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Towards a New Relationship of Man and Nature in Temperate Lands Vers Un Nouveau Type De Relations Entre L'homme Et La Nature En Région Tempérée

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Towards a New Relationship of Man and Nature in Temperate Lands Vers Un Nouveau Type De Relations Entre L'homme Et La Nature En Région Tempérée IUCN Publications new series N° 9 Tenth Technical Meeting / Dixième Réunion technique LUCERNE (SWITZERLAND - SUISSE) June / juin 1966 Proceedings and Papers / Procès-verbaux et rapports Towards a new Relationship of Man and Nature in Temperate Lands Vers un nouveau type de relations entre l'homme et la nature en région tempérée PART III Changes due to introduced species Modifications dues à l'introduction d'espèces Published with the assistance of UNESCO International Union Union Internationale for Conservation of Nature pour la Conservation de la Nature and Natural Resources et de ses Ressources Morges, Switzerland 1967 The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) was founded in 1948 and has its headquarters in Morges, Switzerland; it is an independent international body whose membership comprises states, irrespective of their political and social systems, government departments and private institutions as well as international organisations. It represents those who are concerned at man's modification of the natural environment through the rapidity of urban and industrial development and the excessive exploitation of the earth's natural resources, upon which rest the foundations of his survival. IUCN's main purpose is to promote or support action which will ensure the perpetuation of wild nature and natural resources on a world-wide basis, not only for their intrinsic cultural or scientific values but also for the long-term economic and social welfare of mankind. This objective can be achieved through active conservation programmes for the wise use of natural resources in areas where the flora and fauna are of parti- cular importance and where the landscape is especially beautiful or striking, or of historical, cultural or scientific significance. IUCN believes that its aims can be achieved most effectively by international effort in cooperation with other international agencies such as UNESCO and FAO. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is an international charitable foundation for saving the world's wildlife and wild places. It was established in 1961 under Swiss law and shares joint headquarters with the International Union for Conser- vation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Its aim is to support the conservation of nature in all its forms (landscape, soil, water, flora and fauna) by raising funds and allocating them to projects, by publicity, and the education of the general public and young people in particular. For all these activities it takes scientific and technical advice from IUCN. Although WWF may occasionally conduct its own field operations, it tries as much as possible to work through competent specialists or local organisations. Among WWF projects financial support for IUCN and for the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) have highest priority, in order to enable these bodies to build up the vital scientific and technical basis for world conser- vation and specific projects. Other projects cover a very wide range from edu- cation, ecological studies and surveys, to the establishment and management of areas as national parks and reserves and emergency programmes for the safe- guarding of animal and plant species threatened with extinction. WWF fund-raising and publicity activities are mainly carried out by National Appeals in a number of countries, and its international governing body is made up of prominent personalities in many fields. Fondée en 1948, l'Union internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources (UICN), dont le siège est situé à Morges, Suisse, est une institution internationale indépendante. Elle est composée d'Etats membres, sans discrimination de systèmes politiques et sociaux, de services administratifs et techniques gouvernementaux, d'institutions privées ainsi que d'organisations internationales. Elle groupe tous ceux que préoccupe le bouleversement du milieu naturel par l'homme, conséquence de l'expansion urbaine et industrielle rapide et de l'exploitation excessive des ressources naturelles, qui sont les fondements de la survie même de l'homme. Le but principal de l'UICN est de promouvoir ou de soutenir toute action devant assurer, sur le plan mondial, la pérennité de la nature à l'état sauvage et des ressources naturelles renouvelables, non seulement pour leurs valeurs culturelles ou scientifiques intrinsèques mais aussi pour le bien-être économique et social qui en découle à long terme pour l'humanité. Ce but peut être atteint grâce à des programmes de conservation visant à une utilisation rationnelle des ressources naturelles renouvelables, spécialement dans les régions où la flore et la faune revêtent un caractère d'un intérêt particulier, où le paysage est d'une beauté exceptionnelle ou saisissante ou représente une valeur soit historique, culturelle ou scientifique. L'UICN est convaincue que ses objectifs peuvent être atteints avec succès par un effort international déployé en coopération avec d'autres agences internationales comme l'UNESCO et la FAO. Le Fonds mondial pour la Nature — WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (W. W. F.) — est une fondation de bienfaisance qui se consacre à la sauvegarde de la vie et des lieux sauvages dans le monde entier. Il fut créé en 1961 comme fondation de droit suisse et partage à Morges le même siège que l'UICN. Il a pour but de soutenir la conservation de la nature sous toutes ses formes (paysages, sol, eaux, flore et faune) ; ses moyens pour l'atteindre sont : les collectes de fonds et leur affectation à des projets, les campagnes publicitaires et l'éducation du grand public et de la jeunesse en particulier. Le W. W. F. bénéficie des conseils de l'UICN pour la réalisation des aspects techniques et scientifiques de ces activités. Bien que le W. W. F. s'occupe parfois de la conduite de ses propres opéra- tions sur le terrain, il essaie, dans la mesure du possible, d'en confier l'exécution à des spécialistes ou à des organisations locales compétentes. Parmi les projets du W. W. F., l'appui financier des programmes de l'UICN et du CIPO (Conseil international pour la Préservation des Oiseaux) figure au tout premier rang des priorités, de manière à permettre à ces organismes d'établir la base scientifique et technique essentielle à la conservation à l'échelle mondiale et à l'élaboration de projets spécifiques. Les autres projets couvrent une gamme très étendue de sujets comme l'éducation, les études et enquêtes écologiques, la création et l'aménagement de parcs nationaux et de réserves, les programmes d'urgence destinés à sauver de l'extinction certaines espèces animales et végétales menacées. Les collectes de fonds et les campagnes de propagande du W. W. F. sont organisées surtout par ses sociétés auxiliaires nationales qui existent déjà dans plusieurs pays. L'autorité supérieure du W. W. F. est le Conseil d'Adminis- tration international qui est composé de personnalités éminentes dans de nom- breux domaines. Towards a new Relationship of Man and Nature in Temperate Lands Vers un nouveau type de relations entre l'homme et la nature en région tempérée IUCN Publications new series N° 9 Tenth Technical Meeting held at Lucerne, from 26 to 30 June 1966, in conjunction with the Union's Ninth General Assembly Dixième réunion technique tenue à Lucerne du 26 au 30 juin 1966, conjointement avec la Neuvième Assemblée Générale de l'Union Proceedings and Papers / Procès-verbaux et rapports Towards a new Relationship of Man and Nature in Temperate Lands Vers un nouveau type de relations entre l'homme et la nature en région tempérée PART III Changes due to introduced species Modifications dues à l'introduction d'espèces Published with the assistance of UNESCO International Union Union Internationale for Conservation of Nature pour la Conservation de la Nature and Natural Resources et de ses Ressources Morges, Switzerland 1967 CONTENTS Editorial Note 9 SECTION 1 : ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INTRODUCED PLANT SPECIES EFFETS ECOLOGIQUES DE L'INTRODUCTION D'ESPÈCES VÉGÉTALES PREFACE by Professor J. D. OVINGTON 12 Introduction of wild-land plants into the United States : J. P. BLAISDEL L 13 Introduced aquatic, fresh-water and salt-marsh plants : D. S. RANWEL L . 27 The status of introduced plants in the natural vegetation of Poland : J. KORNAS & A. MEDWECKA-KORNAS 38 Alien plants in the Tristan da Cunha islands : N. M. WAC E 46 Conséquences écologiques de la monoculture des conifères dans la zone des feuillus de l'Europe tempérée : A. NOIRFALIS E 61 Introduction and spread of « weed » plants in Europe : H. GAM S .... 72 Pratique de l'introduction et de l'emploi d'exotiques : H. GAUSSE N . 76 The naturalization of alien plants in Australia : R. M. MOOR E 82 Some ecological effects of wild and semi-wild exotic species of vascular plants : F. R. FOSBERG 98 SECTION 2 : ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INTRODUCED ANIMAL SPECIES EFFETS ECOLOGIQUES DE L'INTRODUCTION D'ESPÈCES ANIMALES PREFACE by Professor GEORGE A. PETRIDES 112 Biological effects caused by terrestrial vertebrates introduced into non- native environments : A. DE VOS & G. A. PETRIDE S 113 Cause and effect in the introduction of exotic species : PETE R SCOT T . 120 The introduction of exotic animals into the United States : J. S. GOTT - S CHAL K 124 Insect introductions and biological control : H. ZWÖLFÈ R 141 The influence of introduced species on the ecosystems of temperate oceanic islands : M. W. HOLDGATE 151 Animal introductions and their ecological effects in Europe : R. S. R. FITTE R 177 7 Ecological relationships between local fauna and species commercially introduced in the USSR: N. P. LAVROV & V. S. POKROVSKY . 181 The rehabilitation of certain mammal species in circumstances of environ- mental degradation: V. G. HEPTNE R 194 A changing aquatic fauna in a changing environment: A. DUNBAVIN BUTCHER 197 Ecological changes in New Zealand due to introduced animals: W. E. HOWARD 219 Ungulate introductions as a special source of research opportunities: T . RINEY 241 A concluding note by Professor GEORG E A.
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