluralism in the West (1998), 115-16. 132-5, 136-41, 174-84. (5) ‘The Declaration of Indulgence of 1672’ and ‘An Act for Exempting her Majesties’ Protestant Subjects Dissenting from the Church of England from the Penalties of Certain Laws (1689)’, in A. Browning (ed.), English Historical Documents (1953)

Recommended secondary reading (1) P. Coffey, Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England (2000), ch. 3 (2) P. Zagorin, How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West (2003), chs 1, 8 (3) A. Walsham, Charitable Hatred (2006), ch. 5 and 6 (4) B. Kaplan, Divided by Faith (2008), ch. 12 (5) J. C. Davis, ‘Religion and the Struggle for Freedom in the English Revolution’, Historical Journal, 35 (1992) (6) J. Coffey, ‘Puritanism and Liberty Revisited: The Case for Toleration in the English Revolution’, Historical Journal (1998) (7) J. Collins, ‘Redeeming the Enlightenment: New Histories of Religious Toleration’, Journal of Modern History, 81 (2009) (8) A. Walsham, ‘Toleration, Pluralism, and Coexistence: The Ambivalent Legacies of the Reformation’, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 108 (2017) (9) J. Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (2006), chs 20-22. (10) S. Sowerby, ‘Forgetting the Repealers: Religious Toleration and Historical Amnesia in Later Stuart England’, Past and Present, 215 (2012)

Some questions to consider Why was religious toleration regarded as anathema in the late medieval and early modern period? Why were earlier historians so keen to chart the ‘rise of toleration’ and why have more recent treatments of the theme adopted a different perspective? What role did ideas play in bringing about toleration? Why have some historians become sceptical about the part played by ‘enlightened’ thinkers? What arguments were developed to support toleration? How far were early modern arguments for toleration inspired by religious conviction and how far by religious scepticism? What did early modern writers mean when they called for religious liberty? Who called for toleration and why? Was toleration merely a ‘loser’s creed’? Was it ever regarded as a virtue? What kind of ‘toleration’ does the act of 1689 provide for? What are its limits? What were the consequences of toleration? How could it lead to persecution?

SUPERVISION ARRANGEMENTS

Students taking this paper will have four supervisions, in either Michaelmas or Lent. Suitable essay topics are listed within each section of the bibliography. One essay should be chosen from each section (A-D).

(A) The Politics of Persecution and Toleration: 1 (Heresy and Orthodoxy in the Late Middle Ages) 2 (Reformation to Civil War) 3 (Civil War to Revolution). These topics will provide students with a broad chronological framework and understanding of official strategies for containing religious dissent and deviance.

(B) Religious Minorities and Deviant Groups : 4 (Lollardy) 5 (Protestant Nonconformity) This section has the further subdivisions. Each of these might form a suitable weekly essay topic. (a) Puritans; (b) Familists, Separatists and Religious Radicals; (c) Anglicans; (d) Civil War Sects; (e) Quakers 6 (Roman Catholicism) 7 (Jews and Judaism) 8 (Muslims and Islam) 9 (Atheists and Deists) 10 (Witches and Witchhunting) 11 (Sins and Sinners: Moral Deviance). The aim here is to allow students to explore the history of particular groups in some depth and detail. It is suggested that the essay for this section explores two or more groups comparatively. Students should think about the horizontal as well as vertical dimensions of the experience of early modern dissenters. Some exam questions may refer specifically to particular groups; but many others will be broadly conceived and, implicitly or explicitly, allow students to deploy their knowledge of one or more minorities they have studied.

(C) Responses to Intolerance 12 (Resistance, Rebellion and Religious Violence) 13 (Martyrs and Martyrologies) 14 (Exile) 15 (Conformity, Nicodemism, Dissimulation and Equivocation). In these essays, students are encouraged to range broadly, think comparatively, and draw insights from different minorities and contexts.

(D) Toleration, Tolerance and Coexistence 16a Ideas and Theories of Toleration 16b Toleration and Tolerance: Policy and Practice Students are encouraged to consider both the intellectual history and the social history of toleration and tolerance, and the practical manifestations of coexistence and confessionalisation, as well as how these developed over time. Exam questions may require a consideration of both dimensions of this topic.

BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES Religious legislation and political initiatives: G. R. Elton (ed.), The Tudor Constitution (1960, 1982) J. P. Kenyon (ed.), The Stuart Constitution (1966, 1986) J. R. Tanner (ed.), Constitutional Documents of the Reign of James I (Cambridge, 1930) S. R. Gardiner (ed.), Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625-1660 (1889) A. Browning (ed.), English Historical Documents, vol. VIII 1660-1714 (1966) J. F. Maclear (ed.), Church and State in the Modern Age: A Documentary History (1995) Acts of the Privy Council of England, ed. J. R. Dasent (1890-) Tudor Royal Proclamations, ed. Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (1964) and Stuart Royal Proclamations, ed. J. F. Larkin and P. L. Hughes (1983)

Ecclesiastical directives: G. Bray (ed.), Documents of the English Reformation (1994) E. Cardwell (ed.), Documentary Annals of the Reformed Church of England (1844) K. Fincham (ed.), Visitation articles and injunctions of the early Stuart church, 2 vols (1994-8) W. H. Frere (ed.), Visitation articles and injunctions: of the period of the Reformation (1910) W. P. M. Kennedy (ed.), Elizabethan Episcopal Administration, 3 vols (1934)

Ideas about persecution and toleration: D. G. Mullan (ed.), Religious Pluralism in the West (1998) W. Haller (ed.), Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution 1638-47, 3 vols (1933-4) A. S. P. Woodhouse (ed.), Puritanism and Liberty (1938) J. Locke, A letter concerning toleration (1689 and many later editions)

Records about the experience of persecution: Lollards A. Hudson (ed.), Selections from English Wycliffite Writings (1972) N. Tanner (ed.), Heresy Trials in the Diocese of Norwich, 1428-31 (1977) N. Tanner (ed.), Kent Heresy Proceedings 1511-12 (1997) S. McSheffrey and N. Tanner (eds), Lollards of Coventry 1486-1522 (2003)

Protestants and Protestant Dissenters John Foxe, Actes and Monuments (1563 and subsequent editions) John King (ed.), Foxe’s Book of Martyrs: Select Narratives (2009) John King (ed.), Voices of the English Reformation (2004) R. Tudur Jones (ed.), Protestant Nonconformist Texts, vol. 1 1550-1700 (2007) A. G. Matthew (ed.), Calamy Revised: Being a Revision of Edmund Calamy’s Account of the Ministers and Others Ejected and Silenced 1660-1662 (1934) A. G. Matthew (ed.), Walker Revised: Being a Revision of John Walker’s Sufferings of the Clergy during the Grand Rebellion, 1642-1660 (1947) E. B. Underhill, Records of a Church of Christ Meeting in Broadmead Bristol 1640-1687 ( 1847)

Catholics P. Caraman (ed),. The Other Face: Catholic Life under Elizabeth I (1951) and The Years of Siege: Catholic Life from James I to Cromwell (1966)

R. Challoner, Memoirs of Missionary Priests, ed. J. H. Pollen (1924) J. H. Pollen (ed.), Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, Catholic Record Society 5 (1908). P. J. Holmes (ed.), Elizabethan Casuistry, Catholic Record Society (1981) A. Petti (ed.), Recusant Documents from the Ellesmere Manuscripts, Catholic Record Society (1986) C. Talbot (ed.), Miscellanea: Recusant Records, Catholic Record Society (1961) R. Miola, Early Modern Catholicism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (2007)

Quakers Joseph Besse, A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, 2 vols (1753) George Fox, Journal, ed. Nigel Smith (1998 and other editions) Norman Penney (ed.), ‘The First Publishers of Truth: Being Early Records … of the Introduction of Quakerism into the Counties of England and Wales (1907)

Witchcraft M. Gibson (ed.), Early Modern Witches (2000) A. C. Kors and E. Peters (ed.), Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700: A Documentary History (1972 and later editions) B. Rosen (ed.), Witchcraft in England: Selected Readings (1969, 1991) L. Normand and G. Roberts (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland (2000)

Electronic Resources There is a vast amount of relevant material available on Early English Books Online (http://eebo.chadwyck.com/home). This is accessible via the eresources@cambridge link on the University Library home page. You will need your Raven password to access this.

Calendar of State Papers Domestic. These calendars list and summarise correspondence sent or received by the Tudor and Stuart monarchy and state now preserved in the National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office). These can be found in hard copy in the Official Publications room in the UL and are also now accessible via eresources@cambridge. See British History Online: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/. The original documents for the Tudor period (1509-1603) and Stuart period (1603-1714) are accessible in digital form from ‘State Papers Online’, accessible again through eresources@cambridge.

English Historical Documents Online. A comprehensive collection of key documents. These are accessible electronically via the eresources page: http://libsta28.lib.cam.ac.uk:2347/.

Statutes at Large ; Statutes of the Realm Acts of Parliament, arranged chronologically. These are accessible electronically via ‘English Reports via Hein Online’: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome. Click on ‘English Reports’.

Foxe’s Actes and Monuments For Foxe’s Actes and Monuments (the ‘Book of Martyrs’), see the online version at: http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/.

Visual resources See the excellent electronic resource, ‘Printed Images in 1700 in Britain’. This provides access to the contents of the British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings: http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/. The catalogue to the British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings is accessible at: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database.aspx. Items can be accessed and downloaded from this site.

SECONDARY SOURCES This bibliography of Secondary Sources is divided into sections. These follow the lecture list and correspond with supervision essay topics. Despite appearances, this is not comprehensive! You are not expected to read everything on this list: this is intended as a resource to guide your reading and to be used selectively. Items marked with an asterisk * are strongly recommended.

GENERAL AND KEY TEXTS J. Coffey, Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558-1689 (2000) O. Grell and B. Scribner (eds), Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation (1996) O. P. Grell, J. I. Israel, and N. Tyacke (eds), From Persecution to Toleration: The Glorious Revolution and Religion in England (1991) O. Grell and R. Porter (eds), Toleration in Enlightenment Europe (2000) I. Hunter, J. C. Laursen, and C. J. Nederman (eds), Heresy in Transition: Transforming Ideas of Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (2005) B. Kaplan, Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe (2007) J. C. Laursen and C. J. Nederman (eds), Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration before the Enlightenment (1998). J. C. Laursen (ed.), Religious Toleration: ‚The Variety of Rites‛ from Cyrus to Defoe (1999) J. C. Laursen (ed.), Histories of Heresy in Early Modern Europe: For, Against and Beyond Persecution and Toleration (2002) D. Loewenstein and J. Marshall (eds), Heresy, Literature and Politics in Early Modern English Culture (2006) J. Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (2006) W. te Brake, Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe (2017) N. Terpstra, Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation (2015) A. Walsham, Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England 1500-1700 (2006)

A: THE POLITICS OF PERSECUTION AND TOLERATION

(1) Heresy and Orthodoxy in the Middle Ages Essay Questions How fluid were the boundaries between heresy and orthodoxy in late medieval England?

How intolerant was late medieval English society?

When and why were heretics burnt in pre-Reformation England?

How successfully did the pre-Reformation Church contain and eliminate religious dissent?

(1a) General and European Context *J. Arnold, Belief and Unbelief in Medieval Europe (2005), ch. 6 *J. Arnold, ‘Repression and Power’, in M. Rubin & W. Simons (eds), Christianity in Western Europe c.1100- c.1500 (2009) E. Cameron, ‘Dissent and Heresy’, in R. Hsia (ed.), A Companion to the Reformation World (2003) *R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (1987) D. Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (1996) J. Richards, Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages (1990) R. Swanson, Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215-c.1515 (1995), ch. 8 S. L. Waugh and P. Diehl (eds), Christendom and its Discontents (1996)

(1b) The Prosecution of Heresy in Late Medieval England C. D’Alton, ‘Heresy Hunting and Clerical Reform: William Warham, John Colet and the Lollards of Kent 1511-12’, in I. Hunter, J. Laursen and C. J. Nederman (eds), Heresy in Transition (2005) M. Aston, ‘Bishops and Heresy: The Defence of the Faith’, in her Faith and Fire: Popular and Unpopular Religion 1350-1600 (1993) G. W. Bernard, The Late Medieval English Church: Vitality and Vulnerability (2012), ch. 9 J. Catto, 'Religious Change under Henry V', in G. L. Harriss (ed.), Henry V: The Practice of Kingship (1985) A. G. Dickens, Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York (1959) C. J. Drees, Authority and Dissent in the English Church: The Prosecution of Heresy … 1380-1547 (1997) *J. Guy, ‘Perceptions of Heresy, 1200-1550’, in Gordon J. Schochet with Patricia E. Tatspaugh and Carol Brobeck (eds), Reformation, Humanism and Revolution(1990) J. Fines, 'Heresy Trials in the Diocese of Coventry & Lichfield, 1511-1512', Journal of Eccles. History (1983) *I. Forrest, The Detection of Heresy in Late Medieval England (2005) I. Forrest, ‘Defamation, Heresy and Late Medieval Social Life’, in L. Clark, M. Jurkowski and C. Richmond (eds), Image, Text and Church 1380-1600 (2009) V. Gillespie and K. Ghosh (eds), After Arundel: religious writing in fifteenth-century England (2011) R. Lutton, ‘Heresy & Heterodoxy in Late Medieval Kent’, in S. Sweetinburgh (ed.), Late Medieval Kent (2010) A. McHardy, ‘De heretico comburendo, 1401’, in M. Aston & C. Richmond (eds), Lollardy and the Gentry(1997) P. McNiven, Heresy and Politics in the Reign of Henry IV: The Burning of John Badby (1987) *S. McSheffrey, ‘Heresy, Orthodoxy and English Vernacular Religion 1480-1525’, Past and Present (2005) *R. Swanson, Church and Society in Late Medieval England (1989), ch. 7 D. Thiery, Polluting the Sacred: Violence, Faith and the Civilizing of Parishioners in Late Medieval England (2009) N. Watson, ‘Censorship and Cultural Change in Late Medieval England: Vernacular Theology, the Oxford Translation Debate, and Arundel’s Constitutions of 1409’, Speculum, 70 (1995) See also section 4 (Lollardy) below.

(2) Reformation to Civil War Essay Questions In what ways did the Reformation transform the dynamics of persecution in early modern Britain?

How far and with what consequences did religious dissent become politicised in sixteenth- century England?

Who represented more of a challenge to the task of enforcing uniformity in mid-Tudor Britain: religious conservatives or religious radicals?

Why did sixteenth-century regimes seek religious uniformity and what strategies did they employ to achieve this?

(2a) The Early Reformation G. Alexander, ‘Bonner & the Marian Persecutions’, in C. Haigh (ed.), The English Reformation Revised (1987) J. G. Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason (1979) G. Bernard, ‘The Making of Religious Policy, 1553-1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way’, Historical Journal, 41 (1998) M. Bowker, The Henrician Reformation: The Diocese of Lincoln under John Longland 1521-1541 (1981) *B. Bradshaw, ‘Sword, Word and Strategy in the Reformation in Ireland’, Historical Journal, 21 (1978) S. Brigden, London and the Reformation (1989) P. Cavill, ‘Heresy, Law and the State: Forfeiture in Late Medieval and Early Modern England’, English Historical Review, 129 (2014) P. Cavill, ‘Heresy and forfeiture in Marian England’, Historical Journal, 56 (2013) W. A. Clebsch, England’s Earliest Protestants 1520-1535 (1964) C. J. Clement, Religious Radicalism in England 1535-1565 (1997) P. Collinson, ‘The Persecution in Kent’, in E. Duffy and D. Loades (eds), The Church of Mary Tudor (2005) C. D’Alton, ‘Charity or fire? The argument of Thomas More’s 1529 Dyaloge’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 33 (2002) *C. D’Alton, ‘The suppression of Lutheran heretics in England, 1526-1529’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 54 (2003) C. D’Alton, ‘Heresy Hunting and Clerical Reform’, in I. Hunter, J. C. Laursen, and C. J. Nederman (eds), Heresy in Transition: Transforming Ideas of Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (2005) *C. Davies, A Religion of the Word: The Defence of the Reformation in the Reign of Edward VI (2002). J. F. Davis, Heresy and Reformation in the South-East of England, 1520-1559 (1983) J. F. Davis, 'The Trials of Thomas Bylney and the English Reformation', Historical Journal (1981) A. G. Dickens, ‘Heresy and the Origins of the English Reformation’, in J. S. Bromely and E. H. Kossman (eds), Britain and the Netherlands, vol. 2 (1964) *E. Duffy, Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (2009) E. Duffy and D. Loades (eds), The Church of Mary Tudor (2004). *G. R. Elton, Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (1972) G. R. Elton, ‘Persecution and Toleration in the English Reformation’, in W. J. Sheils (ed.), Persecution and Toleration, Studies in Church History 21 (1984) C. Euler, ‘Anabaptism and anti-Anabaptism in the Early English Reformation: Defining Protestant Heresy and Orthodoxy during the Reign of Edward VI’, in D.Loewenstein and John Marshall (eds), Heresy, Literature and Politics in Early Modern English Culture (2006)

*T. Freeman, ‘Dissenters from a dissenting Church: the challenge of the Freewillers, 1550-1558’, in Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie (eds), The Beginnings of English Protestantism (2002) G. Gray, Oaths and the English Reformation (2013) J. A. Guy, ‘Sir Thomas More and the Heretics’, History Today (1980) C. Haigh, English Reformations: Religion, Politics and Society under the Tudors (1993) C. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance in Tudor Lancashire (1975) G. A. Hayes and McCoy, ‘Conciliation, Coercion and the Protestant Reformation’, in T. W. Moody et al (eds), A New History of Ireland, vol. iii Early Modern Ireland (1976) F. Heal, Reformation in Britain and Ireland (2003) I. Horst, The Radical Brethren: Anabaptism and the English Reformation to 1558 (1972). R. Houlbrooke, Church Courts and the People during the English Reformation 1520-1570 (1979). P. Lake and M. Dowling (eds), Protestantism & the National Church in Sixteenth-Century England (1987). D. Loades, 'John Foxe and the Traitors: The Politics of the Marian Persecution', in D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, SCH 30 (1993) D. Loades, ‘Anabaptism and English sectarianism in the mid-sixteenth century’, in D.Baker (ed.), Reform and Reformation: England and the Continent c.1500-c.1750, Studies in Church History Subsidia 2 (1979) D. Loades, The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government and Religion in England 1553-1558 (1979) D. Loewenstein, ‘Writing and the Persecution of Heretics in Henry VIII’s Reign’, in D.Loewenstein and John Marshall (eds), Heresy, Literature and Politics in Early Modern English Culture (2006) D. Loewenstein, ‘Heresy and Treason’, in Brian Cummings and James Simpson (eds), Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History (2010) D. Lowenstein, Treacherous Faith: The Specter of Heresy in Early Modern English Literature (2013), chs. 1-2. *D. MacCulloch, ‘Archbishop Cranmer: Concord and Tolerance in a Changing Church’, in O. Grell and B. Scribner (eds), Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation (1996) *P. Marshall, 'Papist as heretic: The Burning of John Forrest 1538', Historical Journal (1998) P. Marshall, ‘The Other Black Legend: The Henrician Reformation and the Spanish People’, English Historical Review, 116 (2001) P. Marshall and A. Ryrie (eds), The Beginnings of English Protestantism (2002). M. McLendon, The Quiet Reformation: Magistrates and the Emergence of Protestantism in Tudor Norwich (2001) D. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: A Life (1996). D. MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (1999). *W. Monter, ‘Heresy executions in Reformation Europe, 1520-1565’, in O. P. Grell and B.Scribner (eds), Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation (1996) J. Murray, Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland (2009), esp. chs 6-8 A. Pettegree, Marian Protestantism: Six Studies (1996). *R. Rex, Henry VIII and the English Reformation (1993). *C. Russell, 'Arguments for Religious Unity in England, 1530-1650', Journal of Ecclesiastical History (1967) *A. Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII: Evangelicals in the Early English Reformation (2003). A. Ryrie, The Origins of the Scottish Reformation (2006) *E. Shagan, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (2003). G. Walker, 'Saint or Schemer? 1527 Heresy Trial of Thomas Bilney Reconsidered', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 40 (1989) G. Williams, Renewal and Reformation: Wales c.1415-1642 (1987), chs 12-13

(2a) The Later Reformation Essay questions To what extent and why was the post-Reformation church and state content with securing outward conformity?

Why were so few religious deviants burnt at the stake as heretics after 1558?

‘The politics of religious persecution in post-Reformation Britain were more decisively shaped by foreign developments than domestic events’. Discuss.

Where did the post-Reformation church and state draw the line between legitimate prosecution of sedition and unwarrantable coercion of conscience?

*I. Atherton and D. Como, 'The Burning of Edward Wightman : Puritanism, Prelacy and the Politics of Heresy in Early Modern England', English Historical Review, 120 (2005) *K. Fincham (ed.) The Early Stuart Church 1603-1642 (1993) *K. Fincham and P. Lake, ‘The Ecclesiastical Policy of King James I’, Journal of British Studies, 24 (1985). *K. Fincham and P. Lake (ed.), Religious Politics in Post-Reformation England: Essays in Honour of Nicholas Tyacke (2006) J. Guy (ed.), The Reign of Elizabeth I: Court and Culture in the Last Decade (1995), chs 6-8 *P. Lake and M. Questier (eds), Conformity and Orthodoxy in the English Church, c.1560-1660 (2000) P. Lake, Anglicans and Puritan? Presbyterianism and English Conformist Thought from Whitgift to Hooker (1988). P. Lake, ‘Calvinism and the English Church 1570-1623’, Past and Present, 114 (1987) *P. Lake, The Boxmaker’s Revenge: ‘Orthodoxy’, ‘Heterodoxy’ and the Politics of the Parish in Early Stuart London (2001). P. Lake with M. Questier, The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England (2002). D. Lowenstein, Treacherous Faith: The Specter of Heresy in Early Modern English Literature (2013), ch. 4. J. Maltby, Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England (1998). *D. MacCulloch, The Later Reformation in England 1547-1603 (2001 edn), esp. chs 3-9 R. A. Marchant, The Puritans and the Church Courts in the Diocese of York 1560-1642 (1960) *A. Milton, Catholic & Reformed: The Roman & Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought (1995). J. Peacey, ‘The paranoid prelate: Archbishop Laud & the puritan plot’, in B. Coward & J. Swann (eds), Conspiracies & Conspiracy Theory in Early Modern Europe(2004) *M. Questier, ‘Loyalty, religion and state power in early modern England: English Romanism and the Jacobean Oath of allegiance’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997). M. Questier, 'Practical Anti-Papistry during the Reign of Elizabeth I', Journal of British Studies, 36 (1997) *E. Shagan, ‘The English Inquisition: Constitutional Conflict & Ecclesiastical Law in the 1590s’, Historical Journal, 47 (2004) K. Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (1992) S. Tutino, ‘Making Recusancye Death Outright: Thomas Pounde, Andrew Willet and the Catholic Question in Early Jacobean England’, Recusant History, 27 (2004) *N. Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of English Arminianism c. 1590-1640 (1987). N. Tyacke, Aspects of English Protestantism c. 1570-1700 (2001) A. Walsham, ‘The Parochial Roots of Laudianism Revisited’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 49 (1998) See also sections 5a, 5, 6 below.

(3) Civil War to Revolution Essay Questions: How much religious liberty was there in Interregnum England?

Did the puritan revolution do more to intensify intolerance or promote toleration?

Who was persecuted during Cromwellian rule and why?

How tolerant were the Civil War and Interregnum regimes?

(3a) The Civil War and Interregnum R. Burns, ‘Unrepentant Papists: Catholic Responses to Cromwellian Toleration in Interregnum Scotland’, History, 103 (2018) R. Clifton, 'The Popular Fear of Catholics during the English Revolution', Past and Present, 52 (1971); repr. in P. Slack (ed.), Rebellion, Popular Protest and the Social Order in Early Modern England (1984) *J. Coffey, ‘A Ticklish Business: Defining Heresy and Orthodoxy in the Puritan Revolution’, in D. Loewenstein and J. Marshall (eds), Heresy, Literature and Politics in Early Modern English Culture (2006) *C. Cross, ‘The Church of England 1646-1660’, in G. E. Aylmer (ed.), The Interregnum: The Quest for Settlement 1646-1660 (1972) *C. Durston and J. Maltby (eds), Religion in Revolutionary England (2006) I. Green, ‘The persecution of ‚scandalous‛ and ‚malignant‛ parish clergy during the English Civil War’, English Historical Review, 94 (1979). *A. Hughes, Gangraena and the Struggle for the English Revolution (2004) D. Loewenstein, ‘Heresy and Treason’, in B. Cummings and J. Simpson (eds), Cultural Reformations (2010) D. Lowenstein, Treacherous Faith: The Specter of Heresy in Early Modern English Literature and Culture (2013), chs 5-8. *J. F. Macgregor and B. Reay (eds), Religion in Revolutionary England (2006), ch. 2, 4-8 *J. Morrill, ‘The Church in England, 1642-9’, in J. Morrill (ed.), Reactions to the English Civil War 1642-1649 (1982). J. Morrill, ‘The Religious Context of the English Civil War’, in J. Morrill, The Nature of the English Revolution (1993) S. Mortimer, Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: The Challenge of Socinianism (2010) J. Scott, England’s Troubles (2000), ch. 6 J. Spurr, The Post-Reformation: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain 1603-1714 (2006), chs 4-5 M. Watts, The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution (1978), ch. 2 G. Yule, The Independents in the English Civil War (958). G. Yule, Puritans and Politics: The Religious Legislation of the Long Parliament (1981). See also sections 5c, 5d, 5e, and 6 below.

(3b) The Restoration Essay Questions Was it inevitable that the Restoration settlement would result in the marginalization of Protestant dissenters?

When and why did attempts to comprehend Protestant dissenters within the Restoration Church finally fail?

‘Even in the Restoration, toleration was a minority opinion and a perjorative term; a national church was still what Dissenters wanted’. Discuss.

How powerful a force was latitudinarianism in the Restoration Church?

Was anti-popery or anti-presbyterianism more significant a factor in shaping religious politics after 1660?

How inclusive was the Restoration Church?

Why did toleration and indulgence prove to be such controversial issues in late seventeenth- century Britain?

J. A. Champion, ‘An Historical Narration Concerning Heresie: Thomas Hobbes, Thomas Barlow and the Restoration Debate over ‘Heresy’’, in D. Loewenstein and John Marshall (eds), Heresy, Literature and Politics in Early Modern English Culture (2006) G. Cragg, Puritanism in the Period of the Great Persecution 1660-1688 (1957) N. E. Key, ‘Comprehension and the Breakdown of Consensus in Restoration Herefordshire’, in T. Harris, P. Seaward, and M. Goldie (eds), The Politics of Religion in Restoration England (1990) G. De Krey, ‘The first Restoration crisis: conscience and coercion in London, 1667-73’, Albion, 25 (1993) G. De Krey, ‘Rethinking the Restoration: dissenting cases for conscience, 1667-1672’, Historical Journal, 38 (1995) G. De Krey, London and the Restoration 1659-1683 (2005) *A. Fletcher, ‘The enforcement of the Conventicle Acts 1664-1679’, in W. J. Sheils (ed.), Persecution and Toleration, Studies in Church History 21 (1984). *M. Goldie, 'The Theory of Religious Intolerance in Restoration England', in O. Grell et al (eds), From Persecution to Toleration (1991) *M. Goldie, ‘Toleration and the Godly Prince in Restoration England’, in J. Morrow and J. Scott (eds), Liberty, Authority, formality: Political Ideas and Culture 1600-1900 (2008) M. Goldie and J. Spurr, ‘Politics and the Restoration parish: Edward Fowler and the struggle for St Giles Cripplegate’, English Historical Review, 109 (1994) R. L. Greaves, Deliver us from Evil: The Radical Underground in Britain, 1660-1663 (1986) R. L. Greaves, Enemies under his Feet: Radicals and Nonconformists in Britain, 1664-1677(1990) I. Green, The Re-establishment of the Church of England 1660-1663 (1978). T. Harris, ‘Was the Tory reaction popular? Attitudes of Londoners towards the persecution of dissent, 1681- 6’, London Journal, 13 (1988). *T. Harris, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration until the Exclusion Crisis (1987) *T. Harris, P. Seaward, and M. Goldie (eds), The Politics of Religion in Restoration England (1990). C. Hill, A Turbulent, Seditious and Factious People: John Bunyan and his Church (1989)

D. Hirst, ‘Bodies and Interests : Toleration and the Political Imagination in the Later Seventeenth Century', Huntington Library Quarterly, 70 (2007) R. Hutton, The Restoration: A Political & Religious History of England and Wales 1658-1667(1985) N. H. Keeble, N. H., The Literary Culture of Nonconformity in Later Seventeenth Century England (1987). N. H. Keeble, The Restoration: England in the 1660s (2002) N. Keeble, ‘Take Heed of Being Too Forward in Imposinge on Others: Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Baxterian Tradition’, in D. Loewenstein and John Marshall (eds), Heresy, Literature and Politics in Early Modern English Culture (2006) *M. Knights, ‘‚Meer religion‛ and the ‚church-state‛ of Restoration England: the impact and ideology of James II’s declarations of indulgence’, in A. Houston and S. Pincus (eds), A Nation Transformed: England after the Restoration (2001). D. R. Lacey, Dissent and Parliamentary Politics in England 1661-1689: A Study in the Perpetuation and Tempering of Parliamentarianism (1969) J. Marshall, ‘Defining and Redefining Heresy up to Locke’s Letters Concerning Toleration’, in D.Loewenstein and John Marshall (eds), Heresy, Literature and Politics in Early Modern English Culture (2006) *J. Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (2006), ch. 3 John Miller, Popery and Politics in England 1660-1688 (1973) *Steve Pincus, 1688: The First Modern Revolution (2009) *J. Rose, Godly Kingship in Restoration England: The Politics of the Royal Supremacy (2011) J. Rose, ‘John Locke, ‘Matters Indifferent’ and the Restoration of the Church of England’, Historical Journal, 48 (2005) *J. Rose, ‘Royal Ecclesiastical Supremacy & the Restoration Church’, Historical Research, 80(2007) G. Schochet, ‘Samuel Parker, religious diversity, and the ideology of persecution’, in R. D. Lund (ed.), The Margins of Orthodoxy: Heterodox Writing and Cultural Response, 1660-1750 (1995) G. Southcombe, ‘Dissent in the Restoration Church of England’, in G. Tapsell (ed.), The Later Stuart Church 1660-1714 (2012) *G. Southcombe and G. Tapsell, Restoration, Politics, Religion and Culture (2010), ch. 2 *S. Sowerby, ‘Of Different Complexions : Religious Diversity and National Identity in James II's Toleration Campaign’, English Historical Review, 124 (2009) D. Spaeth, The Church in an Age of Danger: Parsons and Parishioners, 1660-1740 (2000). *J. Spurr, ‘‚Latitudinarianism‛ and the Restoration Church’, Historical Journal, 31 (1988) J. Spurr, ‘Schism and the Restoration Church’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 41 (1990). *J. Spurr, The Restoration Church of England, 1646-1689 (1991) G. Tapsell (ed.), The Later Stuart Church 1660-1714 (2012) *R. Thomas, ‘Comprehension and indulgence’, in Geoffrey F. Nuttall and Owen Chadwick (eds), From Uniformity to Unity 1662-1962 (1962) M. Watts, The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution (1978), ch. 3 R. Wykes, ‘‚They assemble in greater numbers and *with+ more dareing then formerly‛: The Bishop of Gloucester and Nonconformity in the late 1660s’, Southern History, 17 (1990) See also sections 5e, 6 below.

B: RELIGIOUS MINORITIES AND DEVIANT GROUPS Essay Questions that may be answered with reference to one or more of the following religious minorities and dissenting groups:

Did religious minorities in early modern Britain consider themselves to be churches or sects?

How did one or more religious minorities you have studied balance the need for separation and the impulse for integration?

Was toleration or persecution more of a challenge for early modern religious minorities?

To what extent was religious deviance a consequence rather than a cause of persecution?

What strategies did early modern religious minorities employ to avoid annihilation?

What do stereotypes of deviance reveal about the values and anxieties of their producers? Discuss with reference to one or more ‘deviant groups’?

How far was suffering an integral part of the self-perception of persecuted religious minorities in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

‘The impulse to discipline deviants in early modern Britain sprang from local communities rather than central government’. Discuss.

Write a ‘horizontal history’ of any one religious minority you have studied.

(4) Lollardy Essay Questions How much of a threat did lollardy present to the late medieval English Church and state?

Has the coherence of lollardy as a dissenting movement between overstated?

‘Lollardy lay largely in the eye of the beholder in late medieval England’. Discuss.

To what extent did lollardy constitute a counter Church in pre-Reformation England?

M. Aston, Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval Religion (1984) *M. Aston, ‘Lollardy and sedition, 1381-1431’, Past and Present, 17 (1960), 1-44. M. Aston, ‘Lollardy and the Reformation: survival or revival?’, History, 49 (1964), 149-70. M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds), Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages (1997) G. W. Bernard, The Late Medieval English Church: Vitality and Vulnerability before the Break with Rome (2012), ch. 9 M. Bose and J. P. Hornbeck I (ed.), Wycliffite controversies (2011), incl. I. Forrest, ‘Lollardy and Late Medieval History’ J. Catto, ‘Followers and Helpers: The Religious Identity of the Followers of Wyclif’, Studies in Church History, Subsidia 11 (1999) *R. G. Davies, 'Lollardy and Locality', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 1 (1991) J. F. Davis, Heresy and Reformation in the South East of England (1983) J. F. Davis, ‘Lollardy and the Reformation in England’, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 73 (1982) I. Forrest, ‘Lollardy & Late Medieval History’, in M. Bose & J. P. Hornbeck (eds), Wycliffite Controversies (2011) A. Hope, 'Lollardy: the stone the builders rejected', in P. Lake and M. Dowling (eds), Protestantism and the National Church in the Sixteenth Century (1987) A. Hudson, Lollards and their Books (1985) *A. Hudson, The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History (1988) A. Hudson, Selections from English Wycliffite Writings (1972, 1978) *K. Ghosh, ‘Wycliffism and Lollardy’, in M. Rubin and W. Simons (eds), Christianity in Western Europe c.1100-c.1500 (2009) K. Ghosh, The Wycliffite Heresy: Authority and the Interpretation of Texts (2002) A.E. Larsen, ‘Are all Lollards Lollards?’, in F. Somerset, J. Havens and D. Pitard (eds), Lollards and their Influence in Late Medieval England (2003) *R. Lutton, Lollardy & Orthodox Religion in Pre-Reformation England: Reconstructing Piety (2006) K. B. Macfarlane, John Wycliffe and the Beginnings of English Nonconformity (1932) S. McSheffrey, Gender and Heresy: Women and Men in Lollard Communities 1420-1530 (1995) D. Plumb, 'A gathered church? Lollards and their society', in M.Spufford (ed.), The World of Rural Dissenters 1520-1725 (1995) F. Somerset, J. Havens and D. Pitard (eds), Lollards and their Influence in Late Medieval England (2003) *R. Rex, The Lollards (2002) S. Royal, Lollards in the English Reformation: History, Radicalism, and John Foxe (2020), esp. chs 1 and 3 *J. A. Thompson, The Later Lollards (1965) *J. A. Thompson, 'Orthodox Religion and the Origins of Lollardy', History (1989) G. Walker, 'Heretical Sects in Pre-Reformation England', History Today (1993)

See also section 3 above.

(5d) Civil War Sects: Ranters, Fifth Monarchists, Muggletonians and Others Essay Questions To what extent was the spectre of Civil War sectarianism a creation of the popular press?

How far were radical sects the subject of a moral panic in Civil War and Interregnum Britain?

Did the Ranters exist?

Was the proliferation of radical sects in the mid-seventeenth century a consequence or a cause of the breakdown of order that precipitated the British Civil Wars?

What united and what divided the radical religious sects that flourished in the 1640s and 50s?

General C. Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution (1975) *A. Hughes, Gangraena and the Struggle for the English Revolution (2004) A. Hughes, ‘Thomas Edwards’s Gangraena and Heresiological Traditions’, in D. Loewenstein and John Marshall (eds), Heresy, Literature and Politics in Early Modern English Culture (2006) *J. F. MacGregor and B. Reay (eds), Radical Religion in the English Revolution (1984). N. McDowell, The English Radical Imagination: Culture, Religion and Revolution 1630-1660 2003) N. Smith, Perfection proclaimed : language and literature in English radical religion, 1640-1660 (1989)

Ranters G. E. Aylmer, 'Did the Ranters Exist?', Past and Present, 117 (1987) L. Curelly, ‘When Heterodoxy Became News: The Representation of the Diggers and the Ranters in Contemporary Newspapers’, Etudes Épistémè, 35 (2019) *J. C. Davis, Fear, Myth and History: The Ranters and the Historians (1986) G. F. Ellens, ‘The Ranters Raving : reflections on a ranting counter culture’, Church History, 40 (1971) J. Friedman, Blasphemy, Immorality and Anarchy: The Ranters and the English Revolution (1987) K. Gucer, ‘"Not heretofore extant in print": where the mad ranters are’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 61 (2000) C. Hill, ‘The lost Ranters? A critique of J. C. Davis’, History Workshop, 24 (1987). *J.F. MacGregor et al, ‘Fear, Myth and Furore: Reappraising the Ranters’, Past & Present, 140 (1993) J. F. MacGregor, ‘Seekers and Ranters’, in J. F. MacGregor and B. Reay (eds), Radical Religion in the English Revolution (1984). A. L. Morton, The World of the Ranters: Religious Radicalism in the English Revolution (1970)

Fifth Monarchists *B. S. Capp, The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century English Millenarianism (1972) B. S. Capp, ‘Transplanting the Holy Land: Diggers, Fifth Monarchists and the New Israel’, Studies in Church History, 36 (2000) D. Loewenstein, ‘The King among the Radicals: Godly Republicans, Levellers, Diggers, and Fifth Monarchists’, in T. Corns (ed.), The Royal Image: Representations of Charles I (1999)

Muggletonians D. G. Greene, ‘Muggletonians and Quakers: A Study in the Interaction of Seventeenth-Century Dissent’, Albion, 15 (1983) *C. Hill, B. Reay, and W. Lamont (eds), The World of the Muggletonians (1983).

*W. Lamont, 'The Muggletonians 1652-1979: a "vertical" approach', Past and Present, 99 (1983). W. Lamont, Last Witnesses: The Muggletonian History, 1652-1979 (2006)

Adamites D. Cressy, ‘The Adamites exposed: naked radicals in the English Revolution’, in his Travesties and Transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England (2000)

(5e) Quakers: The Society of Friends Essay questions Why were the Quakers so frequently a target of popular intolerance?

When and why did the Quaker movement make the transition from charismatic enthusiasm to sober respectability?

How did the experience of persecution shape the Quaker movement?

Why were Quakers frequently conflated with other deviant groups such as witches and papists?

B. Adams, ‘The Experience of Defeat Revisited: Suffering, Identity & the Politics of Obedience among Hertford Quakers’, in C. Durston & J. Maltby (eds), Religion in Revolutionary England (2006) R. Bauman, Let your Words be Few: Symbolism of Speaking & Silence among Seventeenth-Century Quakers (1983). W. C. Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Quakerism (Cambridge, 1970 edn; first publ.1912). W. C. Braithwaite, The Second Period of Quakerism (Cambridge, 1961 edn; first publ.1919). L. Damrosch, The Sorrows of the Quaker Jesus: James Nayler and the Puritan Crackdown on the Free Spirit (1996) *A. Davies, The Quakers in English Society 1655-1725 (2000) S. Dixon, ‘Quakers and the London Parish 1670-1720’, London Journal, 32 (2007) P. Elmer, '"Saints or sorcerers": Quakerism, demonology and the decline of witchcraft in seventeenth- century England', in J. Barry et al (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (1996) R. L. Greaves, ‘Seditious sectaries or ‚sober and useful inhabitants‛? Changing conceptions of the Quakers in Early Modern Britain’, Albion, 33 (2001). R. L. Greaves, ‘Shattered Expectations? George Fox, the Quakers, and the Restoration State, 1660-1685’, Albion, 24 (1992) R. L. Greaves, ‘The Great Persecution Reconsidered: The Irish Quakers and the Ethic of Suffering’, in M. McLendon, J. Ward & M. MacDonald (eds), Protestant Identities (1999) R. Harrison, ‘As a Garden Enclosed: The Emergence of the Irish Quakers 1650-1750’, in K. Herlihy (ed.), The Irish Dissenting Tradition 1650-1750 (1995) C. Horle, The Quakers and the English Legal System 1660-1688 (1988) *E. Isichei, ‘From sect to denomination among English Quakers’, in B. R. Wilson (ed.), Patterns of Sectarianism: Organisation and Ideology in Social and Religious Movements (1967) S. A. Kent, ‘The Papist Charges against the Interregnum Quakers’, Journal of Religious History, 2 (1982-3). R. Moore, The Light in their Consciences: The Early Quakers in Britain 1646-1666 (2000). *J. Miller, John, 'A suffering people': English Quakers & their neighbours', Past & Present, 188 (2005) M. Mullett, ‘From sect to denomination? Social developments in eighteenth-century English Quakerism’, Journal of Religious History, 13 (1984) *K. Peters, Print Culture and the Quakers (2004) K. Peters, ‘The Quakers and the Politics of the Army in the Crisis of 1659’, Past and Present, 231 (2016)

N. Pullin, Female Friends and the Making of Transatlantic Quakerism, 1650-1750 (2018) B. Reay, ‘The Authorities and Early Restoration Quakerism’, Journal of Eccl. History, 34 (1983) *B. Reay, The Quakers and the English Revolution (1985) B. Reay, 'Popular Hostility towards Quakers in mid-17th century England', Social History, 5 (1980) B. Reay, ‘Quakerism and Society’, in J. F. MacGregor & B. Reay (eds), Radical Religion in the English Revolution (1984). S. Roberts, ‘Quakers in Evesham 1655-1660: A study in Religion, Politics & Culture’, Midland History, 16 (1991) M. Spufford (ed.), The World of Rural Dissenters 1520-1725 (1995) R. T. Vann, The Social Development of English Quakerism 1655-1755 (1969) D. L. Wykes, ‘Quaker schoolmasters, Toleration & the Law, 1689-1714’, Journal of Religious History, 21 (1997)

(6) Roman Catholicism (6a) Catholicism Essay questions In what ways has the tradition of ‘recusant history’ constrained and distorted our understanding of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Catholicism?

Is it appropriate to describe post-Reformation Catholicism in Britain as ‘a branch of the nonconforming tradition’?

How politically engaged was the post-Reformation Catholic community?

Did Catholics in early modern Britain ever lose hope that the Church of Rome would be restored to dominance?

J.C.H. Aveling, The Handle and the Axe (1976) G. Baker, ‘William Blundell and Late-Seventeenth-Century English Catholicism’, Northern History, 45 (2008) G. Baker, Reading & Politics in Early Modern England: The Mental World of a 17th-Century Gentleman (2010) J. Bossy, 'The Character of Elizabethan Catholicism', P&P 21 (1962) J. Bossy, 'The English Catholic Community 1603-1625', in A. G. R. Smith (ed.), The Reign of James VI & I (1973) *J. Bossy,The English Catholic Community 1570-1850 (1975) *C. Brown, ‘Militant Catholicism, Interconfessional Relations, and the Rookwood Family of Stanningfield, Suffolk, c. 1689–1737’, Historical Journal, 60 (2017) 21-45. C. Brown, 'Catholic politics & creating trust in eighteenth-century England', British Catholic History, 33 (2017) N. Carlin, ‘Toleration for Catholics in the puritan revolution’, in Ole Peter Grell and Bob Scribner (eds), Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation (1996). A. Dures, English Catholicism 1558-1642: Continuity and Change (1983) *G. Glickman, The English Catholic Community 1688-1745 (2009) C. Haigh, ‘Catholicism in Early Modern England: Bossy and Beyond’, Historical Journal, 45 (2002) *C. Haigh, 'The Continuity of Catholicism in the English Reformation', in C. Haigh (ed.), The English Reformation Revised (1987). Reprinted from P&P 93 (1981) C. Haigh, 'The Fall of a Church or the Rise of a Sect? Post Reformation Catholicism in England', Historical Journal, 21 (1978) C. Haigh, 'From Monopoly to Minority: Catholicism in Early Modern England', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 31 (1981) C. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance in Tudor Lancashire (1985) C. Haigh, 'Revisionism, the Reformation & the History of English Catholicism', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 36 (1985) M. J. Havran, The Catholics in Caroline England (1962) C. Hibbard, 'Early Stuart Catholicism: Revisions and Re-Revisions', Journal of Modern History, 52 (1980) P. Holmes, Resistance and Compromise: The Political Thought of the Elizabethan Catholics (1982) B. Jackson, ‘Sectarianism: Division and Dissent in Irish Catholicism’, in A. Ford and J. McCafferty (eds), The Origins of Sectarianism in Early Modern Ireland (2005) B. Kaplan, B. Moore, H. van Nierop and J. Pollmann (eds), Catholic Communities in Protestant States: Britain and the Netherlands c. 1570-1720 (2009) K. J. Lindley, 'The Lay Catholics of England in the Reign of Charles I', Journal of Ecclesiastical History (1971) P. McGrath, Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I (1967) P. McGrath, 'Elizabethan Catholicism: A Reconsideration', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 35 (1984)

A. Morey, The Catholic Subjects of Elizabeth I (1978) M. Mullett, Catholics in Britain and Ireland 1558-1829 (1998). T. Ó hAnnracháin, 'Catholicism in Early Modern Ireland and Britain', History Compass, 3:1 (2005) A. Pritchard, Catholic Loyalism in Elizabethan England (1979) M. Questier, Conversion, Politics and Religion in England 1580-1625 (1996). M. Questier, ‘Loyalty, Religion and State Power in Early Modern England: English Romanism and the Oath of Allegiance’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997) M. Questier, 'Catholic Loyalism in Early Stuart England', English Historical Review, 123 (2008) *M. Questier, Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England: Politics, Aristocratic Patronage and Religion, c. 1550-1640 (2006) M. Rowlands (ed.), Catholics of Parish and Town 1558-1778 (1999). *E. Shagan (ed.), Catholics & the Protestant Nation: Religious Politics & Identity in Early Modern England (2005) *W. Sheils, ‘Catholics and their Neighbours in a Rural Community’, Northern History, 34 (1998) W. Sheils, ‘English Catholics at War and Peace’, in C. Durston and J. Maltby (eds), Religion in Revolutionary England (2006) F. Smith, ‘The Origins of Recusancy in Elizabethan England Reconsidered’, Historical Journal, 60 (2017) *S. Tutino, Law and Conscience: Catholicism in Early Modern England, 1570-1625 (2007) *A. Walsham, Church Papists: Catholicism, Conformity and Confessional Polemic in Early Modern England (1993) A. Walsham, Catholic Reformation in Protestant Britain (2014) K. Whelan, ‘The Catholic Community in Eighteenth-Century Wexford’, in T. P. Power and K. Whelan (eds), Endurance and Emergence: Catholics in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (1990) A. J. Williams, Catholic Recusancy in Wiltshire 1660-1791 (1968). L. E. C. Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England (2000)

(6b) Anti-popery Essay Questions To what extent was fear of popery crisis related?

Did early modern Protestants hate Catholicism but love their Catholic neighbours?

Has the convergence between anti-Catholicism and patriotism in post-Reformation Britain been overstated?

What were the limits of anti-Catholicism in early modern Britain?

M. Braddick, ‘Prayer Book and Protestation: Anti-Popery, Anti-Puritanism and the Outbreak of the English Civil War’, in C. Prior and G. Burgess (eds), England’s Wars of Religion (2011) G. Desbrisay, ‘Catholics, Quakers & Religious Persecution in Restoration Aberdeen’, Innes Review, 47 (1996) P. Burke, 'The Black Legend of the Jesuits: An Essay in the Social History of Stereotypes', in S. Ditchfield (ed.), Catholicism and Community in the West (2001) T. Claydon and I. MacBride (eds), Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland c. 1650-c.1850 (1998) *R. Clifton, 'Fear of Popery', in C. Russell (ed.), The Origins of the English Civil War (1973) R. Clifton, 'The Popular Fear of Catholics during the English Revolution', Past and Present, 52 (1971); repr. in P. Slack (ed.), Rebellion, Popular Protest and the Social Order in Early Modern England (1984) L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (1992) D. Cressy, Bonfires & Bells: National Memory & the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan & Stuart England (1989) F. Dolan, Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender and Seventeenth-Century Print Culture (1999) C. Gheeraert-Graffauille and G. Vaughan (eds), Anti-Catholicism in Britain and Ireland, 1600-2000 (2020)

*T. Harris, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II (1987) C. Haydon, Anti-Catholicism in Eighteenth-Century England (1993) C. Haydon, ‘Anti-Catholicism, Xenophobia and National Identity in Eighteenth-century England’, in T. Claydon and I. MacBride (eds), Protestantism and National Identity (1998) C. Hibbard, Charles I and the Popish Plot (1983). C. Hill, Antichrist in Seventeenth Century England (1971), ch. 1 P. Jenkins, 'Anti-popery on the Welsh marches in the 17th century', Historical Journal, 23 (1980) J. P. Kenyon, The Popish Plot (1972) P. Lake, ‘The Significance of the Elizabethan Identification of the Pope as Antichrist’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 31 (1980) *P. Lake, 'Anti-Popery: The Structure of a Prejudice', in R. Cust and A. Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England (1989) P. Lake with M. Questier, The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England (2002). W. Lamont, ‘Richard Baxter, ‚popery‛ and the origins of the English Civil War’, History, 87 (2002). D. Lemmings and C. Walker (eds), Moral Panics, the Media and the Law in Early Modern England (2009) J. Lock, ''How many tercios has the Pope?': the Spanish War and the sublimation of Elizabethan anti- popery', History, 81 (1996) W. S. Maltby, The Black Legend in England: The Development of Anti-Spanish Sentiment, 1558-1660 (1971) A. F. Marotti (ed.), Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Texts (1999) P. McGrath & J. Rowe, ‘The Imprisonment of Catholics for Religion under Elizabeth I’, Recusant History, 20 (1991). John Miller, Popery and Politics in England 1660-1688 (1973) A. Milton, Catholic & Reformed: The Roman & Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought 1600-1640 (1995), pt. 1 *A. Milton, 'A Qualified Intolerance: The Limits and Ambiguities of Early Stuart Anti-Catholicism', in A. Marotti (ed.), Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Texts (1999) A. V. Pereira Grandela Meira Serras, ‘Anti-popery and the Elect Nation in early modern England’, in R. Homem and F. Vieria (eds.), Glorian’s Rule (2006) M. Questier, ‘Loyalty, religion and state power in early modern England: English Romanism and the Jacobean oath of allegiance’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997). M. Questier, 'Practical Anti-Papistry during the Reign of Elizabeth I', Journal of British Studies, 36 (1997) *J. Scott, 'England's Troubles: Exhuming the Popish Plot', in T. Harris et al (eds), The Politics of Religion in Restoration England (1990) J. Shami, 'Anti-Catholicism in the sermons of John Donne', in L. A. Ferrell and P. E. McCullough (eds), The English Sermon Revised (2001) A. Shell, Catholicism, Controversy and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660 (1990). T. Smith, ‘The Persecution of Staffordshire Roman Catholic Recusants’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 30 (1979) S. Sowerby, ‘Opposition to Anti-Popery in Restoration England’, Journal of British Studies, 51 (2012) I. Thackray, 'Zion undermined: the Protestant belief in a popish plot during the English Interregnum', History Workshop Journal, 18 (1984). S. Tutino, ‘Making Recusancye Death Outright: Thomas Pounde, Andrew Willet and the Catholic Question in Early Jacobean England’, Recusant History, 27 (2004) *A. Walsham, '"The Fatall Vesper": Providentialism & Anti-Popery in Late Jacobean London', P&P (1994) C. Wiener, 'The Beleaguered Isle: A Study of Elizabethan and Early Jacobean Anti-Catholicism', Past and Present, 51 (1971)

(7) Jews and Judaism Essay Questions To what extent and why were Jews AND/OR Muslims demonized in early modern society?

What functions did anxiety about Judaism AND/OR Islam serve in early modern Britain?

How did attitudes towards non-Christian minorities such as Jews and Muslims differ from attitudes towards Christian minorities?

Was anti-judaism a racial prejudice in early modern Britain?

Why did anti-semitic stereotypes persist in late medieval and early modern England despite the fact that the Jews had been expelled several centuries earlier?

Should the phenomenon of philosemitism be seen as a manifestation of religious toleration?

S. Achinstein, ‘John Foxe and the Jews’, Renaissance Quarterly, 54 (2001) J. Aklundh, ‘Voices of Jewish Converts to Christianity in late Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century England’, The Seventeenth Century (2014) P. Almond, ‘Thomas Brightman and the Origins of Philo-semitism: An Elizabethan Theologian and the Restoration of the Jews to Israel’, Reformation and Renaissance Review, 9 (2007) K. Austin, ‘Jews and Christians in Early Modern Europe’, Reformation, 16 (2011) D. A. Brooks (ed.), Milton and the Jews (2008) S. Edgar, ‘Oliver Cromwell and the Re-Admission of the Jews to England in 1656’, in s. Edgar (ed.), At the End of the Earth: Essays on the History of the Jews in England and Portugal (2004) J. Edwards, The Jews in Christian Europe 1400-1700 (1988) J. Edwards, ‘The Church and the Jews in Medieval England’, in P. Skinner (ed.), The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary and Archaeological Perspectives (2003) *T. Endelman, The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2002 (2002) T. Endelman, The Jews of Georgian England 1714-1830 (1979) T. Endelman, Radical Assimilation in English Jewish History, 1656-1945 (1990). *F. Felsenstein, Anti-Semitic Stereotypes: A Paradigm of Otherness in English Popular Culture 1660-1830 (1995) J. Fradkin, ‘Protestant Unity and Anti-Catholicism: The Irenicism and Philo-Semitism of John Dury in Context’, Journal of British Studies, 56 (2017) E. Glaser, ‘‚A Parallel Made with the Jewish Sanhedrin‛: Tolerating Jews and Jewish Precedents in the Early Modern Church and State’, in M. Dimmock and A. Hadfield (eds), The Religions of the Book: Christian Perceptions 1400-1660 (2008) *E. Glaser, Judaism without Jews: Philosemitism & Christian Polemic in Early Modern England (2007) E. Glaser, ‘‚Reasons < Theological, Political and Mixt of Both: A Reconsideration of the Readmission of the Jews to England’, Reformation, 9 (2004) G. Heng, ‘Jews, Saracens, Black Men, Tartars: England in a World of Racial Difference’, in P. Brown (ed.), A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture c. 1350-1500 (2007) A. Hessayon, ‘The Great Trappaner of England: Thomas Vaiolet, Jews and Crypto-Jews during the English Revolution and at the Restoration’, in M. Braddick and D. L. Smith (eds), The Experience of Revolution in Stuart Britain and Ireland (Cambridge, 2011) E. J. Holmberg, Jews in the Early Modern Imagination: A Scattered Nation (2012) J. Israel, European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism 1550-1750 (1998) R. L. Kagan and P. D. Morgan, Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism

1500-1800 (2009) Y. Kaplan, ‘Jews and Judaism in the Hartlib Circle’, Studia Rosenthaliana, 38-39 (2005-6) D. S. Katz, The Jews in the History of England (1994) D . S. Katz, 'Jews of England and 1688', in Grell et al (eds), From Persecution to Toleration (1991) D. S. Katz, 'The Phenomenon of Philo-Semitism', in D. Wood (ed.), Christianity and Judaism, Studies in Church History 29 (1992) D. S. Katz, Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England (1982) *D. S. Katz, The Jews in the History of England (1994) T. Kushner and N. Valman (eds), Philosemitism, Antisemitism and the Jews: Perspectives from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century (2004) N. McDowell, ‘The Stigmatising of Puritans as Jews in Jacobean England’, Renaissance Studies, 19 (2005) B. Nenk, Beverley, ‘Public worship, private devotion: the crypto-Jews of Reformation England’, in D. Gaimster and R. Gilchrist (eds), The Archaeology of Reformation 1480-1580 (2003) W. Pennack, Jews and Gentiles in Early America 1654-1800 (2005) N. Perry, 'Anglo-Jewry, the Law, Religious Conviction and Self Interest (1655-1753)', Journal of European Studies (1984) C. Richmond, ‘The Jews in Medieval England’, Jewish Culture and History, 3 (2000) C. Roth, A History of the Jews in England (1941) E. Samuel, ‘London’s Portuguese Jewish Community, 1540-1753’, in R. Vigne and C. Littleton (eds), From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America 1550-1750 (2001) J. Schorsch, Jews and Blacks in the Early Modern World (2004) B. Susser, Bernard, The Jews of South-West England (Exeter, 1993). A. Sutcliffe, ‘Identity, Space and Intercultural Contact in the Urban Entrepot: The Sephardic Bounding of Community in Early Modern Amsterdam and London’, in D. Cesarini and G. Romain (eds), Jews and Port Cities 1590-1990 (2006) J. Warner, ‘Violence against and amongst Jews in an Early Modern Town: Tolerance and its Limits in Portsmouth 1718-1781’, Albion, 35 (2003) D. Wood (ed.), Christianity and Judaism, Studies in Church History, 29 (1992)

(8) Muslims and Islam Essay Questions To what extent and why were Jews AND/OR Muslims demonized in early modern society?

What functions did anxiety about Judaism AND/OR Islam serve in early modern Britain?

How did attitudes towards non-Christian minorities such as Jews and Muslims differ from attitudes towards Christian minorities?

Did the Reformation do more to intensify or to attenuate religious prejudice against Islam in Britain?

Account for the paradox that prejudice against Muslims flourished in early modern Britain despite the fact that their physical presence was negligible.

Was the threat presented by Islam in early modern England more political than theological?

How far did contemporaries regard Muslims as heretics?

B. Andrea, Women and Islam in Early Modern English Literature (2007) D. Bagchi, ‘Recent Studies in the Reformation and Islam’, Reformation, 14 (2009) A. Bernadette, Women and Islam in Early Modern English Literature (2007) M. Birchwood, Staging Islam in England: Drama and Culture 1640-1685 (2007) M. Birchwood and M. Dimmock (eds), Cultural Encounters between East and West, 1453-1699 (2005) H. Buchanan, ‘Luther and the Turks 1519-1529’, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 47 (1956) J. Burton, Traffic and Turning: Islam and English Drama, 1579-1624 (2005) L. Colley, Captives: Britain, Empire and the World 1600-1850 (2002) R. C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy 1500-1800 (2003) M. Dimmock, ‘A Human Head to the Neck of a Horse: Hybridity, Monstrosity, and Early Christian Conceptions of Muhammad and Islam’, in M. Dimmock and A. Hadfield (eds), The Religions of the Book: Christian Perceptions 1400-1660 (2008) *M. Dimmock, New Turkes: Dramatizing Islam and the Ottomans in Early Modern England (2005) M. Dimmock, ‘‚Machomet dyd before as Luther doth nowe‛: Islam, the Ottomans and the English Reformation’, Reformation, 9 (2004) D. Eppley, ‘A New Perspective on Islam in Henrician England: The Polemics of Christopher St German’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 46 (2015) I. M. Higgins, ‘Shades of the East: Orientalism, Religion and Nation in Late Medieval Scottish Literature’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 38 (2008) P. Holt, ‘The Study of Islam in Seventeenth- & Eighteenth-Century England’, Journal of Early Modern History, 2 (1998) A. Ingram, ‘Depictions of Islam in Seventeenth-Century English Travel Accounts’, in K. Salahi (ed.), Knowledge is Light: Travellers in the Near East (2011) F. Le Van Baumer, ‘England, the Turk, and the Common Corps of Christendom;, American Historical Review, 50 (1944) B. Lewis, Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims and Jews in the Age of Discovery (1995) *P. Marshall, ‘Rather with Papists than with Turks: The Battle of Lepanto and the Contours of Elizabethan Christendom’, Reformation, 17 (2012)

*N. Matar, Islam in Britain 1558-1685 (1998) N. Matar (ed.), ‘The Toleration of Muslims in Renaissance England: Practice and Theory’, in J. Laursen (ed.), Religious Toleration: The Variety of Rites from Cyrus to Defoe (1999) N. Matar, ‘Muslims in Seventeenth-Century England’, Journal of Islamic Studies, 8 (1997) N. Matar, ‘England and Religious Plurality: Henry Stubbe, John Locke and Islam’, in Christianity and Religious Plurality, Studies in Church History, 51 (2015) N. Matar, Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery (1999). *N. Matar, ‘Britons and Muslims in the early modern period: from prejudice to (a theory of) toleration’, Patterns of Prejudice, 43 (2009) N. Matar, ‘Britons and Muslims in the early modern period : from prejudice to (a theory of) toleration’, Patterns of Prejudice, 43 (2009) N. Matar, ‘The 1609 Explusion of the Moriscos in Early Modern British Thought’, Explorations in Renaissance Culture, 35 (2009) G. McLean, ‘Milton, Islam and the Ottomans’, in S. Achinstein (ed.), Milton and Toleration (2007) G. McLean, ‘Milton among the Muslims’, in M. Dimmock and A. Hadfield (eds), The Religions of the Book: Christian Perceptions, 1400-1660 (2008) G. MacLean and N. Matar, Britain and the Islamic World (2011) D. Pailin, Attitudes to Other Religions: Comparative Religion in Seventeenth- & Eighteenth-Century Britain (1984). *E. Salem, ‘The Elizabethan Image of Islam’, Studia Islamica, 22 (1965) R. Schowebel, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (1967) C. Toenjes, Islam, the Turks and the making of the English Reformation: The history of the Ottoman Empire in John Foxe's Acts and monuments (2016) G. Toomer, Eastern Wisdom and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England (1996)

(9) Atheists and Deists Essay questions ‘If atheism had not existed in early modern England, it would have been necessary to invent it’. Discuss.

Why could atheists not be tolerated in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Britain?

Was contemporary concern about deism out of proportion to the threat it actually presented in late-seventeenth-century Britain?

Did fear of atheism replace fear of heresy in late seventeenth century Britain?

How articulate was the phenomenon of unbelief in early modern Britain?

G. E. Aylmer, 'Irreligion in Seventeenth Century England', in D. Pennington and K. Thomas (eds), Puritans and Revolutionaries (1978) D. Berman, A History of Atheism in Britain: from Hobbes to Russell (1990) J. Champion, The Pillars of Priestcraft Shaken: The Church of England and its Enemies, 1660-1730 (1992). J. Champion, Republican Learning: John Toland and the Crisis of Christian Culture, 1696-1722 (2007) G. T. Buckley, Atheism in the English Renaissance (1965) T. Dagron, ‘Toland and the censorship of atheism’, in M. Laerke (ed.), The Use of Censorship in the Enlightenment (2009) L. Dixon, ‘William Perkins, "Atheisme," and the Crises of England's Long Reformation’, Journal of British Studies, 50 (2011) L. Dixon, ‘England’s ‘atheisticall generation’: Orthodoxy and Unbelief in the Revolutionary Period’, in G. Southcombe and G. Tapsell (eds), Revolutionary England c.1630-1660 (2017) S. Ellenzweig, ‘The Faith of Unbelief : Rochester's "Satyre," Deism and Religious Freethinking in Seventeenth-Century England’, Journal of British Studies, 44 (2005) R. L. Emerson, ‘Latitudinarianism and the English Deists’, in J. A. L. (ed.), Deism, Masonry and the Enlightenment (1987) R. L. Emerson, ‘Heresy, the Social Order and English Deism’, Church History, 37 (1968) L. Febvre, Le Probléme de l'incroyance au XVIe Siecle: La Religion de Rabelais (1947) J. Herrick, The Radical Rhetoric of the English Deists: The Discourse of Skepticism 1680-1750 (1997) W. Hudson, The English Deists: Studies in Early Enlightenment (2009) *M. Hunter and D. Wootton, Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment (1992) *M. Hunter, 'The Problem of "Atheism" in Early Modern England', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 35 (1985) M. Hunter, ‘‚Aikenhead the atheist‛: the context and consequences of articulate irreligion in the late seventeenth century’, in Michael Hunter, Science and the Shape of Orthodoxy: Intellectual Change in Late- Seventeenth Century Britain (1995). R. Popkin, ‘The deist challenge’, in O. P. Grell, J. I. Israel, and N. Tyacke (eds), From Persecution to Toleration: The Glorious Revolution and Religion in England (1991) R. Popkin and A. Vanderjagt (eds), Scepticism and Irreligion in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1993) R. Webb, ‘Raleigh, Hariot and atheism in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England’, Albion, 1 (1969) J. Wigelsworth, Deism in Enlightenment England: Theology, Politics and Newtonian Public Science (2009) D. Wootton, 'Unbelief in Early Modern Europe', History Workshop Journal (1985)

(10) Witches and Witch-hunting Essay Questions When and why did early modern people accuse their neighbours of witchcraft?

To what extent was witch-hunting a mechanism for state-building in early modern Britain?

Did early modern Britain experience a witchcraze in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

How were heresy-hunting and witch-hunting linked in early modern Britain?

Is gender an irrelevance in assessments of the impulses behind the early modern witch-hunt?

Were witches generally regarded as social or religious deviants in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Did Protestantism do more to restrain witch-hunting than to stimulate it?

S. Anglo, 'Reginald Scot's Discoverie of Witchcraft: Scepticism and Sadduceeism', in S. Anglo (ed.), The Damned Art (1977) W. Behringer, ‘Weather, Hunger and Fear: The Origins of the European Witch Persecution in Climate, Society and Mentality’, German History, 13 (1995) V. Bernhard, ‘Religion, Politics and Witchcraft in Bermuda 1651-55’, William and Mary Quarterly, 67 (2010) S. Clark, 'Inversion, Misrule and the Meaning of Witchcraft', Past and Present (1980) S. Clark, Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (1997) S. Clark (ed.), Languages of Witchcraft: Narrative, Ideology & Meaning in Early Modern Culture (2001) S. Clark, 'Protestant Demonology: Sin, Superstition, and Society (c.1520-c.1630)', in Bengt Ankarloo & Gustav Henningsen (eds), Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries (1990) E. Cowan, ‘Witch Persecution and Popular Belief in Lowland Scotland : the Devil's Decade’, in J. Goodare, L. Martin and J. Miller (eds), Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland (2007) O. Davies, ‘Decriminalising the witch : the origin of and response to the 1736 Witchcraft Act’, in J. Newton and J. Bath (eds), Witchcraft and the Act of 1604 (2008) K. Edwards, ‘Witchcraft in Tudor England and Scotland’, in K. Cartwight (ed.), A Companion to Tudor Literature (2009) C. Elmer, Witchcraft, witch-hunting and politics in early modern England (2016) M. Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft and Evidence in Early Modern England’, Past and Present, 198 (2008) M. Gaskill, 'Witchcraft in Early Modern Kent: Stereotypes and the Background to Accusations', in J. Barry et al (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (1996) M. Gaskill, Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England (2000), ch. 2 M. Gaskill, ‘Witches & Witchcraft Prosecutions’, in M. Zell (ed.), Early Modern Kent, 1540-1640 (2000) M. Gaskill, Witchfinders: A Seventeenth-century English Tragedy (2006) M. Gaskill, ‘Masculinity and Witchcraft in Seventeenth-Century England’, in A. Rowlands (ed.), Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe (2009) G. Geis and I Bunn, A Trial of Witches (1997) M. Gibson, Reading Witchcraft (1999) J. Goodare, 'Women and the Witch Hunt in Scotland', Social History (1998) J. Goodare, ‘Men and the Witch-hunt in Scotland’, in A. Rowlands (ed.), Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe (2009) *J. Goodare (ed.), The Scottish Witch Hunt in Context (2002)

J. Goodare, L, Martin and J. Miller (eds), Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland (2007) *A. Gregory, 'Witchcraft, Politics and "Good Neighbourhood" in Early Seventeenth Century Rye', Past and Present (1991) C. Holmes, 'Popular Culture? Witches, Magistrates and Divines in Early Modern England', in S. Kaplan (ed.), Understanding Popular Culture (1984) C. Holmes, 'Women: Witnesses and Witches', Past and Present (1993) R. Hutton, ‘Witch-hunting in Celtic Societies’, Past and Present, 212 (2011) P. Kapitaniak, ‘Reginald Scot and the circles of power : witchcraft, anti-catholicism and faction politics’, in M. Harmes and V. Bladen (eds), Supernatural and Secular Power in Early Modern England (2015) J. Klaits, Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witchhunt (1985) *C. Larner, Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland (1981) C. Larner, Witchcraft and Religion (1984) B. P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (1987, 1995) A. Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (1971) J. Newton and J. Bath (eds), Witchcraft and the Act of 1604 (2008) D. Oldridge (ed.), Witchcraft Reader (2001) D. Purkiss, The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth Century Interpretations (1996) G. Quaife, Godly Zeal and Furious Rage: The Witch in Early Modern Europe (1987) J. Sharpe, 'Witchcraft and Women in Seventeenth Century England’, Continuity and Change (1991) J. Sharpe, 'Women, Witchcraft and the Legal Process', in J. Kermode and G. Walker (eds), Women, Crime and the Courts in Early Modern England (1994) J. A. Sharpe, Witchcraft in Early Modern England (2001) *J. Sharpe, Instruments of Darkness: Witchcraft in England 1550-1750 (1996) J. Sharpe, 'The Devil in East Anglia: The Matthew Hopkins Trials Reconsidered', in J. Barry et al (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (1996) M. Stoyle, ‘It is But an Old Wytche Gonne: Prosecution and Execution for Witchcraft in Exeter 1558-1610’, History, 96 (2011) K. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (1971) H. R. Trevor Roper, The European Witchcraze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essays (1969) C. Unsworth, 'Witchcraft Beliefs & Criminal Procedure', in T. G. Watkins (ed.), Legal Record & Historical Reality (1989) G. Waite, Heresy, Witchcraft and Magic in Early Modern Europe (2002) G. Walker, ‘The Strangeness of the Familiar : Witchcraft and the Law in Early Modern England’, in A. McShane and G. Walker (eds), The Extraordinary and the Everyday in Early Modern England (2010)

(11) Sin and Sinners: Moral Deviance Essay Questions To what extent and why did the early modern period witness a ‘permanent upward tilt’ in the pattern of moral regulation?

Is the Reformation a red herring in attempting to explain the intensification of moral regulation in the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Should religious zeal or socio-economic strain be accorded more importance as an impetus behind the drive to regulate morality?

How far was sin criminalized in early modern Britain?

How far did anxieties about moral and religious deviance converge in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Were ordinary laypeople chiefly victims or agents of the early modern Reformation of manners?

S. Addy, Sin and Society in the Seventeenth Century (1989) D. Bahlman, The Moral Revolution of 1688 (1957). P. Benedict, Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism (2002), ch. 14 T. Betteridge (ed.), Sodomy in Early Modern Europe (2002) M. Braddick, State Formation in Early Modern England c.1550-1700 (2000), ch. 4 A. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (1982) B. Capp, England’s Culture Wars: Puritan Reformation and its Enemies in the Interregnum 1649-1660 (2012) P. Clark, 'The Alehouse and the Alternative Society', in D. Pennington and K. Thomas (eds), Puritans and Revolutionaries (1978) T. Claydon, William III and the Glorious Revolution (1996) P. Collinson, The Birthpangs of Protestant England (1988), ch. 4 P. Collinson, 'Cranbrook and the Fletchers: Popular and Unpopular Religion in the Kentish Weald', in Godly People: Essays on English Protestantism and Puritanism (1983) P. Collinson, The Religion of Protestants (1982), ch. 5 K. Crawford, European Sexualities (2007), chs 2, 4 T. C. Curtis and W. A. Speck, 'The Societies for the Reformation of Manners: A Case Study in the Theory and Practice of Moral Reform', Literature and History 3 (1976) F. Dabhoiwala, ‘Sex and Societies for Moral Reform 1688-1800’, Journal of British Studies, 46 (2007) *F. Dabhoiwala, ‘Lust and Liberty’, Past and Present, 207 (2010) J. R. Dickinson and J. A. Sharpe, ‘Public Punishment and the Manx Ecclesiastical Courts during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in S. Devereux and P. Griffiths (eds), Penal Practice and Culture 1500-1900 (2004) C. Durston, 'Puritan Rule and the Failure of the Cultural Revolution, 1645-1660', in C. Durston and J. Eales (eds), The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560-1700 (1996) A. Fletcher, Reform in the Provinces: The Government of Stuart England (1986), ch. 8 L. Gowing, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words and Sex in Early Modern London (1996), ch. 6 *S. Hindle, The State and Social Change in Early Modern England (2000), ch. 7 D. Hirst, 'The Failure of Godly Rule in the English Republic', P&P 132 (1991) R. Houlbrooke, Church Courts & the Reformation during the Eng. Reformation(1979) R. P-C. Hsia, Social Discipline in the Reformation (1989)

W. Hunt, The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution to an English County (1983). R. Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400-1700 (1994) M. Ingram, Church Courts, Sex and Marriage in England, 1570-1640 (1987) *M. Ingram, Carnal knowledge : regulating sex in England, 1470-1600 (2017) *M. Ingram, ‘History of Sin or History of Crime? The Regulation of Personal Morality in England 1450- 1750’, in Heinz Schilling (ed.), Institutionem, Instrumete und Akteure Sozialer Kontrolle und Disziplineirung im frühneuzeitlichen Europa: Institutions, Instruments and Agents of Social Control and Discipline in Early Modern Europe (1999) *M. Ingram, 'Reformation of Manners in Early Modern England', in P. Griffiths, A. Fox & S. Hindle (eds), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (1996) M. Ingram, 'Religion, Communities and Moral Discipline in Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century England: Case Studies', in K. von Greyerz (ed.), Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe 1500- 1800 (1984) M. Ingram, 'Shame and Pain: Themes and Variations in Tudor Punishments', in S. Devereux and P.Griffiths (eds), Penal Practice and Culture 1500-1900 (2004) M. Ingram, ‘Church Courts in England’, in C. Parker and G. Starr-LeBeau (eds), Judging Faith, Punishing Sin: Inquisitions and Consistories in the Early Modern World (2017) J. R. Kent, 'Attitudes of Members of the House of Commons to the Regulation of "Personal Conduct" in Late Elizabethan & Early Stuart England', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research (1973) L. Leneman, '"Prophaining the Lord's Day: Sabbath Breach in Early Modern Scotland', History (1989) B. Lenman, 'Limits of Godly Discipline in the Early Modern Period with Special Reference to England & Scotland', in K. Von Greyerz (ed.), Religion & Society in Early Modern Europe 1500-1800 (1984) *M. McIntosh, Controlling Misbehaviour in England 1370-1600 (1998) W. Monter, Enforcing Morality in Early Modern Europe (1987) R. B. Outhwaite, The Rise and Fall of the English Ecclesiastical Courts 1500-1860 (2006) G. R. Quaife, Wanton Wenches & Wayward Wives: Peasants & Illicit Sex in Early Seventeenth Century England (1979) B. Reay (ed.), Popular Culture in Seventeenth Century England (1985), esp. intro, ch. 4 R. B. Shoemaker, ‘Reforming the City: The Reformation of Manners Campaign in London 1690-1738’, in L. Davison, T. Hitchcock, T. Kiern & R. B. Shoemaker (eds), Stilling the Grumbling Hive (1992) P. Slack, From Reformation to Improvement (1999), ch. 2 M. Spufford, 'Puritanism and Social Control?', in A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson (eds), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (1985) *M. Todd, The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland (2002), esp. chs 3, 4, 6 M. Todd, 'Profane Pastimes and the Reformed Community: The Persistence of Festivities in Early Modern Scotland', Journal of British Studies, 39 (2000) D. Underdown, Fire from Heaven (1992) D. Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion (1987) K. Wrightson, 'Alehouses, Order and Reformation in Rural England, 1590-1660', in E. and S. Yeo (eds), Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590-1914 (1981) K. Wrightson and D. Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling, 1525-1700 (1979; 1995), chs 5-7 K. Thomas, 'The Puritans and Adultery: The Act of 1650 Reconsidered', in D. Pennington and K. Thomas (eds), Puritans and Revolutionaries (1978) *M. Wiesner-Hanks, Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World (2000) R. Wunderli, London Church Courts and Society on the Eve of the Reformation (1981)

C: RESPONSES TO INTOLERANCE (12) Resistance, Rebellion and Religious Violence Religious Violence Essay Questions When were people driven to religious violence in early modern Britain?

Why did Britain experience fewer outbreaks of religious violence in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by comparison with its continental neighbours?

Has the potential for sectarian violence in early modern Britain been underestimated?

*N. Canny, Making Ireland British 1580-1650 (Oxford, 2001), ch. 8 D. Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: La violence au temps des troubles de religion (1990) E. Darcy, The Irish Rebellion of 1641 and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (2013) *N. Z. Davis, ‘The Rites of Violence’, in her Society and Culture in Early Modern France (1975). *D. Edwards, P. Lenihan & C. Tait (eds), Age of Atrocity: Violence & Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland (2009) M. Greengrass, ‘The Psychology of Religious Violence’, French History, 5 (1991) T. Harris, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II (1987) T. Harris, ‘The bawdy house riots of 1668’, Historical Journal, 29 (1986). G. Holmes, ‘The Sachaverell riots: the crowd and the church in early eighteenth-century London’, in Paul Slack (ed.), Rebellion, Popular Protest and the Social Order in Early Modern England (1984) M. P. Holt, ‘Putting Religion Back into the Wars of Religion’, French Historical Studies, 18 (1993) G. H. Jones, ‘The Irish Fright of 1688: Real Violence and Imagined Massacred’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 55 (1982) D. Kelley, ‘Martyrs, Myths and the Massacre: The Background of St Bartholomew’, American Historical Review, 77 (1972) R. M. Kingdon (ed.), Myths about the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacres (1988) M. Levene and P. Roberts (eds), The Massacre in History (1999) B. Mac Cuarta (ed.), Ulster 1641: Aspects of the Rising (1993) G. Murdock, P. Roberts and A. Spicer (eds), Ritual and Violence: Natalie Zemon Davis and Early Modern France, Past and Present Supplement 7 (2012) J. Ohlmeyer and M. O’Siochru (eds), Ireland 1641: Contexts and Reactions (2013) M. O’Siochru, ‘Atrocity, Codes of Conduct and the Irish in the British Civil Wars, 1641-53’, Past and Present, 195 (2007) B. Reay, 'Popular Hostility towards Quakers in Mid-seventeenth-century England', Social History, 5 (1980) N. Rogers, ‘Riot and Popular Jacobitism in Early Hanoverian England’, in E. Cruickshanks (ed.), Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism 1689-1759 (1982) W. L. Sasche, ‘The mob and the Revolution of 1688’, Journal of British Studies, 4 (1964) H. Simms, ‘Violence in County Armagh, 1641’, in B. Mac Cuarta (ed.), Ulster 1641: Aspects of the Rising (1993) *A. Walsham, ‘‚The fatall vesper‛: providentialism and anti-popery in late Jacobean London’, Past and Present, 144 (1994) *J. Walter, Understanding Popular Violence in the English Revolution (1999)

Resistance and Rebellion Essay Questions To what extent did persecution sow the seeds for theories of legitimate resistance?

When and why did religious dissent spill over into armed resistance in early modern Britain?

Why did so many of the religiously inspired revolts and rebellions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries fail?

How important was resistance theory to Catholic and/or Protestant rebellion in Tudor and Stuart England?

M. Bowker, ‘Lincolnshire in 1536: Heresy, Schism or Religious Discontent’, in D. Baker (ed.), Studies in Church History, 9 (1972) G. Bowler, ‘‚An axe or an acte‛: the parliament of 1572 and resistance theory in early Elizabethan England’, Canadian Journal of History, 19 (1984). G. Bowler, ‘Marian Protestants and the idea of violent resistance’, in Peter Lake and Maria Dowling (eds), Protestantism and the National Church in Sixteenth-CenturyEngland (1987). P. Collinson, ‘The Monarchical Republic of Queen Elizabeth I’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 69 (1987); also in his Elizabethan Essays (1994) C. S. L. Davies, ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace Reconsidered’, Past and Present, 41 (1968) J. Dawson, ‘Revolutionary Conclusions: The Case of the Marian Exiles’, History of Political Thought, 11 (1990) J. Dawson, ‘Trumpeting Resistance: Christopher Goodman and John Knox;’, in R. Mason (ed.), John Knox and the British Reformations (1998) C. Burrage, ‘The Fifth Monarchy Insurrections’, English Historical Review, 25 (1910) J. Cassidy, ‘The Quest for Godly Rule: The Development of Resistance Theory in Reformation Scotland’, Scottish Tradition, 14 (1986-7) R. Clifton, The Last Popular Rebellion: The Western Rising of 1685 (1984) P. Crawford, ‘Charles Stuart, 'Charles Stuart': that "Man of Blood", Journal of British Studies, 16 (1977). S. Baskerville, 'Blood Guilt in the English Revolution', The Seventeenth Century, 8 (1993) *A. Fletcher, Tudor Rebellions (1968) P. Holmes, Resistance and Compromise: The Political Thought of the Elizabethan Catholics (1982). C. Jackson, ‘The Political Theory of Non-Resistance in Restoration Scotland, 1660-1688’, in R. von Friedeburg (ed.), Widerstandsrecht in der frühen Neuzeit (2001) M. E. James, ‘Obedience and Dissent in Henrician England: The Lincolnshire Rebellion 1536’, Past and Present, 48 (1970) M. E. James, ‘The Concept of Order and the Northern Rising’, Past and Present, 60 (1973) S. Kaushik, ‘Resistance, loyalty and recusant politics: Sir Thomas Tresham and the Elizabethan state’, Midland History, 21 (1996). *K. Kesselring, The Northern Rebellion of 1569: Faith, Politics and Protest in Elizabethan England (2007) *R. M. Kingdon, ‘Calvinism and Resistance Theory, 1550-1580’, in J. H. Burns and M. Goldie (eds), The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700 (1991) R. B. Manning, ‘The Origins of the Doctrine of Sedition’, Albion, 12 (1980) D. MacCulloch, ‘Kett’s Rebellion in Context’, Past and Present, 84 (1979) * S. Monta, ‘Rendering unto Caesar: the rhetorics of divided loyalties in Tudor England’, in D. Janes and A. Houen (eds), Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-modern to Contemporary Perspectives (2014) J. H. M. Salmon, ‘Catholic Resistance Theory, Ultramontanism and the Royalist Response, 1580-1620’, in J. H. Burns and M. Goldie (eds), The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700 (1991)

L. Schwoerer, ‘The Right to Resist: Whig Resistance Theory 1688-1694’, in N. Phillipson and Q. Skinner (eds), Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain (1993) M. Thorp, ‘Religion and the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554’, Church History, 47 (1978) A. Wood, Riot, Rebellion and Popular Politics in Early Modern England (2002) A. Wood, The 1549 Rebellions and the Making of Early Modern England (2007) A. Wood, ‘A Lyttul worde ys tresson: Loyalty, Denunciation and Popular Politics in Tudor England’, Journal of British Studies, 48 (2009) A. Wood, ‘Kett’s Rebellion’, in C. Rawcliffe and R. Wilson (eds), Medieval Norwich (2004) J. Youings, ‘The South-western Rebellion of 1549’, Southern History, 1 (1979)

(13) Martyrs and Martyrologies Essay Questions Why was martyrdom such a powerful weapon of propaganda for persecuted minorities?

How successfully did persecuted faiths exploit the ‘threatre of martyrdom’ in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Britain?

Did martyrdom enact the power or expose the weakness of the early modern state?

To what extent did the Reformation transform the significance of martyrdom?

In what ways have martyrological writings distorted our understanding of religious minorities in sixteenth and seventeenth-century Britain?

Did early modern martyrologies do more to promote religious intolerance or tolerance?

How did the experience of suffering shape the sectarian identities of early modern minorities?

Who was more useful to a persecuted faith: martyrs, dissemblers, rebels or exiles?

S. Bryan, ‘Ritualistic Acts and Compulsive Behaviour: The Pattern of Tudor Martyrdom’, American Historical Review, 83 (1978) E. Cameron, 'Medieval Heretics as Protestant Martyrs', in D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, SCH 30 (1993) P. Collinson, 'Truth and Legend: The Veracity of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs', in A. C. Duke and C. A. Tamse (eds), Clio's Mirror (1985) S. Covington, The Trail of Martyrdom: Persecution and Resistance in Sixteenth-Century England (2003) P. Danou, ‘Catholic Treason Trials in Elizabethan England: Complexities and Ambiguities in the Stage Management of a Public Show’, Journal of Early Modern History, 14 (2010) J. Dawson, 'The Scottish Reformation and the Theatre of Martyrdom', in D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, SCH 30 (1993) A. G. Dickens and J. Tonkin, 'Weapons of Propaganda: The Martyrologies', in The Reformation in Historical Thought (1985) *A. Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community (2002) E. Evenden and and T. Freeman, Religion and the Book in Early Modern England: The Making of John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (2011) K. Firth, The Apocalyptic Tradition in Reformation Britain, 1530-1645 (1979), ch. 3 *T. S. Freeman and Thomas F. Mayer (eds), Martyrs and Martyrdom in England c.1400-1700 (2007) T. Freeman, 'So Much at Stake: Martyrs and Martyrdom in Early Modern England' [Review article], Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 57:3 (2006) T. Freeman and S. Wall, 'Racking the body, shaping the text: the account of Anne Askew in Foxe's "Book of Martyrs"', Renaissance Quarterly, 54:4:1 (2001) G. Glickman, ‘Early Modern England: Persecution, Martyrdom – and Toleration?’, Historical Journal, 51 (2008) *B. Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (1999) W. Haller, Foxe's Book of Martyrs and the Elect Nation (1963) C. Highley and J. King (eds), John Foxe and his World (2002) J. N. King (ed.), Foxe’s Book of Martyrs: Select Narratives (2009)

J. N. King, Foxe’s Book of Martyrs and Early Modern Print Culture (2006) J. R. Knott, Discourses of Martyrdom in English Literature 1563-1694 (1993) J. R. Knott, ‘Joseph Besse and the Quaker Culture of suffering’, in T. Corns and D. Loewenstein (eds), The Emergence of Quaker Writing: Dissenting Literature in Seventeenth-century England (1995) R. Kolb, For all the Saints: Changing Perceptions of Martyrdom and Sainthood in the Lutheran Reformation (1987) R. Kolb, 'God's gift of martyrdom: the early Reformation understanding of dying for the faith', Church History, 64 (1995) A. Lacey, The Cult of King Charles the Martyr (2003) P. Lake and M. Questier, 'Agency, Appropriation and Rhetoric under the Gallows: Puritans, Romanists and the State in Early Modern England', P&P (1996) P. Lake and M. Questier, ‘Margaret Clitherow, Catholic Nonconformity, Martyrology and the Politics of Religious Change in Elizabethan England’, Past and Present, 185 (2004) *P. Lake and M. Questier, The Trials of Margaret Clitherow: Persecution, Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England (2011) D. Loades (ed.), John Foxe and the English Reformation (1997) D. Loades (ed.), John Foxe: An Historical Perspective (1999) D. Loewenstein, Treacherous Faith: The Specter of Heresy in Early Modern English Literature and Culture (2013), ch. 3 T. McCoog, ‘Construing Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community’, in E. Shagan (ed.), Catholics and the Protestant Nation (2005) S. Monta, Martyrdom and Literature in Early Modern England (2005) M. Neufield, ‘The Politics of Anglican Martyrdom: Letters to John Walker 1704-1705’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 62 (2011) D. Nichols, ‘The Theatre of Martyrdom in the French Reformation’, Past and Present, 121 (1988) G. Nuttall, ‘The English Martyrs, 1535-1680’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 22 (1971) C. G. Pestana, ‘Martyred by the Saints: Quaker Executions in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts’, in A. Greer and J. Bilinkoff (eds), Colonial Saints: Discovering the Holy in the Americas 1500-1800 (2003) D. Piroyansky, Martyrs and the Making of Political Martyrdom in Late Medieval England (2008) M. Rubin, 'Choosing Death? Experiences of Martyrdom in Late Medieval Europe', in D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, Studies in Church History 30 (1993) C. Tait, 'Adored for Saints: Catholic Martyrdom in Ireland c.1560-1655', Journal of Early Modern History, 5:2 (2001) S. J. Smart, 'John Foxe and the Story of Richard Hun, Martyr', Journal of Ecclesiastical History (1986) P. Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression (1984) S. Wabuda, 'Henry Bull, Miles Coverdale and the Making of Foxe's Book of Martyrs', in D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, Studies in Church History 30 (1993) N. Williams, John Foxe the Martyrologist: His Life and Times (1975) *D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, Studies in Church History 30 (1993)

(14) Exile British Religious Exiles Abroad Essay Questions What dilemmas of conscience did religious dissenters who chose to flee their native country to seek refuge overseas experience and how did they resolve these?

To what extent did the experience of exile enhance confessional identities?

Were early modern regimes justified in regarding religious emigration as an inherently seditious act?

How did exile communities reconcile their desire to integrate and assimilate with their host communities with their continuing ambition to return to their home countries?

C. Bowden, ‘The English convents in exile and questions of national identity, c. 1600-1688’, in D. Worthington (ed.), British and Irish Emigrants and Exiles in Europe 1603-1688 (2010) C. Bowden and J. Kelly (eds), English Convents in Exile (1600-1800) B. Cano-Echevarria and A. Saez-Hidalgo, ‘Educating for Martyrdom: British Exiles in the English College at Valladolid’, in T. Fehler, G. Kroeker, C. Parker and J. Ray (eds), Religious Diaspora in Early Modern Europe: Strategies of Exile (2014) E. Carlebach, Palaces of Time: Jewish Calendar and Culture in Early Modern Europe (2011) L. Corens, Confessional Mobility and English Catholics in Counter-Reformation Europe (2018) D. Edwards, ‘A Haven of Popery: English Catholic Migration to Ireland in the Age of Plantations’, in A. Ford and J. McCafferty (eds), The Origins of Sectarianism in Early Modern Ireland (2005) C. Eire, War against the Idols (1986), ch. 7 G. Gardner, The Scottish exile community in the Netherlands, 1660-1690 : "shaken together in the bag of afflication" (2004) C. H. Garrett, The Marian Exiles (1936) K. Gibbons, ‘‚A Reserved Place‛? English Catholic Exiles and Contested Space in Late-Sixteenth-Century Paris’, French Historical Studies, 32 (2009) K. Gibbons, 'No Home in Exile? Elizabethan Catholics in Paris', Reformation 15 (2010). K. Gibbons, English Catholic Exiles in Sixteenth-Century Paris (2011) *O. Grell, 'Exile and Tolerance', in O. Grell and B. Scribner (eds), Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation (1996) P. Guilday, The English Catholic Refugees on the Continent 1558-1795 (1914). R. Gwynn, 'England's "First Refugees"', History Today, 35 (1985) H. Hamlin, 'Strangers in Strange Lands: Biblical Models of Exile in Early Modern England, Reformation 15 (2010). S. Hardman Moore, 'Popery, Purity and Providence: Deciphering the New England Experiment', in A. Fletcher and P. Roberts (eds), Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain (1994) *C. Highley, 'Exile and Religious Identity in Early Modern England', Reformation 15 (2010). A. Hughes and J. Sanders, ‘Gender, Geography and Exile : Royalists and the Low Countries in the 1650s’, in J. McElligott and D. L. Smith (eds), Royalists and Royalism during the Interregnum (2010) G. Janssen, ‘The Exile Experience', in: Alex Bamji, Geert Janssen, Mary Laven (ed.), Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation (2013) G. Janssen, ‘The Counter-Reformation of the Refugee: Exile and the Shaping of Catholic Militancy in the Dutch Revolt', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 63 (2012)

K. Keblusek, ‘A Tortoise in the Shell : Royalist and Anglican Experience of Exile in the 1650s’, in P. Major (ed.), Literatures of exile in the English Revolution and its aftermath, 1640-1690 (2010). A. J. Loomie, The Spanish Elizabethans: The English Exiles at the Court of Philip II (1963). L. Lux-Sterritt, English Benedictine nuns in exile in the seventeenth century : living spirituality (2017) *P. Major (ed.), Literatures of exile in the English Revolution and its aftermath, 1640-1690 (2010). P. Marshall, ‘Catholic Exiles’, in his Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (2006) *P. Marshall, 'Religious Exiles and the Tudor State', in K. Cooper and J. Gregory (eds), Discipline and Diversity, Studies in Church History, 43 (2007) G. E. Minton, '"Suffer me not to be separated/And let my cry come unto thee": John Bale's Apocalypse and the Exilic Imagination', Reformation 15 (2010). S. Mortimer, ‘Exile, Apostasy and Anglicanism in the English Revolution’, in P. Major (ed.), Literatures of Exiles in the English Revolution and its Aftermath (2010) F. A. Norwood, Strangers and Exiles: A History of Religious Refugees, 2 vols (1969). E. O Ciosain, 'Regrouping in Exile: Irish Communities in Western France in the Seventeenth Century', in: R. Armstrong and T.O. hAnnrachain (eds.), Community in Early Modern Ireland (2006), 133-153. T. O'Connor (ed.), The Irish in Europe 1580-1815 (2001). T. O'Connor and M. A. Lyons (eds.), Irish migrants in Europe after Kinsale, 1602-1820 (2003). *H. K. Oberman, 'Europa afflicta: the Reformation of the refugees', Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 83 (1992). A. Pettegree, Emden and the Dutch Revolt. Exile and the Development of Reformed Protestantism (1992). A. Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII: evangelicals in the early English Reformation (2003), ch. 3 Fred Smith, ‘Life after Exile: Former Catholic Refugees and the Legacy of Flight in Marian England’, English Historical Review, 133 (2018), pp. 806-34. N. Smith, ‘Exile in Europe during the English Revolution and its Literary Impact’, in P. Major (ed.), Literatures of exile in the English Revolution and its aftermath, 1640-1690 (2010). J. Sponholz and G. Waite (eds), Exile and Religious Identity 1500-1800 (2014) *N. Terpstra, Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation (2015) C. Walker, Gender and Politics in Early Modern Europe: English Convents in France and the Low Countries (2002) M. Williams, ‘Between King, Faith and Reason : Father Peter Talbot (SJ) and Catholic Royalist Thought in Exile’, English Historical Review, 127 (2012) D. Worthington (ed.), British and Irish Emigrants and Exiles in Europe 1603-1688 (2010) *J. Wright, 'Marian Exiles and the Legitimacy of Flight from Persecution', JEH (2001) A. Zakai, Exile and Kingdom: History and Apocalypse in the Puritan Migration to America (1992)

Stranger Communities in Britain Essay Questions To what extent did stranger communities find peaceful asylum in early modern Britain?

How and why did attitudes towards foreign Protestant communities in England change in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

How significant a factor was xenophobia in the experience of religious refugees who settled in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Britain?

Why were so many religious immigrants slow to assimilate into their host communities?

M. Backhouse, The Flemish and Walloon Communities at Sandwich during the Reign of Elizabeth I (1561-1603) (1995). P. Collinson, ‘Calvinism with an Anglican Face: The Stranger Churches in Early Elizabethan London and their Superintendent’, in D. Baker (ed.), Reform and Reformation, Studies in Church History , Subsidia 2 (1979) *B. Cottrett, The Huguenots in England: Immigration and Settlement c. 1550-1700 (1991) A. Dunan Page (ed.), The Religious Culture of the Huguenots 1660-1750 (2006) A. Dunan-Page, ‘Roger L’Estrange and the Huguenots: Continental Protestantism and the Church of England’, in A. Dunan-Page and B. Lynch (eds), Roger L’Estrange and the Making of Restoration Cultures (2008) J. Butler, The Huguenots in America: A Refugee People in the New World (1983) P. Collinson, ‘Elizabethan Puritans & the Foreign Reformed Churches in London’, in his Godly People (1983) B. Cottret, The Huguenots in England (1991) M. Greengrass, ‘Protestant exiles and their assimilation in early modern England’, Immigrants and Minorities, 4 (1985). O. Grell, Dutch Calvinists in Early Stuart London: The Dutch Church in Austin Friars 1603-1642 (1989). O. Grell, 'From Persecution to Integration: The Decline of the Anglo-Dutch Communities in England, 1648- 1702', in O. Grell et al (eds), From Persecution to Toleration (1991) *O. Grell, Calvinist Exiles in Tudor and Stuart England (1996) G. C. Gibbs, 'The Reception of the Huguenots in England and the Dutch Republic, 1680-1690', in O. Grell et al (eds), From Persecution to Toleration (1991) N. Goose and L. Luu (eds), Immigrants in Tudor and Early Stuart England (2005) R. D. Gwynn, Huguenot Heritage: The History and Contribution of the Huguenots in Britain (1985) S. Lachenicht, S., 'Huguenot Immigrants and the Formation of National Identities, 1548–1787', Historical Journal 50 (2007). A. Milton, Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought 1600-1640 (1995), pt. 2 *A. Pettegree, Emden & the Dutch Revolt: Exile and the Development of Reformed Protestantism (1992) *A. Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London (1986) A. Pettegree, 'The French and Walloon Communities in London, 1550-1688', in O. Grell et al (eds), From Persecution to Toleration (1991) A. Pettegree, 'The Stranger Community in Marian London', in Marian Protestantism (1996) C. E. Reaman, Trail of the Huguenots in Europe, the United States, South Africa & Canada (1964) I. Scouloudi (ed.), Huguenots in Britain and their French Background (1987) A. Spicer, The French-Speaking Reformed Community and their Church in Southampton (1997) R. Vigne, and C. Littleton (eds), From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1550-1750 (2001). R. Vigne and Graham C. Gibbs (eds), The Strangers' Progress: Integration and Disintegration of the Huguenot and Walloon Refugee Community, 1567-1889(1995) L. Yungblut, Strangers Settled Here Amongst Us: Policies, Perceptions and the Presence of Aliens in Elixabethan England (1996).

(15) Conformity, Nicodemism, Dissimulation and Equivocation Essay Questions Why did forms of religious dissimulation cause such anxiety in early modern society?

Did partial and occasional conformity do more to foster tolerance or intolerance in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Were equivocation and dissimulation more of a hindrance or a help to religious minorities?

Why were both the enemies and the leaders of religious minorities united in their opposition to the phenomenon of nicodemism?

How did early modern religious minorities justify deceit in the name of religion?

H. Braun and E. Vallance (eds.), Contexts of Conscience in Early Modern Europe 1500-1700 (2004) M. Carrafiello, ‘Robert Parsons and Equivocation, 1606-1610’, Catholic Historical Review, 79 (1993) C. Eire, ‘Prelude to Sedition? Calvin’s Attack on Nicodemism and Religious Compromise’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 76 (1985) J. Flaningham, ‘The occasional conformity controversy: ideology and party politics, 1697-1711’, Journal of British Studies, 17 (1977-8) L. Gallagher, Medusa’s Gaze: Casuistry and Conscience in the Renaissance (1991) K. Gunther, ‘The Marian Persecution and Early Elizabethan Protestants: Persecutors, Apostates and the Wages of Sin’, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 107 (2016) C. Haigh, Conscience and Conformity: Some Moral Dilemmas in Seventeenth‐Century England’, Journal of Anglican Studies, 11 (2013), 65‐83. C. Hill, ‘Occasional conformity and the Grindalian tradition’, repr. in his Collected Essays, vol. 2, Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (1986) R. Harkins, ‘Elizabethan Puritanism and the politics of memory in post-Marian England’, Historical Journal, 57 (2014) P. Holmes, Resistance and Compromise (1982), esp. chs 6-8 E. Leites (ed.), Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe (1988) A. J. Loomie, ‘A Jacobean Crypto-Catholic: Lord Wotton’, Catholic Historical Review, 3 (1967) A. E. Malloch, ‘Father Henry Garnet’s Treatise of Equivocation’, Recusant History, 15 (1981) J. Martin, 'The Protestant Underground Congregations of Mary's Reign', Journal of Eccles. History, 35 (1984) D. Martin Jones, Conscience and Allegiance in Seventeenth-Century England: The Political Significance of Oaths and Engagements (1999) H. Oberman, 'The Nicodemites: Courageous Alternative to the Refugee', in his The Impact of the Reformation (1994) M. A. Overell, 'Vergerio's Anti-Nicodemite Propaganda and England, 1547-1558', JEH (2000) M. A. Overell, Nicodemites: Faith and Concealment between Italy and Tudor England (2018) *A. Pettegree, 'Nicodemism & the English Reformation', in Marian Protestantism (1996) J. D. Ramsbottom, ‘Presbyterians and ‚partial conformity‛ in the Restoration Church of England’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 43 (1992). K. Roddy, ‘Recasting Recantation in 1540s England: Thomas Becon, Robert Wisdom and Robert Crowley’, Renaissance and Reformation, 39 (2016) E. Rose, Cases of Conscience (1975), ch. 7 S. Tutino, 'Between Nicodemism and 'honest' Dissimulation: the Society of Jesus in England', Historical Research, 79:206 (2006)

J. P. Sommerville, 'The "New Art of Lying": Equivocation, Mental Reservation & Casuistry', in E. Leites (ed.), Conscience & Casuistry in Early Modern Europe (1988) K. Thomas, ‘Cases of conscience in seventeenth-century England’, in J. Morrill, P. Slack and D. Woolf (eds), Public Duty and Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England (1993) E. Vallance, ‘Oaths, casuistry and equivocation: Anglican responses to the Engagement Controversy’, Historical Journal, 44 (2001) S. Wabuda, 'Equivocation and Recantation during the English Reformation: The Subtle Shadows of Dr Edward Crome', JEH (1993) *A. Walsham, Church Papists: Catholicism, Conformity and Confessional Polemic in Early Modern England (1993) A. Walsham, 'England's Nicodemites: Crypto-Catholicism and Religious Pluralism in the Post Reformation Context', in K. Cameron et al (eds), The Adventure of Religious Pluralism in Early Modern France (2000) A. Walsham, 'Ordeals of Conscience: Casuistry, Conformity & Confessional Identity in Post-Reformation England', in H. Braun & E. Vallance (eds.), Contexts of Conscience in Early Modern Europe 1500-1700 (2004) A. Walsham, ‘Yielding to the Extremity of the Time: Conformity, Orthodoxy and the Post-Reformation Catholic Community’, in P. Lake and M. Questier (eds), Conformity and Orthodoxy in the English Church c. 1560-1660 (2000) T. Wood, English Casuistical Divinity during the Seventeenth Century (1952) J. Wright, 'The World's Worst Worm: Conscience and Conformity during the English Reformation', Sixteenth Century Journal (1999) *J. Wright, 'Surviving the English Reformation: Commonsense, Conscience and Circumstance', Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1999) P. Zagorin, 'The Historical Significance of Lying and Dissimulation', Social Research, 63 (1996) *P. Zagorin, Ways of Lying: Dissimulation, Persecution and Conformity in Early Modern Europe (1990)

D: TOLERATION, TOLERANCE AND COEXISTENCE

(16a) Ideas and Theories of Toleration Essay Questions How and why did attitudes towards toleration change in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

What did it mean to call for liberty in early modern Britain?

To what extent did early modern theorists of religious toleration regard it as a virtue?

Was religious toleration only ever ‘a loser’s creed’ in sixteenth and seventeenth-century Britain?

Have historians yet escaped from the grip of celebratory whig histories of the rise of toleration and should they try to?

To what extent were ideas an agent of change in the sphere of religious toleration in the sixteenth and seventeenth-centuries?

R. Ashcraft, ‘Locke and the Problem of Toleration’, in H. E. Bodeker, C. Donato and P. H. Reill (eds), Discourses of Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Enlightenment (2009) R. Bainton, ‘The Parable of the Tares as the Proof Text for Religious Liberty to the End of the Sixteenth Century’, Church History (1932) *T. Bejan, ‘The Bond of Civility: Roger Williams on Toleration & its Limits’, History of European Ideas, 37 (2011) T. Bejan, ‘Difference without Disagreement: Rethinking Hobbes on ‘Independency’ and Toleration’, Review of Politics, 78 (2016) T. Bejan, ‘Locke on Toleration, (in)civility and the quest for concord’, History of Political Thought, 37 (2016) *T. Bejan, Mere Civility: Disagreement and the Limits of Toleration (2017) *I. Bejczy, 'Tolerantia: A Medieval Concept', Journal of the History of Ideas (1997) H. E. Bodeker, C. Donato and P. H. Reill (eds), Discourses of Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Enlightenment (2009) J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1750 (1991), chs 14, 20, 21 *H. Butterfield, 'Toleration in early modern times', Journal of the History of Ideas, 38 (1977) Y. Chung, ‘Puritans, Godly Diversity and Religious Liberty in Civil War England’, Parergon, 33 (2016) T. H. Clancy, Papist Pamphleteers: The Allen-Persons Party and the Political Thought of the Counter-Reformation in England 1572-1615 (1964) *J. Coffey, 'Puritanism and Liberty Revisited: The Case for Toleration in the English Revolution', Historical Journal (1998) J. Coffey, ‘Scepticism, Dogmatism and Toleration in Seventeenth-Century England’, in R. Bonney and D. J. B. Trim (eds), The Development of Pluralism in Modern Britain and France (2007) J. Coffey, ‘Milton, Locke and the New History of Toleration’ (review article), Modern Intellectual History, 6 (2008) J. Coffey, ‘European Multiconfessionalism and the English Toleration Controversy 1640-1660’, in M. Safley (ed.), A Companion to Multiconfessionalism in the Early Modern World (2011) J. Coffey, ‘Milton, Locke and the New History of Toleration’, Modern Intellectual History, 5 (2008) *J. Collins, ‘Redeeming the Enlightenment: New Histories of Religious Toleration’, Journal of Modern History, 81 (2009)

T. Corns, ‘John Milton, Roger Williams, and the limits of toleration’, in S. Achinstein and E. Sauer (eds), Milton and Toleration (2007) I. Creppel, Toleration and Identity: Foundations in Early Modern Thought (2003) J. C. Davis, 'Religion and the struggle for freedom in the English Revolution', Historical JournalJ, 35 (1992) *J. De Roover and S. Balagangadhara, ‘Liberty, Tyranny and the Will of God : The Principle of Toleration in Early Modern Europe and Colonial India’, History of Political Thought, 30 (2009) A.G. Dickens, ‘Religious Toleration and Liberalism in Tudor England’ in his Reformation Studies (1982) J. Dunn, 'The Claim to Freedom of Conscience: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of Worship?', in O. Grell et al (eds), From Persecution to Toleration (1991) J. Dunn, Locke (1984) T. George, ‘Between pacifism and coercion: The English Baptist doctrine of religious toleration’, Mennonite Quarterly Review, 58 (1984) E. Glaser, Religious Tolerance in the Atlantic World: Early Modern and Contemporary Perspectives (2013) G. Glickman, ‘Early Modern England: Persecution, Martyrdom – and Toleration?’, Historical Journal, 51 (2008) [review article] M. Goldie, 'John Locke, Jonas Proast and Religious Toleration 1688-1692', in J. Walsh, C. Haydon & S. Taylor (eds), The Church of England c. 1689-c. 1833: From Toleration to Tractarianism (1993) *M. Goldie, ‘The Search for Religious Liberty, 1640-1690’, in J. Morrill (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain (1996) J. W. Gough, ‘The Development of John Locke’s Belief in Toleration’, in J. Horton and S. Mendus (eds), John Locke: A Letter Concerning Toleration in Focus (1991) O. Grell and R. Porter (eds), Toleration in Enlightenment Europe (2000) *H. R. Guggisberg, 'The Defence of Religious Toleration and Religious Liberty in Early Modern Europe: Arguments, Pressures and Some Consequences', History of European Ideas, 4 (1983) W. Haller, Liberty and Reformation in the Puritan Revolution (1955) D. Hard, The life and writings of John Frith (1503-1533): the development of his concept of religious toleration in the early English Reformation (2008) D. Heyd (ed. ) Toleration: An Elusive Virtue (1996) P. Holmes, Resistance and Compromise: The Political Thought of the Elizabethan Catholics (1982) K. Ibbett, Compassion’s Edge: Fellow Feeling and its Limits in Early Modern France (2018) J. Israel, ‘Toleration in Seventeenth-Century Dutch and English Thought’, in S. Groenveld and M. Wintle (eds), The Exchange of Ideas: Religion, Scholarship and Art in Anglo-Dutch Relations in the Seventeenth Century (1994) J. Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750 (2001) J. Israel, Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752 (2006) S. L. Jenkinson, ‘Two concepts of tolerance: why Bayle is not Locke’, Journal of Political Philosophy, 4 (1996) W. K. Jordan, The Development of Religious Toleration in England (1932-40) *J. C. Laursen and C. J. Nederman (eds), Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration before the Enlightenment (1998) J. C. Laursen (ed.), Religious Toleration: ‚The Variety of Rites‛ from Cyrus to Defoe (1999) J. Lecler, Toleration and the Reformation (1960) A. Levine (ed.), Early Modern Skepticism and the Origins of Toleration (1999) P. Lim, ‘Adiaphora, ecclesiology and Reformation: John Owen's theology of religious toleration in context’, in R. Bonney and D. J. B. Trim (eds), Persecution and Pluralism (2006) A. J. Loomie, ‘Toleration and Diplomacy: Religious Issues in Anglo-Spanish Relations, 1603-1605’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 53 (1969) J. Marshall, John Locke: Resistance, Religion and Responsibility (1994) *J. Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (2006)

A. P. Martinich, The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics (1992) S. Mendus (ed.), Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives (1988) S. Mendus and D. Edwards (eds), On Toleration (1987). A. Murphy, Conscience and Community: Revisting Toleration and Religious Dissent in Early Modern England and America (2001) C. J. Nederman (eds) Worlds of Difference: European Discourses of Toleration, c. 1100-c.1550 (2000). C. J. Nederman and J. C. Laursen (eds), Difference and Dissent: Theories of Toleration in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (1996). J. Peppernay, ‘The Elizabethan Jesuits and Religious Toleration’, Reformation, 12 (2007) C. Polizzotto, 'Liberty of conscience and the Whitehall debates of 1648-9', JEH, 26 (1975) C. Rogers, 'Locke & the Latitude Men: Ignorance as a Ground of Toleration', in R. Kroll et al (eds), Philosophy, Science & Religion in England 1640-1700 (1992) A. Ryan, 'A More Tolerant Hobbes?', in S. Mendus (ed.), Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives (1988) A. Ryan, 'Hobbes, Toleration and the Inner Life', in D. Miller and L. Siedentop (eds), The Nature of Political Theory (1983) T. M. Safley (ed.), A Companion to Multiconfessionalism in the Early Modern World (2011) Stuart Schwartz, All Can be Saved: Religious Tolerance and Salvation in the Iberian Atlantic World (2008) *E. Shagan, The Rule of Moderation: Violence, Religion and the Politics of Restraint in Early Modern England (2011), ch. 7. Q. Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 vols (1978), esp. ii, ch.8 M. C. Smith, ‘Early French Advocates of Religious Freedom’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 25 (1994) S. Sowerby, ‘Of Different Complexions: Religious Diversity and National Identity in James II Toleration Campaign’, EHR, 124 (2009) R. Stevens, Protestant Pluralism. The Reception of the Toleration Act, 1689-1720 (2018) R. Tuck, ‘Skepticism and Toleration in the Seventeenth Century’, in S. Mendus (ed.), Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives (1988) M. Turchetti, ‘Religious Concord and Political Tolerance in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century France’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 22 (1991), 15-25 S. Tutino, Thomas White and the Blackloists: Between Politics and Theology During the English Civil War (2008) F. Waldmann and J. C. Walmsley, ‘John Locke and the Toleration of Catholics: A New Manuscript’, Historical Journal, 62 (2019) J. Waldron, 'Locke: Toleration and the Rationality of Persecution', in S. Mendus (ed.), Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives (1988) J. Waldron, God, Locke and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke’s Political Thought (2002) A. Walsham, ‘Toleration, Pluralism, and Coexistence: The Ambivalent Legacies of the Reformation’, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 108 (2017) M. Williams and J. Waldron (eds), Toleration and its Limits (2008) P. Zagorin, How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West (2003) A. Zakai, 'Religious toleration and its enemies: the Independent divines and the issue of toleration during the English Civil War', Albion, 21 (1989) A. Zakai, ‘Orthodoxy in England and New England: puritans and the issue of religious toleration, 1640- 1650’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 135 (1991)

(16b) Toleration and Tolerance in Policy and Practice Essay Questions How limited were attempts to extend toleration in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Should the Act of Toleration of 1689 be regarded as a landmark in the history of persecution and toleration in early modern Britain?

How did people live together in early modern societies divided by faith?

When and why were early modern people tolerant of those who dissented from them in religion in early modern Britain?

How was coexistence possible in a context of commitment to the singularity of religious truth?

How has recent research on the practice of religious toleration in local communities transformed existing assumptions about the ‘rise of toleration’?

Was the practice of tolerance more widespread than the theory of toleration in early modern Britain?

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