Development Urogenital Systems

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Back to Mesoderm…! Intermediate mesoderm Development After lateral folding… of under coelomic epithelium Urogenital Systems Lengthwise column Urinary system : ANHB 2212 – 2008 Nephric tubules Avinash Bharadwaj Open in the coelomic cavity, later… Draining duct The Kidney Story… Pronephros 8 to 10 “segments” – cervical Developmental and evolutionary Cell groups… Successive parts of intermediate mesoderm craniocaudal sequence Begins high up Disappear completely Three sets of “kidneys” Do not function as kidneys (only some species of fishes) First, middle and ‘other’ (final). Pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros Mesonephros Step-by-step … Thoracolumbar region Sectional view… Tubules Duct : mesonephric duct (Wolffian) Aorta Mesonephric duct Caudal end : Cloaca Æ urogenital part nd 2 month events Functional for a short period Paramesonephric duct 1 Mesonephros disappears Metanephros Tubules regress Caudal end of nephrogenic cord Duct persists… …put to some use! Duct : diverticulum from mesonephric duct Æ Ureteric bud Migrates cranially Metanephros Collecting System Pelvis Major calyces Minor calyces Major calyces Metanephric cap Pelvis Æ Urine-forming part Pelvis Major and minor calyces Ureteric bud Major calyces Collecting ducts Æ Collecting system Metanephric cap Æ tubules The Nephron The Nephron… Cell clusters around blind ends Glomerulus of tubules Parts of the tubule PCT Hollow DCT Thin part Æ Bowman’s capsule Proximal convoluted Rest Æ tubule Loop of Henle Loop Distal convoluted Communication essential ! 2 Ascent of Kidney Reproductive Organs Blood vessels : Gametogenic cells… successive sources Gonadal ridge Fused kidneys : Mesonephric and Arrested by IMA x paramesonephric ducts Gonads descend Common plan… M Differentiation P Male System Female System “Gubernaculum” M Paramesonephric duct Mesonephric duct Fusion : caudal part P Æ Uterus Cranial : Tube Uterine abnormalities. Female System Final Picture Uterine tube Descent stops in the Müllerian duct Ligament pelvis * of ovary* Gubernaculum Æ Fibrous cords Ovary Ligaments : Round Uterus : ligament Fused Müllerian Of ovary of uterus ducts Round ligament of uterus Vagina 3 Implications of Descent Blood supply Veins Nerves Lymphatics Inguinal canal and its contents 4.

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Clinical Pelvic Anatomy
SECTION ONE • Fundamentals 1 Clinical pelvic anatomy Introduction 1 Anatomical points for obstetric analgesia 3 Obstetric anatomy 1 Gynaecological anatomy 5 The pelvic organs during pregnancy 1 Anatomy of the lower urinary tract 13 the necks of the femora tends to compress the pelvis Introduction from the sides, reducing the transverse diameters of this part of the pelvis (Fig. 1.1). At an intermediate level, opposite A thorough understanding of pelvic anatomy is essential for the third segment of the sacrum, the canal retains a circular clinical practice. Not only does it facilitate an understanding cross-section. With this picture in mind, the ‘average’ of the process of labour, it also allows an appreciation of diameters of the pelvis at brim, cavity, and outlet levels can the mechanisms of sexual function and reproduction, and be readily understood (Table 1.1). establishes a background to the understanding of gynae- The distortions from a circular cross-section, however, cological pathology. Congenital abnormalities are discussed are very modest. If, in circumstances of malnutrition or in Chapter 3. metabolic bone disease, the consolidation of bone is impaired, more gross distortion of the pelvic shape is liable to occur, and labour is likely to involve mechanical difficulty. Obstetric anatomy This is termed cephalopelvic disproportion. The changing cross-sectional shape of the true pelvis at different levels The bony pelvis – transverse oval at the brim and anteroposterior oval at the outlet – usually determines a fundamental feature of The girdle of bones formed by the sacrum and the two labour, i.e. that the ovoid fetal head enters the brim with its innominate bones has several important functions (Fig.
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Reproductionreview
REPRODUCTIONREVIEW Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals R P Amann and D N R Veeramachaneni Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1683, USA Correspondence should be addressed to R P Amann; Email: [email protected] Abstract Cryptorchidism is failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Primary fault lies in the testis. We provide a unifying cross-species interpretation of testis descent and urge the use of precise terminology. After differentiation, a testis is relocated to the scrotum in three sequential phases: abdominal translocation, holding a testis near the internal inguinal ring as the abdominal cavity expands away, along with slight downward migration; transinguinal migration, moving a cauda epididymidis and testis through the abdominal wall; and inguinoscrotal migration, moving a s.c. cauda epididymidis and testis to the bottom of the scrotum. The gubernaculum enlarges under stimulation of insulin-like peptide 3, to anchor the testis in place during gradual abdominal translocation. Concurrently, testosterone masculinizes the genitofemoral nerve. Cylindrical downward growth of the peritoneal lining into the gubernaculum forms the vaginal process, cremaster muscle(s) develop within the gubernaculum, and the cranial suspensory ligament regresses (testosterone not obligatory for latter). Transinguinal migration of a testis is rapid, apparently mediated by intra-abdominal pressure. Testosterone is not obligatory for correct inguinoscrotal migration of testes. However, normally testosterone stimulates growth of the vaginal process, secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide by the genitofemoral nerve to provide directional guidance to the gubernaculum, and then regression of the gubernaculum and constriction of the inguinal canal. Cryptorchidism is more common in companion animals, pigs, or humans (2–12%) than in cattle or sheep (%1%).
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Jemds.Com Case Report
Jemds.com Case Report FEMALE HYDROCELE- A RARE CASE Ramchandra G. Naniwadekar1, Pratik Dhananjay Ajagekar2 1Professor, Department of General Surgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Karad. 2Resident, Department of General Surgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Karad. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Naniwadekar RG, Ajagekar PD. Female hydrocele- a rare case. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2017;6(95): 7058-7059, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2017/1531 CASE PRESENTATION PATHOLOGICAL DISCUSSION We present to you a 30-year-old female with swelling in the Surgery revealed that the cystic mass included a serous right inguinal region since 6 months, which gradually component extending from the right inguinal canal to the increased in size and was not associated with any other pubis adherent to the round ligament of the uterus. High complaints. The swelling becomes prominent on standing, ligation at the deep inguinal ring and excision of the cystic coughing or straining on lifting weights, and disappears on lesion was performed. The repair of the hernia defect was lying down. There was no complaint of any chronic cough or done by mesh plasty. Pathologically, the excised sac correlated constipation or bladder outlet obstruction. On physical with the findings of Hydrocele of Canal of Nuck. A final examination, there was a single 3 x 4 cm round to oval swelling diagnosis of hydrocele of the Canal of Nuck was made. in the right inguinal region which was extending from the Postoperative recovery was uneventful and the patient was inguinal region upto the labia majora. Swelling was soft cystic eventually discharged.
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The Importance of the Gubernaculum in Testicular Migration During the Human Fetal Period ______
Vol. 40 (6): 722-729, November - December, 2014 REVIEW ARTICLE doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2014.06.02 The importance of the gubernaculum in testicular migration during the human fetal period _______________________________________________ Luciano A. Favorito1, Suelen F. Costa1, Helce R. Julio-Junior1, Francisco J. B. Sampaio1 1Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO ______________________________________________________________ ______________________ Objectives: The objective of this review is to study the role of the gubernaculum in the Key words: testicular migration process during the human fetal period. Testicular Diseases; Materials and Methods: We performed a descriptive review of the literature about the Cryptorchidism; Embryology; role of the gubernaculum in testicular migration during the human fetal period. Fetus; Testis Results: In the first phase of testicular migration, the gubernaculum enlarges to hold the testis near the groin and in the second phase the gubernaculum migrates across Int Braz J Urol. 2014; 40: 722-9 the pubic region to reach the scrotum. The proximal portion of the gubernaculum is attached to the testis and epididymis and the presence of multiple insertions in the dis- _____________________ tal gubernaculum is extremely rare. The presence of muscle and nerves in the human gubernaculum is very poor. The gubernaculum of patients with cryptorchidism has Submitted for publication: more fibrous tissue and less collagen and when the patients are submitted to hormonal June 20, 2014 _____________________ treatment, the gubernaculum components alter significantly. Conclusions: The gubernaculum presents significant structural modifications during Accepted after revision: testicular migration in human fetuses. October 31, 2014 INTRODUCTION gubernaculum’s development (1, 11).
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Ultrasound of the Inguinal Canal Part I
ULTRASOUND OF THE INGUINAL CANAL PART I PIERRE VASSAllO ltrasound has a major role in detecting disease in the of the gubernaculum to the uterus in female fetuses, the inguinal region. A good knowledge of the anatomy and migration of the ovary halts near the uterus and the distal Upathologic findings on ultrasound is required to reach a gubernaculum forms the round ligament. correct diagnosis. All layers of the abdominal wall extend along the The structure and function of the inguinal canal can gubernaculum, testis and round ligament; they form the only be appreciated when one understands what occurs scrotal sac in the male (Fig 2). The passage through the at this site during the embryonic and fetal periods. The different abdominal wall layers represents the inguinal formation of the inguinal canal starts at the 7th week of canal, which contains the spermatic cord in the male gestation. In males, it represents the passage through which and the round ligament in the female. An invagination the testis passes from its intraabdominallocation of origin of peritoneum that follows the testis into the scrotum, to the scrotum, its normal location at birth. In females, it detaches from the main peritoneal cavity and forms the contains the round ligament of the uterus. tunica vaginalis. This peritoneal invagination closes in At around 7 weeks of gestation, the gonads (testes and the female. A persistent peritoneal communication in the ovaries) develop along with the kidneys from the urogenital ridges. The urogenital ridges are located on either side of the structures that will form the lumbar spine.
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The Gubernaculum and the Evolution of Testicular Descent David M
The Gubernaculum and the Evolution of Testicular Descent David M. Darda* *Corresponding Author: [email protected] HAPS Educator. Vol 21, No. 3, pp. 12-19. Published December 2017. doi: 10.21692/haps.2017.048 Darda D.M. (2017). The Gubernaculum and the Evolution of Testicular Descent. HAPS Educator 21 (3): 12-19. doi: 10.21692/haps.2017.048 The Gubernaculum and the Evolution of Testicular Descent David M. Darda, PhD Department of Biological Sciences, 400 East University Way, Central Washington University Ellensburg, WA 98926 [email protected] Abstract Adding an evolutionary perspective to anatomy teaching can enrich student learning. One way of introducing evolutionary concepts into a course is by “sneaking it in” by presenting interesting and sometimes entertaining “stories” that add anatomical detail, encourage critical thinking, and illustrate underlying evolutionary history and concepts. The gubernaculum tells one such story; a story that involves the movement of the testes through the fetal abdominal cavity and finally into the scrotum. While it is well understood that the proximate importance of this migration is to guarantee an appropriate thermal environment for sperm production, our understanding of the role of the gubernaculum in anchoring, pulling, and clearing the way for the testes as they descend is only now coming to light. Even less clear is our understanding of the evolutionary forces that ultimately led to such a seemingly vulnerable positioning of the testes. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed, and whether one or more can ultimately explain the seemingly complicated process and curious anatomy, the essential evolutionary test has obviously been met– it works.
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Development of Urogenital System Dhaka
Mohammad Saiful Islam Phd (Japan) Post doc (Australia) Dept. of Anatomy, Histology & Physiology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Development of Urogenital System Dhaka Intermediate mesoderm forms a urogenital ridge Uro-genital ridge consists of laterally-positioned nephrogenic cord (that becomes kidneys & ureter) and a medially positioned gonadal ridge (for ovary/testis & female/male genital tract formation). Urinary & genital systems have a common embryonic origin (urogenital ridge) and they share common ducts. Kidneys Fig. 1 Development of pro-, meso- and meta-nephros Three kidneys develop chronologically (cranio-caudal) from nephrogenic cord. They are : pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros Development of pronephros and mesonephro: have a similar development Pronephros Consists of (7-8) primitive tubules and a pronephric duct That grows caudally and terminates in the cloaca. The tubules soon degenerate but the pronephric duct persists as the mesonephric duct. Mesonephros Consists of (70-80) tubules induced to form by the mesonephric duct (former pronephric duct) one end of each tubule surrounds a glomerulus (vascular proliferation produced by a branch of the dorsal aorta) The other end of the tubule communicates with the mesonephric duct Eventually, the mesonephros degenerates, but the mesonephric duct becomes epididymis & ductus deferens Metanephros Becomes adult kidney & ureter of mammals, birds, and reptiles Originates in the pelvic region and moves cranially into the abdomen during embryonic differential growth Lobulated initially but becomes smooth in most species. The metanephros originates from two sources: Fig. 2 Development metanephros, ureter a ureteric bud, which grows out of the mesonephric duct near and urinary Bladder the cloaca; the bud develops into the ureter, renal pelvis, and numerous collecting ducts; metanephrogenic mass, which is the caudal region of the nephrogenic cord; the mass forms nephrons.
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Animal and Veterinary Science Department University of Idaho AVS 222 (Instructor: Dr
Animal and Veterinary Science Department University of Idaho AVS 222 (Instructor: Dr. Amin Ahmadzadeh) Chapter 3 MALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY Basic components of the male reproductive system are the: scrotum, testis, spermatic cord, excurrent duct system (epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra), accessory sex glands, and penis and associated muscles (Figures 3-1, 3-2 to 3-4) Adapted from Senger © I. SCROTUM (Fig. 3-11, 3-15) A. Function 1. Thermoregulation/radiation 2. Protection and support of testis B. Thermoregulation Mechanism (Figure 3-11) Sweat glands and thermosensitive nerves are involved C. Scrotum layers (Figure 3-2 & 3-15) 1. Skin 2. Tunica dartos (dartos muscle) - Smooth muscle - Elevate the testes for a sustained period of time in response to temperature or stress 3. Scrotal fascia 4. Parietal vaginal tunic (Figure 3-15) 5. Visceral vaginal tunic (Figure 3-15) 5. Tunica Albuginea (Figure 3-14, 3-15) - Dense connective tissue - Closely related with secretory tissues of testicle D. Descent of Testes into Scrotum 1. Inguinal canal 2. Gubernaculum 3. Inguinal hernia 4. Tunica vaginalis formed 5. Timing: a. Sheep/cattle = mid-gestation b. Swine = last 1/3 of gestation Adapted from Senger © c. Humans/horses = just before or after birth II. Spermatic Cord (Figure 3-4; Bull) A. Function 1. Suspends the testis in the scrotum 2. Provides pathway to and from the body for the testicular vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves 3. Thermoregulation Mechanism (Figures 3-9, 3-10) -Pampiniform plexus: Provides a countercurrent heat exchange mechanism and act as a pulse pressure eliminator 4. Houses the cremaster muscle (see Figure 3-2) - Primary muscle supporting the testis - Coursing the length of spermatic cords - Involves with testicular temperature regulation -Striated muscle, short-term elevation of testes (NOT capable of sustained contraction like the tunica dartos in the scrotum) 5.
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Urinary System
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Endometriosis of the Canal of Nuck: a Systematic Review of the Literature
diagnostics Review Endometriosis of the Canal of Nuck: A Systematic Review of the Literature Anastasia Prodromidou * , Anastasios Pandraklakis , Alexandros Rodolakis and Nikolaos Thomakos 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (N.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Endometriosis is a common benign gynecological condition defined as the presence of endometrial tissue in tissues outside the uterine cavity. Apart from the common sites of endometriosis, rare sites other have also been reported including the liver, the thoracic cavity, the muscles, nerves, and more rarely in a patent Nuck canal. We aim to evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnostic features, and management of the Nuck endometriosis. A meticulous search of three electronic databases was performed until May 2020 for articles reporting cases of Nuck endometriosis. A total of 36 patients from 20 studies were analyzed. Median age of patients was 36 years with 33 women being of reproductive age. A right-sided lesion was identified in 30 cases (83.3%), while all patients suffer from a groin mass with cyclic pain in a proportion of 22%. All the patients finally underwent surgery for investigation of the lesion and fixation of the defect. Five cases of malignancy were detected at final pathology. All of them were alive with a median reported overall survival of 37 months. Nuck endometriosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of female patients with groin swelling. An evaluation by a gynecologist is important when endometriosis is suspected.
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A Rare Occurrence of Ovary-Containing Hernia of Canal of Nuck in a Female Child of Two Years
Case Report Glob J Reprod Med Volume 1 Issue 1 - April 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by RK Diwakar DOI:10.19080/GJORM.2017.01.555555 A Rare Occurrence of Ovary-Containing Hernia of Canal of Nuck in a Female Child of Two Years PB Nichkaode1 and RK Diwakar2* 1Department of Surgery, CCM Medical College & Hospital, India 2Department of Radio Diagnosis, CCM Medical College & Hospital, India Submission: April 6, 2017; Published: April 27, 2017 *Corresponding author: RK Diwakar, Department of Radio diagnosis. CCM Medical College & Hospital, India, Tel: ; Email: Abstract be keyWe factors present for a casecorrect where diagnosis. non-suspicion The size of of the the presence ovary and of the ovary presence in an inguinal of cystic hernia, lesions lead are tohelpful error in the diagnosis.diagnosis in a child of two years age. Proper sonographic examination in longitudinal as well as transverse plane with 6-12 MHz linear probe and the use of CDU may prove to Keywords: Inguinal canal; Hernia; Ovary; Ultrasonography; Color Doppler; Canal of Nuck Introduction The incidence of inguinal hernia in females is 1.9%, the ratio Surgical exploration of left inguinal canal revealed the of boys to girls being 6:1 [1]. Congenital hernia in female child presence of the ovary (Figure 2) in the sac which was gently is a considerable rarity. Failure of obliteration of canal of Nuck cleared. The ovary appeared normal for age and was reposed results in an indirect inguinal hernia. back in the abdomen (Figure 3). Herniotomy was done and the wound was closed in layers.
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Mullerian Anomalies
Mullerian Anomalies David A Grainger MD, MPH Objectives • Review Embryology of genital tract development • Examine/classify anomalies • Treatments • Outcomes Comparison table: aneuploidy and euploidy of the gonosomes Karyotype Phenotype Gonad Syndromes Fate 45, XO female Ovaries Turner's syndrome Atrophy of the ovaries 45, YO --- --- --- Absence of the X -chromosome is lethal 46, XX female Ovaries Normal woman Normal development 47, XXX female Ovaries Normal fertility Normal development 46, XY male Testes Normal man Normal development 47, XXY male Testes Kleinfelter's Small testes, azospermia 47, XYY male Testes Normal fertility Normal development Embryology 1. Upper part of gubernaculum 2. Mesonephros 3. Gonad 4. Urogenital cord 5. Dorsal mesentary 6. Paramesonephric duct (Mullerian) 7. Metanephros 8. Mesonephric duct (Wollfian) 9. Lower part of gubernaculum 10. Intestine GREEN – Urogenital meso PURPLE – Mesovarium RED - Mesosalpinx 1. Upper part of gubernaculum 6. Paramesonephric duct 2. Mesonephros 7. Metanephros 3. Gonad 8. Mesonephric duct (W) 4. Urogenital cord 9. Lower gubernaculum 5. Dorsal mesentery 10. intestine 1a. Paramesonephric duct (M) 2a. Mesonephric duct (W) 3a. Lower guberncaulum 4a. Uterovaginal canal 5a. Urogenital sinus 7th-8th week 1b. Fallopian tube 2b. Atrophied Wolffian duct 3b. Ovarian ligament 4b. Uterus 5b. Vagina After 8 weeks 3rd month 1. Epoophoron 2. Paraoophoron 3. Ovarian ligament 1. Gubernaculum 4. Mesonepric duct – atrophied 2. Mesonephros 5. Gartner cyst 3. Paramesonephric duct (Mullerian) 6. Hymen 4. Mesonephric duct (Wolffian) 7. Suspensory ligament of ovary 5. Tubernaculum sinuale 8. Uterine tube 6. Indifferent gonad 9. Cyst of morgagni 7. Lower gubernaculum 10.Uterus 8. Urogenital sinus 11.Round ligament 9. Genital swelling 12.Vagina 13.Insertion of round in labia majora 1.
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