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Delicious Justice: Schadenfreude Toward Atheists Bound for Hell

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Delicious Justice: Schadenfreude Toward Atheists Bound for Hell University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Psychology Psychology 2015 DELICIOUS JUSTICE: SCHADENFREUDE TOWARD ATHEISTS BOUND FOR HELL Maxine Najle University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Najle, Maxine, "DELICIOUS JUSTICE: SCHADENFREUDE TOWARD ATHEISTS BOUND FOR HELL" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--Psychology. 61. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/61 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Psychology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Maxine Najle, Student Dr. Will Gervais, Major Professor Dr. David Berry, Director of Graduate Studies DELICIOUS JUSTICE: SCHADENFREUDE TOWARD ATHEISTS BOUND FOR HELL ____________________________________ Thesis ____________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Maxine Belén Najle Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Will Gervais, Professor of Psychology Lexington, Kentucky 2015 Copyright © Maxine Belén Najle 2015 ABSTRACT OF THESIS DELICIOUS JUSTICE: SCHADENFREUDE TOWARD ATHEISTS BOUND FOR HELL In the wake of the death of a prominent atheist figure in 2011, an especially unsavory side of anti-atheist prejudice became evident as many celebrated the death of a prominent atheist, rejoicing that he would be in hell. The current study explores how these attitudes reveal a sense of schadenfreude in anti-atheist prejudice previously unexplored in the literature. Potential origins of this schadenfreude are discussed, and a study to experimentally explore this phenomenon was carried out. Using the repeated taste-test paradigm, this study gave participants atheist primes and hell primes between identical drinks and measure perceived taste after these manipulations, intending for the hell primes to induce schadenfreude after atheist primes as a result from participants thinking about the atheists going to hell for their lack of faith. All predicted main effects and interactions were non-significant. Exploratory analyses were carried out to explain these null results. Implications and future directions are discussed. KEYWORDS: atheism, prejudice, schadenfreude, disgust, implicit measures _____________________ Maxine B. Najle April 20, 2015 _____________________ DELICIOUS JUSTICE: SCHADENFREUDE TOWARD ATHEISTS BOUND FOR HELL By Maxine Belén Najle Dr. Will Gervais Director of Thesis Dr. David Berry Director of Graduate Studies April 20, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... ii Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 Antipathy toward Atheists ................................................................................................................................ 2 Schadenfreude and Outgroups ........................................................................................................................ 5 Studying socially repugnant behaviors ............................................................................................................ 8 Current Study ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Methods ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Participants ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Procedure .......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Design ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 3: Results ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Predictions ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Planned Analyses ............................................................................................................................................. 13 Exploratory Analyses ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Aggregate Ratings ................................................................................................................................... 15 Negative Affect ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Positive Affect ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Religious Belief Differences Across Condition .................................................................................. 19 Gender Effects ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Ritter and Preston (2011) Comparison ......................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 4: Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Appendix A - Religious Outgroup Primes ................................................................................................... 26 Appendix B - Hell Prime & Control ............................................................................................................. 27 Appendix C - Drink Instructions and Marketing Questions ..................................................................... 28 Appendix D - Affect Thermometer .............................................................................................................. 29 Appendix E - Religious Fundamentalism Scale........................................................................................... 30 Appendix F - Demographics .......................................................................................................................... 31 Appendix G - R Code for Analyses .............................................................................................................. 32 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 VITA .................................................................................................................................................................. 42 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Expected Results for Each Condition ................................................................................ 12 Figure 2: Overall Effects of drink ratings for deliciousness (1-7). .................................................. 14 Figure 3: Paneled Overall Effects of drink ratings for deliciousness (1-7)..................................... 15 Figure 4: Overall Effects of aggregate drink ratings for deliciousness (1-7). ................................. 16 Figure 5: Negative Affect ratings for each drink. ..............................................................................
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