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Compendium of International Standards for Elections FOURTH EDITION INTRODUCTION

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Compendium of International Standards for Elections FOURTH EDITION INTRODUCTION Compendium of International Standards for Elections FOURTH EDITION INTRODUCTION Compendium of International Standards for Elections FOURTH EDITION Brussels, 2016 1 Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union, 2016 © European Union, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. European External Action Service European Commission Service for Foreign Policy Instruments Manuscript finished in June 2016 Graphic and layout design: Mazy Graphic Design sprl Cover photos: Ezequiel Scagnetti and Gert Michael Binder ISBN: 978-92-79-47039-4 doi: 10.2770/923866 Printing and finishing by Albe De Coker in Antwerpen (Hoboken) Belgium August 2016 www.albedecoker.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .........................................................................................11 1. International Human Rights Norms and the Right to Participation through Elections................................................... 13 1.1 International Standards ............................................................. 13 1 1.2 Typology of International Instruments .................................... 14 1.2.1 Treaty Standards ................................................................. 14 1.2.2 Non-treaty Standards ......................................................... 15 1.2.3 Other documents and initiatives ....................................... 16 1.3 The Emergence of a Global Norm of Participation ................. 17 1.4 The Right to Participate in Public Affairs in the ICCPR ........... 20 1.5 Universality and Inclusiveness .................................................. 27 1.6 Developments in Europe ............................................................ 32 1.7 Participation in the Americas .................................................... 36 1.8 Participation in Africa ................................................................. 38 1.9 Participation in Asia .................................................................... 42 1.10 Participation in the Arab World .............................................. 42 1.11 Human Rights protection systems ......................................... 44 1.11.1 Universal level ................................................................ 44 1.11.2 Regional level – The European Human Rights Protection System ......................................................... 46 1.11.3 Regional Systems: Africa .............................................. 49 1.11.4 Regional Systems: The Americas ................................. 52 1.12 Election-related Jurisprudence ................................................ 54 2. How to Use International Standards in Assessing an Election Process ....................................................................... 61 2 3. Universal Instruments .................................................................. 67 3.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (1948) .. 68 3.2 Treaty standards ......................................................................... 68 3 3.2.1 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1966) ...................................................................... 68 • General Comment 25: The Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right of Equal Access to Public Service (Art. 25) (1996) ...... 69 • General comment No. 34 ............................................. 73 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2.2 International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) (1966) ............................ 85 3.2.3 Convention on the Political Rights of Women 3 (CPRW) (1952) .......................................................................85 3.2.4 Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1979) ............. 86 3.2.5 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (ICRMW) (1990)........................................92 3.2.6 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (2006) ................................................... 92 3.2.7 Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, ILO C169 (1989) ................................................................... 93 3.2.8 UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) (2003) ....... 94 3.3 Matrix on the Status of Ratification of Instruments within the UN System ................................................................. 95 3.4 Non-Treaty Standards - UN ...................................................... 106 3.4.1 Declaration on the Elimination of all Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/36/55 [1981]) ......................................................... 106 3.4.2 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/47/135 [1992]) ....................................................... 106 3.4.3 Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/22/2263 [1967]) ...................................................... 106 3.4.4 Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/30/3447 [1975]) ..................................................... 106 3.4.5 Declaration on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/18/1904 [1963]) ..................................................... 107 3.4.6 Vienna Declaration of Programme and Action (General Assembly A/CONE157/23 [1993]) ................... 107 3.4.7 Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Principle of Periodic and Genuine Elections (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/46/137 [1991]) .................................... 107 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.4.8 Promoting and Consolidating Democracy (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/55/96 [2001]) .... 108 3.4.9 Respect for the Principles of National Sovereignty and 3 Non-Interference in the Internal Affairs of States in Electoral Processes as an Important Element for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/56/154 [2002]) .................. 108 3.4.10 Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Annex to General Assembly Resolution A/RES/53/144 [1999]) ....................................................... 109 3.4.11 Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners (Annex to General Assembly Resolution A/RES/45/111 [1990 ......................................................... 110 3.4.12 United Nations Millennium Declaration (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/55/2 [2000]) ...... 110 3.4.13 Women and political participation (General Assembly Resolution A/RES/66/130 [2011]) .................. 110 3.4.14 Strengthening the role of the United Nations in enhancing periodic and genuine elections and the promotion of democratization (General Assembly Resolution: A/RES/68/164 [2013]) ................. 112 4. Regional Instruments - Africa .................................................... 115 4.1 The African Union ...................................................................... 115 4.1.1 Treaty standards .............................................................. 116 4 4.1.1.1 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) (1981) ........................ 116 4.1.1.2 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (ACHPR - PW) (2003) ........................... 117 4.1.1.3 African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (2007) ............................................. 117 4.1.1.4 African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (2003) ................... 121 4.1.1.5 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights .. 121 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1.2 Matrix on the Status of Ratification of Instruments within the African Union .................................................. 123 4.1.3 Non-Treaty Standards ...................................................... 126 4 4.1.3.1 The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance signed by Heads of State and Government of the Member States of the African Union (2002) ............................... 126 4.1.3.2 OAU/AU Declaration on the Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa (2002) ................................................... 127 4.2 The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 131 4.2.1 Treaty Standards .................................................................... 131 4.2.1.1 Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance Supplementary to the Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security (2001) ............................................ 131 4.2.2 Matrix on the Status of Ratification of Instruments within the Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) ................................................................ 134 4.2.3 Non-Treaty Standards ..................................................... 134 4.2.3.1 Declaration of Political Principles of the Economic Community of West African States (1991) ............... 134 4.3 The Southern African Development Community (SADC) ..... 135 4.3.1 Treaty Standards ..............................................................
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