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The Murrow Tradition: What Was It, and Does It Still Live? Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2009 The urM row Tradition: What Was It, and Does It Still Live? Raluca Cozma Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Mass Communication Commons Recommended Citation Cozma, Raluca, "The urM row Tradition: What Was It, and Does It Still Live?" (2009). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. THE MURROW TRADITION: WHAT WAS IT, AND DOES IT STILL LIVE? A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Manship School of Mass Communication by Raluca Cozma B.A., University of Bucharest, 2003 M.M.C., Louisiana State University, 2005 August 2009 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to my committee members for their valuable contributions to this dissertation. I thank Dr. John Maxwell Hamilton, my mentor and friend, for introducing me to historical research, for supporting me, and for challenging me to achieve more than I thought I could. I thank Drs. Margaret DeFleur and Lisa Lundy for being by my side through two graduate degrees, for guiding me, and generously sharing their expertise. I thank Dr. Ronald Garay for his enthusiasm for my research and for his wise and kind advice. I thank Dr. Ralph Izard for bringing me to the Manship School in the first place and for supporting me to the end. I wish to acknowledge the Dean’s Representative, Dr. Irvin Peckham, for taking an interest in my study and for offering useful insights from a different perspective. I am grateful to NPR foreign correspondents Deborah Amos, Eleanor Beardsley, and Jason Beaubien for their graceful contribution, and to foreign editor Loren Jenkins for finding time in his busy schedule to talk to me. I would also like to thank Saiward Pharr, the WRKF Morning Edition host, for her help with the final details. I am thankful to my wonderful family and friends for believing in me and for encouraging me when I needed it most. I am especially grateful to my mom, who has been my greatest cheerleader ever since I can remember, for knowing how to infuse calm and clarity even from an ocean away. I thank Monica Ancu, Yasmine Dabbous, Pavica Sheldon, and Amy Ladley for being my friends, for understanding me, and for helping me take my mind off the dissertation. Most importantly, I thank my soul-mate, Traian Amariucai, for loving me, comforting me, and making me laugh, for keeping me balanced and reminding me what is important in life. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………………………………………………………………. ii LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………. v LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………. vi ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………… vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………... 1 Purpose of Study..……………………………………………………………………... 2 Why the Two Networks ……………………………………………………………….. 2 The World Today and Morning Edition: A Short Presentation………………………… 4 Contribution to the Field ………………………………………………………………. 10 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………….. 13 What Is the Murrow Tradition and How Can We Measure Quality Journalism? …….. 13 The Decline of Foreign News …………………………………………………………. 21 Mass Communication Theories of Media Content ………………………………….. 24 The Importance of Framing to Quality Journalism…. ………………………… 32 News Domestication – Local Frames for Global News………………………... 38 The Importance of Sources….………………………………………………….. 39 Research Questions ....…………………………………………………………………. 44 3. METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………… 46 Historical Research …………………………………………………………………….. 46 Content Analysis ……………………………………………………………….………. 46 Sample………………………………………………………………………….. 49 Coding Scheme …………………………………………………………………50 Interviews ……………………………………………………………………………… 55 4. FINDINGS..………………………………………………………………………… 58 RQ1: Who Were the Murrow Boys? ………………………………………………….. 58 Background Information ………………………………………………………. 58 The Murrow Boys and the Golden Age of Foreign Correspondence ………….. 62 The Murrow Boys: Socio-demographics ..……………………………………. 64 Journalistic Philosophy at CBS ………………………………………………… 70 RQ2: Who Are the NPR Boys and Girls? ……………………………………………… 74 Background Information ……………………………………………………….. 75 The New Generation of Foreign Correspondents: Socio-demographics .……... 77 Journalistic Philosophy at NPR………………………………………………… 87 RQ3 & 4: What Did the Foreign Correspondents Cover during the Two Periods?…….. 94 The Time Frame of the Content Analysis ………………………………………. 94 iii Descriptive Findings ……………………………………………………………. 95 Format …………………………………………………………………………. 96 The Focus of Foreign Coverage at the Two Networks …………………………100 News Values at CBS and NPR ……………………………………………… 104 The Framing of Foreign News at the Two Networks ....……………………… 108 The Sourcing of Foreign News during the Two Wars ………………………… 112 Tone and Originality of Reporting at the Two Networks …………………….. 119 RQ5: What Accounts for Similarities and Differences between the Two Networks?.... 122 Summary of Findings ………………………………………………………………… 131 5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ……………………………. 133 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 133 Major Findings and Implications ……………………………………………………… 135 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Study ...………………...……………………. 142 Closing Remarks ……………………………………………………………………… 145 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………… 146 INTERVIEWS ……………………………………………………………………….. 155 APPENDIX A. RANDOM STRATIFIED SAMPLES FOR CBS AND NPR…………………. 156 B. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS / CODEBOOK ……………………………. 157 C. THE POOL OF CBS FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS, 1940-1942 ..………. 163 D. THE POOL OF NPR FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS, 2004-2006 …………164 E. INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE ……………………………………………. 165 VITA …………………………………………………………………………………... 167 iv LIST OF TABLES 1. Socio-demographics of CBS and NPR correspondents …………………………….. 80 2. Differences in Format between CBS and NPR ……………………………………… 97 3. Differences in Story Focus between CBS and NPR …………………………………100 4. Differences in News Values between CBS and NPR ………………………………..105 5. Differences in Framing between CBS and NPR ……………………………………. 109 6. Differences in Sourcing between CBS and NPR …………………………………… 113 7. Differences in Sourcing between Live and Recorded Stories at NPR ……………… 115 8. Differences in Pseudo-attributions between CBS and NPR ……………………….. 116 9. Differences in Story Initiation between CBS and NPR …………………………….. 118 10. Differences in Official Involvement between CBS and NPR …………………….. 118 11. Differences in Tone between CBS and NPR ……………………………………… 119 12. Differences in Originality Levels between CBS and NPR …………………………120 13. Differences in Originality of Reporting between CBS and NPR ………………… 121 14. Differences in Originality Levels by Type of Journalist at CBS and NPR ………. 122 v LIST OF FIGURES 1. A Model for Quality Foreign News ………………………………………………… 19 2. A Road Map for the Present Study ………………………………………………… 20 3. CBS Foreign Staff in 1940, as presented in the network’s annual report……………. 65 4. A Typical Schedule for a European News Roundup ……………………………… 99 5. A Typical Schedule for Morning Edition …………………………………………. 99 vi ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the differences in the quality of radio foreign news and foreign correspondents between CBS during World War II and NPR during the Iraq War II. Triangulating quantitative and qualitative methods (content analysis, historical research, and in-depth interviews), this study proposes a model of quality foreign news to help determine what the Murrow tradition means. The model is then used to test if that celebrated tradition lives on in a non-commercial setting at NPR. The two-pronged model pulls together theories of mass communication and historical accounts to assess (1) the quality of the foreign correspondents at the two organizations, and (2) the quality of foreign correspondence during the two eras. The study is the first to measure what the Murrow tradition means in a systematic, longitudinal analysis. It is important to compare the present against the so-called “golden age of foreign correspondence” because of a perceived decline in the credibility of news in general and in the quality of foreign news in particular. The newsroom analysis found that the new generation of foreign correspondents at NPR match or exceed the qualities of the Murrow Boys. The content analysis found that the foreign news at NPR scores higher across all quality journalism variables, suggesting that foreign news is not an endangered species in subsidized settings. NPR correspondents further shared their insights and perspectives on the present and future of radio foreign correspondence. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A plaque dedicated to Edward R. Murrow at the CBS headquarters in New York reads, “He set standards of excellence that remain unsurpassed.” Ever since Murrow and “his boys” helped shape tradition in broadcast foreign correspondence during World War II, historians and media critics (Alan and Lane, 2003; Brown, 1998; Culbert, 1976; Hosley, 1984; Zelnick, 2003) have compared subsequent correspondents and international news to those standards. Most of
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