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Preface 1 Introduction NOTES Preface 1. R. Evan Ellis, China: The Whats and Wherefores (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009). 2. Ibid. 3. R. Evan Ellis, The Strategic Dimension of China’s Engagement with Latin America (Washington, DC: Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, 2013). 1 Introduction 1. Direction of Trade Statistics Quarterly (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, September 2013), 23. 2. Ibid. 3. Indeed, China’s diplomatic initiatives toward Latin America at this time may have been motivated, in part, by its desire to secure entry into the WTO. See Alex E. Fernandez Jilberto and Barbara Hogenboom, “Latin America and China: South-South Relations in a New Era,” in Latin America Facing China: South-South Relations Beyond the Washington Consensus, eds., Alex. E. Fernandez Jilberto and Barbara Hogenboom (New York: Berghahn Books, 2012). 4. Latin America scholar Dan Erikson argues that it was from this moment that China’s expansion into Latin America began to attract “wide- spread notice” in the United States. Daniel P. Erikson, “Conflicting U.S. Perceptions of China’s Inroads in Latin America,” in China Engages Latin America: Tracing the Trajectory, eds., A. H. Hearn and José Luis León Marquez (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011), 121. See also “Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing Comments on the Fruitful Results of President Hu Jintao’s Trip to Latin America,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. November 26, 2004. http://www.fmprc .gov.cn/eng/topics/huvisit/t172349.htm. 5. Alejandro Rebossio, “La mayor economía de Asia continental se expande fuera de su territorio y de a poco aparecen las verdaderas inver siones chinas,” La Nación, November 14, 2004. http://www.lanacion .com.ar. 214 NOTES 6. Interview with Dr. Adrian Bonilla, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. Quito, Ecuador. July 10, 2007. 7. This figure includes both Confucius institutes and Confucius classrooms. See “China to Deepen Ties with Latin-America,” China Daily, January 17, 2012. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012diplomats/2012 -01/17/content_14463885.htm. 8. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, Working Document (Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2013). 9. In 2009, for example, the Cayman Islands received an estimated $5.3 bil- lion in Chinese foreign direct investment, attributed by one analyst to the “Chinese use of Caribbean tax havens.” Ezra Fieser, “Why Is China Spending Billions in the Caribbean?” Global Post, April 22, 2011, http://www.globalpost.com. 10. “CVRD Develops Brazil-China Ore Shipping Service,” Reuters, May 2, 2007,.http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/05/02/brazil-cvrd-vessels -idUSN0231590420070502. 11. Agnieszka Troszkiewicz and Maria Kolesnikova, “Codelco Expects Decline in Copper Cathode Shipments to China,” Bloomberg, March 6, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-06/codelco- expects-decline-in-copper-cathode-shipments-to-china.html. 12. “China’s Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean (Full Text),” Government of the People’s Republic of China, November 2008, http:// english.gov.cn/official/2008-11/05/content_1140347.htm. 13. Beyond such investments, China’s accumulated surplus of capital created the potential for much more. As of the end of 2012, the P.R.C.’s sovereign wealth fund, administered by the China Investment Corporation (CIC) was capitalized at a total value of $482 billion. See Nick Edwards and Kang Xize, “China Wealth Fund Eyes Asia as Western Protectionism Rises,” Reuters, November 10, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article /2012/11/11/us-china-congress-cic-idUSBRE8AA01120121111. 14. Zhou Siyu, “The Ups and Downs of Latin Adventure,” China Daily, July 24, 2012, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn. See also “Latin America the 2nd Biggest Investment Target for China,” Xinhua, June 18, 2012, http://www.news.xinhuanet.com/english. 15. Matt Ferchen, “China-Latin American Relations: The End of the Honeymoon?” China Brief, January 16, 2012, http://carnegieendow ment.org. 16. Starwood hotels, for example, reported a 364 percent increase in Chinese tourists at its Sheraton hotel in Mexico City, as well as a 260 percent increase in its Park Tower facility in Buenos Aires. Brian Byrnes, “Latin America Lures Chinese Tourists,” CNN, September 27, 2011, http:// www.cnn.com. 17. As the general manager of a Chinese mining firm once noted, “If there are more Chinese people and companies already there, this will attract NOTES 215 others who will find it easier” with the general manager of a Chinese mining firm. See Ruben Gonzalez-Vicente, “Mapping Chinese Mining Investment in Latin America: Politics or Market?” in From the Great Wall to the New World: China and Latin America in the 21st Century, eds., Julia C. Strauss and Ariel C. Armony (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 46. 18. Veronica Sanchez, “Llegan más chinos al País,” Reforma, October 9, 2011, http://www.reforma.com. 19. See Ding Qingfen, “Companies Still Drawn to Peru, Despite Obstacles,” China Daily, December 11, 2012, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn. See also “Hay más de 80 firmas chinas en el Perú,” Gestión, December 11, 2012, http://gestion.pe. 20. Mercedes Alvaro, “Ecuador and China Seek to Strengthen Ties,” Wall Street Journal, January 20, 2014, http://online.wsj.com. 21. “38 empresas chinas están en las areas estratégicas y construcción,” El Universo, June 18, 2012, http://www.eluniverso.com. 22. “Aumenta número de empresas chinas en Perú,” América Economía, February 10, 2014, http://www.americaeconomia.com/economia- mercados/comercio/aumenta-numero-de-empresas-chinas-en-peru. 23. See, for example, “China’s Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean (Full Text),” Government of the People’s Republic of China, November 2008, http://english.gov.cn/official/2008-11/05/content _1140347.htm. 24. The role of the community of ethnic Chinese abroad as an important component of Chinese foreign policy was acknowledged by then– P.R.C. foreign minister Yang Jeichi in his forward to the official P.R.C. government reference book China’s Foreign Affairs 2010. Department of Policy Planning, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China (Beijing, China: World Affairs Press, 2010). 25. A. Catalinac, S. Cesarin, J. Corrales, J. Domínguez, S. R. Golob, A. Kennedy, A. Liebman, M. Musacchio-Farias, J. Resende-Santos, and R. Russell, China’s Relations with Latin America: Shared Gains, Asymmetric Hopes, China Working Paper (Washington, DC: InterAmerican Dialogue, 2006). 26. Florencia Jubany and Daniel Poon, “Recent Chinese Engagement in Latin America,” Canadian Foundation for the Americas, March 2006, http://focal.ca/pdf/china_latam.pdf. 27. Daniel Lederman, Marcelo Olarrega, and Guillermo E Perry, “China’s and India’s Challenge to Latin America: Opportunity or Threat?” World Bank, 2009, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC /Resources/China_India_Challenge_to_LA.pdf. See also Caroline Freund and Caglar Ozden “The Effect of China’s Exports on Latin American Trade with the World,” World Bank, August 2006, http:// siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLACOFFICEOFCE/Resources/ IndustryLevelTradeFlows.pdf. See also “Latin America and the Caribbean’s Response to the Growth of China and India: Overview 216 NOTES of Research Findings and Policy Implications,” World Bank, August 2006, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLACOFFICEOFCE /Resources/LAC_response_to_China_and_India_Overview.pdf. 28. Kevin Gallagher and Roberto Porzecanski, The Dragon in the Room (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010). 29. Rhys Jenkins and Enrique Dussel Peters, China and Latin America: Economic Relations in the 21st Century (Bonn: German Development Institute, 2009). 30. Ben Laidler, Qu Hongbin, Todd Dunivant, Simon Francis, Thomas Hilboldt, and Andre Loes, South-South Special: What a Globalizing China Means for LatAm (HSBC Global Research, November 2013). 31. Cynthia J. Arnson, Mark Mohr, and Riordan Roett, eds., Enter the Dragon: China’s Presence in Latin America (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Institute, 2008). 32. Riordan Roett and Guadalupe Paz, China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2008). 33. A. H. Hearn and José Luis León Marquez, eds., China Engages Latin America: Tracing the Trajectory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011). 34. Gastón Fornés and Alan Butt Philip, The China-Latin America Axis: Emerging Markets and the Future of Globalisation (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). 35. Julia C. Strauss and Ariel C. Armony, eds., From the Great Wall to the New World: China and Latin America in the 21st Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). 36. Benjamin Creutzfeldt, ed., China en America Latina: Reflecciones sobre las relaciones transpacificas (Bogota, Colombia: Universidad Externado, 2012). 37. In virtually all of the compiled works published in English on China– Latin America relations prior to 2012, it is Jiang Shixue who is repre- sented as providing the “Chinese perspective.” See, for example, Jiang Shixue, “Three Factors in Recent Development of Sino-Latin American Relations,” in Enter the Dragon: China’s Presence in Latin America, eds., Cynthia Arnson, Mark Mohr, and Riordan Roett (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2008), 43–52. See also Jiang Shixue, “The Chinese Foreign Policy Perspective,” in China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United
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