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Le Goyavier Rouge : Psidium Cattleyanum Var. Coriaceum (Mart

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Le Goyavier Rouge : Psidium Cattleyanum Var. Coriaceum (Mart European Scientific Journal March 2018 edition Vol.14, No.9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Le goyavier rouge : Psidium cattleyanum var. coriaceum (Mart. ex O. Berg) Kiaersk. une espèce envahissante, à usage multiple en Grande-Comore Mohamed Mahamoud Charahabil (Maître Assistant, PhD, Écologue - Botaniste) Département d’Agroforesterie, Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor/Sénégal Leonard Elie Akpo (Professeur Titulaire des Universités, Écologue) Laboratoire d’Écologie et d’écohydrologie, Département de Biologie végétale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar Doi: 10.19044/esj.2018.v14n9p436 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n9p436 Abstract The geographical position of the Comoros archipelago conditions an environment conducive to continental biological invasions. In the current context of climate change, with the repeated arrival of strong winds from nearby coasts, the phenomenon is likely to worsen. This study presents the characteristics of the biological invasion of Psidium. cattleyanum var. Coriaceum in Grande-Comore using quantitative structural data of its population and modeling of its ecological niche. The uses of the species and its socio-economic importance were defined by means of a population survey. The overall results revealed the species' invasion status through density, relative frequency, regeneration potential and horizontal distribution model. The modeling of its ecological niche has shown that all the wooded areas of the island are potential sites of the species. Socioeconomic surveys have shown that Psidium. Cattleyanum is a multipurpose species well appreciated by the people. The fight against this invasion very common to all the islands of the southwest of the Indian Ocean faces, in this island of the archipelago of Comoros, a conflict of interest between the conservation of biodiversity and satisfaction the needs of these populations. This work provided reference frames that would allow a better knowledge of the phenomenon for better management. Keywords: Ecological niches, Comoros, invasion, conservation, biodiversity, Psidium. cattleyanum var. coriaceum 436 European Scientific Journal March 2018 edition Vol.14, No.9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Résumé La position géographique des îles Comores conditionne un environnement propice aux invasions biologiques continentales. Dans le contexte actuel de changement climatique, avec les arrivées répétées des vents violents venant des côtes voisines, le phénomène risque de s’aggraver. Cette étude présente les caractéristiques de l’invasion biologique du Psidium. cattleyanum var. Coriaceum en Grande-Comore à l’aide de données structurales quantitatives de sa population et d’une modélisation de sa niche écologique. Les usages de l’espèce et son importance socioéconomique ont été définis à l’aide d’une enquête réalisée auprès des populations. L’ensemble des résultats a mis en évidence le statut d’envahissement de l’espèce à travers sa densité, sa fréquence relative, son potentiel de régénération et son modèle de distribution horizontale. La modélisation de sa niche écologique a montré que tous les espaces boisés de l’île sont des sites potentiels de l’espèce. Les enquêtes socioéconomiques ont montré que Psidium Cattleyanum est une espèce à usages multiples bien appréciée par les populations. La lutte contre cette invasion très commune à l’ensemble des iles du sud-ouest de l’océan indien est confrontée, dans cette île de l’archipel des Comores, à un conflit d’intérêts entre la conservation de la biodiversité et la satisfaction des besoins de ces populations. Ce travail fourni des référentiels qui permettraient une meilleure connaissance du phénomène pour une meilleure gestion. Mots-clefs: Niches écologiques, Comores, invasion, conservation, biodiversité, Psidium. cattleyanum var. coriaceum Introduction La Grande-Comore présente un intérêt exceptionnel en termes de diversité biologique, du fait de l’endémisme important de sa flore dans une île, jeune (100 000 à 130 000 ans) et de taille réduite (1025 km ²). Par rapport aux autres îles de l’archipel des Comores, elle est la première à être peuplée par l’homme du fait de sa proximité avec la côte africaine (Vos, 2004). Il semblerait que la première vague de population africaine originaire de la côte orientale d’Afrique a atteint les Comores à l’âge du fer, entre le Ve et le Xe siècle. C’est à partir du XVIe siècle que l’on note l’arrivée aux Comores d’une nouvelle vague d’Arabo-Shirazi (Rombi, 2018). C’est entre le XVIe et XVIIe siècle que des navigateurs européens, en route vers les Indes, font escale aux Comores (Liszkowski, 2000). Les premières introductions de plantes ont commencé en ces périodes. Il fallait cependant, attendre trop tardivement (mis en valeur des terres par les Français au 19e siècle) pour voir l’influence de ces espèces introduites sur la flore locale. 437 European Scientific Journal March 2018 edition Vol.14, No.9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Ces introductions ont causé des invasions biologiques dont le cas le plus connu et le plus problématique est celui du Psidium cattleyanum coriaceum (Mtsongoma en langue locale). Cette espèce exotique s’est en effet naturalisée dans de nombreux milieux insulaires tropicaux et subtropicaux du globe où il a un comportement de peste végétale (Lorence et Sussman, 1986 ; Huenneke et Vitousek, 1990 ; Fleischmann, 1997). Sa production importante de graines au taux de germination élevé, son adaptation à une large gamme écologique, sa facilité de dissémination par les oiseaux et les mammifères, et l’absence de ravageurs en font une espèce agressive et envahissante qui colonise différents milieux et empêche le développement de la flore indigène (Huenneke et Vitousek, 1990). Elle atteint des proportions impressionnantes dans l’ensemble des îles du sud-ouest de l’océan indien (Baider & Florens, 2001 ; Carrière et al., 2008 ; Tassin et al., 2009 a, Tassin et al., 2009 b). Cependant, l’information sur les espèces envahissantes dans l’archipel des Comores est encore peu connue comparée à l’information disponible à la Réunion ou l’île Maurice (Tassin et al., 2006). D’après les travaux de (Vos, 2004), l’archipel des Comores compte 16 espèces ligneuses envahissantes. Ces espèces ont été introduites dans l’archipel comme bois d’œuvre, espèces fruitières, épices, pour le contrôle de l’érosion, comme ornementales, pour leurs multiples usages tels que bois de chauffe, fourrage et/ou tuteurs de vanilles, ou pour des raisons incertaines. Parmi ces 16 principales espèces envahissantes, on en distingue 8 très problématiques et qui sont ou devraient être une priorité de gestion : Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Clidemia hirta, Lantana camara, Litsea glutinosa, Psidium cattleianum, Spathodea campanulata et Syzygium jambos. Toutes ces espèces occupent vigoureusement les zones perturbées ou les forêts secondaires, mais semblent également à même d’envahir les habitats intacts où elles ont été rencontrées sur le terrain. Au Karthala en versant ouest, entre les zones de cultures envahies et la forêt naturelle s’est développé un taillis dense monospécifique de P. cattleianum qui représente un foyer néfaste pour l’envahissement progressif. La problématique de la gestion de l’invasion du P. cattleyanum en Grande-Comore est assez particulière. En effet, avec ses multiples usages, elle présente un très grand intérêt pour les populations. En dehors de la consommation de ses fruits, l’espèce est utilisée pour la qualité de son bois dans la construction des habitations, dans la production de charbon et dans la médecine traditionnelle (Zainaba, 2009). Elle sert aussi de tuteur pour la culture de la vanille en basse altitude. Ses services sont accentués par la pauvreté récurrente et les perpétuelles crises énergétiques que connait l’archipel des Comores depuis plus d’une décennie. 438 European Scientific Journal March 2018 edition Vol.14, No.9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Dans les programmes de gestion et de conservation de la phytodiversité, les Comores projetteraient d’ériger la forêt du Karthala en aire protégée et plus tard en réserve de biosphère. Or, la dynamique d’invasion de cette espèce très particulièrement, ainsi que d’autres espèces de la strate herbacée telles que Clidemia hirta, Trisetma virusanum, et Scleria novae- hollandiae (Charahabil, 2011), font de cette forêt, un biome très instable qui risque d’être colonisés par ces espèces envahissantes au détriment de la flore autochtone. Dès lors, les stratégies de lutte deviennent difficiles et sont confrontées à un problème de choix entre la protection de la diversité biologique et la satisfaction des besoins des populations (Carrière et al., 2008). Cette étude cherche à définir les attributs écologiques qui caractérisent cette invasion à travers des données structurales quantitatives de la végétation et une modélisation de la niche écologique. Des données essentielles dans la mise en place des politiques de gestion efficace et durable des espaces boisés de l’archipel des Comores. Matériel et méthodes Présentation de l’espèce Botanique Psidium cattleyanum est un arbuste atteignant 8 m de hauteur. Elle appartient à la famille Myrtacées et l’ordre des Myrtales. Son écorce grise à brun rougeâtre se détache en fines plaques qui s’enroulent sur elles-mêmes. Ses feuilles sont simples et opposées, et mesurent 8 cm de long. Elles sont elliptiques ou oblongues, à marge entière, épaisse et brillante. Ses fleurs (Photo 1) solitaires à l’aisselle des feuilles. Elles mesurent 2,5 cm, portent 4 à 5 pétales et sont de couleur blanche avec de nombreuses étamines blanches et jaunes (Carrière et al., 2008). Photo 1: Fleur et boutons floraux du P. cattleyanum 439 European Scientific Journal March 2018 edition Vol.14, No.9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Le fruit est appelé goyave-fraise aux Antilles, goyave de Chine à l’île Maurice, goyavier à La Réunion ou Tsongoma aux Comores. Il a la forme d’une baie sphérique et la taille d’une mirabelle environ 2,5 cm de diamètre (Norman, 2002). Elles sont rouges à maturité avec une chair blanchâtre et de graines nombreuses lisses et jaunâtres mesurent près de 5 mm de long (photo 2).
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