Fleischverzehr Und Vegetarismus Im Indischen Buddhismus Bis Ca

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Fleischverzehr Und Vegetarismus Im Indischen Buddhismus Bis Ca Numata Center HAMBURG BUDDHIST for Buddhist Studies STUDIES 12 HAMBURG Lambert Schmithausen BUDDHIST STUDIES Fleischverzehr und Vegetarismus im indischen Buddhismus bis ca. zur Mitte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. Teil 1 · Studie und Übersetzungen Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt zunächst die traditionelle Einstellung des Hauptstroms des älteren indischen Buddhismus zum Thema Fleischverzehr. Hier sind Fleisch und Fisch sowohl den Ordinierten wie auch den Laien grundsätz- lich erlaubt, und es besteht kaum Anlass für die Annahme, dass dies im ältesten Buddhismus anders war. Es treten jedoch im Kontext von Ethik (Nichtverletzen), Aszetik und gesellschaftlichen Konventionen Probleme auf, die zu Einschränkun- gen und Dissensen geführt haben. Trotz mancher Ansatzpunkte in der älteren Tradition wird eine durch eigene Texte dokumentierte dezidiert (lacto-)vegeta- ristische Bewegung aber erst um 400 n. Chr. innerhalb des indischen Mahāyāna- Buddhismus fassbar. Die Darstellung und Interpretation der Gedanken, Argu- mente und Motive dieser Bewegung steht im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit, und die entscheidenden Abschnitte der einschlägigen Texte sind in Gestalt aus- führlich annotierter Übersetzungen und kritischer Editionen beigefügt. Die Arbeit besteht aus drei Teilen. Der erste Teil umfasst eine eingehende Stu- die zur Thematik Fleischverzehr und Vegetarismus im indischen Buddhismus bis ca. 500 n. Chr. sowie Übersetzungen der wichtigsten vegetaristischen Texte. Der zweite Teil enthält, in Gestalt von Endnoten, Belegmaterial sowie Begründungen und Erläuterungen zu dieser Studie und zu den Übersetzungen, der dritte Band kritische Editionen der in Teil 1 übersetzten Texte sowie ein Abkürzungs- und Literaturverzeichnis. Lambert Schmithausen Fleischverzehr und Vegetarismus im indischen Buddhismus Teil 1 ISSN 2190-6769 ISBN 978-3-89733-503-5 12 EUR [D] 27,80 | projektverlag. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISSN 2190-6769 ISBN 978-3-89733-546-2 (E-Book) ISBN 978-3-89733-503-5 (printed version) © 2020 projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg www.projektverlag.de Cover original design by Benjamin Guzinski; Julia Wrage, Hamburg Cover image: Felicitas Schmithausen Inhalt: Teil 1: Vorwort der Herausgeber 11 Vorwort des Verfassers 13 A. Studie 19 I. Fleischverzehr in den kanonischen Texten des älteren Bud- 19 dhismus I.1. Fleischverzehr und Tiertötungsverbot 23 I.1.1. Vedische Religion: rituelle Schlachtung 25 I.1.2. Aufgeben der Rituale und konsequentes Nichtverlet- 27 zen in den Asketenbewegungen I.1.3. Buddhistischer Vinaya: Fleisch ist erlaubt, sofern es "in 32 dreifacher Hinsicht rein" ist I.1.3.1. Die formale Regel in den Vinayas 32 I.1.3.2. Die Bedeutung der inneren Einstellung 38 I.1.3.3. Interpretationsprobleme im Zusammenhang mit der 41 Vinaya-Regel I.1.3.4. Resümee 45 I.2. Fleischverzehr und Askese 45 I.2.1. Moderate Aszetik und meditative Praktiken statt rigider 45 Selbstkasteiung I.2.2. Die fünf Regeln des Devadatta 51 I.2.2.1. In der Mehrzahl der überlieferten Vinayas 51 I.2.2.2. Im Mūlasarvāstivāda-Vinaya 59 I.2.2.3. Spätere Nachrichten über mögliche Anhänger Deva- 67 dattas I.2.3. Sonderregelung für gefährliche Situationen 68 I.2.4. Sonderregelung für die Behandlung an Geistesverwirrung 71 leidender Mönche 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis I.3. Fleischtabus 75 I.3.1. Rohes Fleisch und frisches Blut 75 I.3.2. Menschenfleisch 77 I.3.3. Tiere, deren Fleisch nicht gegessen werden darf: ältere 79 Listen I.3.4. Tiere, deren Fleisch nicht gegessen werden darf: 88 Erweiterungen I.3.5. Schweinefleisch und Rindfleisch 93 I.4. Die letzte Mahlzeit des Buddha 95 I.5. Fleischverzehr bei den buddhistischen Laien 103 II. Fleischverzehr im Kontext der Selbstaufopferung des Bodhi- 109 sattva II.1. Der Bodhisattva überläßt seinen Körper Tieren zum Ver- 111 zehr II.2. Der Bodhisattva überläßt seinen Körper Dämonen zum Ver- 118 zehr II.3. Der Bodhisattva als Tier überläßt seinen Körper Menschen 123 zum Verzehr II.4. Der Bodhisattva als Mensch überläßt seinen Körper 131 Menschen zum Verzehr II.4.1. Der menschliche Körper wird Menschen vermittels einer 131 Transformation zum Verzehr überlassen II.4.2. Der menschliche Körper als solcher wird Menschen zum 135 Verzehr überlassen II.5. Resümee 145 III. Fleischverzehr im Hauptstrom des indischen Mahāyāna 149 III.1. Mehrheitliche Beibehaltung der traditionellen Einstellung 149 III.2. Bhāvivekas explizite Verteidigung der traditionellen Posi- 151 tion III.3. Ergänzende Materialien 157 IV. Ansätze für einen Verzicht auf Fleischnahrung 163 IV.1. Zunehmende Restriktionen im Vinaya 165 Inhaltsverzeichnis 7 IV.2. Asketische Motive 166 IV.3. Schutz vor Dämonen und rituelle Reinheit 169 IV.4. Verzicht auf Fleischverzehr an den ‘Fasttagen’ und bei 175 Katastrophen IV.5. Verzicht auf Fleischverzehr im Falle unmittelbarer 179 Verantwortung für die Tiertötung IV.5.1. Aśoka 179 IV.5.2. Das Mṛgajātaka 182 IV.5.3. Der Buddha als Gast bei einer Jägersippe 184 IV.5.4. Der Einsiedler in der Erzählungsliteratur und analoges 186 Verhalten bei einzelnen Tieren IV.6. Vegetarische Ernährung als Ideal 190 IV.6.1. Ideale Weltgegenden 191 IV.6.2. Ideale Weltperioden 194 IV.6.3. Zur Zeit des zukünftigenBuddha Maitreya 196 IV.6.4. Verzicht auf Fleisch als Element der Lebensweise 197 vollkommener Personen IV.6.5. Als Ideal hier und jetzt 201 IV.6.5.1. Die "Lehrrede vom Buddha als Arzt" 201 IV.6.5.2. Das Mahāmeghasūtra 203 V. Strikter (Lacto-)Vegetarismus in indischen Mahāyānatexten 209 V.1. Das Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra 212 V.1.1. Der Abschnitt gegen den Fleischverzehr: Bemerkungen 212 zum Text V.1.2. Striktes Fleischverzehrverbot 213 V.1.3. Motive für das Fleischverzehrverbot 216 V.1.3.1. Unreinheit 216 V.1.3.2. Aszetik 217 V.1.3.3. Nichtverletzen (ahiṁsā) 219 V.1.3.4. Spirituelle Motive 221 V.1.3.4.1. Fleischverzehr als Ausdruck von Gier 221 V.1.3.4.2. Unvereinbarkeit von Fleischverzehr und Wohlwollen 222 (maitrī) 8 Inhaltsverzeichnis V.1.4. Angesprochene Personengruppen 226 V.1.5. Der nur bei Dharmakṣema überlieferte Teil des Mahā- 227 parinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra V.2. Das Aṅgulimālīyasūtra 229 V.2.1. Der Text und seine Stellung innerhalb der vegetaristi- 229 schen Lehrreden V.2.2. Verzicht auf Fleischverzehr: Aszetik 230 V.2.3. Verzicht auf Fleischverzehr: Verwandtschaftsargument 231 und tathāgatagarbha-Lehre V.2.3.1. Das Verwandtschaftsargument 232 V.2.3.2. Die tathāgatagarbha-Lehre als Argument gegen 234 Fleischverzehr V.2.4. Die Frage der Zulässigkeit anderer tierischer Produkte 236 V.2.5. Der gesellschaftliche Hintergrund des Verzichts auf 237 Fleischverzehr V.3. Das Laṅkāvatārasūtra 238 V.3.1. Das Kapitel "Verzicht auf Fleischverzehr" (maṁsābh- 238 akṣaṇa): Textstruktur und Textüberlieferung V.3.2. Die ältere Textschicht 242 V.3.2.1. Der gesellschaftliche Hintergrund 242 V.3.2.2. Argumente gegen den Fleischverzehr 243 V.3.2.2.1. Argumente: Gruppe 1 243 V.3.2.2.2. Argumente: Gruppe 2 246 V.3.2.2.3. Argumente: Gruppe 3 247 V.3.2.2.4. Das Konsumentenargument 249 V.3.2.3. Exegese der einschlägigen Vinaya-Bestimmungen 251 V.3.3. Die spätere Textschicht 254 V.4. Vegetaristische Bearbeitungen von Erzählstoffen 261 V.4.1. Die Saudāsa-Kalmāṣapāda-Sage und die Geschichte von 261 König Śibi und der Taube im Laṅkāvatārasūtra V.4.2. Die "Lehrrede von König Siṁha-Saudāsas Verzicht auf 262 Fleischverzehr" Inhaltsverzeichnis 9 V.4.3. Das Verhältnis der "Siṁhasaudāsa-Lehrrede" zum Laṅ- 265 kāvatārasūtra V.4.4. Eine vegetaristische Bearbeitung des Śaśajātaka 268 V.5. Späteres indisches Mahāyāna 270 Anhänge 274 Anhang A: Beutereste von Raubtieren 274 Anhang B: Fleischlose Ernährung als konstitutives Element des 277 Heilswegs im Pāli-Kanon? Anhang C: Die Liste der ‘erstklassigen Nahrungsmittelʼ (paṇīta- 281 bhojana) in den verschiedenen Vinayas Präsentation des Vergleichsmaterials 281 Analyse 284 Anhang D: Bemerkungen zu unmāda, cittakṣepa und deren 287 Ursachen Anhang E: Verbotene Fleischarten nach den Vinayas 292 Anhang F: Zur Bedeutung von Ch. 鵄 ch’ih1 in Übersetzungen 294 indischer Texte und zu Skt. kurara (Pā. kulala) Anhang G: Bemerkungen zu einigen frühen Belegen für 307 Verzicht auf Fleischverzehr im chinesischen Tripiṭaka Anhang H: Einige Argumente gegen Fleischverzehr aus in China 314 verfaßten buddhistischen Texten B. Texte (Übersetzungen) 321 Vorbemerkung 321 1. Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra 321 2. Aṅgulimālīyasūtra 325 3. Laṅkāvatārasūtra 326 Text I: Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra ("Fleischverzehr-Abschnitt") 331 Text II: Aṅgulimālīyasūtra ("Verzicht auf Fleischverzehr") 357 Text III: Laṅkāvatārasūtra (Kapitel 8) 363 10 Inhaltsverzeichnis Teil 2: Endnoten Endnoten zur Studie 7 Endnoten zu den Texten I–III (Übersetzung) 360 Endnoten zur Vorbemerkung 360 Endnoten zur Übersetzung von Text I 368 Endnoten zur Übersetzung von Text II 415 Endnoten zur Übersetzung von Text III 432 Teil 3: Texte (Editionen) Text I: Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra ("Fleischverzehr-Abschnitt") 7 Vorbemerkung 7 Synoptische Edition 13 Text II: Aṅgulimālīyasūtra ("Verzicht auf Fleischverzehr") 33 Vorbemerkung 33 Synoptische Edition 35 Text III: Laṅkāvatārasūtra (Kapitel 8) 41 Vorbemerkung 41 Kritische Edition 55 Appendix I: Versuch einer Gruppierung der Sanskrit-Hand- 105 schriften Appendix II: Konkordanz der Sanskrit-Handschriften 136 Appendix III: Konkordanz der tibetischen Textzeugen 140 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 143 Verzeichnis der zitierten Literatur 165 Foreword by the Editors About Hamburg
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