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Assessment of Recreational Fishing within the Harbour Taiāpure Management Area, Te Waipounamu, New Zealand

Emma M. L. A. Källqvist, John G. Pirker and Islay D. Marsden1

School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 1Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

(Received March 2014, revised and accepted January 2015)

Abstract

In New Zealand marine recreational fishing is controlled mainly by bag limits and size restrictions, together with Area Management Tools (AMT) such as Taiāpure (local fishery reserve areas established under the Māori Fisheries Act 1989). We undertook a survey of recreational fishing within the Akaroa Harbour Taiāpure, , after its establishment in 2006. The aim was to determine the demographic of fishers, the fishing methods utilised and the species targeted and caught. Two types of fishing surveys were undertaken monthly between December 2007 and February 2009. Intercept surveys (451) were conducted from four of the most frequently used slipways and 138 trip records were returned by 35 people who regularly fished in the area. The catch information from 19 locations in the Harbour showed that the most frequently landed fish were blue cod Parapercis( colias), flatfishRhombosolea ( spp.), rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) and sea perch (Helicolenus percoides). Since a previous survey undertaken in 1997, the fish species targeted have changed, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) for red cod (Pseudophycis bachus) has declined, and recreational fishing trips have shifted from the inner harbour to the harbour entrance and the immediate area outside. Following changes in the management status of this area, we recommend that the surveys be continued over time in order to create a data base on recreational fishing to assess the effectiveness of current controls in protecting fisheries resources.

Keywords: marine recreational fishing; area management tools; Akaroa Taiāpure; community based management

New Zealand Natural Sciences (2015) 40: 1-15. © New Zealand Natural Sciences 2 New Zealand Natural Sciences 40 (2015)

Introduction species listed, was enacted. In New Zealand very little research has Over the last decade recreational fishing been conducted on recreational fishing, has increased in some parts of the world, contrasting with Australia where there perhaps due to improved fishing gear have been many studies (Sumner & and technological advances (Kearney Williamson 1999; Sumner et al. 2002; 2001; Coleman et al. 2004; Veiga et al. Malseed et al. 2000; Malseed & Sumner 2013). Over 30% of the New Zealand 2001; Williamson et al. 2006, Leite & population take part in some form of Gasalla 2013). Irregular local recreational recreational fishing (Sutinen & Johnston fishing surveys have been conducted in 2003) which is regarded as an “open New Zealand by the Ministry of Fisheries access fishery” (Borch 2010, Bosch 2010) since the beginning of 1990s (Bradford with few controls. Recently there has been et al. 1998; Bell 1998, 1999, 2000; concern raised that increased recreational Carbines 2000a,b; Tierney and Kilner fishing pressure could deplete natural 2002), with the most recent nationwide populations (Zischke et al. 2012). survey undertaken in 2011-2012, which Marine recreational fishing and charter has not yet been published. There have boat fisheries in New Zealand are managed been no surveys of recreational fishing in outside the Quota Management System Akaroa since 1997. (QMS) (Bess & Rallapudi 2007). Rules In the Canterbury Region of New and regulations are set by the Ministry Zealand bottom trawls reveal a fish for Primary Industries (previously known diversity exceeding 100 species at shallow as the Ministry of Fisheries) and include depths and about 15 invertebrate shellfish bag limits, size restrictions, areas closed species. There are commercial fisheries off to fishing, seasons, fishing methods for spiny dogfish, barracouta, red cod, and gear restrictions; methods that are tarakihi and flatfish, and in recent years used worldwide (Yandle 2007, Tetzlaff catch rates for some species such as red cod et al. 2013). The introduction of the have declined (Hart et al. 2008). Because Māori Fisheries Act of 1989 allowed of its closeness to the City of Christchurch for Taiāpure to promote sustainability and its popularity as a tourist centre, in certain coastal areas affected by concerns have been expressed about the fishing. It allowed for the management potential of exploitation of the natural of traditional customary fishing grounds fisheries resources. Several companies in and holds significance to the Māori Akaroa provide fishing charter trips for community. In 2006 a Taiāpure was up to ten fishers. Fishing pressure from established in Akaroa Harbour for the these activities have become increasingly protection of fish and shellfisheries with important to survey since little is known a management committee made up of of the fleet and even less of the catch representatives from Ngāi Tahu, local (James et al. 1997). community, recreational and commercial The aims of this study were to collect fishing groups. No special restrictions quantitative data on recreational fishing were placed on recreational fishing at the methods, species caught and catch time; however, a combined maximum rates in the Akaroa Harbour Taiāpure daily bag limit of 30 finfish per person, management area on Banks Peninsula. consisting of any combination of the This information was needed to inform Källqvist et al. Recreational Fishing in Akaroa Harbour 3 future management decisions on catch Haylocks and Damons Bay, except the limits, fishing methods and the location waters in the proposed Dan Rogers marine of proposed marine reserves in Akaroa reserve area (area 14) (Fig.1) (Pirker Harbour. 2008). To evaluate the effectiveness of the Taiāpure, we conducted intercept Methods surveys at five main sites, Daly’s Wharf, a slipway close the sports ground in Study Area Akaroa, the main slipway, and those in Wainui and . These areas are Banks Peninsula is located in the middle used throughout the year by recreational of the east coast of the South Island and is fishers, both local and non-residents, a prominent volcanic feature about 80 km with peak season between December from Christchurch (Reynolds-Fleming & and February. To allow comparison with Reynolds 2005). Akaroa Harbour lies on previous research we used the same 19 the south of peninsula, a 17 km tidal inlet divisions (Fig. 1) used by Bell (1998). We open to the south (Heuff et al. 2005). The also included an offshore area, defined as Taiāpure reserve was established in early 12 nautical miles of the coast, because 2006, covering over 90% of the waters this was an area identified by some local within Akaroa Harbour (areas 1-13) fishers. Area 19 is the Pohatu Marine

Fig. 1 Map of Canterbury and Akaroa Harbour divided up into fishing areas. The four slipways used for intercept surveys were in Akaroa (2 locations), Duvauchelle and Wainui 4 New Zealand Natural Sciences 40 (2015)

Reserve and no fishing was conducted Intercept Surveys or found in this area during the present study. In this survey type, a trained interviewer rather than the recreational fisher recorded Survey Design the catch, thus increasing accuracy of species identification and measurements The most common approach to obtain (Reid & Montgomery 2005). Intercept information on recreational fishing or fish interviews were conducted between stocks is to conduct surveys, either over December 2007 and February 2009, on a short period of time (e.g., Gartside et four slipways, two in Akaroa, one near the al. 1999; Veiga et al. 2013; Gardner & sports ground and the other on the main Struthers 2013) or a longer time frame wharf, and the other two at slipways in (e.g., Jansen et al. 2013; Wise et al. 2012). Duvauchelle and Wainui. The questions We used an intermediate time frame for in the first section of the fishing survey the current research. The questionnaire covered demographics and usual place and trip record reports used in the present of residence, time spent fishing, targeted study were based on previous surveys species, type of boat (divided into charter, done by Ministry for Primary Industries private, hired or other), fishing method (MPI) and the National Institute for (14 categories) and total number of Water and Atmospheric research (NIWA) people on the trip (Kallqvist 2009). The (Bell 1998, 2000). The population sample second section covered measurements of included all recreational fishers, divers fish/shellfish, identification of species, and shellfish collectors actively harvesting fishing or diving location (map taken seafood in the Akaroa Harbour Taiāpure from the Akaroa survey by Bell (1998)), and the offshore area described above. and the number of individual species

Table 1. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) for selected species targeted and recorded in intercept surveys and trip records.

Species Survey Number of trips Total number of Total number of CPUE targeting the hours targeting individuals caught species the species when targeted Blue cod Intercept 162 220 258 1.2 Trip records 69 153 359 2.4 Red cod Intercept 2 5 2 0.4 Trip records 10 37 9 0.2 Rock lobster Intercept 123 125 1,056 8.5 Trip records 14 20 359 2.4 Moki Intercept 4 7 10 1.4 Flatfish Trip records 37 318 344 1.1 Butterfish Intercept 5 12 20 1.7 Källqvist et al. Recreational Fishing in Akaroa Harbour 5 caught and released. All incoming boats Data Analyses were approached, however only those where people had been actively fishing or The data were tested for normality diving or had attempted fishing or diving using standard techniques but some took part in the survey. One person per data were unable to be transformed. boat was asked to answer questions in Non-parametric analyses were used for the two-minute questionnaire and then the fish-take and demographic data the catch was sorted, species identified, with the significance level set at alpha counted and measured. = 0.05. ANOVA was used to compare All interviews were conducted in daylight, the effects of season and location on the normally between 8:30 am and 6 pm, mean lengths of the fish catch. Regression weather permitting. For the purpose of analysis was used for both surveys to test this study, mussels included both the for relationships between fishing time and blue (Mytilus edulis) and green-lipped number of catch. These analyses did not mussel (Perna canaliculus), and flatfish reveal significant effects or patterns, and (Rhombosolea spp) include several species, are therefore not included. The intercept including the yellow-belly flounder. survey and the trip records were analysed separately from fishing methods, catch Trip Records and release and mean lengths of main species. A simple catch per unit effort Recreational fishers and charter fishing (CPUE) for each boat was calculated boat operators were asked to keep as in Bell’s survey (1998), which was trip records of their Akaroa Harbour the number of fish caught/ number of fishing activities. They were approached hours fished. All statistical analyses were individually at the slipways or contacted conducted using SPSS Version 15.0 and directly as a result of local information STATSTICA 7.0. about their fishing activity. The format of the trip record report was evaluated Results in late December 2007 to determine the quality and usefulness of the survey. The The intercept survey generated 451 information on the trip record disclosed records over a 14-month period (January the areas fished, species caught, fishing 2008 - February 2009). Of these, 47% method, number of people on board were recorded from the main slipway in (male and female), and the number Akaroa, with 35% from Duvauchelle. of caught, killed and released fish. The majority of the boats (72%) were Customers on fishing charters were cabin boats with a length of 5-7 m. Apart included as recreational fishers. At the from two charter boats, all were privately time of the survey, several companies owned and had on average 3-4 people in Akaroa provided fishing charters and aboard ranging in age from less than 5 numbers often reached ten individuals. to 80 m. On these trips, 3,920 fish and Fishing pressure from these activities have shellfish from 28 species groupings were become increasingly important to survey identified and measured. since little is known of the fleet and even The trip records resulted in 138 returns less of the catch (James et al. 1997). from 35 people responding over a 14-month period (December 2007 - 6 New Zealand Natural Sciences 40 (2015)

January 2009). The total number of (50% of all trips) and the intercept shellfish and fish caught on these trips was survey respondents (38% of all trips) 1,618 from 24 different groups. (Fig. 2). Rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) was also highly targeted by both groups, Demographics whereas flatfish (Rhombosolea spp.) were targeted more by the trip record Intercept survey participants were mostly participants. Interestingly, a relatively males (88%) aged between 41 and 50; high percentage of the respondents (26%) however, the age ranged from 15 to 80. of the intercept survey targeted non- Of the 451 fishers intercepted on the specific fish species. Sea perch (Helicolenus slipways, 93% identified themselves percoides) was targeted by 5% of the trip as Pakeha/European, 1% said “other” record participants but less than half (British and Scandinavian) and 6% a percent of the intercepted fishers on identified themselves as NZ Māori. slipways. Similarly, few fishers targeted Over 65% of the respondents resided in red cod (Pseudophycis bachus). Christchurch, followed by Canterbury (12%). Recreational fishers from Akaroa Fishing Methods and the Banks Peninsula comprised 16%, and less than half a percent lived Rod and line from private boats was overseas. The participants who filled the most common method of fishing out the trip reports were volunteers (>55%) reported in both surveys. Many from recreational and charter boat recreational fishers used multiple fishing owners from the local community. methods, such as rod and line and diving with tank. Set-netting was mainly carried Fish Targeted out by 32% trip record participants. Diving with tank and rod and line fishing Blue cod (Parapercis colias) was the main were popular with the respondents of target fish for the trip record participants the intercept survey where 16% stated

Fig. 2 Species targeted (%) in trip records (n = 138) and intercept surveys (n = 451) Källqvist et al. Recreational Fishing in Akaroa Harbour 7 they used both techniques on their trip. was targeted on only 5% of the trips, 560 Few fishers used longlines or undertook fish were taken which represented more spearfishing. than 20% of the take. Flatfish of various species formed 24% (344 fish) of the take Fish Catch recorded in trip reports, while butterfish (Odax pullus) was recorded more from A wide diversity of fish was caught from intercept surveys than the trip records. 21 or more species including bottom Rock lobsters (total = 1,168) (Fig.3) dwelling and pelagic fish (Fig. 3). For comprised more than half of the non- the majority of fish, a similar proportion fish catch for the trip records and just of the take was recorded from both the over 40% in the intercept survey. There intercept and trip record surveys. The were considerable differences in the most frequently taken finfish was blue proportions of targeted species collected cod (when targeted), representing 27% in the two surveys, with a wider range of the take for trip survey and 31% of shellfish species collected by the intercept survey. Even though sea perch intercept survey participants. Trip record

Fig. 3 Percent of total take of finfish and shellfish recorded on all slipways 8 New Zealand Natural Sciences 40 (2015)

Fig. 4 Seasonality of fishing trips made by the respondents of both surveys over a period of 14 months participants targeted rock lobsters, paua as area 14 and 15, were used mainly by the (abalone) and mussels. intercept survey respondents. Shellfish Not all the fish that had been caught collecting was centred predominantly were retained, for example 25% of the around areas 15 and 16 while area 18 and red cod and 12% of the blue cod catch offshore areas were popular for catching were returned or discarded, together with groper, blue cod and red cod. Charter spiny dogfish, barracouta, dwarf scorpion boats and recreational fishers with larger fish and banded wrasse. vessels (> 7 m) often fished these areas.

Fishing Pressure Fish Size

Most fishing was recorded in the For blue cod, which was the most summer months, November to March frequently caught fish, the range in the and the lowest number of fishing trips mean length caught by the respondents occurred during winter and spring, of both surveys was between 25-45 cm May to September (Fig.4). The peak in and where comparisons can be made, March was the result of the start of the the length was similar for both surveys. floundering season, which finished in Overall the mean length recorded from April. Fishing occurred predominantly the intercept surveys (36.8 cm) was less in areas outside the main harbour (areas than the trip reports (41.4 cm) (two 16 -18) and offshore (OFS) (Fig.5). Set- sample t-test T = 8.98, P < 0.001). netting activity mainly occurred in area 8 During the winter months (April - (Akaroa) during the seasonally permitted September) the range for the mean length period between April and September. for blue cod was 35-40 cm, increasing Areas around the harbour entrance, such to 45-50 cm in summer (December - Källqvist et al. Recreational Fishing in Akaroa Harbour 9

Fig. 5 Areas selected for fishing trips made by the respondents of both surveys (See Fig.1 map, OFS = offshore)

March). Fewer blue cod were captured mainly in areas 11 to 18 (Fig. 1). in the inner harbour than in the outer The mean length of the combined finfish harbour. Sea perch mean length ranged catch inside the Harbour was close to 30 between 20-30 cm during the winter, cm in winter and summer. In the outer increasing to 30-40 cm in the summer. Harbour, values were similar to this Although perch were generally absent during winter, but in summer the length from the inner parts of the harbour, they of the catch was 65 cm (ANOVA F = were captured in 11 areas where the mean 57.6, P < 0.001). length (30-35 cm) was similar (n = 560). Flatfish were only caught by trip records. Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) The mean length of red cod was similar from intercept and trip surveys, ranging Most fishing trips were short, with a between 30 and 48 cm, with larger fish duration of less than 12 h. The highest caught near the mouth of the harbour fish catch (70) was for an intercept and in the nearshore coastal areas (Fig. 1, respondent after 3.5 h of fishing, but 14-OFS). More red cod were caught at there was no significant increase in the start of the survey period (January to catch with fishing duration (data not June) than the last 7 months of surveying. included). Fishers using a rod and line Most rock lobsters were captured between fished for up to 8.5 h with those fishing October and April, with mean abdomen for 4 h catching an average of about 20 width (measured as the width between the fish. Set nets, which were used by trip spines on the second abdomen segment) record fishers were mostly deployed for for males and females being 81.3 and less than 6 h and yielded a catch rate 83.4 mm, respectively. They were caught of about 9 fish. Fishing trips targeting 10 New Zealand Natural Sciences 40 (2015) shellfish (including rock lobsters) were consistent with sports fishing statistics shorter, ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 h with from Australia (Zischke et al. 2012). It maximal catch between 1 and 2 h. Most is important to understand the attitudes rock lobsters were collected by diving; the and behaviour of these fishers so that catch rates were unimodal of duration up effective resource management can to 3.5 h with maximum at 2.5 h where be achieved (Richardson et al. 2005; the catch rate was just under 13 per trip. Yochum et al. 2011). The CPUE values for selected fish and shellfish species differed between trip Fishing Methods reports and intercept records (Table 1). For blue cod, the CPUE was higher The most common length of a vessel (2.4) for participants who completed was 5-7 m and classified as a cabin boat, trip records than those who took part in which is the typical size of a family boat the intercept survey (1.2), whereas, for in this part of Canterbury. Rod and red cod the CPUE was similar in both line fishing from private boat was the groups (0.2 for trip record respondents most common method of fishing in the and 0.4 for intercept respondents). present study and has been found to be For rock lobsters the CPUE for fishers the most popular in several recreational completing the intercept surveys was fishing surveys in New Zealand (Bell higher (8.5) than those completing the 1998, 1999, 2000; Tierney & Kilner trip records (5.6). The CPUE value for 2002). The current study found that butterfish (1.7) exceeded moki (1.4) and many recreational fishers used multiple flatfish (1.1). methods on a fishing trip such as rod and line and diving with tank. Of the 14 Discussion methods used by fishers in Bell’s survey (1998), some, including long line from This study from the Taiāpure reserve a boat, diving from shore, diving from in Akaroa Harbour, was undertaken charter boat and rod and line from shore because fisheries regulations were being were not recorded in the current survey. considered to maintain fisheries resources. Fishing practices reported here suggest Fish Catch that the major recreational fishing practices have remained the same over Blue cod is a prized fish species in New the 10-year period up to 2009, but there Zealand. It was the most targeted species were changes in the locations fished and for all fishers in the present study, and the the species targeted. most preferred target species of the South Island (Henderson 2009). Flounder and Demographics rock lobster were also highly targeted in the intercept surveys, reflecting their The main group of recreational fishers in iconic and cultural value. Species targeted the Akaroa Harbour area were males, aged by fishers appear to have changed over 41-50, living in Christchurch. Several time - in Bell’s survey (1998), red cod of the MPI surveys from New Zealand was the most targeted species followed by have found that is the most frequent age flatfish and blue cod which corresponded group undertaking recreational fishing closely with the species caught. MPI (Carbines 2000a,b) and this finding is research suggests that blue cod is the most Källqvist et al. Recreational Fishing in Akaroa Harbour 11 frequently landed finfish on the South to venture further out than the intercept Island (Beentjes & Carbines 2006), and survey respondent to catch blue cod. this was the case in the present study. Most respondents fishing inside the Flounders formed a major part of the harbour were close to the harbour catch of the trip respondents and perch entrance, mainly due to vessel size, the was caught regularly by all fishers. Of presence of family on-board, previous the rock lobsters caught, in the current fishing success and weather conditions. surveys, twice as many males were Thus, since 1997 recreational fishing taken than females. This may reflect trips have shifted from the upper harbour the availability of habitat and different (areas 1-10) to the harbour entrance and behaviour patterns of individuals (Booth the immediate areas outside. This may & Breen 1994). be due to limited fishing success inside the harbour or perhaps due to increased Fishing Trends capability of the recreational fishing fleet.

Bell’s recreational fishing survey (1998) in Length of Fish Caught Akaroa Harbour had an impressively large sample size (n > 1,700), and comparison There were no previous records of the with the present study reveals that fishing length of fish caught in Akaroa harbour motivation has changed since then. by recreational fishers and it is therefore This includes a decrease in fishing trips not possible to evaluate if maximal length targeting red cod and a decline in the red has changed over time. The current study cod catch. Comparisons with Bell’s survey found that the largest fish (red and blue (1998) revealed a similar proportion of all cod) were found in the summer in the fishers selecting to fish in Akaroa (area 8) outer parts of the harbour, rather than but reduced proportions of people fishing the inner harbour. For sea perch however, in the inner harbour from 2007-2009. fish of similar length were captured from a In the present study, 15% of the trip variety of locations, most likely reflecting record participants stated that they fished the wide range of this species, which lives offshore, showing an increased fishing in water depths from a few metres down activity outside the harbour (especially to 200 m (Hart et al. 2008). in area 18). As expected, in the present study, there CPUE was a distinct seasonal pattern to fishing activity in Akaroa Harbour. November For two of the three major species there to February was the most concentrated were differences in the catch per unit effort fishing period with a decline in fishing (CPUE) between catch rates recorded in activity over the winter months (June- the intercept and trip records. The four October), mainly due to rough seas and times higher CPUE for rock lobster catch bad weather. A peak in fishing activity in from the intercept surveys compared with March (2008) was likely due to the start the trip records may reflect a combination of the set-netting season for flatfish. The of contributing factors, including the favoured areas for any fishing activity expertise of the fishers, different fishing (apart from set netting) were outside locations and better gear. Similarly, the harbour. The results from the trip the increased CPUE for blue cod of record participants showed they tended participants from the trip records cannot 12 New Zealand Natural Sciences 40 (2015) be determined without better information for recreational fishing surveys that will about this group. The trip records were reduce set-up time for future surveys local volunteers including charter boat and ensure the data collected can be owners, whereas the intercept survey statistically analysed. It is an improvement participants were mostly holidaymakers on interview–based recall surveys such as from the Christchurch area. It is well those used by Bochenek et al. (2012) and known that fishers possess considerable Sparrevohn (2013), who investigated ecological knowledge (Leite et al. 2013) recreational harvest based on numbers which could explain differences in the and weight, a feature used in Europe to catch rates between the participating assess the recreational harvest of overfished groups. In contrast, the CPUE for red species. That study recommended that cod for both groups was similar, perhaps numbers and not weight be recorded and reflecting a less intensive targeting of this we would support this with the additional species. feature of recording length of targeted fish In Bell’s 1998 report on recreational to follow population trends. fishing in Akaroa Harbour CPUE values Since this survey, from October 2009, were not separated for different survey within the Taiāpure there have been methods. In addition, some of the areas reductions in maximum daily bag limits previously fished are no longer allowed, for most species to three for blue cod, blue and in the previous survey, charter boats moki, butterfish, red cod and sea perch, were not sampled. Nevertheless, it is of and a combined daily catch of ten overall. interest to compare a few of the major Also, in 2013, new fisheries regulations species. For blue cod the catch rate were introduced requiring charter boats recorded by intercept survey participants carrying recreational fishers to file reports in the current survey was similar (close to on areas fished, target species, time of 1.0) to records from 1997. Similarly, the fishing and the number of passengers catch rate recorded here for rock lobsters on board. In addition an application from trip records (2.4) was similar to for a marine reserve comprising 10% the 2.0 reported by Bell (1998). In of Akaroa harbour has been approved contrast with these values, the CPUE by the Minister of Conservation. These values for red cod in the present study new initiatives mean that it is important had dropped considerably (0.2 and 0.4) to continue assessing fish and shellfish since 1997, when Bell recorded CPUE populations throughout the harbour, values of 1.75. The lower values most record catch rates and regularly review likely reflect reduced fish stocks and are the bag limits. There is also a need for consistent with stock evaluations from increased public awareness and visibility the Canterbury region where numbers of the Ministry for Primary Industries on are known to have decreased since the water and on the slipways to ensure 2002/2003 and fluctuated in recent years that the regulations are being followed due to irregular recruitment (Kemp et al. (Fujitani et al. 2012). 2013, Ministry for Primary Industries The present research has highlighted 2013). the usefulness of catch records from intercept and trip reports made by fishers Management Implications in assessing changes in the fish and shellfish populations in a local reserve. The present study provided a framework As businesses and tourist boat activities Källqvist et al. Recreational Fishing in Akaroa Harbour 13 in the Taiāpure increase, there may be conflicts in New Zealand fisheries: The increased pressure on resources. There rights of fishers and protection of the will, however, be the opportunity for marine environment. Marine Policy greater involvement in monitoring of 31: 719-729. fish and shellfish abundances and studies Bochenek, E.A. Powell, E.N. & on capture and release of key species. A Depersenaire, J. (2012). Recall bias combination of such approaches will in recreational summer flounder part be needed in order to determine the boat trips and angler preferences to effectiveness of the Taiāpure and marine new approaches to bag and size limits. reserve in protecting fisheries resources in Fisheries Science 78: 1-14. Akaroa Harbour. Borch, T. (2010). Tangled lines in New Zealand’s quota management system: Acknowledgements The process of including recreational fisheries.Marine Policy 34: 655-662. We would like to thank Te Rūnanga o Bosch, D. (2010). 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