Non-Aligned Movement and the Struggle Against Apartheid

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Non-Aligned Movement and the Struggle Against Apartheid Non-Aligned Movement and the Struggle Against Apartheid http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1984_20 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Non-Aligned Movement and the Struggle Against Apartheid Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo. 18/84 Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid; Chhabra, Hari Sharan Publisher United Nations, New York Date 1984-11-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1961 - 1984 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST APARTHEID PRIOR TO THE FIRST NON-ALIGNED SUMMIT IN BELGRADE. THE BELGRADE SUMMIT OF THE NON-ALIGNED, 1961. FOUNDING OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY. THE CAIRO SUMMIT OF THE NON-ALIGNED, 1964. THE LUSAKA SUMMIT, 1970. THE ALGIERS SUMMIT, 1973. THE COLOMBO SUMMIT, 1976. THE HAVANA SUMMIT, 1979. THE NEW DELHI SUMMIT, 1983. EFFORTS OF THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT AT ISOLATING SOUTH AFRICA IN THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS. PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE. Format extent 23 page(s) (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1984_20 http://www.aluka.org UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS CENTRE AGAINST APARTHEID NOTES AND DOCUMENTS* NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST APARTHEID by Hart Sharan Chhabra Noverber 1984 .... .. , ;'.'ED IT , MAY - 6 1985 !Note: Mr. Chhabra is the editor of Africa Diary published in New Delhi, India. He has written extensively on African issues. The views expressed in this paper-are those of the aiithir_./ *All material in these Notes and Documents may be freely reprinted. Acknowledgement, together with a copy of the publication containing the reprint, would be apprpciated. United Nations, New York 10017 38/84 I. NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST APARTHEID PRIOR TO THE FIRST NON-ALIGNED SUMMIT IN BELGRADE The spirit of freedom and equality burns fierce in the human heart, yet there is no lack of agents to suppress it. Even in the last quarter of the twentieth century, with its mind-boggling technological advances, where the equality of all men has come to be accepted as an undisputed norm, in one corner of the world, in South Africa, prevails a system based on the outdated concept of the supremacy of one particular race over the others. And the hateful system of apartheid remains as un ugly scab on the face of humanity, deriving sustenance from the paltry economic and other narrow interests of its few powerful backers. But peoples who once underwent the ignominy of being a subject race and who had to fight bitterly to throw off the colonial yoke cannot bear the persistence of apartheid. It is no wonder, then, that the Non-Aligned Movement, which brings together nations that have experienced the humiliation of subjugation and the thrill of attaining freedom, should fight to free the black majority in South Africa from the racial burden of apartheid. The Non-Aligned Movement, founded on the principle of equality of nations and men, has striven for the elimination of all forms of colonialism, exploitation and discrimination. It believes with firm conviction that the policies of racial discrimination as institutionalized by the Government of South Africa, so as to subjugate the black population politically and economically for the benefit of the white minority, are repugnant to the conscience of mankind, violate the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and are contrary to the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations. Even before the Non-Aligned Movement took formal shape, liberation of the people of South Africa from the clutches of white minority rule and the establishment of a non-racial democratic society in which all men and women would live in dignity and as equal citizens had been the desire of the freedom- loving peoples of Asia, Africa and elsewhere. As early as 1927, at the International Congress Against Imperialism held in Brussels, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and others championed the cause of freedom and equality. Mahatama Gandhi's 20 years' sojourn in racist South Africa, where he fought for the rights of the blacks, is a saga in the history of the struggle against racial discrimination. In his address to the Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi on 23 March 1947, Pandit Nehru said: "We of Asia have a special responsibility to the people of Africa. We must help them to their rightful place in the human family". Through this historic clarion call, an Asian leader for the first time expressed Asia's solidarity with the people of Africa. A background paper on racial problems prepared for the Conference, though it did not specifically mention South Africa by name, said that "the concepts of racial superiority and practices of racial discrimination were relentlessly being swept into the dustbin of history" and that the searching review that was being made of them at the United Nations and to a certain degree in this Conference "was already fixing their allotted place in the museum of the obsolete". Bandung Conference At the Asian-African Nations Conference held from 18 to 24 April 1955, often called the Bandung Conference after its location, the obnoxious racial policies of South Africa came in for strong condemnation. The Conference was organized on the initiative of Indonesia and supported by Burma, Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan. It was attended by 24 other Asian and African countries. The Conference reflected the dissatisfaction of the sponsors with what they regarded as a reluctance of the Western Powers to consult them on matters concerning Asia and Africa. The purpose of the Conference was also to mobilize the forces of Asia and Africa to promote peace and freedom. It was the presence at the Conference of two South African revolutionary leaders, Moses Kotane and Maulvi I.A. Cachalia, which in many ways focused world attention on the cause of the struggle against apartheid. From then on the struggle began receiving more and more support in Asia and Africa and in the rest of the world. At Bandung, Kotane and Cachalia met Prime Minister Nehru and President Nasser and through them were introduced to the other leaders who attended the Conference. In a 32-page memorandum to the Conference, the two South African leaders appealed to the Asian and African delegates: "to use their good offices internationally to persuade other civilized and freedom loving nations of the world to prevail on the Government of the Union of South Africa to abandon its unjust and disastrous policy of apartheid and racial discrimination. We are convinced and confident that the Government of South Africa could be forced to reconsider its reactionary and inhuman policy if all the nations who do not approve of policies and practices of racial oppression and discrimination, particularly the Governments of the United States and the United Kingdom, would boldly take a firm stand against such practices". In his inaugural address, the then Prime Minister of Indonesia, Ali Sastroamidjojo, in his capacity as the President of the Bandung Conference said: "Next to colonialism, we meet racialism as an important source of tension. Racialism in fact is often if not always one aspect of colonialism based on feelings of superiority of the dominating group. Discrimination, however, based on differences of colour is contrary to the fundamental human rights and to the essential equality of mankind, as rightly expressed in the Charter of the United Nations". President Nasser told the Conference that the treatment by any State of any national ethnic group had ceased to be a matter of domestic jurisdiction as certain States advocated. It has become a question of international jurisdiction and a matter of world concern. He quoted the United Nations Commission on Racial Situation in the Union of South Africa, which said: "The doctrine of racial superiority on which the apartheid policy was based, is scientifically false, extremely dangerous to international peace and security and contrary to the dignity and worth of the human person". At the concluding session of the Conference Pandit Nehru said: "We have passed resolutions about conditions in this or that country. But I think there is nothing more terrible than the infinite tragedy of Africa in the past few hundred years. Everything else pales into insignificance when I think of the infinite tragedy of Africa ever since the days when millions of Africans were carried away as galley slaves to America and elsewhere, half of them dying in the galleys. We must accept responsibility for it, all of us, even though we ourselves were not directly involved. But unfortunately, in a different sense, even now the tragedy of Africa is greater than that of any other continent, whether it is racial or political.
Recommended publications
  • 4Th Summit Final Document, Algiers 1973
    4th Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement Algiers, Algeria 5 – 9 September 1973 DOCUMENT: (Please click the following links) Final Document – Political Declaration Final Document – Economic Declaration Cistr. GENERAL A/9330 22 ITmember 1973 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: ENGLISH/FREX!H/ SPANISH Twenty-eighth session Agenda items 12, 22, 23, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 50, 70, 71, 72, 101, 106 aqd 108 REFORT OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL THE SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON THE GRANTING OF INDEF'ENDENCE TO COLONIAL COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON THE STRENGTHENING OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY RESERVATION EXCLUSIVELY FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES OF THE SEA-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR, AND THE SUBSOIL THEREOF, UNDERLYING THE HIGH SEAS BEYOND THE LIMITS OF PRESENT NATIONAL JURISDICTION AND USE OF THEIR RESOURCES IN THE INTERESTS OF MANKIND, AND CONVENING OF A CONFERENCE ON THE LAW OF THE SEA QUESTION OF KOREA POLICIES OF APARTHEID OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA REVIEW AND APPRAISAL OF THE OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR THE SECOND UNITED I'JATIONS DEVELOPMENT DECADE UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME QUESTION OF NAMIBIA QUESTION OF TERRITORIES UNDER PORTUGUESE ADMINISTRATION QUESTION OF SOUTHERN RHODESIA CONSIDERATION OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SITUATION IN THE SUDANO-SAHELIAN REGION STRICKE1J BY DROUGHT AND MEASURES TO BE TmN FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT REGION RESTORATION OF THE LAWFUL RIGHTS OF THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNIOPJ OF CAMBODIA IN THE UNITED NATIONS REDUCTION OF THE INCREASING GAP BETWEEN THE DEVELOFED CCUFIRIES AND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 73-26999 \ (100 P-1 -iii- Letter dated 22 November 1973 from the Permanent Representative of Algeria to the United l'lations addressed to the Secretary-General I:rith reference to communication No.
    [Show full text]
  • Lancaster House Agreement
    SOUTHERN RHODESIA CONSTITUTIONAL CONFERENCE HELD AT LANCASTER HOUSE, LONDON SEPTEMBER - DECEMBER 1979 REPORT 1. Following the Meeting of Commonwealth Heads of Government held in Lusaka from 1 to 7 August, Her Majesty's Government issued invitations to Bishop Muzorewa and the leaders of the Patriotic Front to participate in a Constitutional Conference at Lancaster House. The purpose of the Conference was to discuss and reach agreement on the terms of an Independence Constitution, and that elections should be supervised under British authority to enable Rhodesia to proceed to legal independence and the parties to settle their differences by political means. 2. The Conference opened on 10 September under the chairmanship of Lord Carrington, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. The Conference concluded on 15 December, after 47 plenary sessions. A list of the official delegates to the Conference is at Annex A. The text of Lord Carrington's opening address is at Annex B, together with statements made by Mr Nkomo on behalf of his and Mr Mugabe's delegation and by Bishop Muzorewa on behalf of his delegation. 3. In the course of its proceedings the Conference reached agreement on the following issues: — Summary of the Independence Constitution (attached as Annex C to this report)* —arrangements for the pre-independence period (Annex D) —a cease-fire agreement signed by the parties (Annex E) 4. In concluding this agreement and signing this report the parties undertake: (a) to accept the authority of the Governor; (b) to abide by the Independence Constitution; (c) to comply with the pre-independence arrangements; (d) to abide by the cease-fire agreement; (e) to campaign peacefully and without intimidation; (f) to renounce the use of force for political ends; (g) to accept the outcome of the elections and instruct any forces under their authority to do the same.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria's Commitment to South Africa's Political Freedom in The
    Between Magnanimity and Malevolence: Nigeria’s Commitment to South Africa’s Political Freedom in the Lens of Reciprocity Emmanuel C. Ojukwu & Chuka Enuka http://dx.doi./org/10.4314/ujah.v21i2.4 Abstract The history of South Africa’s long walk to political freedom is dotted with Nigeria’s undaunted commitment and involvement, propelled by Nigeria’s Afrocentric foreign policy stance. This study therefore, demonstrates Nigeria’s concern for Africa’s political liberation, and in particular, presents Nigeria’s commitment to South Africa’s struggle for political freedom during the colonial years. It adopts the secondary method of data collection, and borrows from the conceptual framework and doctrinal provisions of reciprocity to weigh South Africa’s attitude towards Nigeria’s commitment to her (South Africa’s) political emancipation. Passing Nigeria’s involvement in South Africa’s liberation struggle and South Africa’s treatments of Nigeria through the critical lens of historical and theoretical analysis, this study makes a finding that Nigeria’s magnanimity to South Africa is at variance with South Africa’s response to Nigeria. The study recommends that Nigeria’s relations with her African brothers, informed by her foreign policy of Afrocentrism, should reflect reciprocity. In sum, that in her foreign relations, Nigeria should treat as she is treated. Introduction Nigeria’s concern and contribution to Africa’s political liberation is clear and obvious. Liberation of the African territories still under 64 Ojukwu & Enuka: Between Magnanimity and Malevolence: Nigeria’s Commitment to South Africa’s Political Freedom in the Lens of Reciprocity colonial bondage was seen by Nigeria as abysmally abnormal political situation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commonwealth Principles (Latimer House) on the Relationship Between the Three Branches of Government: Twenty Years On
    Denning Law Journal 2018 Vol 30 Special Issue pp 101-119 THE COMMONWEALTH PRINCIPLES (LATIMER HOUSE) ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT: TWENTY YEARS ON Karen Brewer and Peter Slinn* ABSTRACT 2018 marks the twentieth anniversary of the Latimer House ‘process’ which commenced with the drafting of the Latimer House Guidelines for the Common- wealth on Good Practice Governing Relations between the Executive, Parliament and the Judiciary. Since then the Latimer House Guidelines have been trans- formed into the Commonwealth Principles (Latimer House) on the Relationship between the Three Branches of Government which have been endorsed by Commonwealth Heads of Government on several occasions. This article assesses the role of the Latimer House process over the last two decades against the background of the Commonwealth’s evolving commitments to good governance and the rule of law. Part 1 explores the role of the Commonwealth in supporting good governance and the rule of law whilst Part 2 considers and evaluates the Latimer House process itself. Part 3 reviews the development of the Commonwealth Principles in practice whilst in Part 4 some specific implementation issues concerning the judiciary are discussed. Part 5 considers the future development of the Commonwealth Principles whilst Part 6 provides a conclusion and overview. Keywords: Latimer House ‘process’; Latimer House Guidelines; relations between Executive, Parliamentary and judiciary; Commonwealth Principles (Latimer House); good governance; rule of law; The Commonwealth (of nations); Commonwealth law ministers; Commonwealth heads of government; intergovernmental policy; Latimer House Toolkit; Commonwealth Ministerial * Dr Karen Brewer is Secretary General of the Commonwealth Magistrates’ and Judges’ Association.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Items-In-Meetings of Commonwealth Heads of Government
    UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 69 Date 19/06/2006 Time 4:22:17 PM S-0972-0008-02-00001 Expanded Number S-0972-0008-02-00001 Title items-in-Meetings of commonwealth heads of government Date Created 19/09/1979 Record Type Archival Item Container S-0972-0008: External Relations - organizations Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit / / «•- • *' /" <' AAF/AF/jb - cc: j^SG cc: l^tr.Farah - info File: Conmonwealth Sec. 19 Septeiribsr 1979 Tltank you for your letter of 16 August 1979 and for the copy of the final cxsamunique issued at the conclusion of the Cormsouwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Lusaka. I fully appreciate the intense efforts which v;ere made to deal with the wide range of subjects on the agenda and to negotiate agreed positions on irany complex problems, particularly those relating to southern Africa. I am sure that your own efforts in the planning and organisation of the Conference as va=>ll as in the behind-the-scenes diplomatic activities contributed greatly to its success. I as gratified to note that the Conference has adopted a formula for the solution of the Zitibafcwe question which is in accordance with the decoloiiisation principles enunciated by the United rations. It is now to be hoped that the London talks will achieve real progress towards the attainment of an internationally-- accepted settlement . full support of the Conference for the United nations' plan of action for IJamibia is most veiccrae and I sincerely hope that the sad and untimely death of President Neto will not result in further delays in the implementation of that plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Valletta Harare Cyber World Trade Ottawa Fancourt Okanagan
    London Declaration CommonwealthValletta Principles Gleneagles Agreement Apartheid in Sport World Trade RespectLusaka and Racism and Racial Prejudice Okanagan UnderstandingMelbourne Goa Kuala Lumpur International Security New Delhi Economic Action Langkwai Nassau World Order Harare Southern Africa Ottawa Limassol Millbrook EconomicEdinburgh Action Cyber Commonwealth Fancourt Declarations Coolum Aso Rock Zimbabwe Vancouver Ce leb rat ing Commonwealth Declarations Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House Pall Mall London SW1Y 5HX United Kingdom © Commonwealth Secretariat 2019 All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or otherwise provided it is used only for education purposes and is not for resale, and provided full acknowledgement is given to the Commonwealth Secretariat as the original publisher. Wherever possible, the Commonwealth Secretariat uses paper sourced from responsible forests or from sources that minimise a destructive impact on the environment. Copies of this publication may be obtained from Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House Pall Mall London SW1Y 5HX United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0)20 7747 6500 Contents / iii Contents Topics v Foreword ix Declaration Signed by the Five Prime Ministers 1 London Declaration 3 Declaration by Commonwealth Prime Ministers 5 The Declaration of Commonwealth Principles 8 The Lusaka Declaration of the Commonwealth on
    [Show full text]
  • Resolutions of the Third Conference of Non-Aligned
    RESOLUTIONS OF THE THIRD CONFERENCE OF NON-ALIGNED STATES Lusaka September 1970 With Selected Conference Statements and Comments The South African Institute of International Affairs Jan Smuts House P.O. Box 31596 Braamfontein Johannesburg February 1971 RESOLUTIONS OF THE THIRD CONFERENCE OF NON-ALIGNED STATES Lusaka September 1970 With Selected Conference Statements and Comments The South African Institute of International Affairs Johannesburg The Institute is precluded by its Constitution from expressing an opinion on any aspect of interna- tional affairs. This paper is issued for information purposes, and views expressed in the reso- lutions, statements and comments reproduced herein are strictly those of the respective authors only. (iii) INTRODUCTION The Third Summit Conference of Non-Aligned States was held in Lusaka, Zambia,from 8 to 10 September, 1970. (The first Non-Aligned Conference was held in Belgrade in 1961 and the second in Cairo in 1964.) The following fifty-five States participated in the Conference, and approxi- mately half were represented by Heads of State or Government:' Afghanistan, Algeria, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ceylon, Chad, Congo People's Republic, Congo (DR), Cuba, Cyprus, Equitorial Guinea, Ethopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait,Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somali, Southern Yemen, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAR, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia. The following States and organisations had Observer status at the Con- ference: Austria, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Finland, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation, Organisation of African Unity, "Provisional Revolutionary Government" of South Vietnam.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Alignment in an Age of Alignments
    NON-ALIGNMENT IN AN AGE OF ALIGNMENTS A.W. SINGHAM & SHIRLEY HONE Non-alignment in an Age of Alignments A. W. Singham and Shirley Hune by: Non-alignment in an age of alignments was first published in 1986 In the UK 9BU Zed Books Ltd. 57 Caledonian Road, London Nl In the USA Lawrence Hill & Co. 520 Riverside Avenue, Westport, Connecticut 06880 In Zimbabwe The College Press (Pvt) Ltd . P.O. Box 3041, Harare GA.W. Singhant and Shirley Hune 1986. Cover designed by Jacque Solomons. A!1 rights reserved. Printed in Zimbabwe by LITHO SERVICES (PVT) LTD . P.O. Box 3625 Harare ISBN 0 86925 700 5 Foreword This is a valuable book on an important and topical subject. Archibald W Singham and Shirley Hune have a profound understanding of the subject having attended all the major meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) since 1975 . They are activists in the Pan-African, Pan-Asian and Pan- American social movements which inspired the foundation of NAM in 1961 and its steady growth and expansion since . The research work for the book is detailed, the analysis meticulous, showing a firm grasp of the central issues and objectives of NAM. Besides their grasp of the central issues of non-alignment, the authors are, most importantly, persons committed to the liberation of Third World peoples, and the social transformation ofthe existing order in the internation- al political and economic systems. Their voices are at once authoritative and authentic; the concerns of NAM are also their personally felt concerns. The Third World needs committed scholars ofthis kind who write out oftrue con- viction and not those who act as the mouthpiece and transmission belt of the views and values of Western Europe and North America.
    [Show full text]
  • The Missing Link: a Commonwealth Commissioner for Human Rights
    CHRI 2013 REPORT THE MIssIng LInk A COMMONWEALTH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS CHRI Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative working for the practical realisation of human rights in the countries of the Commonwealth The Missing Link A COMMONWEALTH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS A Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative THe MIssIng LInk The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) is an independent, non-partisan, international non-governmental organisation, mandated to ensure the practical realisation of human rights in the countries of the Commonwealth. In A CoMMonweALTH CoMMIssIoneR foR 1987, several Commonwealth professional associations founded CHRI. They believed that while the Commonwealth provided member countries a shared set of values and legal principles from which to work and provided a forum HuMAn RIgHTs within which to promote human rights, there was little focus on the issues of human rights within the Commonwealth. The objectives of CHRI are to promote awareness of and adherence to the Commonwealth Harare Principles, the Commonwealth Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other internationally recognised human The 2013 report by the International Advisory Commission of the Commonwealth Human rights instruments, as well as domestic instruments supporting human rights in Commonwealth member states. Rights Initiative, Chaired by Yashpal Ghai Through its reports and periodic investigations, CHRI continually draws attention to progress and setbacks to human rights in Commonwealth countries. In advocating for approaches and measures to prevent human rights abuses, CHRI addresses the Commonwealth Secretariat, member governments and civil society associations. Through its Edited by: public education programmes, policy dialogues, comparative research, advocacy and networking, CHRI’s aim is to Maja Daruwala, Kirsty Welch and Samane Hemmat act as a catalyst for reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Commonwealth Initiative for the Freedom of Religion Or Belief
    Commonwealth Initiative for the Freedom of Religion or Belief Timeline of the Commonwealth The history of the Commonwealth goes back to the British Empire. However, the Commonwealth as an organisation was formed in 1949. 1884 – Empire described as a ‘Commonwealth of Nations’ 1926 – The United Kingdom (UK) and its dominions agree they are “equal in status” 1930 – The First Commonwealth Games held in Hamilton, Canada (then called the ‘British Empire Games’) 1931 – Statute of Westminster gives legal status to the independence of Australia, Canada, Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand and South Africa 1931 – Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa join the Commonwealth 1947 – India and Pakistan join The Commonwealth 1948 – Sri Lanka joins The Commonwealth 1949 – Beginning of the modern Commonwealth: leaders of Commonwealth nations agree that members are “free and equal members of the Commonwealth of Nations, freely co-operating in the pursuit of peace, liberty and progress” 1957 – Ghana and Malaysia join The Commonwealth 1960 – Nigeria joins The Commonwealth 1960 – Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan set up – helps graduates study in other member countries 1961 – South Africa withdraws from the Commonwealth 1961 – Republic of Cyprus, Sierra Leone, and the United Republic of Tanzania join The Commonwealth 1962 – Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda join The Commonwealth 1963 – Kenya joins the Commonwealth 1964 – Malawi, Malta and Zambia join The Commonwealth 1965 – The Gambia and Singapore join The Commonwealth 1965
    [Show full text]
  • Britain and Rhodesia: the Route to Settlement
    Britain and Rhodesia: The Route to Settlement edited by Dr Michael Kandiah & Dr Sue Onslow ICBH Oral History Programme Britain and Rhodesia: The Route to Settlement The ICBH is grateful to the Institute of Historical Research for its support of the witness seminar programme. ICBH Oral History Programme Programme Director: Dr Michael D. Kandiah © Institute of Contemporary British History, 2008 All rights reserved. This material is made available for use for personal research and study. We give per- mission for the entire files to be downloaded to your computer for such personal use only. For reproduction or further distribution of all or part of the file (except as constitutes fair dealing), permission must be sought from CCBH. Published by Institute of Contemporary British History King’s College London Strand London WC2R 2LS ISBN: 1-905165-23-4 ISBN-13: 978-1-905165-23-0 Britain and Rhodesia: Route to Settlement Edited by Dr Michael Kandiah and Dr Sue Onslow Seminar held 5 July 2005 at The National Archives, Kew Organised by: Institute of Contemporary British History The Cold War Studies Centre, LSE The National Archives Contents Contributors 9 Citation Guidance 11 Questions for Consideration, Sue Onslow 13 Chronology, Sue Onslow 17 Seminar Transcript Session One 49 Session Two 79 Session Three 107 Interview with Sir Michael Palliser 129 Contributors Chairs: PROFESSOR TERENCE Rhodes Professor of Race Relations, and Fellow of St Antony’s RANGER, FBA College, University of Oxford, 1987–97, now Emeritus Profes- sor and Fellow. PROFESSOR ARNE Cold War Studies Centre, London School of Economics and WESTAD Political Science Participants: SIR BRIAN BARDER Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Head of Central and KCMG Southern, later Southern African Department, 1978–82.
    [Show full text]
  • Institute of Commonwealth Studies
    s University of London INSTITUTE OF COMMONWEALTH STUDIES VOICE FILE NAME: COHP (Mark Chona) Key: NOTE: The respondent stipulates that, before 2026, researchers should seek permission from him before citing this interview in their work. SO = Sue Onslow MC = Mark Chona SO: Sue Onslow talking to Mr Mark Chona in Makeni, Lusaka, on Tuesday 11th August, 2015. Sir, thank you very much indeed for agreeing to be interviewed for this oral history project. I wonder if you would begin please, Sir, by explaining how you came to be His Excellency's Kenneth Kaunda's special advisor on political affairs, and what was your view of the Commonwealth when you assumed that office? MC: Thank you very much. President Kaunda and I come from quite a distance in the past through my brother, Mainza Chona, who was in the UK at Grays Inn (1955-1958). When he qualified as a Lawyer, he came back and joined politics and became the first president of what became the ruling party, the United National Independence Party. President Kaunda then arranged with President Kennedy for me to be among the first prospective diplomats after independence, so I was in Washington at the American University from 1963 to 1964. After staying in Cambridge again for one year to study public administration, I came back into government administration. I had known President Kaunda earlier when I was at University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. He was 1 very much in my blood as a student activist. So immediately after independence, following my diplomatic training, I was in his office up to 31 March 1965, when I became Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
    [Show full text]