Local Area Development Programme in Iraq
Financed by the Implemented European Union by UNDP
PROVINCIAL RESPONSE PLAN
ANBAR GOVERNORATE
December 2017 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP
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FOREWORD BY THE GOVERNOR
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CONTENT
PRP Anbar Governorate
Foreword by the Governor ...... 3 Content ...... 5 List of Figures ...... 7 List of Tables ...... 8 Abbreviations ...... 9 Introduction ...... 11 1. Organisation of the PRP ...... 11 2. Purpose of the PRP ...... 11 3. Methodology ...... 11 4. PRP development process ...... 12 I. Context ...... 15 1. Location and administrative division ...... 15 2. Geography and natural resources ...... 15 3. History and conflict ...... 19 3.1. Historical significance...... 19 3.2. Iraq war (2003–2011) and Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) ...... 19 3.3. Occupation by ISIL (2013–2017) ...... 20 II. Social profile ...... 22 1. Population ...... 22 2. Living conditions ...... 24 3. IDPs and returnees ...... 26 3.1. Profile ...... 26 3.2. Challenges facing IDPs ...... 27 3.3. Situation of IDPs in camps ...... 28 3.4. Return process ...... 29 4. Disadvantaged host community groups ...... 30 4.1. Profile ...... 30 4.2. Social support services ...... 30 4.3. Best practices ...... 31 III. Economic profile ...... 33 1. Economy ...... 33 2. Industry ...... 35 3. Agriculture ...... 37 4. Commerce ...... 40 5. Tourism ...... 41 6. Private sector ...... 43 7. Investment ...... 44 IV. Public service delivery ...... 46 1. Transport network ...... 46 2. Electricity service ...... 53 3. Water supply service ...... 54 4. Wastewater management ...... 59 5. Waste management ...... 62 6. Healthcare ...... 64 7. Education ...... 69
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V. Governorate Administration ...... 72 1. Governor and Governorate Council ...... 72 2. Governorate budget ...... 72 3. Departments ...... 72 VI. SWOT analysis ...... 74 VII. Strategic objectives ...... 75 VIII. Programmes (priority areas for development) ...... 76 1. Programme 1: Activate peace building at the tribal and community level ...... 76 2. Programme 2: Ensure the return of IDPs ...... 77 3. Programme 3: Create supporting environment for strengthening of societal links ...... 79 4. Programme 4: Restore and improve the electricity service ...... 81 5. Programme 5: Restore and develop the water supply and wastewater service ...... 82 6. Programme 6: Expand and develop waste management...... 83 7. Programme 7: Improve health services quality and access ...... 84 8. Programme 8: Improve access to and quality of education ...... 86 9. Programme 9: Reconstruct and develop the transport network ...... 88 10. Programme 10: Encourage investment and industry development ...... 89 11. Programme 11: Strengthen the agriculture sector ...... 91 12. Programme 12: Improve public governance ...... 92 IX. Implementation of the PRP ...... 95 1. Implementing structures ...... 95 2. Monitoring and evaluation ...... 95 3. Financial resources ...... 95 Sources ...... 96
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Anbar on Iraq’s administrative map 16 Figure 2 Administrative division of Anbar Governorate 16 Figure 3 Anbar on Iraq’s physical map 17 Figure 4 Climograph and temperature graph for Khalidiya, Anbar Governorate 17 Figure 5 Köppen climate classification, Iraq – Anbar outline 17 Figure 6 Mineral and hydrocarbon resources in Anbar Governorate 18 Figure 7 Population pyramid of Anbar Governorate, 2016 23 Figure 8 Socio-economic development indicators for Anbar Governorate based on 2011 data 24 Figure 9 Estimated distribution and number of jobs required in Anbar province in 2013/2033 33 Figure 10 Structure of Anbar’s Administration 73
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Population of Anbar Governorate by administrative division, sex and urban/rural, 2016 22 Table 2 Population of Anbar Governorate by age, sex and urban/rural, 2016 23 Table 3 Disparity in development among qadhas in Anbar Governorate, 2013 25 Table 4 IOM IDP statistics for Anbar as of 31 Oct 2017 26 Table 5 Services provided to IDPs by NGOs, INGOs and UN Agencies 29 Table 6 Reasons for returning/not returning of IDPs 29 Table 7 MoLSA sections providing services to persons with disability/special needs persons 30 Table 8 Units under MoLSA providing services to disadvantaged groups in Anbar Governorate 31 Table 9 Large industrial enterprises in Anbar Governorate by public-private and sector, 2013 35 Table 10 Industrial enterprises in Anbar Governorate by size, 2013 36 Table 11 Land available for plant agriculture in Anbar, 2013 37 Table 12 Plant agriculture in Anbar by main categories, 2013 37 Table 13 Relative weight of qadhas in plant agriculture production in Anbar, 2013 38 Table 14 Animal husbandry in Anbar Governorate, 2013 38 Table 15 Sites of interest for developing Anbar’s tourism sector 42 Table 16 Investment plan for the industrial sector (conclusion), Anbar Investment Board, 2017 44 Table 17 Investment opportunities in Anbar by sector, Anbar Investment Board, 2017 45 Table 18 Roads within the borders of municipalities under Directorate of Anbar Municipalities 46 Table 19 Priority road projects of municipal institutions under Directorate of Anbar Municipalities 46 Table 20 Main roads by year of construction and secondary roads in Anbar Governorate, DoRB Anbar 47 Table 21 Strategic projects of DoRB/MoCH suspended as a result of ISIL occupation of the province 47 Table 22 Ongoing and completed bridge reconstruction in Anbar Governorate 48 Table 23 Summary of destruction from warfare to the transport infrastructure under MoCH/DoRB in Anbar 48 Table 24 ISIL-related damage to bridges in the transport network under MoCH, Anbar Governorate 50 Table 25 Proposed reconstruction projects for bridges and roads outside municipal boundaries 52 Table 26 Destroyed substations in the electrical distribution system of Anbar Governorate by end-2016 54 Table 27 Water control facilities in the Euphrates basin, Anbar Governorate 55 Table 28 Reservoirs on wadis of the western desert, Anbar Governorate 55 Table 29 Main dams on rivers and springs in Anbar Governorate, and post-ISIL status 55 Table 30 Damages to irrigation infrastructure and related assets, Anbar WRD 56 Table 31 Damages to infrastructure, projects and assets under WRD–Fallujah 56 Table 32 Needs of WRD–Fallujah for machinery and service vehicles 57 Table 33 Required projects and proposed activities in the water sector in Anbar Governorate 58 Table 34 Proposed projects for 2018-2022 by centres under Anbar Sewerage Directorate 59 Table 35 Status and condition of wastewater collection and treatment facilities as of end-2016 60 Table 36 Projected needs of centres under Anbar Sewerage Directorate in recently liberated areas 61 Table 37 Waste generation and status of landfills of municipal institutions under the Directorate of Anbar Municipalities 63 Table 38 Waste generation and status of landfills under Ramadi Municipality Directorate, and related needs 63 Table 39 Status of waste-processing/street-cleaning machinery and equipment of municipal institutions under the Directorate of Anbar Municipalities, and related needs 63 Table 40 Capacity of the health sector in Anbar pre- and post-ISIL 65 Table 41 Projects of DG Health in Anbar suspended in the context of ISIL and financial crisis 65 Table 42 Projects proposed by the Health Directorate for 2018–2022 68 Table 43 Education indicators for 2013/2014 school year, DG Education, Anbar Governorate 70 Table 44 Damages to education infrastructure under DG Education in Anbar (31 Oct 2016 – 01 Apr 2017) 70 Table 45 Proposed work on school infrastructure in Anbar by DG Education as of 2016 71
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ABBREVIATIONS
AQI Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) COSIT Central Organisation for Statistics and Information Technology (Iraq) CBSP Community Based Strategic Planning (process/methodology) CSOs Civil Society Organisations DoRB Directorate of Roads and Bridges (under MoCH, Iraq) FFES Funding Facility for Extended Stabilisation (UNDP) FFIS Funding Facility for Immediate Stabilisation (UNDP) GoI Government of Iraq GSP Governance Strengthening Programme, Iraq (USAID) HEI Higher education institution IDPs Internally displaced persons IOM International Organisation for Migration ISIL Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant LADP Local Area Development Programme (EU funded, UNDP implemented) Law 21 Law of Governorates Not Incorporated into a Region – aka. Provincial Powers Act (2008) or “Transfer of Functions” Law, calling for decentralisation of the government and the transfer of suitable ministerial “functions” to the provincial governments. The Second Amendment to Law 21 affects greater provincial self-determination. MoCH Ministry of Construction and Housing MoE Ministry of Education (Iraq) MoHESR Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Iraq) MoLSA Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Iraq) MoMD Ministry of Migration and Displacement (Iraq) MoMPW Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works (Iraq) MoP Ministry of Planning (Iraq) MoWR Ministry of Water Resources (Iraq) MoYS Ministry of Youth and Sports (Iraq) OPF Operation Iraqi Freedom PDS Provincial Development Strategy (5-year plan) PPDC Provincial Planning and Development Council PPP Public-Private Partnership PRP Provincial Response Plan PwDs Persons with disability SC Steering Committee SOE State-owned enterprise UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNWTO World Tourism Organisation (United Nations agency) USAID United States Agency for International Development WaSH Water, sanitation and hygiene WRD Water Resources Directorate WWTP Wastewater treatment plant
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INTRODUCTION
Anbar is one of Iraq's five central governorates worst affected by the 2013–2014 ISIL invasion and resultant heavy combat; fighting to liberate the province has continued into December 2017. In result, more than one million people have been internally displaced, and infrastructural damage has been significant as well. In this regard, with support from LADP, the authorities of Anbar Governorate have set out to elaborate a Provincial Response Plan (PRP) for the period 2018–2022.
1. Organisation of the PRP
The Plan consists of two main integral parts – vulnerability assessment and strategic part:
The vulnerability assessment reviews the situation – prior to and following ISIL – in three strategic areas: (1) community development, (2) economic development, and (3) provision of public services. For each strategic area, a number of indicators have been researched in order to provide a full picture of the conditions in the governorate.1 Based on the vulnerability assessment, the strategic part includes: SWOT analysis; a list of identified strategic objectives; and a list of identified priority areas for development (programmes). Several projects have been identified in series of workshops and consultations by the working groups with the support from the experts for each programme that will help return people in the governorate to normal life.
2. Purpose of the PRP
The Provincial Response Plan (PRP) sets a framework for actions to be taken by the governorate with support from the central authorities and international donors. It provides provincial authorities with an instrument to help them:
Better monitor the progress of the reconstruction, planning and prioritisation of development actions; Coordinate the efforts of international donors – given the limited resources of the national and provincial budget; Better recognise what additional technical support they need.
At the same time, the PRP aims to direct the efforts of the provincial authorities from immediate post-conflict stabilisation toward longer-term development. Currently, Anbar is mainly a recipient of international aid and central budged instalments. Through the Plan, the Governorate will become the leading partner in its development process and it will proactively pursue its objectives – including through implementation of public- private partnerships (PPPs) and cooperation with the international donors and investors and local community.
The PRP is a living document that will be periodically reviewed and updated as required. As Anbar Governorate moves forward in addressing pressing developmental issues, it will be more important than ever to ensure that the efforts of government and international agencies are synchronised and leveraged as part of a holistic and sustainable response.
3. Methodology
Traditionally in Iraq the planning process is highly centralised. Therefore, LADP is supporting the development of a participatory planning approach to formulate prioritised objectives and strategies to address the key security, governance, economic, and social challenges that the target governorates are facing (Anbar, Diyala, Nineveh, Salah al-Din and Kirkuk). Through the participatory approach several goals are achieved: help strengthen democracy; reduce corruption; limit differences among various political and ethnic groups; and empower citizens by promoting greater interaction between stakeholders within communities. Participatory planning creates a fair process to prioritise development and implementation of projects and fosters a sense of ownership of development programs.
1 We note that while Ana’a, Rawa and Qa’im qadhas have been liberated only recently (end-2017), the Governorate has not yet conducted damage assessment in these areas.
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Therefore, the development of PRPs under LADP has followed the Community Based Strategic Planning methodology (CBSP).
Strategic planning. Strategic planning was the selected approach because it differs from the traditional model of comprehensive planning in several important ways: Strategic planning is pro-active. Through the strategic planning process, the community seeks to shape its future – not just prepare for it; Strategic planning focuses only on the critical strategic issues and directs resources to the highest priority activities. Setting priorities is necessary because the resources available to the local government (governorate) are less than the demands on them. By contrast, comprehensive planning covers all activities that must be done without indicating which ones are the most important; Strategic planning is led by those tasked to implement the resultant strategic plan; it entails ownership. By contrast, a comprehensive plan prescribes who should implement it but it does not require the inclusion of those entities in the strategic planning process. Community-based planning. Community involvement strengthens strategic planning in several ways: Transparency: While the strategic plan establishes priority areas for development, it has political as well as economic dimensions. Community involvement contributes to a transparent process. Implementation/resource mobilisation. Community involvement promotes plan implementation. Beyond government resources, it helps mobilise the resources of the community toward achieving the economic goals. Successful strategic planning involves the entities that will be tasked with the implementation of the plan. Support and credibility: Participation of community leaders in plan development gives the resulting plan credibility in the community. Consensus among Project Steering Committee members promotes a community consensus in support of the Plan.
4. PRP development process
The development of PRP following CBSP methodology entails the process of (1) establishment of a coordination group, (2) collection of baseline information, and (3) identification of strategic areas of intervention by involving relevant stakeholders.
However, due to the specifics in the environment in the LAPD target cluster of governorates (i.e. post-war conditions of damaged infrastructure, security, fragility and large number of IDPs), the main priority areas were set at the beginning of the planning process – rather than identifying them based on detailed research on the current situation in the governorate – based on the initial meetings with the established Steering Committee and Technical group for the preparation of the PRP in September 2016. The main priority areas identified are: community development, economic development, and provision of public services.
The Project SC in each province has had to weigh in many factors while integrating the summary action plans into a coherent strategic plan for development. In some cases, the availability of resources could only be assumed – e.g. financial allocations from the central budget, grants from International donors and (PPP-based) private investments.
Implementing the CBSP methodology for the development of the PRP has embedded two key concepts: “on-the- job-training” and “learning-by-doing.” E.g. Anbar Governorate staff and other stakeholders have benefited from trainings and support from the LADP experts; while people from the governorate involved in the preparation of the PRP have contributed information and findings. These two concepts have been streamlined throughout the process of PRP preparation – from the first meetings with the PSC until the completion of the PRP.
The thirteen-step approach to Community-Based Strategic Planning has been integrated into the main activities of the preparation of the response plan.
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13-step CBSP process 1. Initiate process and make decision on strategic planning activity; 2. Organise the Public-Private Strategic Planning Task Force (Steering Committee); 3. Develop vision of the economic and social future of the province in the next planning period; 4. Identify stakeholders (stakeholders management); 5. Develop and analyse baseline data – including, in parallel: Collect data on socio-economic trends; Collect data on Key industries; Collect data on economic development infrastructure; and Conduct business survey; 6. Conduct SWOT Analysis; 7. Identify strategic issues; 8. Identify critical strategic issues; 9. Establish Action Groups around critical strategic issues; 10. Apply Logical Framework Approach (LFA): Develop a problem tree; Develop an objective tree (and identify strategic objectives); Build LogFrame Matrix for each activity; 11. Develop Action Plans to address critical strategic issues – incl. build an Action Planning Group around each critical strategic issue; 12. Integrate Action Plans into PRP (this document); 13. Prepare Plan for implementation, evaluation and updating the PRP.
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I. CONTEXT
1. Location and administrative division
Anbar Governorate is located in the western part of Iraq. With area of 138 579 km2 (55 315 200 donums), it is the largest governorate in Iraq, constituting 32% (almost a third) of Iraq’s total area.
The Governorate has joint administrative borders with Nineveh, Salah Al-Din, Baghdad, Babil, Kerbala and Najaf governorates, and international borders with Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia (see Figure 1). As such, it has strategic location for trade and transport. Four crossing points into Iraq are located here: Qa’im and Waleed crossing points with Syria, Traibeel with Jordan and Ara’ar with Saudi Arabia.
Anbar Governorate is divided into 11 qadhas (districts) – (from North to South) Qa’im, Rawa, Ana’a, Haditha, Heet, the governorate centre Ramadi, Khalidiya, Fallujah, Amiriyat, Karmah, and (in the south-west) Rutba; these are further sub-divided into 22 nahias (see Figure 2). We note that Amiriyat, Karmah and Khalidiya qadhas only obtained this administrative status very recently (2017). Therefore, (1) some ministries are still working with the old administrative division, which may create confusion; and (2) data for Anbar disaggregated per all 11 qadhas is not readily available.
2. Geography and natural resources
Relief and geology. To the West and South of the Euphrates, Anbar Governorate occupies the region Badia al- Sham – the Syrian Desert – i.e. the northern part of the Arabian steppe, covered in large part by basalt rocks from lava flows (see Figure 3). Its northeast parts occupy the Al-Jazeera Desert – an extension of the plateau of the Arabian Peninsula. The area consists of a wide stony plain interspersed with rare sandy stretches, small hills and a number of valleys (wadis), the most important of which are Horan, Mihimmdi, Jibab and Almaenai valleys. The western plateau reaches elevation of 951 m.a.s.l. at Mount Unayzah at the Jordanian border. To the East, the valleys are subjected to heavy erosion due to the decline in land elevation – 250-300 m.a.s.l. near the Euphrates mainstream – and the precipitation pattern.
Soils. Soils in the desert are poorly developed, of coarse texture and containing many stones and unweathered rock fragments; the humus content is low. The valleys contain some light fertile soils. Fertile soils are concentrated along the Euphrates River valley. The Euphrates enters the lush alluvial plain at the historic town of Anbar on the left bank of the Euphrates, 5 km north-west of Fallujah. On the whole, 10.4% of the governorate area is arable land – of which only 12% are non-reclaimed (i.e. naturally conducive to agriculture).
Climate. Anbar has primarily hot and dry desert climate (BWh according to Köppen-Geiger – see Figures 4 and 5). During the year, there is virtually no rainfall. The large amounts of sunlight, the relatively low desert elevations and the low humidity condition significant diurnal temperature variations: searing high temperatures during the day, and freezing at night. The average annual temperature is 20.4°C; monthly average temperatures reach 30–32°C in summer months (i.e. 41–45°C during the day) and 9–10°C in winter months (with a record low of -14°C in Rutba). The annual precipitation is 115 mm; about 70% of this falls between November and March.2
Vegetation. For the most part, the combination of rain shortage and extreme heat drives very high rates of evaporation. Soil and plants rapidly lose any little moisture obtained, and in, most areas, vegetation could not survive without extensive irrigation.
Water resources. Anbar Governorate is strategically located with regard to surface water resources. The Euphrates enters Anbar Governorate at Qa’im city on the Iraqi–Syrian border. Approximately 450 km of the Euphrates flow through the governorate. The river is navigable by very shallow draft boats as far as the city of Heet (at 1930 km upstream and 53 m.a.s.l.). The lakes of Habaniya and Haditha dam and parts of Tharthar and Razaza lakes are also located here. These lakes are considered strategic for water conservation, electric power, fishing and tourism. A widely ramified pattern of wadis – watercourses that are dry most of the year – runs from the western border to the Euphrates. Some wadis are over 400 km long and carry brief but torrential floods during the winter rains. Groundwater reserves are found in the western part of the governorate.
2 https://www.ncciraq.org/images/infobygov/NCCI_Anbar_Governorate_Profile.pdf; https://en.climate-data.org/location/532108.
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Figure 1 Anbar on Iraq’s administrative map Figure 2 Administrative division of Anbar Governorate
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Figure 3 Anbar on Iraq’s physical map Figure 4 Climograph and temperature graph for Khalidiya, Anbar Governorate3
Figure 5 Köppen climate classification, Iraq – Anbar outline
3 Data: https://en.climate-data.org/location/930523/#climate-graph.
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In Anbar province, the sustainability of water resources is at risk. Both water conservation and degradation of the quality of water need to be a concern. A major related problem is soil salinisation and soil degradation. With regard to water quantity, dams and water projects constructed upstream (in Syria and Turkey) have significantly reduced the Euphrates river flow into Anbar. In fact, dams can now divert all of the flow of the rivers, and yet more dams are under construction. Fluctuations in Euphrates water flow are caused by non-compliance with water quotas among the countries on the river. Thus, in Anbar, both the Euphrates and groundwater reservoirs are fed primarily by the wadis of the western desert during the winter rains. At the same time, the area has suffered severe droughts in recent years, reducing rainfall to less than 50% of the normal levels. While groundwater is also used for irrigation, there is danger of overusing the water, with severe consequences for humans, the environment and the economy. With regard to water quality, the decreasing river flow and high temperatures increase in the salinity level of water. Also, while the Euphrates is the main source of drinking water for people in Anbar, the lack of wastewater treatment plants in cities along the river poses a massive threat to the environment, public health, human and economic development in the governorate. Soil salinisation and soil degradation are primarily caused by human activity, while exacerbated by the dry hot climate and high evaporation rates. They have impact on agricultural production, food security, environmental health, and economics. Irrigated areas are particularly affected, while projected temperature increases and changes in precipitation are expected to aggravate the problem. Therefore, it is important that together the provincial and central authorities work to improve soil and water management and develop short- and long-term solutions to ensure sustainable soil and water resources, e.g.: Conserving freshwater ecosystems – with benefits on both water quantity and quality; Expanding the wastewater collection and processing infrastructure and service; Raising awareness about the need and ways to conserve water among the population; Research and development to introduce sustainable agriculture and irrigation methods; etc.
Mineral and hydrocarbon resources. Anbar province has availability of various natural resources. E.g. along the Euphrates, the western plateau is characterised by abundant limestone and gypsum rocks; the abundance of sand and gravel is an additional asset for the development of construction sector industries. The various clays and sands – thermal, silica, mineralised, Figure 6 Mineral and hydrocarbon resources in Anbar Governorate4 etc. – provide conditions for development of a range of industries, e.g. refractories, ceramics, glass, pharmaceu- ticals, etc. There is some availability of gold, iron, uranium, magnesium, silver, and sulphur. A wide strip of mineral phosphates in the western part is relevant for the chemicals/fertilisers industry. There are large hydrocarbon deposits in the Akkaz field in the western part of the province with oil reserves estimated at 1.416 billion m3, and natural gas reserves of 1500.8 billion m3.
4 Adapted from MoMP, Directorate General of Urban Planning, with AECOM (Sept 2014), Structural Plan of Anbar Governorate: Development of Anbar Governorate in 2013-2033 (Final).
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3. History and conflict
Throughout history, Anbar’s strategic crossroads position in the Middle East has premised both significant cultural exchange and much warfare and conflict. Like the rest of Iraq, in the last decades Anbar has been ridden by violence and political turmoil.
3.1. Historical significance
A number of historic archaeological sites in Anbar Governorate testify to its distinguished place in history.
Ancient period. Anbar region was known for the production of bitumen, used as far back as 3000 years ago for building purposes and for caulking boats/shipbuilding. Heet, for instance, retains its name from that time, when it was a frontier fortress for Assyria.
Persian period. Anbar Governorate takes is contemporary name from the historic city of Anbar, whose ruins are located 5 km northwest of the city of Fallujah. Founded ca. 350 AD by the Muntherids on the site of an ancient Mesopotamian town, before the Arab conquest of 634 Anbar was the second largest city in the territory of today’s Iraq. In middle Persian, this pre-Islamic name means "warehouse" or "granaries," relating to the town/area’s significance in long-distance trade: this being the last stop/warehouses on the old Silk Road to Syria, and the primary entrepôt5 on the western borders of Lakhmid Kingdom.
Islamic period. In 757 AD, the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate made Anbar his capital and remained there until the completion of Baghdad in 767 AD. Anbar continued to be a place of much importance throughout the Abbasid period; it was abandoned after the Mongol invasion in the 14th century.
Ottoman period. Under the Ottoman Empire, Anbar affirmed its strategic position as a main route across the desert – along the Euphrates – linking the Mediterranean and the Arabian Gulf.
20th century. Anbar’s territory – and especially Ramadi – was contested several times by armies (WWI, WWII). Under Saddam Hussein, the region came to be an important area of support for the regime. May high-ranking officials of the ruling Ba’ath Party came from the region; local elites were closely tied to the regime, and local tribes were also largely co-opted to support the regime.
3.2. Iraq war (2003–2011) and Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
During the first four years of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), the Anbar Province was the deadliest province for American service members, claiming approximately one-third of American fatalities. Aside from Baghdad, Anbar witnessed more fighting and killing than any other governorate since the US-led occupation of Iraq began in 2003. During the early years of OIF, it provided an important base for Al Qaeda and insurgent operations, as foreign fighters and insurgents used the river valley to move in relative safety from the Syrian border to cities like Baghdad, Ramadi and Fallujah.
In the period 2004–2007 the two “Battles of Falluja” took place, causing much destruction and displacement. The inter-tribal conflicts and the activities of Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) further deteriorated the situation. A number of factors – including AQI’s increased targeting of tribal leaders, politicians and police officers in Anbar – led many Sunni insurgents to realign with the Coalition forces beginning in January 2006. Sheikh Nasser Al Mukhlif (leader of the influential Abu Fahd tribe), the Iraqi Prime Minister Al-Jafaari, and the US Ambassador agreed that US forces would be replaced with local fighters throughout much of Anbar. In exchange, local tribal leaders and fighters were charged with expelling foreign fighters and isolating AQI. Local fighters also received arms and weapons, USD 300 monthly salaries, and other benefits from the Coalition forces. After this agreement was formalised, AQI assassinated Sheikh Nasser Al-Mukhlif, as well as other tribal and police leaders. In turn, this further exacerbated tensions between local residents and insurgent groups.
In August 2006, several tribes located in Ramadi and led by Sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha began to form what would eventually become the Anbar Awakening, which later led to the tribes revolting against AQI. The Pentagon credited the Sunni Sahwa (“Awakening”) fighters, often referred to as the “Sons of Iraq,” for significantly curbing AQI’s influence in Baghdad, Anbar and many other governorates that witnessed the worst bloodshed and violence in the period 2006–2008. After some delay, on 01 September 2008, Anbar became officially the tenth province transferred to Provincial Iraqi Control.
5 Trading post where merchandise may be imported, stored or traded, usually to be exported again.
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In October 2008, AQI announced the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq. Violence in the province continued through the last months of 2011. The USA officially withdrew its troops from Iraq in 2011, but the insurgency and various dimensions of civil armed conflict continued. Armed groups as well as the population – especially youth – grew increasingly galvanised by the Syrian Civil War.
In the wake of the U.S. withdrawal in 2011, various security and political calamities changed the dynamics of family and community life across Iraq, resulting particularly in volatile young generation. The informal community support once available to young people was weakened by high rates of unemployment, daily security concerns, poverty and lack of perspectives for personal progression together with failure of the educational system and the healthcare network. All this created fertile ground for radicalism – resulting in the creation of various anti-government groups, identified under common denominator “Sunni Insurgency.” Maliki’s political marginalisation of Sunni leaders and sectarian command of the Iraqi Security Forces spurred an anti-government protest movement, primarily in Sunni areas such as Anbar and Salah ad-Din. The protest movements spawned an organised, overt, armed Sunni rebellion, which fostered the conditions in Fallujah and Mosul that ISIL exploited to capture the cities in January and June 2014, respectively.
3.3. Occupation by ISIL (2013–2017)
Anbar is one of Iraq's governorates worst affected by the 2013–2014 ISIL invasion and resultant heavy combat. More than one million people have been internally displaced, and infrastructural damage has been significant.
All in all, ISIL came to control ca. 80% of Anbar’s territory. In Dec 2013, incidents led to violence in Anbar between the Iraqi Army and a loose alliance of tribal militias and other groups fighting alongside ISIL. In Jan 2014, the anti-government forces took control of Fallujah, and there was heavy fighting in Ramadi. In June, ISIL launched a major offensive in Anbar alongside their assault on Northern Iraq. In late Sept–early Oct 2014, ISIL launched an offensive aimed at fully occupying Anbar. ISIL seized Saqlawiya on 22 Sept following a 7-day siege, and Kbesa on 4 Oct, following the capture of most of nearby Heet; the Iraqi army fully retreated from Heet on 13 Oct. By UN estimates, the fighting over Heet alone displaced ca. 180 000 people. On 17 May 2015, ISIL captured Ramadi, after launching multiple waves of suicide attacks during a sandstorm, which caused Iraqi forces to retreat.
The liberation offensive started on 13 July 2015, involving different types of security forces in coordination with the International Coalition Forces. Since, all qadhas of Anbar province have been liberated from ISIL control: Ramadi (end-Jan 2016), Amiriyat and Fallujah (June 2016), Karmah, Khalidiya, Heet (Apr 2016), Haditha and Rutba (May 2016), and most recently, Ana’a (Sept 2017), Qa’im (Nov 2017) and Rawa (Dec 2017).
With the liberation of the last sands of ISIL in Ramadi, 2016.Post-ISIL destruction is staggering. By UN assessment of Anbar – announced on 10 Dec 2017 – there are March 2016, destruction in Ramadi was worse than anywhere in Iraq. officially no longer ISIL-held parts of Iraq. Still, Fighting to drive out ISIL has resulted in ca. 80 % of the city destroyed. the situation in Anbar remains unstable.
On being driven out, ISIL have left thousands of explosive devices, which makes difficult the return to normal life; the Army with the support of UNMAS are conducting operations to clear Anbar of explosive devices. Much of the economic infrastructure is destroyed, making difficult economic recovery; services are still missing; and poverty levels are very high. The situation is exacerbated by the number and situation of IDPs Ramadi, Nov 2017 – Anbar Main Street. Life is slowly restored; people and the pervasive fear of retributive acts. are trying to cope with available opportunities. The damages are still seen everywhere; services are still limited; and further support is needed..
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New displacements in the west in 2017 have layered on protracted displacement in the east of Anbar. According to the Ministry of Migration and Displacement (MoMD), since the beginning of 2017 alone, over 22 000 people have fled areas held by ISIL in west Anbar to Kilo 60 and Kilo 18 transit sites on their way to camps in east Anbar. In the summer, every day between 150 and 300 people were making the 500 km journey from Qa’im to Kilo 18 in scorching temperatures, often 45°C. Displacement spiked in early May 2017, when over 1200 people fled in the span of three days, and in late June, when a further 1200 fled over a similar time period. IDP influx from Anbar to Baghdad, Bezbez Bridge, May 2015. Thousands of people were stuck at this point as they were obliged to In IDP camps, overcrowding, protection and go through strict security checking before entering into the capital. services concerns are high. Kilo 60 and Kilo 18 were intended as short-term temporary sanctuaries. Before June 2017, over 90% of the people who arrived from western Anbar were moved on to better-equipped camps and host communities in eastern Anbar and adjacent governorates. In the last week of June, Kilo 60 doubled its population, bringing the camp to almost full capacity. On 02 July 2017, a suicide attack targeting camp residents of Kilo 60 killed 14 people. Basic assistance is provided at transit sites, but there are significant gaps in services, including garbage disposal, healthcare, access to clean drinking water and sufficient food. Even with the help of partners, resources are scarce. Partners west of Ramadi are few, which further Situation in Anbar IDP camps, Sept 2017: thousands lack food, water reduces the ability to provide assistance. and basic services, while children do not receive any education.
Along with Nineveh and Salah al-Din, Anbar has been the epicentre of displacement and return. The rate of return of IDPs is slowed by fear of retributive acts; this is increasingly a reason cited by displaced people who do not wish to return to areas of origin. Many IDPs fear collective punishment on return if they are perceived as having had links with ISIL. Return is further made difficult by the extent of damage to housing and infrastructure in areas of return, and the growing protection concerns. Meeting the increasingly complex needs of the population is proving a challenge to partners and the Iraqi authorities, in the context of low resources and capacity available to respond in the governorate.
In Anbar’s post-ISIL context, the struggle to return to normal life is considerable. The violence meted out by ISIL and destruction from military activities have destroyed communities. Retributive acts are a concern, as well as “collective punishment” and the treatment of perceived supporters of ISIL. Restoring a state of security, service provision, and return of IDPs to their homes are prerequisites for rebuilding socio-economic life in the governorate. Above all, asserting the rule of law and transparent governance based on a culture of human rights will be pivotal to facilitate peaceful living together of communities in the course of economic rebuilding.
21 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP
II. SOCIAL PROFILE
1. Population
Even though it is the largest governorate in Iraq, given its mostly desert area, Anbar is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Iraq and its population is disproportionally small. Altogether, Anbar Governorate has population of 1 755 459 (4.6% of Iraq’s population).6 Of these inhabitants, 48.6% are female, 50.1% are urban, and an overwhelming 70.7% are under the age of 30. On average, 48.5% of the entire urban population are women, with predominance of men in urban areas in the age group 0-39. For both sexes, data indicate a trend of migration to urban areas, especially after the age of 20. There is pronounced clustering of population: over 2/3rds of the entire population (68.5%) are concentrated in two qadhas – Ramadi and Fallujah; Ramadi and Fallujah qadha centres alone are home to almost half (43.5%) of all residents of Anbar Governorate – with significance for jobs generation, service and resource provision, etc. At the level of nahias, over 75% urbanisation rate is given for Kbesa and Heet, Fallujah, Haditha, Rutba and Rawa qadha centres.
Table 1 Population of Anbar Governorate by administrative division, sex and urban/rural, 2016 Qadha Nahia Urban Rural Total (QC =qadha Male Female Total % of total Total Male Female Total % of Anbar’s centre) population population Ramadi Ramadi QC 114 184 107 687 221 871 51.3 210 251 222 006 210 115 432 122 24.6 Habaniya 16 494 15 556 32 050 23.3 105 307 70 498 66 858 137 357 7.8 Waffa 2700 2546 5246 50.8 5087 5309 5025 10 334 0.6 Total 133 378 125 788 259 167 44.7 320 645 297 814 281 999 579 812 33.0 Heet Heet QC 34 051 32 113 66 164 78.2 18 405 43 490 41 080 84 569 4.8 Baghdadi 3593 3389 6982 19.3 29 174 18 554 17 602 36 156 2.1 Kbesa 8692 8198 16 890 91.3 1601 9514 8978 18 491 1.1 Forat 1671 1576 3247 10.8 26 781 15 405 14 623 30 028 1.7 Total 48 008 45 276 93 284 55.1 75 961 86 963 82 282 169 245 9.6 Fallujah Fallujah QC 128 161 120 868 249 028 75.2 82 092 170 259 160 861 331 120 18.9 Amiriyat 12 284 11 585 23 868 22.9 80 405 53 517 50 756 104 273 5.9 Saqlawiya 4887 4609 9496 17.9 43 606 27 249 25 853 53 102 3.0 Karmah 5995 5654 11 649 8.7 122 181 68 652 65 117 133 830 7.6 Total 151 327 142 715 294 042 47.2 328 283 319 679 302 646 622 325 35.5 Ana’a Ana’a QC 10 725 10 114 20 839 66.6 10 465 16 091 15 212 31 304 1.8 Total 10 725 10 114 20 839 66.6 10 465 16 091 15 212 31 304 1.8 Haditha Haditha QC 23 753 22 401 46 154 89.9 5181 26 410 24 925 51 336 2.9 Haqlaniya 7215 6804 14 019 50.8 13 584 14 181 13 422 27 603 1.6 Barwana 8544 8058 16 601 64.1 9290 13 308 12 583 25 891 1.5 Total 39 511 37 263 76 774 73.2 28 055 53 899 50 931 104 830 6.0 Rutba Rutba QC 14 515 13 689 28 204 75.8 8997 19 129 18 072 37 201 2.1 Walid 153 144 297 5.0 5597 3023 2871 5895 0.3 Nukhib 1085 1024 2109 59.6 1430 1819 1721 3539 0.2 Total 15 753 14 857 30 610 65.6 16 025 23 971 22 664 46 635 2.7 Qa’im Qa’im QC 37 831 35 678 73 509 67.9 34 754 55 654 52 609 108 263 6.2 Obour 5718 5393 11 110 28.0 28 576 20 373 19 314 39 687 2.3 Obiadi 1145 1079 2224 7.5 27 374 15 183 14 415 29 598 1.7 Total 44 693 42 150 86 843 48.9 90 704 91 209 86 339 177 547 10.1 Rawa Rawa QC 9264 8737 18 002 75.8 5760 12 218 11 543 23 761 1.4 Total 9264 8737 18 002 75.8 5760 12 218 11 543 23 761 1.4 Anbar total 452 660 426 901 879 561 50.1 875 898 901 843 853 616 1 755 459 100
6 All data in the chapter – unless specified otherwise – are from MoP annual statistics for 2016. MoP estimation for 2016 based on place of birth (hospitals) & registered residency. Population increase from 2015 (40 300 people) reflects mostly births. The population number does NOT include refugees/IDPs from outside Anbar, but it DOES include IDPs from Anbar. The shares of urban/rural and female/male population remain unchanged from 2015 (COSIT) to 2016 (MoP). The last population census in Iraq was in 1997.
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Table 2 Population of Anbar Governorate by age, sex and urban/rural, 2016 Age group Urban Rural Total Male Female Total % in age group Total Male Female n % of people in Anbar 0-4 66 659 62 156 128 815 47.3 143 693 14 1987 130 521 272 508 15.5 5-9 61 586 56 839 118 425 48.0 128 332 12 8727 118 030 246 757 14.1 10-14 56 362 51 465 107 827 48.8 113 005 11 5336 105 496 220 832 12.6 15-19 50 380 45 795 96 175 49.6 97 848 10 1270 92 753 194 023 11.1 20-24 43 954 39 693 83 647 50.6 81 701 86280 79 068 165 348 9.4 25-29 37 637 34 403 72 040 51.1 68 807 72985 67 862 140 847 8.0 30-34 30 724 29 090 59 814 51.4 56 521 59281 57 054 116 335 6.6 35-39 25 533 24 846 50 379 51.8 46 826 48896 48 309 97 205 5.5 40-44 20 822 21 097 41 919 52.3 38 221 39607 40 533 80 140 4.6 45-49 16 961 17 462 34 423 53.0 30 534 31805 33 152 64 957 3.7 50-54 13 450 13 774 27 224 54.4 22 797 24404 25 617 50 021 2.8 55-59 10 404 10 656 21 060 55.1 17 150 18595 19 615 38 210 2.2 60-64 7432 7563 14 995 55.2 12 186 13256 13 925 27 181 1.5 65-69 5104 5227 10 331 55.5 8272 9085 9518 18 603 1.1 70-74 3030 3176 6206 56.2 4830 5410 5626 11 036 0.6 75-79 1209 1412 2621 58.4 1866 2236 2251 4487 0.3 80+ 1413 2247 3660 52.5 3309 2683 4286 6969 0.4 Anbar total 452 660 426 901 879 561 50.1 875 898 901 843 853 616 1 755 459 100
Figure 7 Population pyramid of Anbar Governorate, 2016 % of the total population of Anbar Governorate 0 2 4 6 8
80+ Female 75-79 70-74 Male 65-69 60-64 55-59
50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39
Agegroup 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 30000 60000 90000 120000 150000 Population number
The overwhelmingly young population (53.3% under 20, 70.7% under 30) poses specific challenges. It is necessary to look for swift and effective solutions to include youth in the economic and social life of the governorate. Youth are the most vulnerable to exclusion, while they are also a key factor for development. At the same time, youth are also the most exposed to radicalisation and participation in sectarian and military conflicts. For 15 years the security situation in the province has been unstable and residents have been living under the constant threat of violence; this situation has been exacerbated since 2014. In result, the already low levels of school attendance and career opportunities have worsened as well. Thus, at present, there is here a constantly increasing group of young people, who are either illiterate or have very basic literacy, who do not have career opportunities and who are socially excluded. Each year there is a new wave of children who become of school age – but with no possibilities to receive education. At the same time, a growing number of 14–18 year olds enter society and the economy/labour market with no skills and competences. The situation requires targeted measures to address the problems of youth – including projects to increase basic literacy, programmes for catching up with education, and student placements based on student competences instead of just age group.
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The population of Anbar is majority Sunni Arabs; there are no major religious or ethnic differences and conflicts. However, the socio-political fabric of Anbar has traditionally revolved around tribes and local hierarchies; tribal leaders and Sunni clerics generally retain a high level of authority in local affairs. This tribal composition of society in Anbar leads to many conflicts and disputes. In the recent conflict, some of the tribes have aligned themselves with ISIL, while others have retained loyalty to Iraq. Tribal divisions are very much felt and they have political implications, too. Political disputes in the governorate are commonplace and lead to power shifts.
There is need for reconciliation within the Sunni community. It is important to note that all conflicts before ISIL were external, while the terrorist group managed to put fellow Sunnis against each other and divide the families and tribes. While for the inter ethnic and religious conflicts in Iraq – including reconciliation within the Sunni community – there are actions and support at the national level and from the international organisations, there is a need to work on the daily communication between the tribes in Anbar, especially in regard to peace building after the involvement of some tribes with ISIL and the revenge killings afterwards.
2. Living conditions
Access to basic services. Pre-ISIL, access to basic services was sub-optimal although relatively good. Based on 2011 data, deprivation from drinking water (18.1%), sewer (1.5%) and shelter (0.6%) in Anbar were far below the average for Iraq. Service indicators are driven up by high access to electricity pre-ISIL (highest in Iraq - 99.5%), improved sanitation (91.7%) and healthcare; at the same time, only 41.4% of households have access to improved drinking water, only 8.7% have access to public sewerage, and e.g. maternal mortality (41 per 100 000 live births) is among the highest in Iraq. I.e. pre-ISIL, quality of service appears to be more of an issue than access. Based on data for 2013, infrastructure services performance efficiency is below the average for Iraq (40% vs. 50% respectively).7
Figure 8 Socio-economic development indicators for Anbar Governorate based on 2011 data
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Poverty (%) Poverty
Illiteracy (%) Illiteracy
$PPP)
schooling
access (%) access
education
transportation (%) transportation
Women (25y+) with (25y+) Women
secondary education secondary
water access (%) access water
Youth unemployment Youth
Households with auto with Households
sanitation access (%) access sanitation
Households with public with Households
Expected mean years of years mean Expected
Maternal mortality ratio mortality Maternal
septic tank access (%) access tank septic
GNI per capita (thousand capita per GNI
Total unemployment (%) unemployment Total
Households with drinking with Households
Ownership of housing (%) housing of Ownership
Households with electricity with Households Men (25y+) with secondary with (25y+) Men Households public sanitatio/ public Households Legend: Orange – Anbar; Grey – range between top- and lowest- performing governorate of Iraq
Income and poverty. Based on data for 2011, Anbar scores 4th among Iraq’s 18 governorates on GDP per capita (USD 7989), but 15th on Annual Household Income (USD 15 420).8 The average monthly income per capita is 0.92% of the average monthly expenditure. Income poverty is estimated at 15.4% (compared to 18.9% average for Iraq). At the same time, ca. 14.2% of the population suffer from multidimensional poverty, compared to e.g. 4.3 % in Baghdad. Current data on poverty in Anbar is not available, but it has been estimated that in ISIL-affected governorates, the impact of economic, social and security disruptions has pushed poverty rates to 41.2%.9
7 Anbar Governorate Statistic Department data for 2013. 8 All data in chapter – unless specified otherwise – from UNDP/UN-Habitat (22 Nov 2016), LADP Strategic Urban Development Framework for Governorates in Iraq: Indicator Technical Brief, and UNDP (2014), Iraq Human Development Report 2014. 9 WB, “The World Bank in Iraq: Overview,” updated 01 Apr 2017: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/overview.
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Literacy. Due to the population movements since 2003 and the constant conflicts, by total years of schooling (7.5), by 2011 data, Anbar scores 14th among the 18 Iraqi governorates. Anbar also scores the 4rth highest total illiteracy rate in Iraq (18%); illiteracy among youth is lower – at 12.4%. The gender variation in education attainment is pronounced: e.g. boys spend more time in school than girls (8.1 and 6.7 respectively). The total school dropout rate (58.6%), while still high, is below the average for Iraq (65%); however the dropout rate for young women is a soaring 70%. The years of ISIL occupation have compounded the situation, with dire effect on education levels in Anbar. Declining skills and qualifications translates into uncertain employment prospects.
Employment. Unemployment for ages 15+ in Anbar is 18.1%, compared to 11.1% average for Iraq. By UNDP data, with 15.9% total unemployment rate, Anbar scores the second worst unemployment situation in Iraq – 29.9% among youth (15-29y).10 According to province data, unemployment is even higher – at 21.4% total, and a soaring 40% among youth. The private sector is weak and cannot absorb the growing workforce; the majority of employment opportunities are provided by the state. The waves of displacement caused by the conflicts have further weakened the provision of employment opportunities. The low employment prospects for youth and women are a serious concern. Female and female youth economic activity rates in Anbar (19% for both) are much higher than the averages for Iraq (13% and 12% respectively) – and yet employment of young women is half the average for Iraq. In sum, youth –especially young women (15-29y) – experience the highest level of exclusion in the labour market.
Education is central for approaching Anbar’s demographic challenges – as family planning attitudes (e.g. early marriages/pregnancies), relationships within the family and community, and especially youth perceptions (on e.g. sectarianism, employment of women or entrepreneurship), all rely on education, education of women especially. Post-ISIL, schools have to accommodate more students at the same level, and new curricula/programmes are needed to allow children to catch up with their peers. Continued education service provision and closing of gaps are a first necessary step – alongside psychological support to students in the school environment; followed by improving the school environment to raise enrolment rates. For education to benefit longer-term economic development in Anbar, the development is necessary of a dynamic private sector to absorb the youth bulge, better alignment of HR supply and demand (e.g. through vocational training/skills development programmes), and job placement programmes based on competency. Additionally, programmes including e.g. micro loans and training are necessary to stimulate female employment.
Inequality. Inequality in Anbar is pronounced. The UNDP 2014 Human Development Index (HDI) shows “medium human development” for Anbar: 0.677 (below the 0.694 average for Iraq, given range of 0.639–0.764) – reflecting lagging progress in health, education and income. However, the Inequality-adjusted HDI for Anbar is even lower – only 0.574: i.e. Anbar has in fact “low human development” and suffers ca. 18% loss of development due to inequality. The loss of development due to inequality is particularly pronounced for youth and women. The Youth Development Index (YDI) for Anbar is the lowest in Iraq – 0.500 compared to 0.641 average for Iraq. YDI is even lower for young women (0.299 compared 0.535 average for Iraq), driven by lower Table 3 Disparity in development among qadhas in Anbar 11 education levels and especially much lower Governorate, 2013 employment opportunities for women. Youth Infrastructure Unemployme unemploym services Indicators nt (% of 15– Poverty (%) In terms of spatial inequality, e.g. Karma and ent (% of performance 64y) Waffa nahias, which border Baghdad and 15-29y) efficiency (%) Karbala respectively, have poverty rates as high Value/Rank (R) Value R Value R Value R Value R as 46% and 48% while Rawa Qadha Center has Iraq 11 - 30.3 - 20 - 50 - a poverty rate as low as 6%. The 4 largest Anbar total 21.4 - 40 - 32.2 - 40 - Fallujah 19.9 7 40 1 45.3 1 45 5 nahias – Ramadi (15%), Habaniya (16%), Falluja Ramadi 20.5 5 25 2 32.9 2 40 4 (17%) and Karma (48%) alone account for 63% 12 Heet 21 4 11 4 16.9 6 30 2 of Anbar’s poor. Qadhas also vary widely by Haditha 21.3 3 5 5 7.1 8 35 3 quality of services (while generally insufficient) Ana’a 21.4 2 3 6 8.4 7 60 7 and by level of diversification of income Rawa 21.5 2 3 6 31.1 3 50 6 opportunities (see Table 3). Qa’im 20 6 16 3 28 4 30 5 Rutba 21.6 1 5 5 18.7 5 25 1
10 UNDP (2014) , IRAQ HDR 2014. 11 Anbar Governorate Statistic Department data for 2013. 12 Vishwanath, T. et al. (WB Group, June 2015), Where Are Iraq’s Poor?: Mapping Poverty in Iraq. Modelled at poverty line of IQD 101 675.9.
25 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP
Spatial inequality is a specific threat to social cohesion. Alongside investments to diversify the local economies and income base, extending services to (1) remote areas or to (2) areas where most of the poor live would help respectively (1) increase perceived equity or (2) reduce poverty headcount.
Deprivation. Particularly in the context of sub-par service delivery, poverty enhances deprivation. The index of deprivation is based on 4 variables: household income, unemployment, level of schooling, and water access. In Iraq this is in the range max 0.358 – min 0.163. Anbar scores the highest deprivation level among the 18 governorates (0.358).
Corruption. Iraq ranks 166th out of 176 countries total (score 16/100) on the 2016 Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International; it has more or less kept this rank since 2006. Rampant corruption affects socio- economic development on many levels – from discouraging private sector development, to ineffective placement of human resources, jobs available, unequal distribution of services, etc. In the current Anbar context, the interplay of insecurity, corruption, deprivation and inequality feeds populism and exacerbates tensions, as perceptions are heightened of impunity, ambiguity of public spending and favouritism of administration.
Notwithstanding that political instability, war, internal conflicts and terrorism fuel corruption – in particular political corruption – peace and rebuilding in the post-ISIL context are contingent on improving the transparency and accountability of governance in the Governorate.
3. IDPs and returnees
3.1. Profile
The ISIL invasion of Anbar Governorate and ISIL control over most of cities in the governorate drove a high wave of displacement: ca. 70% of people in areas controlled by terrorist groups were displaced, totalling more than one million people. After the liberation of areas, displaced families have started to return.
Table 4 IOM IDP statistics for Anbar as of 31 Oct 2017 IDP families by governorate of displacement IDPs from Anbar province (origin) Families (n) Persons (n) % of IDPs in Iraq Anbar 21 179 125 286 25.45 IDPs returnees to Anbar Families (n) Persons (n) Fallujah 82 764 496 584 Ramadi 73 694 442 164 Heet 29 867 179 202 Haditha 4555 27 330 Rawa, Ana’a, Qa’im – – Rutba 4529 27 174 Anbar 195 409 1 172 454 IDPs in Anbar by type of shelter Shelter arrangements of IDPs Persons (n) camp 90 354 host family 28 842 informal shelter 4470 rented housing 3186 school building 138 unfinished building 84
26 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP
As of 31 Oct 201713: IDPs in Anbar Governorate are 127 074 in total of whom 98.6% are from Anbar province – 125 286 citizens of Anbar, displaced inside Anbar. Of IDPs from Anbar still displaced in other provinces: 147 704 are in Baghdad; 112 778 in Erbil; 28 000 in Kirkuk; 59 000 in Sulaymaniyah; and ca. 7000 are elsewhere in Iraq; Returnees are 1 172 454, of whom 558 822 are people displaced from other areas of Anbar. Returnees from other governorates include: 258 702 from Baghdad; 149 343 from Erbil; 132 792 from Kirkuk; and 61 926 from Sulaymaniyah.
The figures show that the majority of displaced people from Anbar stayed in free zones in the governorate, moving to relatives and camps. The groups of IDPs who went to Kurdistan and Baghdad are comparable in size.
Anbar is specific in Iraq in terms of the shelter situation of IDPs. The majority (71%) of IDPs remaining in Anbar have been accommodated in camps – while e.g. more than two thirds of IDPs staying in Baghdad, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah have rented housing. This indicates that the majority of people with means to support themselves have chosen to move out of Anbar province, while poorer people have remained in Anbar camps.
Efforts should be concentrated on the people who are currently in Anbar province, because they are in a harder situation. The available IOM data show that: Most people displaced outside Anbar have some means to sustain themselves and are renting houses; The majority of displaced people have had to stay in Anbar – either in camps or with relatives; Of IDPs inside Anbar, (1) some are returning to their homes, and (2) some are forced by circumstances to remain in the camps. Both groups have very similar problems – damaged of destroyed houses, damaged infrastructure, lack of access to health and education. In this regard, actions toward them should be similar.
3.2. Challenges facing IDPs
Living conditions. Traditionally, most of the population of Anbar Governorate depend for their livelihoods on trade, agriculture, industries, and other occupations. In the context of displacement outside of their areas, and the besieging of their cities by terrorism, families have faced huge difficulties with regard to living conditions, livelihoods, and dependence on relief assistance provided by NGOs or governments. While relief assistance is usually directed to families in the camps, it does not reach IDPs who live in separate residential units. The challenges in this regard have been great to displaced families, as well as donors and NGOs.
Health conditions. The scale and dynamics of displacement have reflected negatively on the health situation of displaced families for two main reasons: (1) lack of financial ability to afford health care; and (2) permanent mixing in the IDPs camps and sheltering methods in these camps. The huge number of refugees in the camps facilitates the transmission of diseases; in particular, some skin diseases have spread in the camps – e.g. rash, scabies, Baghdad pimple, etc. Usually, camp shelters are damaged tents that are not good for living; they protect neither from summer heats nor winter colds, again facilitating disease transmission. The situation is exacerbated by the lack of health guidance, lack of monitoring of relief assistance to the camps (including food and water), and the lack/insufficiency of health units and provided health services.
Education. Among the serious negative consequences of displacement has been the wide spread of illiteracy, limited education participation, and deterioration of students’ learning/education levels. For families who do not continue their education, the reasons are several, mainly: financial capacity; lack of sufficient school buildings; lack of schooling requirement in the camp; and the poor socio-psychological condition of the displaced families.
Potential problems with host communities. IDP families experience difficult living conditions, deterioration of education and psychological status, unknown future, financial loses, loss of homes and property, and camp conditions characterised with little respect for human dignity. All these challenges premise short- and long-term negative consequences, which may include problems related to e.g.: Radicalisation and easy recruitment of young IDP family members by terrorist groups; Increase of migration incidence, leading to brain drain; Increase of begging incidence; Family separation and increase in divorce incidence; Deterioration of families’ economic level; Increase in the administration of painkillers and certain drugs.
13 Data in chapter: IOM DTM Round 82 – 31 Oct 2017: http://iraqdtm.iom.int/DtmReports.aspx and http://iraqdtm.iom.int/ReturneeML.aspx.
27 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP
To avoid the risks of displacement, the following steps should be followed: 1. Work to rehabilitate the liberated areas and provide basic services; 2. Speed up the return of the displaced families to their areas; 3. Speed up the compensation of victims – starting with houses; livelihood support, etc.; 4. Work to improve the education situation, rehabilitate schools and universities, and urge families to catch up with education; 5. Open Psychological Counselling Centres; 6. Contact the central government and donor states to support and encourage income-generating micro projects; 7. Develop economic plan that is in line with the economic reality of the governorate and encourage the private sector; 8. Coordinate with community centres and organisations in the governorate to start preparing workshops and seminars that respond to community needs and conditions.
3.3. Situation of IDPs in camps
Healthcare. Currently, there are two clinics serving the IDPs in Khalidiya IDP camps; these provide primary healthcare, while the cases requiring surgery or more complicated medical treatment or examination are referred to the main hospitals in Khalidiya, Ramadi or Fallujah. Two clinics have been established by Dari NGO; each of these has 3 physicians, 2 nurses and 1 medical assistant. In addition, four mobile clinics provided by the International Medical Corps (IMC) offer primary healthcare; each of these clinics has a physician, a nurse and one medical assistant. Recently, doctors have volunteered to provide medical consultations in these camps, however these doctors are not present at all times and they visit the camps irregularly when they are available.
Education. The education issue for the children in these camps is still a major threat that has been growing since the situation deteriorated in 2014. By October 2017 data, nearly all children in Al-Khalidiya IDP camps do not attend school. Only one school (“Ashur”) was built in the camps for these children with support from a fund from Kuwait. This school was supposed to be open for children but the Anbar DoE failed to provide teachers and staff to run the school.
Social challenges. Given the prolonged residence of some IDPs in the camps (almost 2 years), certain social challenges have emerged including early marriage, separated/unaccompanied children, widows, households, child labour, etc. Despite some NGO efforts, these challenges present a threat to social cohesion.
IDP children are particularly vulnerable. IDP children can be seen selling cigars, sweets or tissues on the roads or at traffic junctures. IRC and Tajdeed are initiating awareness campaigns targeting the families and community leaders on the risks of child labour and its future effects. The impact of such campaigns is still very limited. In addition, UNICEF and partners have established “Child Friendly Spaces” and “Youth Friendly Spaces” that provide entertainment and activities to children in the age groups 5–12 and 13–17 respectively.
Statistics are lacking on the number of children who work, who are separated, unaccompanied or have a disability. Estimations for Khalidiya main IDP camps show that there are more than 80 children separated and over 100 children with disability; yet these children live in the same conditions as the rest of the children and they do not receive any kind of support or care.
NGO, INGO and international organisation projects for IDPs. In response to the crisis in Anbar, many NGOs/INGOs and UN agencies have intervened to provide assistance, relieve the IDPs and to support the regional government cope with the needs and the shortage that the governmental staff and departments suffer from. Interventions targeting IDPs – in camps, as well as within the host community – have included the sectors of food and non-food items, health, WaSH, protection, child protection, GBV, legal assistance, and employment, as well as other services provided on regular and irregular basis. The table below presents an initial assessment of services provided by provider; this is due to change depending on the movement of IDPs or emergent crises.
28 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP
Table 5 Services provided to IDPs by NGOs, INGOs and UN Agencies 14 n Organisation/Agency (provider) Areas of intervention (services) 1 UNHCR Camps, camp coordination & management, relief/non-food items 2 UNICEF Child protection, WaSH 3 Islamic Aid Organisation Food items 4 International Rescue Committee Legal assistance, relief items , child protection 5 United Iraqi Medical Society Mobile clinic with female doctor, delivery clinic 6 IOM Non-food items, caravans, business development, shelter 7 Al-Murtaqa NGO IDP employment in camp cleaning campaigns 8 International Relief and Development Camp management, non-food items 9 Afkar Society WaSH services, relief items, child protection 10 Norwegian Refugee Council Relief items, gender-based violence 11 MoMD Food/non-food items 12 Rebuild Iraq Recruitment Programme Oil, food items, WaSH items 13 Iraqi Red Crescent (IRC) Food items, relief items 14 International Committee of the Red Cross Food items, relief items 15 Qatar Red Crescent Food items
Targeted measures are required to support the people who still live in the camps. People residing in camps generally do not have means to provide for themselves and have no place to return to. At the same time, many people who have remained in the camps for more than two years have lost the will to look for work and live outside the camps. Significant problem is the lack of education services. IDP children are put in even worse conditions than youth in camps, because they have no opportunities for study or additional activities. Currently, camps offer no educational activities for young people and children. There is need for specific projects to enrol children and youth in the camps in the education system and to provide literacy courses.
3.4. Return process
Analyses conducted by the Anbar governorate show that the choice of IDPs to return or not to their liberated areas is based on reasons as follows.
Table 6 Reasons for returning/not returning of IDPs Reasons cited for wanting to return Reasons cited for NOT wanting to return . Cities liberation from terrorist groups . Availability of new job opportunities in displacement areas . Work commitments . Many residential units destroyed . Availability of private real estate and not . Tribal threats – where family members were affiliated with terrorist having to pay the rent groups . Family and social ties . Fear of retribution for perceived affiliation with ISIL . Trying to build the region and to restore life . Difficulties in moving between liberated areas – linked to most . Fear of violation/robbery of private/public roads/bridges destroyed, in addition to strict security measures property (homes, shops, companies, etc.) . Lack of basic services (e.g. water, electricity, sewerage, etc.) as a . Forced return of IDPs – some provincial result of destroyed infrastructure authorities are forcing people to return to their . Long distance between schools and residential areas due to provinces of origin destruction of school buildings . Poor financial capacity of IDPs and inability to . Collapse of the healthcare system due to damaged hospitals and keep up with the living requirements healthcare centres, lack of medicines and necessary equipment in the . No adequate job opportunities to satisfy liberated areas income needs . Presence of residual booby traps, mines, ammunition, etc. . Desire to go back home to own land and inside/outside houses in liberated areas community . Feeling of lack of security and stability in the liberated areas
Overall, all IDPs demand that the Government speed up the pacification of the liberated areas so that they may return home; they also demand that the Government facilitate the process of their return to liberated areas. While some IDPs are not expected to return home – due to tribal issues, demographic changes, etc. – there are plans to establish long-term/permanent IDP camps.
Currently, approval for the return of IDPs to Jazeerat Al-Khalidiya has been issued and this will allow thousands of IDPs to return home.
14 LADP coordinator report on camps in Anbar, 2017.
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The return process is continuing and the challenges – in addition to the broader security and economic issues – are mostly technical and related to the availability of basic services as (1) infrastructure has been completely destroyed in some areas, and (2) machines, materials and equipment have been stolen by ISIL.
In addition to restoring infrastructure and service provision, asserting the rule of law and transparent governance based on a culture of human rights will be pivotal to facilitate return of IDPs and peaceful living together of communities in the course of economic rebuilding – including comprehensive measures to achieve rule of law with regard to tribal and sectarian issues.
4. Disadvantaged host community groups
4.1. Profile
Disadvantaged host community groups include orphans, women providers, persons with disability (PwDs), youth (up to 29 years old), and certain groups of economically disadvantaged individuals and families. Data from data from the Anbar social services specify as registered: 25 400 orphans 13 481 widowed women 1360 persons with disability (PwDs) 40 000 unemployed persons.
4.2. Social support services
The Government seeks to provide social care for all citizens across their life cycle – including low-/no-income families: to avoid the negative impacts on families and children and to place families in a position where they can build new communities.
In terms of social assistance, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (MoLSA) allocates subsidy salaries to families under the poverty line. In the context of the war and crisis, the number of women providers – widows and divorced women who have children – has increased significantly. The social status of these women is controversial, and their economic/poverty prospects are specific. Therefore, MoLSA has been allocating monthly salaries for women providers from the social protection network and women’s protection network, in accordance with number of family members. MoLSA has also been providing training and educational courses to for women to have their own jobs.
Persons with disability and persons with special needs are targeted under the umbrella of MoLSA in several sections as follows.
Table 7 MoLSA sections providing services to persons with disability/special needs persons MoLSA section Mandate, target groups and services provided State shelters In charge of providing care for orphans who have lost family care until they graduate from universities. Care for beneficiaries (male and female) could be expanded in case of sickness, with a decision from medical committee, until they find a proper home, marry, or find a job. State shelters operate for: (1) Children (ages 1 month – 4 years); (2) Youngsters (ages 5–12y); (3) Juveniles (13–18y); and (4) Adults (18y+) – providing care in accordance with Social Care Law (1980 amended), Article 32; State Shelters Instruction no. 5 (1994 amended) and Instruction no. 15 (2016). Mental Responsible for providing care for psychologically and mentally disabled males and females, including disability mental disability institutes. Services: (1) Education, (2) Self-care skills, (3) Healthcare, (4) Social research, (5) Other services. Physical Provides care and services for physically and mentally disabled males and females at: disability . Deaf/hearing impairment institutes (for ages 3–16y) . Physical disability institutes (for ages 6–16y) . Blind/optical impairment institutes (for ages 6–16y) . Vocational training institutes for persons with disability (for ages 14–45y). Services: (1) Education, (2) Healthcare, (3) Social research, (4) Other services.
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Protected . Protected workshops: Small factories that employ severely mentally disabled persons (aged 16–45), who workshops can partially work, excluding mental or hard muscular effort, and who are unable to work in state and factories or departments, in the private sector, or in productive cooperatives for PwDs. Work includes productive sewing, welding, carpentry, flower arrangement, and ceramics. PwDs get paid according to the cooperatives production of the workshops where they work, and they are provided with healthcare, social, for PwDs entertainment and transport services as well. . Productive cooperatives: Classified into cooperatives for deaf persons, for blind persons, etc., these cooperatives admit, on voluntary basis, PwDs who are partially capable of work, enjoy legal entity and financial and administrative autonomy, and who have completed rehabilitation programme in one of the vocational training units. Cooperatives work with local investors to implement different contracts in the fields of carpentry, sewing, welding, etc. Fully disabled Responsible for providing care for persons who lost family care and who completed 60 years for males persons and 50 years for females, including (1) homes for the elderly and (2) severely disabled persons. . Services: (1) Education, (2) Healthcare, (3) Entertainment. Nurseries Aim to provide competent environment and conditions to raise children in a way that guarantees their normal growth, discipline, behaviour and manners by applying modern social and educational programmes. Admits up to 4-year-old children. Services: (1) Linguistic skills, (2) Mathematical skills, (3) Self-care skills, (4) Life skills. Centre for . Aims to admit and classify disabled persons according to type and degree of disability, by a specialised diagnosing technical committee. disabilities . Provides supervision over social care units for PwDs and develops technical plans/programmes for them. . Coordinates with stakeholders and identifies the degree of disability of applicants for: (1) social protection network salary from within the disabled and quadriplegia groups; and (2) support through the Disabled Persons Commission.
Table 8 Units under MoLSA providing services to disadvantaged groups in Anbar Governorate Institute Location Capacity (n of beneficiaries) Bara'em Al Aytam shelters for orphans Ramadi (under construction) 100 Al Amal institute for persons with hearing impairment Ramadi 75 Deaf persons cooperative Ramadi n/a Al Amal institute for persons with hearing impairment Fallujah 75 Blind persons classroom (under physical disability section) Ramadi 12 Al Raja'a institute for mental disability Ramadi 75 Al Raja'a institute for mental disability Fallujah 75 First Al Ajial Nursery Ramadi 45 Second Al Ajial Nursery Amiriyat complex 100
4.3. Best practices
In the following, we identify the best practices and projects in targeting disadvantaged host population groups which need to be supported or which can be replicated.
With regard to PwDs/people with special needs
Orphanages. The years of warfare have left many young children without parents, providers, and love, and at the risk of poverty and radicalisation. It has became vital to establish shelters for these orphans, to provide care for them as well as to promote their role in building their communities in the future. The construction has started of orphan shelters (Bara'em Al Aytam) in Anbar (Ramadi), but work has stopped due to lack of funding to complete the works. Logistics support is needed from the central and provincial governments and NGOs, given the active role and urgent need for orphanages.
Blind Persons' Institute. Blind people are in urgent need of help to become active members in the community. Their number has much increased due to the warfare/insecurity. There is need to help these people to complete their education and to provide adequate jobs for them. Ministerial approval has been issued for the establishment of classroom for blind students in Anbar, but this is not operational due to lack the capacity to furnish and equip the classroom, as well as to deliver training, in accordance with the needs and requirements of blind persons. Training courses for teachers should be provided inside/outside Iraq to develop their skills.
Al Amal Institutes for deaf and mentally disabled persons. The two institutes – one in Ramadi and one in Fallujah – provide education to special-care groups until they complete school, and prepare them for active role in shaping their communities. Both institutes were severely damaged during the military
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operations, and most of their furniture and equipment was stolen. The institutes need hearing ability test equipment, speech training devices, busses for students, power generators, office furniture, and educational materials.
With regard to widowed/divorced women, young job seekers, and vulnerable groups, best practices include the Anbar Vocational Training Centre (under MoLSA) labour for widows, divorced women, and job-seeking youth. The Centre has carried out the following activities:
2010, in collaboration with UNIDO: training of 988 trainees from both genders from all the cities of the governorate in occupational skills (sewing, computer, woodworks, mobile phones maintenance, generators and pumps maintenance, AC maintenance, and carpentry); distribution of USD 200 per trainee and a small toolkit to jumpstart their business; 2011: training of 183 trainees of both genders in sewing and computer skills; 2012: training of 471 trainees of both genders in sewing, computer skills, wood works, mobile phone maintenance, car mechanics/maintenance, welding, carpentry, electricity installation, and basic literacy; 2013: training of 867 trainees of both genders in sewing, computer skills, wood works, mobile phone repair, car mechanics, welding, turn/mill machine operation, electric installation, business innovation, life skills.
Currently, the Centre is implementing a project to empower widows in collaboration with the Iraqi Medical Society for Relief and Development – as part of the “Kuwait beside you” campaign funded by Kuwait's Relief Society. The project targets women exclusively and provides them with training in sewing, hairdressing and pastry baking to help them to increase their daily income. In addition, soft loans have been granted to young job seekers to start income generating micro projects. The number of soft loans, however, has been too small compared to the youth unemployment rates in the governorate. In the context of ISIL, the Centre workshops and buildings were damaged and robbed; the Centre has been recently rehabilitated within the UNDP-implemented project Rebuilding Iraq's Liberated Areas.
Best activities that could be duplicated: Organise vocational and educational training courses across the governorate and for all groups – by supporting and developing the Anbar Vocational Training Centre; Establish training centres in all districts; Include as many as possible of people with limited income in micro project loan programmes.
Required support: Provide free transport for youth to/from the Centre; Establish sewing centres for women providers; Provide job opportunities for youth by starting production projects and selling their production to state departments and private sector at competitive prices.
Overall, it is necessary to develop a plan to build partnerships with civil society organisations in the governorate that actively support vulnerable groups, and to explore joint collaboration opportunities – e.g. by providing CSOs with venues to work with youth, to build their working capacities, or to provide vocational training, etc. In order to (1) create successful partnerships with CSOs; (2) capitalise on the capacities of CSOs across sectors in building the capacity of the provincial government; and (3) increase collaboration with community centres, voluntary organisations, or international or local organisations, we suggest the following: Establish an office within the Governorate Administration to coordinate between the provincial government and CSOs to draw partnerships plan and increase collaboration opportunities in all sectors; Support active local CSOs and approach international organisations to support them directly; Assign a building to be utilised as offices of CSOs, also to promote the role of the provincial government in community development; Draw joint plans between CSOs and the provincial government to support vital sectors in community.
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III. ECONOMIC PROFILE
1. Economy
By 2011 data, among Iraq’s 18 governorates, Anbar scores 4th on GNI per capita (2012 PPP$) – with USD 25 629; 4th on GDP per capita – with USD 7989; but 15th on Annual Household Income – with USD 15 420. Anbar’s weak economy transpires above all in the 15.7% unemployment rate and the staggering 26.7% unemployment in the age group 15-29; on both Anbar scores 17th of 18.15 It is characterised by particularly underdeveloped industry sector, import dependence, a skewed labour market, and a small and stagnant private sector.
Anbar’s economy relies mainly on the public sector. Pre-ISIL, the main employer and income source for the population were state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in agriculture, trade and services. Both institutions and labour market entrants have been focused on the public sector/SOEs.17 This has reduced economic resilience, as it has discouraged private sector development, entrepreneurship and diversification. It has also reduces social resilience – while, in the context of population boom and rapid urbanisation, reliance on SOEs has fuelled low activity and high unemployment rates. SOEs rely on limited financial allocations from the central budget; economic planning capacity in the public sector is weak; and there is limited technological uptake, while most technology used is outdated.
The private sector – dominated by small-scale Figure 9 Estimated distribution and number of jobs enterprises (with few large and mid-scale required in Anbar province in 2013/203316 enterprises) – is characterised by low skills intensity, high labour intensity, low productivity, low level of technology adoption, low competitiveness, and very low jobs creation. Inter alia, while it employs the majority of the working poor, the weakness of the private sector undermines poverty reduction efforts.
Overall, the labour market is unable to absorb the youth bulge – which is a problem of low decent jobs availability, as much as a problem of mismatch between demand and supply in the labour market. Overall, the workforce capacity and skills supply are weak – as many people have been displaced and as new entrants in the labour market generally lack the knowledge and skills required.
Thus, economic development of Anbar province would mean the development of its private, agricultural, industrial (incl. oil), commercial and investment sectors – so that Anbar may achieve: development and economic status commensurate with its resources; comprehensive economic development; and socio-economic well-being of citizens in the mid- and long term. Partnership between the public and private sectors is essential in this process.
This said, Iraq’s legislation on the investment and economy is overcomplicated and not implemented, which creates problems for investors. Combined with corruption and the poor availability of qualified and skilled human resources, this makes the investment environment unattractive and deters investors. Also, the banking system is not well developed and it is not in position to support the economy in an adequate way. As a further pressure, in the context of terrorist and military activity, the majority of production facilities have stopped work and staff have left their work places. Post-liberation, as people return, it is not possible to resume work because of the damages on the facilities and the disrupted infrastructure (above all, electricity). Also, the highest skilled cadres have found new jobs in other places.
15 See UNDP/UN-Habitat (22 Nov 2016), LADP Indicator Technical Brief, and UNDP (2014), Iraq HDR 2014. On unemployment, both sources use Iraq Knowledge Network 2011; the latter however lists even higher unemployment rates: 18.1% (15+y) and 29.9% (15-29y). Youth activity rates are only a little lower than the average for the 15y+ group. 16 MoMP, Directorate General of Urban Planning, with AECOM (Sept 2014), Structural Plan of Anbar Governorate: Development of Anbar Governorate in 2013-2033 (Final) – Chapter 7. 17 E.g. in 2011, 41.5% of all youth (15-29y), 52% among women, worked/wanted to work in the public sector: UNDP (2014), Iraq HDR 2014.
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Particularly in the post-ISIL context, the limited resources of the governorate require that larger input from the private sector and foreign investors be activated. While strong economic development would provide the means for social programmes and improved service delivery, (1) developing the private sector, (2) improving the competitiveness (including productivity) of enterprises, and (3) increasing investments in the economy of the province are of vital importance both for sustainable economic growth across sectors and for the planning and implementation of actions that target social and human development.
Main constraints to Anbar’s economic development
Damaged infrastructure Management framework for economic activities – including weak role of the private sector Legislative and banking environment. Goals
Develop the financial and banking system; Secure different types of energy sources and the uptake of modern technology; Create legislative environment that facilitates economic development and investment; Develop the human resources of the province; Ensure environmental protection and occupational safety; Facilitate the development of the private sector; Fully use the resources and capacities in the governorate to support economic development; Build a comprehensive database to support economic development. Measures to achieve the goals
Develop the financial and banking system: Rehabilitate and develop existing banks in the province; Establish specialised investment banks; Encourage investment in all fields, including through improved communication; Encourage the introduction of capital from abroad. Secure different types of energy resources and the uptake of modern technology: Rehabilitate oil refineries; establish new advanced refineries to fulfil the needs of the governorate; Complete Al Tahadi 220 MW power plant in Haditha and the 1800 MW TPP on the Euphrates; Rehabilitate, maintain and expand the electric grid, as many parts are outdated and sabotaged, and the current capacity is not sufficient to fulfil economic and population needs; Re-operate Al Baghdadi dam, and build dams on main wadis in the western desert (Horan and Man'i) Invest in energy production from Akkaz Gas field; explore option to establish industrial zone in the area; Rehabilitate oil refineries; establish new advanced refineries to fulfil the needs of the governorate; Process organic waste for energy generation and organic fertilisers; Rehabilitate the Glass and Ceramics factory; build modern factories for glass and ceramics production; Establish modern and advanced factories for refractories and other construction materials (gypsum, etc.), in addition to factories for soluble, hard and liquid fertilisers in all governorate qadhas; Establish modern cooler warehouses, silos and mills to meet the needs of the governorate; Utilise specialised survey/consultancy centres to facilitate modern technology transfer across sectors; Establish modern and sophisticated plants for packaging of dates, dairy and foodstuffs; etc. Create legislative environment that facilitates economic development and investment: Enacting provincial laws (according to constitution), in coordination with the central government, such as tax deduction, deduction of percentage of imported inputs, etc. to stimulate enterprises. Maintain current registry of court deeds, real estate registrations, sales and leases of agricultural land – to protect investors; introduce fees on highway transportation in the governorate; etc. Fully use the resources and capacities in the governorate to support economic development: Establish diversified production in accordance with the available raw materials Activate industrial zones projects Implement integrated agricultural projects, including the use of plant agriculture, animal husbandry, food factories and others; etc.
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2. Industry
The industrial sector has a significant impact on economic development. In Iraq, it absorbs much of the labour force; it contributes significantly to per capita and national income; it provides required industrial goods and products; and it also contributes to exports – the returns from which fuel socio-economic development in provinces. Anbar has had significant place in exports of glass, cement and fertilisers to the former Gulf countries.
Anbar is rich in industrial raw materials which provide a basis for the development of a range of industries – e.g. glass/ceramics, construction (gypsum, cement, etc.), chemicals/fertilisers, refractories (for use in furnaces, boilers, cement/steel industry, etc.), oil; given the agriculture base, it can further develop many processing (e.g. food processing) and complimentary industries. Thus, Anbar has the potential to develop diversified industry.
Yet, Anbar’s industrial sector is underdeveloped; it is not competitive and not capable to absorb the growing work force; and it suffers from underinvestment, use of outdated technology/low technology adoption, and damage resulting from continual warfare since 2003. Post-ISIL especially, much industrial infrastructure and facilities in the province have been completely destroyed.
Public industrial enterprises in Anbar share in the problems of SOEs (see Chapter III.1); additionally, they operate in a very limited range of sub-sectors.
Private industrial enterprises in Anbar are predominantly small (very few large and mid-scale industries exist). They are characterised by low skills intensity, high labour intensity, low productivity, low level of technology adoption, outdated technology and methods, low competitiveness, very low jobs creation (i.e. growth), and low occupational safety – linked to the lack/low quality of operation inputs. Also, the number of small enterprises is very low: pre- ISIL, 3704 industrial SMEs enterprises operated in Anbar18 – only ca. 6% of all industrial enterprises in Iraq then.
Table 9 Large industrial enterprises in Anbar Governorate by public-private and sector, 2013 Qadha Large industrial enterprise (name) Public PPP Private Broad industry sector Share (%) Fallujah–Amiriyat Al-Ikha' public company for mechanical industries industrial mechanics 6.7 Fallujah–Amiriyat Shaheed state company mechanics/ electrical Fallujah Technical company for food production food processing Fallujah Anbar dairy and juice factory food processing Fallujah Al-Alamein grains mill food processing Fallujah Al-Rabee grains mill food processing Fallujah Ibn Marhoun company for flour production food processing 30 Ramadi Al-Sunbula company for flour production food processing Ramadi Ramadi silo factory food processing Ramadi Anbar public mill food processing Heet Teeba company for flour production food processing Fallujah Iraq dyes factory chemicals Falluja–Karma Tariq public company chemicals 10 Qa'im Public phosphate company chemicals/fertilisers Fallujah Fallujah cement factory construction Fallujah Iraqi company for gypsum construction Fallujah Fallujah company for construction materials construction Ramadi Al-Tawfeeq factory for concrete blocks construction 26.7 Heet National company for gypsum construction Heet Kbesa cement factory construction Qa'im Al Qasem factory for blocks production construction Qa'im Qa'im cement factory construction Fallujah Public company for refractories ceramics/construction Fallujah Karmah tiles factory ceramics/ construction 13.3 Ramadi State Company for Glass & Ceramic Manufacture ceramics/glass Ramadi Anbar factory for tiles and ceramic ceramics/ construction Ana’a Ana’a sewing factory textiles Ana’a Handmade carpets factory textiles 10 Rawa Handmade carpets factory textiles 30 enterprises Share by private-public (%) 53.3 3.3 43.3 6 main sub-sectors 100
18 Data in chapter: Anbar Governorate statistics for 2013.
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Table 10 Industrial enterprises in Anbar Governorate by size, 2013 Qadha Total industrial Small Medium Large industrial enterprises enterprises enterprises enterprises Large Workers Wages Production Production enterprises value requirements n % n n n n IQD million Fallujah 1574 42 1526 35 15 6142 502677 63312 45900 Ramadi 940 25 912 18 6 2732 20664 54877 13164 Heet 405 11 399 3 3 1220 11265 147447 19002 Qa’im 420 11 417 1 3 5148 790265 431161 70334 Haditha 185 5 183 2 - - - - - Ana’a 92 3 87 4 2 133 676 918 190 Rawa 72 2 71 - 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a Rutba 46 1 46 ------Total 3734 100 3641 63 30 15375 873136 697715 148591 Share by size 100 % 97.5 % 1.7 % 0.8 %
Constraints to the development of Anbar’s industrial sector
In addition to the overall constraints to Anbar’s economic development (Chapter III.1), Anbar’s industry suffers from: Shortage of skilled workforce Insufficient use of available resources Low competitiveness of goods and shortage of marketing opportunities Extensive industrial and service infrastructure damage under ISIL.
Goals
Create an industrial sector capable of keeping abreast of developments in developed countries, which makes full use of natural and human resources available in the province; Improve environmental protection and occupational safety in industrial processes; Increase competitiveness of products, incl. though improved technology use, adoption of best practices, and improved productivity of enterprises; Accelerate the rebuilding and rehabilitation of damaged/destroyed industrial facilities in the governorate.
Means to achieve the goals
Set a wide and integrated strategy to be implemented through different phases, which takes into account the available human and financial resources and future expectations; Conduct comprehensive and accurate study concerning the reality of existing facilities and factories; Exploit natural resources as raw material for the establishment of advanced industry; Involve the private sector in the establishment and funding of small enterprises; Involve universities and research institutions and give them a greater role in studying technical problems and developing appropriate solutions; Train and develop cadres for the industrial sector; Encourage investments in the establishment of industrial projects within the limit of laws and agreements; Rehabilitate and develop new and advanced industrial facilities in the governorate; Complete the construction of power plants (thermal/hydroelectric); Rehabilitate and develop oil refineries – specifically the Haditha refinery – and build new refineries; Establish investment banks in the governorate; Enforce occupational safety laws; Issue product/producer and consumer protection laws.
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3. Agriculture
The agriculture sector is of central importance in Anbar; it provides food for people and raw material supplies to other sectors; it supports local industries development and exports; and it employs ca. 40% of the workforce.
Plant agriculture areas occupy a large share of the Table 11 Land available for plant agriculture in Anbar, 2013 arable land in the governorate. The production of Land area of Anbar Donum Relative area (%) plant crops, however, is low, below potential and Total Total 55 315 200 100 of Iraq’s area not enough to attain self-sufficiency. E.g. Anbar’s Arable Total 5 750 000 10.4 of Anbar’s land annual demand for wheat is 196 800 tones, but area production of wheat was only 70 400 tonnes in Fully reclaimed 80 950 1.4 19 2013 (35.8% of the required amount). In plant Partially 225 350 4 production, it is necessary both to increase the reclaimed share of utilised land and to increase the efficiency Non-reclaimed 684 997 1 of Anbar’s Dependent on 705 333 1 and sustainability of production. In the context of arable land ISIL, production has dropped considerably. E.g. in irrigation 2016, the area planted with secondary crops was projects less than half this for 2013 (70 03320 and 182 205 Dependent on 1 250 000 22 wells donums respectively).
Returns are also low in animal husbandry. The production of poultry is particularly low. Statistical data on livestock shows relatively low numbers; according sources outside the governorate the real numbers are even lower, as farmers have been ready to sell their animals at much lower prices in order to escape military zones.
The development of the sector depends on the existence of an appropriate agricultural policy and management, based on reliable statistics, scientific studies and analyses that respond to actual needs, promote the use of modern methods in agriculture – based on the application of science and technology in resource management, disease and pest control, and the use of quality seeds and preservation of animal origins and conservation of resources. Improved management is particularly necessitated by the limited resources available to agriculture – arable land, water, fertile soils – and their deteriorating quantity and quality due, above all, to human activity.
Table 12 Plant agriculture in Anbar by main categories, 2013 Crops Crop variety Cultivated area Production category (by area, decreasing) donum % of planted % of arable million % areas land tonnes Main crops Total 355 544 58.9 6.2 294 132 25.7 (1) wheat 234669 38.9 4.1 70400 (2) potatoes 43380 7.2 0.8 195210 (3) yellow corn 31650 5.2 0.6 15825 (4) sesame 18180 3.0 0.32 2727 (5) barley 15108 2.5 0.26 2266 (6) peanuts 10146 1.7 0.2 7102 (7) sunflower 2411 0.4 0.04 602 Secondary (1) bulb onions, (2) green onions, (3) alfalfa, (4) carrots, 182 205 30.2 3.2 549 899 48.1 crops (5) green peas, (6) onions for seed, (7) turnip, (8) chard, (9) radish, (10) cauliflower, (11) cabbage, (12) garlic, (13) garden cress, (14) spinach, (15) leek Fodder crops 18 471 3.1 0.3 239 990 21 Groves, Total 47 433 7.9 0.8 60285 5.3 orchards, (1) Palms (dates) 27196 4.5 0.5 32698 vineyards (2) Other fruit/nut (citrus, grape, pomegranate, apricot, 20237 3.4 0.4 27587 plum, peach, almond, pear, olive, apple, fig) Total 603 653 100 100 1 144 306 100
19 All data in chapter – unless specified otherwise: Anbar governorate data for 2013. 20 Anbar Agricultural Department 2017.
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Table 13 Relative weight of qadhas in plant agriculture production in Anbar, 2013 Qadha Primary crops production Secondary crops Groves, orchards, vineyards production Wheat (%) Yellow corn (%) production (%) Palm trees/dates (%) Other fruit/nut (%) Fallujah 41.8 51.2 73.7 34.4 8.5 Ramadi 25.2 30.4 15.5 24.1 27 Heet 4 0.9 4.2 31.9 48 Haditha 1.2 1.8 0.2 8 1.8 Ana’a 2.4 0 0.9 0.2 0.6 Rawa 2.5 1.2 0.8 0.17 0.03 Qa’im 0.5 0 4.7 1.2 13.6 Rutba 0.5 0 0 - 0.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100
Table 14 Animal husbandry in Anbar Governorate, 2013 Qadha Sheep Cattle, camels, buffaloes Chicken Heads (n) Share in total (%) Heads (n) Share in total (%) Heads (n) Share in total (%) Fallujah 414 312 20.8 16 329 28.1 760 960 20.1 Ramadi 559 082 28 17 053 29.3 1 969 072 52 Heet 159 655 8 9463 16.3 747 200 19.7 Haditha 128 440 6.4 780 1.3 274 750 7.3 Ana’a 157 686 7.9 1354 2.3 6950 0.2 Rawa 87 382 4.4 2764 4.8 -- -- Qa’im 272 927 13.7 7758 13.3 26 928 0.7 Rutba 215 710 10.8 2682 4.6 -- -- Total 1 995 194 100 58 183 100 3 785 860 100
Obstacles to the development of the agriculture sector
Lack of/insufficient financing – i.e. allocations, subsidies and loans to support the sector; no investment; Lack/shortage of equipment and inputs – e.g. shortage and high cost of veterinary medication, vaccinations, fodder, quality certified seeds, improved seeds and breeds, fertilisers, mechanisation; Lack of/damaged/disrupted/outdated support infrastructure and services – electricity, transportation, irrigation, veterinary, warehouses, etc. – exacerbated by the security situation; Lack/shortage of qualified and specialised staff across sub-sectors; Security situation – and, linked to this, share of non-operational enterprises; Weaknesses in planning and management – e.g.: lack of adequate pest and fertilisation control – linked to low productivity levels lack of attention to preserves and protection of water bodies, fisheries, and pastures lack of quality seeds control and quality hatching eggs control lack of overfishing control, esp. in reproductive season lack of regular inspection and maintenance – e.g. of field irrigation and drainage canals, which causes water misuse/loss and poor drainage of irrigated areas/soil degradation; Low capacity in data collection, inspection and maintenance, coupled with high maintenance costs; Outdated/not sustainable/inappropriate to context methods in agriculture – e.g. surface irrigation as opposed to more conducive/modern methods; Lack of/insufficient scientific and research support and learning from best practices in developed countries; Lack of/insufficient integrated data; Environmental degradation – with impact on soils, plant agriculture, animal husbandry, the development of fisheries, the spread of animal disease, etc. – particularly: increased soil salinity and soil deterioration; decreased soil fertility decreased/fluctuating water availability and degradation of water quality (see Chapter I.2) overfishing, overgrazing/lack of pastures extinction/deterioration of animal breeds/species urban encroachment on agricultural land; Certain regulations – e.g. with respect to establishment of fisheries or import of frozen meet.
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Goals
Sustainable and rational use of natural resources that allows to achieve food security, while it also contributes to rural development, increased farmers' income, job creation, and better competitiveness of agricultural products. Goals are specifically identified in 5 areas:
1. Agricultural training and guidance Increase the number of trained staff to support farmers with guidance and research Improve the scientific support infrastructure; 2. Soil and water: Increase soil capacity and fertility – including decrease soil salinity levels, increase soil fertility, improve the scientific basis of agricultural processes, provide sufficient irrigation water and improve the use of modern irrigation/drainage systems; Rationalise water use and improve the efficiency of irrigation and drainage systems; Improve the organisation and management of the Euphrates River and lakes – including water purification – for optimal use of water resources; 3. Plant agriculture: Increase the quantity and quality of plant production (incl. orchards) – including increase planted area and increase the use of modern technology, irrigation systems, and improved seeds/plant varieties; Support research in plant agriculture – including establish a network of research centres in agriculture and improve the availability of agricultural statistics; Develop protected agriculture and promote the use of high-quality seeds; 4. Animal husbandry: Improve and increase animal products in quantity and quality; Establish and equip central and mobile veterinary centres with specialised staff; Conserve animal breeds; Develop the poultry industry – to reach self-sufficiency with regard to chicken meat and eggs; Develop fisheries and beekeeping; Encourage the role of the private sector and investments; 5. Agricultural inputs – as a cross-sectoral imperative, covering seeds, vaccines, energy, machinery, etc.
Means to achieve the goals
1. Agricultural training and guidance Involve more fully the Faculty of Agriculture of Anbar University; Rehabilitate and modernise the Faculty of Agriculture library; Develop training for academic and technical staff; Establish a specialised centre for practical support and knowledge transfer in the area of agriculture. 2. Soil and water Complete maintenance of irrigation and drainage network projects in Fallujah, Saqlawiya and Ramadi; Complete integrated reclamation of 270 000 donums in Fallujah/Amiriyat, Ramadi and Saqlawiya; Provide 40 000 million t/year of combination (compound) and 40 000 million t/year organic fertiliser; Conduct soil fertility survey of 250 000 donums in the governorate, as a first phase; Provide equipment for tillage/deep tillage and tractors; Establish a soil laboratory at Anbar Agricultural Directorate; Rehabilitate field irrigation canals and drainage networks; Improve the use of GIS in irrigation; Provide cost-effective sprinkler and drip irrigation systems; Provide equipment maintenance for canals, drainage and use of herbicides; Provide modern equipment for irrigation and drainage; Complete lining of irrigation canals to reduce seepage loss; Construct dams and canals such as the Baghdadi dam and the small dam in the Western Desert; Improve maintenance and operation of irrigation systems in Tharthar, Habaniyah, Aljarah, Ramadi; Provide dredging and hydraulic digging in the basin to remove sediments and debris; Rehabilitate energy transmission networks that feed irrigation projects.
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3. Plant agriculture Establish agricultural projects to increase production over an area of 5 750 000 donum – e.g. north of Ramadi, Abu Dlaya area in Haditha, Rihana in Anna, Habanya and West Jabbab, etc. ; Provide high-quality and improved high-productivity seeds; Provide a weather station; Install and apply GIS system; Prepare qualified and specialised staff in agricultural research and protected agriculture; Provide equipment for protected agriculture such as plastic/glass houses, and irrigation equipment; Provide equipment for the agriculture research unit at the Faculty of Agriculture; Provide inputs for vegetable/orchard agriculture, including equipment, pesticides and fertilisers; Provide seeding, harvesting and soil preparation equipment and machinery; Improve fuel provision (e.g. kerosene) and rehabilitate electricity projects. 4. Animal husbandry Secure seeds and equipment for growing fodder crops; Increase the availability of fodder and establish required fodder factories; Rehabilitate the veterinary hospital in Ramadi and existing veterinary centres in the governorate; Establish professional and efficient veterinary centres; Establish veterinary requirements for animal disease control; Provide cost-effective vaccines, medication and equipment; seek to establish in the long run a factory for veterinary medication and vaccines; Provide warehouses for vaccines and artificial insemination facilities; Raise veterinary health awareness; Establish preserves for deer, camels and some types of cattle; Establish required pastures; Establish fields and facilities for egg production, egg- and meat-producing hens, chicken and hatchers; Build ponds for fish farming, provide fish feed; Protect fisheries by prohibiting overfishing and enforcement of fishing bans during certain seasons; Support beekeeping, expand the establishment of apiaries, provide necessary beekeeping equipment throughout the governorate; Train and secure sufficient specialised staff for veterinary service, animal preserves, poultry industry, beekeeping and fishery enterprises; Encourage and support the role of the private sector – including private sector veterinary care – and encourage investments (e.g. through loans) in private sector veterinary care, apiaries, fish farms and poultry enterprises; Secure different energy sources and energy efficiency. 5. Agricultural inputs – identified in 2–4 above.
4. Commerce
The trade sector is key to providing basic services and requirements (production and consumption goods) for citizens, within the framework of public, mixed and private entities. External trade includes imports and exports; internal trade includes economic integration at the country level.
The public commercial sector in Anbar is represented by commercial departments of companies under the Ministry of Trade, namely: Commercial and Financial Control Department (Anbar branch); Public Company for Grain Trade (Anbar branch); Public Company for foodstuff trade (Anbar branch); Public company for grains manufacture (Anbar branch); Supplies and Planning Department (Anbar supply branch); Public company for Construction Material Trade (Anbar branch); and Public Company of Central Markets (Anbar branch).
Constraints to expanding the commercial sector
The commercial sector in Anbar suffers from the same problems as the other sectors of the economy. The main problem is that it is overly reliant on state support and that it uses outdated management methods. At the same time, due to the security situation and the complicated administration routines, private investors are reluctant to invest in the province.
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Goals
Support the capacity of Anbar to meet its needs trough own production; Provide modern storage facilities, especially in agriculture, to encourage producers to market their product in cities; Increase quality control, especially on imported goods, in order to support local production.
Means to achieve the goals
Conduct studies and prepare necessary plans to expand the sector; Add new stores and facilities with advanced specifications, to fulfil the needs of the growing population; Continue to receive quantities of local and imported foodstuffs and commodities; Improve storage conditions for all imported and exported products; Conduct systematic inspection and disinfection of stores in accordance with adopted procedures, to protect the inventory from pests and contamination; Continue regular maintenance to sustain business continuity; Use modern technology and computers in documentation, inspection, importing and exporting; Construct buildings/specialised sites in qadhas and at border points under the authority of Ministry of Trade, to secure and facilitate the flow of receipt collection and processing; Start training courses inside and outside Iraq to develop cadres in the sector, and send technical staff to learn from the experiences of developed countries in this regard. Establish partnerships with international companies to contribute to development and innovation. Build a strategic silo for grain storage in the governorate centre (minimum capacity of 100 000 tonnes) and another silo in the western area (capacity of 50 000 tonnes); Establish an electronic communication network to be used in registration of individuals/families in the ration card system, and for statistical purposes, in cooperation with other public/private commercial entities; Establish sub-centres in each qadha, linked to the central supplies branch of the governorate; Build cooler warehouses for the preservation of foodstuffs.
5. Tourism
A number of available resources in Anbar provide basis for the development of a vibrant tourism sector: natural and artificial sites linked to water bodies; many sites of historical significance; and religious shrines of social and historical importance. Sulphurous water availability in Haditha could premise the development of medical tourism. The highway passing through Anbar also facilitates the development of tourism.
Archaeological sites alone are more than 400; the Anbar Archaeological Inspectorate is responsible for the Anbar Museum of Antiquities, the maintenance and protection of archaeological sites, exploration work and archaeological surveys. The inspectorate is underfunded; its staff are not well trained, and guards are vastly insufficient in view of the number of sites.
Available funding for the development of the sector is a major constraint. Adequate funding would conceivably require a mix of investment opportunities and allocations for development. Currently, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities exerts authority over palaces and presidential locations, in coordination with the provincial government. The Tourism Commission under the Ministry of Culture, however, is self-funded (albeit a public entity) and it does not receive any financial allocations to create tourism facilities.
To activate the tourism potential of the province, it is first necessary to:
Examine systematically the actual status of tourism in the governorate with respect to the geographic and demographic context (population growth), existing/necessary tourist attractions and facilities, the importance of historical and religious sites, etc.; Determine needs and arrive at recommendations for development; Conduct feasibility studies – in coordination with investment entities in the governorate; Investigate the possibility of using public budget allocations to include tourism projects in future plans.
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Table 15 Sites of interest for developing Anbar’s tourism sector Type Site that is/can become tourist attraction Location in Anbar Sites linked Habaniya Lake – there is one resort established on its banks Khalidiya to water Tharthar Lake – man-made (opened in 1956) – can be reached from Baghdad via Sadamya resources Fallujah and Ramadi, or via Samara Razaza Lake Fallujah, border with Karbala Haditha Lake and Dam Haditha Euphrates and Warar rivers; islands close to populated areas Islands in the Euphrates – esp. Heet Island, which includes waterwheels that can from west Hasiba to Fallujah’s be used as tourist attraction border with Baghdad Islands in Qa’im, Baghdadi, and extensions of the Euphrates Forests adjacent to Ramadi bridge on both river banks Sites of Presidential palaces complex Ramadi historic Al-Khalilia site and lighthouse Ramadi significance Tal Abyad Karmah Tal Alaqtam Heet Tal Khareb Elmanara Heet Tal Aswad Ramadi – Fourat Tal Makhfar Sin Aldoban Ramadi – Habaniya Alqa'a minaret Ana’a Rawa castle Rawa Almaftoul building Haditha Alkhabaz palace Heet – Kbesa Religious/ Ahmad bin Hashim shrine (under dispute between Shi'a and Sunni endowments) Ramadi – Rahalya pilgrimage Sheikh Khalifa shrine Ramadi Q Centre sites and Sheikh Masoud shrine Ramadi – East Husaiba shrines Sheikh Hadid shrine Ramadi – Aljazeera Sheikh Awad shrine Ramadi – Sajaria Ibrahim Bin Ali shrine Karmah Oweis Alqorni shrine Ramadi – Aljazeera Abdullah bin Mubarak shrine Heet Q Centre Ali Noureldeen shrine Heet Q Centre St George shrine (needs restoration) Kbesa Sheikh Ahmad Rifa'i shrine, Rifa'i mosque Haditha Sayed Ali shrine Haditha – Sabhani Sheikh Hadid shrine Haditha Sheikh Hasan shrine (needs restoration) Haditha – Barwana Sheikh Ahmad Al-Rawi shrine Ana’a Sheikh Rajab shrine Rawa
Constraints
Shortage/lack of allocations by the central government for this sector; Large area/large desert area of the governorate, which hinders implementation of tourism activities; Insecurity/instability, which deter investors; Poor public awareness about opportunities in tourism and the importance of tourism for economic development – which deters local investment; Numerous violations of historic/tourist sites after 2003; Insufficient/insufficiently trained staff.
Goals
Fuller utilisation of tourism resources and development of projects in tourism – incl. spas, recreational complexes, archaeological areas, etc. – contribute to economic development of the province, to cultural awareness among the population, as well as to socio-economic integration; There is awareness of tourism as a legitimate and valuable career path and development/economic activity.
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Means to achieve the goals
Establish a sufficient number of new tourism projects and infrastructure (e.g. motels, etc.); Rehabilitate Al Tharthar complex and the old touristic city in Habaniya according to contemporary designs and technical tourism specifications, aliened with the significance of these two sites; Invest in the ancient sites to establish integrated tourists facilitates; Support and enhance the Anbar Museum of Antiquities with regard to building maintenance and collection (relics and historical maps to reflect/protect the heritage of Anbar); Utilise various media to promote tourism in Anbar (incl. to highlight the key historical sites) and to promote investment opportunities in the sector; Develop human resources for the sector, including through vocational and higher education.
6. Private sector
In major economies in the world, the private sector is seen as the cornerstone of development and a prerequisite for economic diversification and sustainable growth. Weak, stagnant and incapable of generating significant employment opportunities, the private sector in Iraq is not yet in a position to play a major role in a non-oil economy. The private sector contribution in the economic development in any country depends highly on the environment available to practice its activities. In Iraq:
While the government prioritises the rapid expansion of oil production and SOEs, private sector development is stunted. SOEs dominate the financial and non-financial sectors and enjoy significant privileges, thus crowding out private firms; Regulations largely discourage entrepreneurship and investment; Certain laws have caused the migration of large capital outside Iraq, compounding neglect in the sector. Notably, the banking sector has been unable to fulfil its role in financing the private sector, given lack of level playing field between public and private banks; There are no incentives for the private sector to invest in the economy; non-oil infrastructure has suffered neglect. Coupled with poor services, this has further discouraged private investment; The fact that politically connected firms capture public sector contracts further reduces the opportunities available to other entrepreneurs; On a broader scale, the globalised market economy has had a weakening effect on private firms in Iraq as well: the trend toward merging of major international companies has placed increasing pressure on small private companies in less developed countries.
Constraints
Lack of laws to encourage the activity of the private sector Lack of adequate controls to protect the private product Poor banking services Weak role of existing insurance companies Security violations that hinder private sector activities Corruption.
Goals
The private sector makes an effective contribution to the economic development of Anbar province.
Means to achieve the goals
Set standards and controls for the work of the private sector through a specialised consulting entity; Support the Investment Commission in the governorate, activate the investment law and encourage investment in all fields. Accelerate the issue of provincial legislation required to protect the product/producer and the consumer; Provide facilitations to the private sector, to encourage participation in the economic development, by lowering taxes and facilitate acquisition of land for projects and so on. Facilitate the establishment of private and investment banks.
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7. Investment
Anbar governorate enjoys all the basic requirements to be attractive to investors: natural resources, arable land, water, skilled labour, in addition to a huge reserve of oil, gas and key minerals. Optimal use of these resources is bound to have a dramatic effect on available capital, jobs generation and socio-economic development.
Constraints
Weak government support and financial allocations Reluctance of foreign investors Weak banking services and absence of insurance companies Weak provision of electricity for investment projects Security violations that hinder investment activities.
Goals
Make optimal use of available resources of the governorate; Introduce modern technology; Reduce/eliminate unemployment; Attract migrant capital to return; Attract highly skilled staff to return; Attract international banks.
Means to achieve the goals
Develop investment laws to provide a suitable investment environment; Encourage capital investments in all sectors; Facilitate the establishment of insurance and investment banks; Provide transportation and other facilitation.
Efforts should be aimed at improving the investment environment with attention to foreign investment, PPPs, micro businesses and the skills of the workforce. The gathered information for the economic development of the province shows that here the state sector is still leading and the private sector is underdeveloped and relies on small enterprises. The public sector is not capable of absorbing the available workforce. The administration is reluctant to increase the role of PPPs, and measures need to be taken in this regard. With respect to the workforce, unemployment among youth and women is a cause for serious concern and training courses and support for micro businesses are needed.
Table 16 Investment plan for the industrial sector (conclusion), Anbar Investment Board, 2017 Project name Total cost 2018 2019 2020 2021 (million IQD) Medical bottles production project 25 000 15000 10 000 Sodium Silica production project 8000 8000 Flat floating glass production project 200 000 100 000 50 000 5000 Project of producing glass bottles and jars 25 000 15 000 10 000 Crystal Glass production project 12 000 8000 4000 Mud wash project 15 000 10 000 5000 Project for production of electric insulators 12 000 8000 4000 Bricks production project 15 000 10 000 5000 Light thermal insulator production project 12 000 8000 4000 Mortar and thermal concrete production project 2000 2000
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Table 17 Investment opportunities in Anbar by sector, Anbar Investment Board, 2017 Area Land ownership Sector n Investment opportunity Qadha (donum) (M = Municipality) 1 Waste recycling facility Ramadi 25 MoF 2 Phosphate fertiliser production facility Ramadi – Industrial Zone at 70km west 80 MoF 3 Smelter Grade Aluminium production Ramadi – Industrial Zone at 70km west 10 MoF project 4 MgO, MgCO3 and MgSO4 production Ramadi – Industrial Zone at 70km west 10 MoF facility 5 H3PO4 and H2SO4 production facility Ramadi – Industrial Zone at 70km west 20 MoF 6 Nitrogen fertiliser production facility Ramadi – Industrial Zone at 35km west 10 MoF 7 Ceramic boards and home plumbing Ramadi – Industrial Zone at 35km west 10 MoF
appliances production facility 8 Ceramic electric insulators production Ramadi – Industrial Zone at 35km west 10 MoF facility
Industry 9 Flat floating glass boards production facility Ramadi – Industrial Zone at 30km west tbd MoF 10 Crystal glass production facility Ramadi – Industrial Zone at 30km west 0.9 MoF 11 Industrial zone A at Km 70 from Ramadi Ramadi-Mohammadya 2000 MoF 12 Mud wash factory Heet – Industrial Zone 25 MoF 13 Portland cement production facility Heet – Industrial Zone 40 MoF 14 Salt-resistant cement production facility Heet – Industrial Zone 40 MoF 15 Ferrosilicon production facility Heet – Industrial Zone 10 MoF 16 Steel scrap collection and fusion facility Heet – Industrial Zone 40 MoF 17 Bricks and red bricks production facility Heet – Industrial Zone 20 MoF 18 Industrial zone B in Ana’a Ana’a 1568 MoF 1 Mall Ramadi-Mostawda' 8 Ramadi M 2 Mall/commercial centre Heet – Aljamia 0.7 Heet M
3 Mall/commercial centre Heet 0.9 Heet M 4 Commercial centre Rawa 0.7 Rawa M 5 Commercial centre Rawa 0.7 Rawa M
Commerce 6 Commercial centre Rawa 1.5 Rawa M 7 Commercial complex Qa’im – Obiadi 0.7 Obiadi M 8 Commercial centre Qa’im – Obiadi 0.7 Obiadi M 1 Crop and livestock production project Ramadi – Rahalia 16 000 MoF
2 Crop production project Ramadi 80 000 MoF 3 Crop and livestock production project Qa’im 99 600 MoF 4 Crop and livestock production project Qa’im 200 000 MoF
Agriculture 5 Crop and livestock production project Qa’im – Rummana area 59 000 MoF 6 Crop production project Rutba 30 000 MoF
1 Spa/mineral water project Heet 25 MoF 2 Forat touristic island Fallujah 75 Water Resources 3 Five-star hotel Fallujah 1.7 Fallujah M 4 Recreational park Fallujah-Amiriyat Alsoud 10.1 Amiriyat M 5 Hotel Haditha - Haqlania Haqlania M 6 Entertainment park Ramadi 3.3 Ramadi M 7 Sports City Ramadi - Habaniya 600 Habaniya M 8 Multipurpose city Ramadi - Habaniya 220 Habaniya M Tourism & recreation & Tourism 9 Recreational park Qa’im 11 Qa’im M 1 Solar Power Plant 250 MW Ramadi MoF 2 Solar Power Plant 250 MW Ramadi - New Habaniya Habaniya M 3 Refinery for oil products Ramadi – Ankour area Ministry of Oil 4 Thermal Power Plant 1800 MW Heet – Al Bou Nimer Ministry of Electricity
Energy 5 Oil refinery Haditha MoF 6 Power Plant 1000 MW Qa’im MoF 7 Wind Power Plant 250 MW Rutba MoF 1 Housing complex Fallujah – Saqlawiya 35 Saqlawiya M
2 Housing complex Ramadi 270 Ramadi M 3 Housing complex Ramadi- Dawaen area 100 Ramadi M 4 New Habaniya City Ramadi –New Habaniya (on lake shore) 16 000 Habaniya M Housing 5 Housing complex Haditha 100 Haditha M 6 Housing complex Rawa (extended municipal borders) 90 Rawa M
1 Cancer hospital, 200 beds Ramadi –New Habaniya 20 Habaniya M 2 Cardio vascular surgeries hospital Ramadi –New Habaniya 25 Habaniya M
Health
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IV. PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY
1. Transport network
The transport sector is vital: it impacts all aspects of social life and economic activity in the province – particularly in view of Anbar’s large area, its strategic location on the Euphrates, and its connecting position with 6 other provinces and 3 neighbouring countries. The extensive needs for communication and connectivity require to give high priority to the sector – which has generally been the case prior to ISIL.
The network includes railway, municipal roads, and roads outside municipal areas – all including a great number of bridges. It has been heavily damaged in the context of ISIL. ISIL targeted most of the strategic bridges and main roads, causing destruction, chaos and major congestions. The security situation also increased by far the load of road traffic, causing deterioration. In the context of financial shortage and security controls on roads, the reconstruction process has been slow.
Rail. There is only one railway in Anbar (522 km) –from Baghdad, to Fallujah, Ramadi, Haqlaniya, Qa’im, toward the Syrian border, and across the mines’ area in Anbar’s north-west. It serves passenger and goods transport (with 24 and 5 stations respectively). Rehabilitation of rails, rail bridges and train stations is managed by the Anbar Railway Department. Rehabilitation is estimated to require IQD 30.933 billion, and the provision of required specialised equipment – a further IQD 35 billion.
Municipal roads. Most municipal roads are damaged due to use and are in need of maintenance; and some roads need urgent re-pavement. These needs are constrained by the current lack of financial resources. The estimated cost of priority projects for the rehabilitation of municipal roads and streets is (1) IQD 6.934 billion in Ramadi municipality and (2) IQD 70.84 billion in municipalities under Directorate of Anbar Municipalities.
Table 18 Roads within the borders of municipalities under Directorate of Anbar Municipalities Municipality Total roads Paved roads Unpaved roads Length (km) % of all municipal roads Length (km) % of roads in municipality Length (km) Haditha 434 000 26.3 118 800 27.4 315 200 Fallujah 331 478 20.1 156 478 48.6 175 000 Rutba 156 500 9.5 36 800 23.5 119 700 Habaniya 115 000 7 40 000 34.8 75 000 Heet 109 865 6.7 39 865 36.3 70 000 Amiriyat 91 000 5.1 18 000 19.8 73 000 Kbesa 80 000 4.9 35 000 43.6 45 000 Mohammadi 80 000 4.9 35 000 43.8 119 700 Barwana 73 850 4.5 33 850 45.8 40 000 Karma 72 678 4.4 22 678 31.2 50 000 Haqlaniyah 55 850 3.4 25 850 46.3 30 000 Saqlawiya 45 000 2.7 20 000 44.4 25 000 Nukhib 45 000 2.7 20 000 44.4 50 000 Baghdadi 41 660 2.5 19 660 47.2 22 000 Waffa 41 660 2.5 19 660 47.2 25000 Total 1 649 101 100 581 887 35.3 22 000 Table 19 Priority road projects of municipal institutions under Directorate of Anbar Municipalities N Municipality Name of project Cost (million IQD) 1 Fallujah Marking, re-pavement and rehabilitation of traffic islands at Nuhair Fleih Stin Fallujah 560..5 2 Habaniya Maintenance and repair of all roads in liberated areas in Habaniya 377.5 3 Heet Maintenance and repair all damaged roads in Heet 337.25 4 Rutba Rehabilitation of roads, pavements, and islands in Rutba 307.1 5 Karmah Repair damaged roads in Karmah 285 6 Saqlawiya Maintenance and repair in damaged roads, pavements and islands 282 7 Barwana Rehabilitation of roads, pavements, and side blocks in Barwana, and rehabilitation of 248.96 city entrance; repair and re-linement of cracks in roads 8 Waffa Maintenance and repair all damaged roads and pavements in Wafaa 102.25 9 Mohammadi Rehabilitation of roads in Mohammadi 100 10 Baghdadi Maintenance and repair in city of Baghdadi 99.5 11 Kbesa Maintenance and rehabilitation of roads and pavements in Kbesa suburb 82.5 Total 2782.56
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Roads and bridges outside municipal boundaries. The construction of roads by the private sector is executed/supervised by the Ministry of Construction and Housing (MoCH). On completion, roads are registered in the name of and become property of MoCH pursuant to Road Law 35 of 2002. MoCH is responsible for completed roads through the Anbar Directorate of Roads and Bridges (DoRB). The latter is responsible for any urgent and ongoing maintenance, furnishing, and expansion of roads and bridges in Anbar located outside municipal boundaries – including all road elements (dirt, gravel, tiling and pavement, edges, arches and bridges on valleys and rivers). Where the Governorate has constructed roads/bridges using allocations for regional development, responsibility for these is handed over to DoRB. The Governorate does, however, retain supervisory and guiding role in their management, and it is responsible for any necessary financial support for rehabilitation in the absence of financial allocations from MoCH.
Table 20 Main roads by year of construction and secondary roads in Anbar Governorate, DoRB Anbar N Name of Road Length (km) Width (m) Lanes (n) Status of road 1 Ramadi–Baghdad 70 7.5 2 2 Baghdad–Ramadi 70 7.5 2 3 Fallujah–Rahaliyah 85 7.5 1 4 Fallujah–Tharthar 43 7.3 1 5 Tharthar– Samarra 32 7.3 1 6 Tharthar–Intersection at Km 51 of the highway 30 7.3 1 7 Arm of the Tigris–Baghdad 45 7.5 1 8 Ramadi–Samarra 58 7.5 1 Old and in need of repair 9 Ramadi–Haditha–Qa’im 290 7.3 1 10 Nukhib–Arar 262 7.5 1 11 Nukhib–Karbala 125 7.5 1 12 Qa’im–Ukashat–Rutba 210 7.5 1 13 Talhaha–Ukashat (Phase I) 60 7.5 1 14 Haditha–Baiji 60 7 1 15 Rutba–AG2 52 7.3 1 16 Amiriyat–Messayeb 37 8 1 17 Haji Bari Road 165 8 1 Under construction 18 Highway #1 Baghdad– Abu Ghreib–Fallujah— 1192 15.5 2 Ramadi–Rutba–Traibeel (Jordanian border) and – Recently reopened for traffic Tunuf (Syrian border) Total main roads – 18 2736 km – – 16 old (88.9%) Total secondary roads – 52 1597 km 1 x 4 m 1 42 old and in need of repair (80.8%) 32 x 6 m 8 under construction (15.4%) 16 x 7 m 2 under maintenance (3.8%) 2 x 7.5 m 1 x 8m Total main + secondary roads in Anbar – 70 4333 km - - 82.9% old and in need of repair
The network is old. Most roads were built in the Table 21 Strategic projects of DoRB/MoCH suspended as 1970s; the most recent one was built over 25 a result of ISIL occupation of the province21 years ago, which exceeds the age limit for N Rehabilitation project Cost Completion reconstruction. Still, pre-ISIL, roads and bridges (IQD rate (%) in Anbar were in relatively good condition, as billion) traffic volume was lighter. Where problems were 1 3rd Fallujah bridge and surroundings 31.994 76% seen, MoCH was able to address them through 2 Ramadi-Haditha road – 2nd corridor 9.044 59% the annual financial allocation to MoCH and the (20km) Governorate. Indeed, a plan of vital projects in 3 Haditha concrete bridge 13.985 33% the transport sector was drafted. Some of these 4 Ramadi-Haditha road – 2nd corridor 26.373 9% projects were initiated (Table 20); the rest were (36km) distributed over the 5-year plans. Yet, the advent 5 Al Ma’amoun concrete bridge 7.205 8% of ISIL interrupted this effort and lead to 6 Rawa–Hadar road 49.092 6% suspension of all projects. Given the importance of these projects, it is recommended that they be reinstated in addition to reconstruction of infrastructure destroyed by ISIL.
21 All data on roads and bridges in the chapter – unless specified otherwise – from Anbar Governorate Planning Department.
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The condition of roads has been much exacerbated by destruction in the context of ISIL. Each year, a number of roads and bridges deteriorate due to age and overuse by trucks and vehicles. Certain limitations could reduce the traffic load and wear of roads – e.g. load codes/weight limits, weight stations, enforcement of limits on loads, with pertinent fines to violators, etc. Such limitations, however, are lacking – while some of the roads are used heavily and continuously. In certain cases, roads have been refurbished with markings and traffic State of al-Houz Bridge on the Euphrates near Ramadi, Apr 2015 signs to ensure operation.
While vital for activities and daily life in the province, bridges in Anbar were deliberately targeted for destruction by ISIL. A total of 107 out of 226 bridges were destroyed (47.3%), with 20%--100% damage rate (detailed in Table 24). As areas were being liberated by security forces, a number of entities became involved in the reconstruction of vital bridges in the province. A number of bridges have already been provisionally reconstructed, while MoCH and UNDP have identified other bridges for sustainable rehabilitation under DoRB supervision (Table 22). A number of further bridges have been identified for reconstruction (see Table 25).
Table 22 Ongoing and completed bridge reconstruction in Anbar Governorate N Name of bridge Damage Funding agency Completion Completion Cost (USD) rate (%) rate (%) year Bridges 1 Al Hoz bridge in Ramadi 35 Anbar Governorate 100 2016 n/a already 2 Fallujah concrete bridge 20 Anbar Governorate 100 2016 n/a provisionally 3 Wadi Houran bridge on Heet- 20 MoCH 100 2016 n/a reconstructed Baghdadi-Haditha road 4 Al Khalidiya concrete bridge 25 MoCH 100 2016 n/a 5 Al Boueita bridge 40 Military Engineering 100 2016 n/a 6 Al Qasim bridge 35 Military Engineering 100 2015 n/a 7 Nazem Al Majarah bridge 35 Military Engineering 100 2015 n/a Bridges 1 Wadi Al Mohammadi bridge 100 MoCH 90 n/a 1 257 516 approved for 2 Al Bou Farraj bridge in Ramadi 52 MoCH 14 n/a 2 287 000 reconstruction 3 Omar Bin Abdul Aziz bridge, Ramadi 55 MoCH 12 n/a 1 279 000 in 2017 4 Al Qassim Bridge, Ramadi 35 MoCH 13 n/a 800 000 5 Al Maa’moun concrete bridge 100 UNDP 5 n/a 1 112 000 6 Iron bridge beneath Palestine bridge 40 UNDP 5 n/a 560 000
Table 23 Summary of destruction from warfare to the transport infrastructure under MoCH/DoRB in Anbar Infrastructure Details Cost (IQD million) 1 Bridges on Highway #1 Various scale of destruction to 49 bridges 81 460 2 Bridges on main (excluding Highway Various scale of destruction to 58 bridges 63 411 #1) and secondary roads 3 Arches and speed bumps 13 270 4 Weight stations and buildings 8 weight stations: Waleed, Trebil, Rutba East, Rutba West, Kilo 169 641 35, Saqlawiyah, Karma, Tourist City Building of the Ministry of Construction and Housing in Anbar Total 327 782
Inputs for road reconstruction. Over 30 asphalt factories in the province produce asphalt for road paving, although there is some need for rehabilitation.22 Seven are located in Amiriyat, Habaniya, Haditha, Heet, Fallujah and Rutba municipalities, with combined production capacity of 573 tonnes/hour. (There is no asphalt factory in Ramadi.) Other required raw materials (gravel and sand) are available as well. Heavy machinery for maintenance and reconstruction of roads are available, owned by both the private and the public sector. Of the two, only the private sector has specialised machinery adequate for the implementation of large projects.
22 The cost of priority projects for rehabilitation and maintenance of asphalt plants in Anbar is estimated at IQD 4.9 billion.
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Constraints to development of the transport network service
Overload due to noncompliance with regulation Lack of weight stations to control road access and overload High temperatures affecting the asphalt Violation by citizens who dig irrigation pipelines – especially in remote areas/at night Destructions of road/bridge and supporting network due to the occupation by ISIL Security controls located on roads have led to destruction of/holes in roads.
Goals
Reconstruct roads and bridges destructed by ISIL; Complete maintenance and rehabilitate roads and bridges that are deteriorating due to age and overuse by trucks and vehicles; Build new roads and bridges to respond to actual needs and anticipated future needs; Raise awareness among citizens on issues related to using the transport network – e.g. compliance with regulation, compliance with load assignments, and non-violation of public property.
Measures to achieve the goals
Complete strategic projects suspended as a result of ISIL occupation of the province; Reconstruct roads and bridges destroyed by ISIL; Initiate urgent maintenance for roads damaged by overload; Reconstruct weight stations, including those damaged as a result of ISIL occupation, and offer investment opportunities to operate weight stations; Adopt up-to-date technologies for asphalt repair including additives and upgrading of the asphalt used; Locate security controls outside roads and use concrete for the flooring of control units; Activate laws to hold accountable violators of roads and public property.
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Table 24 ISIL-related damage to bridges in the transport network under MoCH, Anbar Governorate N Bridges on Highway #1 Location/station Damage Damage rate (%) Cost (IQD million) 1 Fallujah crossing (employees bridge) ascending 29+843 Total floor and pillars 71m x 21m 100 2500 2 Fallujah crossing (employee bridge) descending 29+843 Total floor and pillars 71m x 21m 100 2500 3 Ascending bridge at railway station 320+31 Total floor and pillars 66m x 15.5m 100 1500 4 Al Sajar overpass 900+34 Total floor and pillars 67.3m x 9.5m 100 1500 5 Al Bu Eissi overpass 150+40 Total floor and pillars 67.3m x 9.5m 100 1500 6 Over pass Al Saqlawiyya bridge 392+44 Total floor and pillars 71.38m x 14m 100 1750 7 Over pass Al Saqlawiyya bridge 870+45 Total floor and pillars 67.3m x 9.5m 100 1500 8 Ascending land bridge over Al Saqlawiyya river 950+45 Total floor and pillars 41m x 15.5m 100 1500 9 Descending Land bridge over Al Saqlawiyya river 950+45 Total floor and pillars 41m x 15.5m 100 1500 10 Iron bridge over Al Saqlawiyya river 950+45 Floor and pillars 40m x 6m 100 400 11 Al Tartar overpass Total floor and pillars 71m x 14m 100 1750 12 Descending land bridge 200+52 2 plots with pillars, 40m x 15.5m each 40 1000 13 Ascending Japanese bridge on Al Tartar canal 595+54 3 plots with pillars, 36m x 15.5m each 50 3000 14 Descending Japanese bridge on Al Tartar canal 595+54 5 plots with pillars, 36m x 15.5m each 80 4000 15 Iron bridge on Al Tartar canal 595+54 Total floor and pillars 100m x 9.5m 70 750 16 Overpass at Abu Zaghyan crossing 400+61 Floor and pillars 67.3m x 9.5m 100 1500 17 Al Hamidiya overpass 300+75 Floor and pillars 67.3m x 9.5m 100 1500 18 Al Boue’ita overpass 750+80 Total floor and pillars 67m x 9.5m 100 1500 19 Al Ramadi crossing bridge (right) 650+85 Total floor and pillars 71m x 20m 100 2500 20 Al Ramadi crossing bridge (left) 650+85 Total floor and pillars 71m x 20m 100 2500 21 Al Jarayshi overpass 925+87 Total floor and pillars 70m x 14m 100 1750 22 Ascending Palestine bridge on Euphrates 622+89 4 plots, 36m each 35 4000 23 Descending Palestine bridge on Euphrates 622+89 3 plots, 36m each 30 3000 24 Iron bridge close to Palestine Bridge 622+89 Total floor and pillars 88m 45 700 25 Zankour overpass 867+94 Total floor and pillars 67.3m x 14m 100 1750 26 Al Bu Kharbit overpass 900+104 Total floor and pillars 67.3m x 9.5m 100 1500 27 Overpass 18 200+114 Total floor and pillars 67.3m x 9.5m 100 1500 28 Overpass 200+130 Total floor and pillars 67.3m x 9.5m 100 1500 29 Ascending bridge 100+133 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each 50 1500 30 Descending bridge 100+133 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each 50 1500 31 Ascending land bridge 600+280 3 plots 20m each with 2 sets of pillars 70 1750 32 Descending land bridge 600+280 3 plots 20m each with 2 sets of pillars 70 1750 33 Ascending land bridge (Al Wadi Saqqar) 870+301 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each 20 1350 34 Descending land bridge (Al Wadi Saqqar) 870+301 2 plots 20m x 15.5m, 24m x15.5m 20 1350 35 Overpass 500+311 Total floor and pillars 67.3m x 9.5m 100 1500 36 Ascending land bridge 350+313 2 plots 20m each 100 1500 37 Descending land bridge at station 350+313 2 plots 20m each 100 1500 38 Overpass 850+330 Total floor and pillars, 71.3m x 14m 100 1750 39 Ascending land bridge 120+335 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each 15 1100 40 Descending land bridge 120+335 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each 15 1100 41 Ascending land bridge 800+361 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each 15 1100 42 Descending land bridge 800+361 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each 15 1100 43 Ascending land bridge 362+500 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each 30 1100 44 Descending land bridge 362+500 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each 30 1100 45 Ascending bridge (Wadi Houran) 378+500 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each with pillars 30 1100 46 Descending land bridge 378+500 2 plots 20m x 15.5m each with pillars 30 1100 47 Road/9 from kilo 0 to kilo 124 25 arch pipes, 33 box pipes 100 5200 48 Road/10 (Taliha crossing) from kilo 124 to kilo 247 2 arch pipes 100 80 49 Road/11 (Rutba crossing) from kilo 247 to kilo 387 2 arch pipes 100 80 Total bridges on Highway #1 49 Destruction: 57.1% total (100%), 14.3% [50-80%], 28.6% [15-45%] 81 460 N Bridges on main (excluding Highway #1) and secondary roads Damage Status as of end-2016 Cost (IQD million) 1 Al Fallujah new bridge on Euphrates Plot 33m, plot 19m All plots repaired, traffic is smooth 1707 2 Al Fallujah Iron bridge on Euphrates Plot 55m Notice published for designs by UNDP 1750 3 Al Fallujah 33 bridge 4 plots, 24m each 2100
50 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP
4 Al Oudat Al Shakr bridge on Abu Ghreib canal 3 plots, 16m x 9m each 600 5 Al Ameriyya bridge (Al Anaz) 5 plots, 30m each 2400 6 Nazem Al Majara bridge Plot 33m Instating Billy bridge – Military Engineering 620 7 Universal bridge at strategic road PS4 Plot 54m Instating Billy bridge – Military Engineering 300 8 Al Tuffaha bridge on Abu Ghreib canal Plot 15m x 20m 300 9 Al Sikka bridge on Ramadi-Fallujah road (AlBou Alwan) Plot 15m x 20m 600 10 Al Saqawiyya bridge on the Euphrates 5 plots, 24m each 2085 11 Al Saqawiyya bridge on Technology Institute road 4 plots, 40m x 9m each 600 12 Fresh water canal bridge on Tartar road 5 plots, 17.5m x 20m total Cylinder bridge constructed on the canal 1900 13 Fresh water canal bridge on Tartar road, return direction 5 plots, 17.5m x 20m altogether Cylinder bridge constructed on the canal 1900 14 Thiraa’ Dejleh bridge on Al Tartar road 5 plots, 40m x 20m altogether 850 15 Al Sheiha bridge on Dejleh river Plot, 40m x 20m 900 16 28 Nissan bridge on Thira’ Dejleh Plot, 40m x 20m 900 17 Rao’ud bridge on Thira’ Dejle canal Plot, 40m x 20m 1000 18 Al Rawda bridge on Al Rahaliya road 2 plots, 30m x 13m altogether 1000 19 Wadi Teileb bridge on Al Rahiliya road 2 plots, 30m x 13m altogether 1000 20 Al Khaidiya Al Kharasani on Euphrates 3 plots, 40m x 20m total 2 plots dumped; installing of bridge (universal) on plot 3 1800 21 Martyrs bridge at Al Bobali (floating) Full bridge, 160m 600 22 Al Ma’amoun bridge at Al Hamidiya (floating) Full bridge, 200m Notice for Implementation of work announced by UNDP 600 23 Al Boueita bridge on Euphrates (near fountain) 6 plots, 24m x 18.75m each Instating Billy bridge – Military Engineering 3564 24 Bridge linking Al Ramadi-Highway (Al Bur Fra) on Euphrates 6 plots, 24m x 18.75m each Received bids analysed to award implementation – DoRB, WB funding 2800 25 Omar Bin Abdul Aziz bridge on Al Warar canal 6 plots, 24m x 12m each Received bids analysed to award implementation – DoRB, WB funding 1700 26 Al Warwar bridge (Al Hooz) on Al Warar canal 2 plots, 24m x 12m each One plot fixed, the second destroyed and dumped 800 27 Al Qassim bridge on Al warar canal 6 plots, 24m x 20m each Received bids analysed to award implementation – DoRB, WB funding 1100 28 University of Al Anbar bridge on train rail 3 plots, 40m x 11m each 880 29 Oil warehouses bridge on train rail 3 plots, 16m x 11m each 350 30 Al Majzara bridge on train rail Plot, 16m x 9m 300 31 Query bridge on train rail Plot, 16m x 9m 300 32 Al Jazira bridge on Euphrates (Al Bou Assaf) 4 plots, 24m x 12m each 2300 33 Wadi Al Mohammadi bridge on Ramadi-Heet road 3 plots, 11m x 10m each 250 34 Heet iron bridge on Euphrates Full bridge, 240m x 10m 4000 35 Doulab bridge (floating) Full bridge, 320m 1400 36 Al Baghdadi concrete bridge on Ramadi-Haditha-Baghdadi road 3 plots, 14m x 15m each Construction of a detour close to the bridge 800 37 Wadi Ghuzayel on Ramadi-Haditha--Baghdadi road Plot, 10m x 12m Bridge dumped 250 38 Wadi Houran bridge on Ramadi-Haditha road Plot, 15m x 12m Installing Billy bridge – MoCH/DoRB 355 39 Al Baghdadi floating bridge on Euphrates 300 m width 3.6m 1200 40 Jebba floating bridge on Euphrates 200 m width 3.6m 800 41 Martyr Wahid bridge on Euphrates (floating Billy) 228 m width 4m Billy type Fixed temporarily 1500 42 Wadi Zaghdan bridge on Ramadi-Haditha road Plot 20m x 12m Fixed top of bridge temporarily 350 43 Haditha iron bridge on Euphrates Plot 45 m x 7m 300 44 Al Sakkara bridge on Haditha functioning road 2 plots, 31m x 11.5m each 1100 45 Ghida bridge on Haditha functioning road 2 plots, 31m x 11.5m each 1100 46 Wadi Al Fuhaimi on Haditha functioning road 2 plots, 31m x 11.5m each 1100 47 Al Rayhana bridge on Haditha functioning road 2 plots, 31m x 11.5m each 1100 48 Al Kassar bridge on Haditha functioning road 2 plots, 31m x 11.5m each 1150 49 Abu Teen bridge on Haditha functioning road 2 plots, 31m x 11.5m each 1100 50 Jbab bridge on Haditha functioning road 2 plots, 31m x 11.5m each 600 51 Rawa bridge on Euphrates Plot 24m x 12m Installing Billy bridge – MoCH/DoRB 700 52 Samandon bridge on Rawa main public road Plot 31m x 11.5m 400 53 Al Bayda floating bridge on Euphrates Full bridge, 217m 950 54 Al Ubaid floating bridge on Euphrates Full bridge, 246m 1100 55 Huwija Al Karabla floating bridge on Euphrates Full bridge, 173m 800 56 Huwaiha Al Boumahal floating bridge on Euphrates Full bridge, 101m 400 57 Joining floating bridge on Euphrates Full bridge, 114 500 58 Wadi Al Ghadaf bridge on road 160km al Nukhib Full bridge, 20m 500 Total bridges on main (excl. Highway #1) and secondary roads 49 38.8% provisionally fixed 63 411
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Table 25 Proposed reconstruction projects for bridges and roads outside municipal boundaries Agency N Name of bridge/related project Cost (million IQD) Total (million IQD) Anbar Governorate 1 Al Saqlawiya on Euphrates River, Saqlawiya 1734.15 9996.376 – Provincial Plan for 2 Heet Bridge on Euphrates River, Heet 1296 2017 3 Bridge on train rail on Ramadi-Fallujah road (Al Bou Alwan area), Fallujah 591 (cost excluding 4 Bridge on train rail on Ramadi-Fallujah road (Al Bou Alwan area), Fallujah 1184.55 reserves and 5 Al Tuffaha Bridge, Ramadi 1430.6 supervision) 6 Al Houz Bridge, Ramadi 552.12 7 University bridge on train rail, Ramadi 570.4 8 Al Baghdadi floating bridge, Baghdadi 1394.9 MoCH, Directorate 1 Arrange for machinery for the Directorate (trucks, load 45 t and other machinery incl. 16 m3 revolving truck– Japanese 2017 model) 596 10 000 of Roads and 2 Rebuild Wadi Zaghdan bridge on Heet-Haditha road 330 Bridges – within the 3 Rebuild Al Baghdadi concrete bridge 640 Reconstruction of 4 Maintenance of explosives damages to Haditha concrete floating bridge (phase II) 134 Liberated Areas 5 Repair Ramadi-Heet road 300 Fund 6 Construct Heet Concrete bridge 8000 MoCH, Directorate 1 Nahr Al Helwa bridge on Tartar road - Smaraa 4500 43 450 of Roads and 2 Jebba bridge 1400 Bridges – within the 3 Wadi Houran bridge 600 German Loan Plan 4 Wadi Ghuzail bridge 600 5 Rehabilitation of Ramadi-Falluja road 6000 6 Rehabilitation of Ramadi-Heet-Haditha road 5000 7 Al Doulab bridge 1600 8 Martyr Waheed bridge 4000 9 Wadi Al Ghadaf bridge 600 10 Al Bou Ghayeb bridge on Al Saqlawiya River 1000 11 Al Rawda bridge 1500 12 Rehabilitation of Falluja-Amiriyat-Flahat road 5500 13 Rehabilitation of Falluja-Karmah road 2500 14 Wadi Te’elib bridge 1400 15 Al Khalidiya bridge 2000 16 Al Shaiha bridge 1250 17 Al Rou’d bridge 1250 18 Rehabilitation of Heet-Kbesa road 2750 UNDP Plan 1 Reconstructing Palestine Bridge- the ascending and descending corridors 4000 12 300 2 Reconstructing the Japanese bridge- ascending and descending corridors 4500 3 Reconstruct Fallujah Iron bridge 2000 4 Reconstruct Taher Saqlawiya bridge on the highway 1800 Total 36 75 746.376
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2. Electricity service
Access to electricity is a key component of measuring human development and a premise for socio-economic development. Electricity service is responsibility of the Electricity Department of Anbar Governorate, which oversees the: Directorate of Energy Transmission Network – which is responsible for the main operating stations 11/33/123 and transmission lines132 KV; Directorate of Electricity Distribution of the Upper Euphrates – which services Qa’im, Ana’a, Rawa, Haditha, and Baghdadi; Directorate of Electricity Distribution of Ramadi – which services Rutba, Heet, Khalidiya and Ramadi; and Directorate of Electricity Distribution of Fallujah – which serves Karmah, Saqlawiya, Fallujah, and Amiriyat.
Pre-ISIL, electricity service reached almost 100% of the population. Over 40 substations delivered electricity to more than 1.5 million inhabitants. Electricity generation was secured through three main 132 KV power sources, namely (1) the Biji conversion station, including 400 kV connection to Haditha Dam; (2) Haditha Dam power plant; and (3) Power plant in Abu Ghreib. Projected demand on the power grid was ca. 1000 MVA; the good technical status of power plants allowed to match operational and required load at any one time. Even so, consumption never peaked over 600 MVA, linked to the overall low production levels in Iraq and insufficient transmission lines.
The ISIL occupation of ca. 80% of Anbar and the military operations have resulted in massive damages to all electricity systems in Anbar. The electricity service to citizens, public institutions and industry has been significantly reduced with frequent interruptions due to limited power generation and disrupted electricity distribution network. In Qa’im, Rawa and parts of Rutba that were only recently liberated, electricity service had been stopped entirely; the scale and degree of destruction to the electricity system have not yet been assessed. Elsewhere in liberated areas: The electricity service reaches only ca. 40% of the population, while damage to the electricity systems is ca. 80%, including transmission lines, substations, and electricity network; The destruction of the 400 kV transmission line of Biji has deprived Anbar from one of its major energy supply lines, causing major interruption and suspension of service, depriving the province from one of the main lines for energy generation. The remainder of transmission lines – insufficient to meet needs – have been completely paralysed. Current operational energy level does not reach 40% of energy demand. The construction of a main conversion station 132/400 kV in Ramadi would resolve operational capacity limitations; Damages to the electricity network with voltage 33/11/0.4 kV amount to more than 80%, including damage to more than 400 km of 33 kV lines, 3000 km of 11kV lines, and around 5000 11/0.4 distribution switches. The capacity of the network is only at 40%; Destruction has also affected specialised machinery required for rebuilding; To illustrate the situation, under the Directorate of Electricity Distribution of Ramadi alone, 8 of 17 substations were destroyed, 1100 km 11-kV transmission lines, and the estimated amount for restoring capacities (incl. machinery) is USD 150 million.
The process of the reconstruction and rebuilding requires ca. USD 250 million based on initial estimates. So far, work in this regard has targeted stabilisation, and not optimal technical status in line with standards adopted for electricity networks. Minimum partial repair is conducted due to insufficient financial resources, as well as shortage of specialised machinery. Financial allocations for reconstruction are very low, including for additional staff. At the same time, the regular technical staff at Directorates responsible for maintenance are insufficient for the rebuilding required. Most technical workers are contracted, and suffer from non-payment of dues, vague legal status and low labour protection. Thus, their utilisation is limited in some areas, while the need to utilise them in the n the rebuilding and rehabilitation process is acute. To speed up of the rebuilding process of the electricity network, it is necessary to resolve the contractual status of these workers and employ them on fixed term basis within the relevant directorate. Work is limited to corrective measures to restore the network to pre-ISIL capacity. Expansion in the electricity service will require the allocation of respective financial resources. No proposed projects are planned for implementation by international organisations.
53 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP
Table 26 Destroyed substations in the electrical distribution system of Anbar Governorate by end-2016 Directorate N Transmission substation - name Short-circuit capacity (MVA) Beneficiaries (n) Fallujah Karmah, 1 Nasser station – 11/33 kV 31.5x2 60 000 Saqlawiya, 2 Southern station – 11/33 kV 31.5x2 50 000 Fallujah, 3 Eastern station –11/33 kV 31.5x2 40 000 Amiriyat 4 Saqlawiya mobile station – 11/33 kV 16x1 30 000 5 Hadra station – 11/33 kV 31.5x2 6000 Ramadi Ramadi 6 New Ramadi station – 11/33/132 kV (25/50/63)x3 100 000 7 Old Ramadi station – 11/33/132 kV (25/50/63)+(16/50/50)x2 50 000 8 Mobile Housing station – 11/33 kV 16x1 10 000 Khalidiya 9 Khalidiya station – 11/33 kV 16x1+10x2 50 000 10 Malahama station – 11/33 kV 10x2 13 000 Heet 11 Mashtal station –11/33 kV 31.5x2 40 000 12 Kbesa Cement station – 11/33/132 kV (44.1/63)x2 15 000 Rutba 13 Rutba station – 11/32/132 kV (5/10/15)+(16/50/50) 20 000 Total* 14 * Assessment for Upper Euphrates n/a due to security situation 484 000
Obstacles
Over 80% damage to the electricity network in the context of ISIL, including distribution and transmission, and severely damaged generation of electricity – with dire consequences for the population and the economy; Limited funds of the Electricity Department – due to (1) insufficient allocations for rebuilding, and (2) people and public sector not paying their bills. The major consumer of electricity is the public sector (e.g. hospitals, street lighting); this cannot pay its bills, but the electricity service has to continue; Lack of programmes to support the utilisation of alternative energy sources and sustainable energy solutions (e.g. solar panels, boilers, etc.). Shortage of machinery and qualified/skilled staff.
Goals
Sufficient and uninterrupted electricity supply that meets the needs of citizens, the public sector and all sectors of the economy; Urgent rebuilding as well as development and optimisation of the power distribution system – in line with adopted norms and to support the growing population and economic development.
Means to achieve the goals
Rehabilitate out-of-date substations and substations damaged by military activity; Increase the capacity substations, provide the required specialised mechanisation and equipment; Construct new substations to ease load on existing plants that cannot benefit from the expansion; Rehabilitate transmission lines and networks damaged as a result of military operations and provide resources for operation; Construct new 33kV lines; Replace sections in old/degraded power networks in residential areas, and rehabilitate sections that do not need replacement; Construct new networks for new residential areas that are still not served with electricity; Provide modern and efficient lighting of main streets and public areas; Provide training to improve the performance and capacity of staff in view of the volume of work required.
3. Water supply service
Access to safe water supply is one of the main determinants of the standard of living, and premise for the good health status of the population. Sustained quantities of water are required for the development of economic activities. Thus, socio-economic development is unthinkable in the absence of effective water supply service and water resource management.
In Anbar province, the sustainability of water resources is at risk – in terms of both water quantity and water quality (see Chapter I.2). Water consumption for Iraq is given at 403 l/day/capita – including water for domestic, industrial and agriculture use. According to data from the Water Directorate, drinking water consumption rate is
54 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP on average 360 l/day/capita in urban and 22 l/day/capita in rural areas; and water use in agriculture and food production is as high as 92% of all water consumption.23 With projected population growth and migration to urban areas, the overall demand for water is expected to increase. With changes in precipitation and temperature patterns, as well as fluctuation and reduction in the flow of the Euphrates, demand in agriculture especially is expected to increase as well – while there is overall expected decline in water availability.
Ensuring adequate water supply to meet demand across sectors requires rigorous policy and water management, aligned with the currently available and expected future resources and needs. Best practices and methods should be studied to identify the optimal water usage and water management options.
Water management in Anbar is responsibility of: (1) the Water Resources Directorate of Fallujah (WRD–Fallujah) under MoWR – responsible for irrigation services to farmers in Fallujah, Karma, Amiriyat and Saqlawiyah qadhas, and supervising 10 intake stations (8 irrigation, 2 amniocenteses), 36 pumps, 4233 wells; and (2) the Anbar Water Resources Directorate (Anbar WRD, with HQ in Ramadi) – responsible for water supply in all other areas/cases, and supervising a total of 20 intake water treatment plants and 118 integrated units.24
The water infrastructure is generally inefficient and in poor condition, with much water loss. There is frequent suspending of operations due to out-of-order status at facilities – linked to low financial allocations.
By latest estimates, drinking water service reaches 92.6% in urban areas but only 64.8% in rural areas; and there is inequality in access to drinking water from projects across qadhas and nahias. The drinking water network coverage is low and not commensurate with population growth patterns.25 Areas that are not served by the water network depend on local wells and open water canals, which carry high risks of waterborne diseases.
Table 27 Water control facilities in the Euphrates basin, Anbar Governorate Regulator facility Discharge Purpose Location (m3/s) 1 Haditha dam 13 028 Control Euphrates flow 7 km north of Haditha 2 Ramadi dam 3600 Control Euphrates flow West Ramadi 3 Nathem Warrar 2800 Divert Euphrates water to Habanya Lake West Ramadi 4 Nathem Dhiban 400 Drain Habanya water into Euphrates Habaniya 5 Nathem Majarra 850 Drain Habanya water into Razaza Lake 20 km south of Fallujah 6 Nathem Makhed on Tigris arm 600 Control Tigris water release level At Km 0 of Tharthar Canal 7 Nathem Al Shalala 600 Control water level in Tharthar-Tigris arm At Km 28.5 of Dhira'a Dijla 8 Nathem Al Tharthar-Euphrates 1100 Control water flow from Tharthar to At Km 0 of Taksim Tharthar Canal Euphrates 9 Nathem Taqseem 500 Control water flow to Euphrates At Km 27 of Taksim Tharthar Canal 10 Fallujah dam 2600 Divert water to canals 4 km south of Fallujah 11 Dams of Unified Canals 3 104 Control water flow into canals 4 km south of Fallujah
Table 28 Reservoirs on wadis of the western Table 29 Main dams on rivers and springs in desert, Anbar Governorate Anbar Governorate, and post-ISIL status N Dam* Location Built Capacity WRD N Location of dam (water length Damage (M m3) body) (km) (%) 1 Rutba 32 km south of Rutba 1981 32 1 Euphrates River -- right bank 77 5 2 Abyad 58 km southeast of Rutba 2002 25 2 Euphrates River -- left bank 56 5 3 Kara/4 150 km northwest of Rutba – 3.8 3 Warwar Spring -- left side 4 10 4 Houran/3 32 km east of Rutba 2003 5.3 Ramadi 4 Warwar Spring – left side at 8 10 5 Shbeiha 120 km southeast Rutba 1977 8 Taamim 6 Um Torqat 40 km northwest of Nukhib 1982 7 5 Al Habiiyya lake (Al Sutaih & 4.5 10 7 Aghrabi 55 km west of Rutba 1974 6 Al Mshaihaid dams) 8 Kara/2 150 km north of Rutba – 4.2 6 Euphrates River -- right bank 8 30 Heet 7 Euphrates River -- left bank 30 30 9 Rahaliya 14 km north of Rahaliyah 1982 4 10 Huseiniya 150 km northeast of Rutba 1976 4 11 Abila 15 km north of Rutba 1973 4 12 Seri 140 km south of Rutba 1976 0.3 * All dams are type embankment–earthfill 103.6
23 MoMP/AECOM (Sept 2014). 24 MoMP/AECOM (Sept 2014). 25 MoMP/AECOM (Sept 2014).
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In the context of ISIL, the capacity of WRDs has become severely reduced; damage to infrastructure, machinery and equipment has been extensive; and there is massive suspending of operations. Water treatment plants (already insufficient pre-ISIL) are not working. Maintenance, operation, reconstruction and development of the water intake, purification, supply and irrigation network are impeded by severe lack of funding. Finally, the water service requires provision of continuous and reliable energy supply – which has also been severely disrupted.
Table 30 Damages to irrigation infrastructure and related assets, Anbar WRD Assets of the Ramadi WRD Post-ISIL damage (%) Old Fully destroyed, incl. furniture, records, files, documents, Directorate 100% computers, and electronic equipment building New 25% accomplished pre-ISIL 20% Machinery and service vehicles 90% Irrigation pumping Main Irrigation of Abu Tiban and 4 houses Station 20%, houses 100% stations on the right Irrigation of Al Bazayez Abu Tiban (Ibrahim Shuhab) 40% (south-west) bank of Irrigation of Zwigher 10% Ramadi Irrigation the Euphrates Irrigation of Canal 46 (Hajji Menzel) 20% Project Irrigation of Main Al Qutniya with 2 houses Station 50%, houses 30% (RIP) RIP Phases 1, 2, 3 Supporting Irrigation of Al Qutniya 40% Irrigation of Zankora with 2 houses Station 40%, houses 30% Capacity to irrigate Irrigation of Tawa 80% 140 000 donums, with 25 irrigation Irrigation pumping Al Tarabsha – Main station with 4 houses Station 70%; houses 30% stations pre-ISIL. stations on the left Al Tarabsha – Khath Al‘ffat station - irrigation of Bazayes 35% (north-east) bank of Al Tarabsha – Ahmed Thabet station – irrigation of 30% Has 6 sections: the Euphrates Bazayes Al Tarabsha – Al Bou Ajaj station – irrigation of Bazayes 70% (1) Euphrates right RIP Phases 4, 5 Al Bouhayes station – irrigation of Bazayes 50% bank (Al Shamiyya): Al Boou Ali Al Jasim – Main station with 4 houses Station 50%, houses 20% . Phase 1 – 16 000 Al Boou Ali Al Jasim – Ahmed Al Abed station 60% donums; Al Bou Ziab – Main station with 4 houses Station 100%; houses 50% . Phase 2 – 12 000 Al Boue’ta station 60% donums 5th station (temporary) 70% . Phase 3 – 10 000 Irrigation canals Irrigation canals (different types – earthen, lined, donums suspended): 100 km main, 60 km secondary, 244 km field 20% . Phase 6 – 16 000 canals. donums Drainage system 1st drainage station with 4 houses Station 40%, houses 40%
(incl. drainage 2nd drainage station with 4 houses Station 40%, houses 25% (2) Euphrates left pumps, generators, bank (the Island): 3rd drainage station at Tawa with 4 houses Station 60%, houses 70% electricity switches) . Phase 4 – 40 000 4th drainage station with 4 houses Station 80%, houses 100% donums 5th drainage station at Al Sariyya with 4 houses Station 100%, houses 70% . Phase 5 – 55 000 6th drainage station at Al Madeeq with 5 houses Station 50%, houses 70% donums Drainage system Distribution regulators, crossing structures, arches, auxiliary structures bridges (car/pedestrian), syphons 20% and drains Drains: 85 km main, 87 km branch, 67 km secondary, 433 km accumulated, and 790 km field cover drains. Al Sakran in Haditha 15% Floating project in Ana Assessment pending Other small irrigation projects Al Sakkara project Assessment pending Right Al Kassar project Assessment pending Left Al Kassar project Assessment pending
Table 31 Damages to infrastructure, projects and assets under WRD–Fallujah Division ISIL-related damage Fallujah HQ . Looting of new generator (Perkins 250 kVA) . Looting of office furniture, equipment and other assets . 60% damage of 2 caravans (12m x 3.5m) and looting of new caravan (3.5m x 7m) Fallujah . Destruction of 2 caravans (35m x 8m), and 2 caravans (4m x 4m) – of the guards and the information services division . Destruction of the 2 main gates (3.5m x 2m) . Destruction of the fence of the premises (125m long x 2m high) . Looting of 1 generator (50 kVA capacity) Karma . Looting of generators (15 total): 2 x capacity 750 kVA – silent; 2 x capacity 1000 kVA; 2 x capacity 2750 kVA; 1 x division capacity 750 kVA; 1 x capacity 500 kVA; 3 x capacity 135 kVA; 3 x capacity 135 kVA – silent; 1 x capacity 50 kVA . Looting of 5 electricity switches (1000 kVA capacity) . Looting of 10 electricity motors with different capacities . Looting of electricity cables (2000 m) . Looting of a number of different types of pumping stations’ equipment and accessories . Looting of office furniture, equipment and other assets
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. Destruction of 11 concrete bridges (24m x 4.5m) located on main streams and drainage networks . Destruction of 4 bridges and regulatory cross sections on main streams . Destruction of 2 regulators of main streams . 30% destruction of pumping stations . Destruction of 5 housing units of guards and operators of pumping stations . Destruction of the inner lining of main and subsidiaries canals (500 m, 5000 m2) Saqlawiya . Total destruction (explosives attack) of Headquarters and main warehouse (8mx35m) division . Looting of fuel tank with (5000 l) and generator with 100 kVA capacity . Destruction of 1 generator, capacity 350 kVA . Destruction of the guard’s house and an operation facility . Destruction of the control room for the operation of pumping stations . Destruction of 4 control switches and operation boards of the pumping stations . Damages to generator (500 kVA capacity) at Al Azrakiya irrigation station . Destruction of the inner lining of main and subsidiary canals in different locations (2000 m2) Table 32 Needs of WRD–Fallujah for machinery and service vehicles N Machinery type Quantity Total cost (IQD million) 1 Nissan double cabin-new model 6 210 2 Crain attached to a vehicle (15-tonne load capacity) 1 220 3 Fuel tank (16 000-litre capacity) 1 120 4 Long-arm drill 1 250 5 Short-arm drill 1 200 Total 1000
Obstacles in developing the water supply sector Inadequate financial allocations (almost non-existent) for the operation and maintenance of projects; Lack of allocation for the rehabilitation of affected projects and new construction; Large-scale destruction, damage and loss of infrastructure, as well as equipment, vehicles and machinery; Limited capacity of the Directorate – insufficient funding, mechanisation, and qualified cadres; Lack of public awareness on the need to preserve water and pay for water consumption. Goals
Effective and efficient water management and water supply service that ensure sustained and safe supply of water to citizens, industries and agriculture. Means to achieve the goals
Restore and develop the water service infrastructure; Improve irrigation efficiency through rehabilitation and maintenance of the existing irrigation projects in order to decrease waste of water, increase water supply to farms, and optimise water use in agriculture; Introduce water management aligned with current and future resources and best practices; Develop new and upgrade existing water treatment facilities; Research and develop the possibility for increased water supply from optimised rainwater/runoff collection and reuse of treated wastewater in industry and agriculture; Raise awareness regarding water use among the population; Improve the capacity and effectiveness of the water service – including better data availability, capacity for monitoring, staff capacities, and funding options (investment and water use fees collection).
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Table 33 Required projects and proposed activities in the water sector in Anbar Governorate
Total cost Total cost Year Tasks per Anbar WRD Reconstruction Fund 5-year Plan (2018-2022) Proposed activities per Rehabilitation Objective of WRD of Fallujah (million IQD) (million IQD) 1 Rehabilitate irrigation canal LC1 Phase I- Ramadi 2000 1 Reconstruct the premises and warehouses of Saqlawiya Division 450 2 Construct 1st irrigation station for phase 5 (designs completed) 5000 2 Rehabilitate the main regulators in Karma (Ali Salman and Ibrahim 500 Bin Ali) 3 Construct 2nd irrigation station for phase 5 (designs completed) 4000 3 Rehabilitate concrete bridges (4.5mx24m) at Karma Division 188.5 2018 4 Install new pumps to replace the old ones at Dawar drainage station 1000 4 Arrange for construction and operationalisation of generator with 200 500 kVA capacity 5 Install new pumps to replace the old ones at Zankora drainage station 1000 Total 1338.5 6 Add stone lining to the banks of Euphrates at Zankora/Ramadi 500 1 Rehabilitate irrigation canal MC1 Phase I - Ramadi 1.5 1 Rehabilitate premises of Fallujah Division 100 2 Install new pumps to replace the old ones at Tawa drainage station 3000 2 Rehabilitate lining of canals at Karma Division 150 3 Install new pumps to replace the old ones at Albou E’ita drainage station 3000 3 Rehabilitate lining of canals at Saqlawiya Division 60 4 Add stone lining to the banks of Euphrates at Alboubali/Ramadi 500 4 Rehabilitate concrete bridges (4.5mx24m) at Karma Division 377 5 Arrange for construction and operationalisation of a generator with 200 2019 1000 kVA capacity 6 Arrange for construction and operationalisation of generator for 75 Headquarters with 250 kVA capacity 7 Arrange for construction and operationalisation of generator with 120 135 kVA capacity Total 1081.96 1 Complete the rehabilitation of part II – Phase II at Ramadi 3000 Rehabilitate regulators at Al Karma Division 100 2 Install new pumps to replace the old ones at the Al Qutniya main drainage station 4000 1 Rehabilitate regulators at Saqlawiya Division 50 3 Install new pumps to replace the old ones at the Zai Al Tarabsha drainage station 4000 2 Rebuild guard house and the workshop in plants 525 2020 4 Add stone lining to the banks of Euphrates at East Hasbiya/Ramadi 500 3 Rehabilitate concrete bridges (4.5mx24m) at Karma Division 376.96 5 Rehabilitated dam for the preservation of Euphrates in Heet 800 4 Install and operate generator with 50 kVA capacity 32 5 Rehabilitate regulators at Karma Division 100 Total 1083.96 1 Install new pumps to replace the old ones at Albou Thiab drainage station 2000 2021 2 Construct sand dams and stone lining for Wadi Al Mohammadi 1000 3 Add stone lining to the banks of Euphrates at Al Soufiyya 500 1 Install new pumps to replace the old ones at Albou Thiab main drainage station 2000 2022 2 Rehabilitate dams for the preservation of Euphrates at Ramadi 500 3 Rehabilitate dam at Wadi Al Qa’im 600
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4. Wastewater management
Effective wastewater management benefits human health, the quality and quantity of water resources, and aquatic communities. As such, it is vital for socio-economic development, especially in the context of declining water resources.
Wastewater management is responsibility of Anbar’s Sewerage Directorate; this oversees 12 divisions and 13 centres in all qadhas of Anbar province, which employ ca. 830 staff.
The coverage of wastewater collection and processing networks is very low. Of Anbar’s population, 4% are served by public sewers that collect and process wastewater and surface runoff, and 67% – by septic tanks. Across Anbar, the actual collection rate is 2.4% of the population. Servicing has additionally declined in the context of ISIL related to decline in funding and damage to infrastructure/machinery.
The effectiveness of collection is also low. Insufficient allocated operational finding results in difficulties in the scheduled and urgent maintenance of pump stations and networks, made even more difficult by insufficient specialised machinery – causing frequent out of order status and suspended operation.
Pollution is a major problem that wastewater management needs to address, and it does not, in Anbar governorate. Wastewater from agriculture and industry is a large source of pollution, linked to deficiencies in regulation, inspection and control. Wastewater treatment plants (WTTPs) are altogether missing26 – with impact on water quality and water availability. To illustrate the scale of the problem, Anbar generates ca. 731 380 m3 of wastewater every day27; the vast majority this goes back to the Euphrates river and basin every day – while the Euphrates and groundwaters in the basin are the main source of drinking water in the province. Increased collection and treatment would allow reuse of wastewater and rainwater, esp. for irrigation in agriculture; rainwater collection/treatment could be optimised for use not only in industry but for household use.
Table 34 Proposed projects for 2018-2022 by centres under Anbar Sewerage Directorate Sewerage N Required measure/project People Funding Centre served Ramadi 1 Bring the capacity of pump stations in Taamim area H1 D1 (station at Al Akrad 50 000+ UNDP Iraq neighbourhood + station at Al Taamim) to 100% design capacity (phase II) 2 Secure funding to allow systematic/periodic and urgent maintenance of equipment – to ensure uninterrupted operation of stations H1 D1 3 Equip the Centre with adequate machinery required for network maintenance UNDP Iraq 4 Complete the Al Ramadi sewerage project suspended in early 2014 400 000+ MoP/MoMPW 5 Reconstruct F1 pump station and rehabilitate 4 more stations Reconstruction Fund 6 Complete maintenance of stations. The Directorate has completed maintenance UNDP work for only 4 stations. Currently, the approval of quantity tables is under consideration for approval of UNDP office. Fallujah 1 Secure funding to allow systematic/periodic and urgent maintenance of equipment – to ensure uninterrupted operation of stations 2 Equip the Centre with adequate machinery required for network maintenance UNDP Iraq 3 Complete the Fallujah city sewerage project suspended in early 2014 250 000+ MoP/MoMPW 4 Construct a new WWTP to replace the out-of-service older plant, and rehabilitate pump stations. Comprehensive study, incl. quantity tables/blueprints/annexes, has been completed and submitted to the Directorate; this has not yet taken action. Kbesa 1 Construct a new WWTP 2 Provide maintenance for 3 pump stations 3 Secure funding to allow systematic/periodic and urgent maintenance of equipment – to ensure uninterrupted operation of stations 4 Equip the Centre with adequate machinery required for network maintenance UNDP Heet 1 Secure funding to allow systematic/periodic and urgent maintenance of equipment – to ensure uninterrupted operation of stations 2 Equip the Centre with adequate machinery required for network maintenance UNDP
26 Four were registered in 2012 but none are operational. 27 MoMP/AECOM (Sept 2014). It is estimated that 50% of Iraq's raw sewage is drained into rivers – likely higher for Anbar.
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Table 35 Status and condition of wastewater collection and treatment facilities as of end-2016 Type Locatio N Facility Capacity Populat Dama Initiated rehabilitation n (m3/h) ion ge Donor Cost Type of work served (%)* (USD) (n) Waste Fallujah 1 Fallujah Main WWTP - 400 60 water - 000 Treatm Alneem ent iyah Plants Ramadi 1 Hay Alkraad (Dwajen) - - 20 000 60 (WWTP - Tameem WWTP s) Tamee 2 7 Kilo Residential complex - 3000 60 UNDP- 184 Rehabilitations of all parts (4) m WWTP IRAQ 000 (100%) Heet – 1 Kbesa WWTP - 5000 80 Kbesa Sewera Fallujah 1 Aljehad P10 12 000 16 000 40 ge 2 Alfaaw P10 10 200 14 000 50 pump 3 P14 10 200 14 000 40 station 4 Main 1800 10 000 40 s 5 40th Street 1200 8000 30 (35) 6 General Street 1800 9500 35 7 P4 3000 8000 30 8 P5 600 7000 30 9 P6 600 7000 30 10 F1 4000 20 000 60 11 F2 500 8000 30 12 F5 2400 12 000 30 Karma 1 20th Street 500 3000 50 UNDP- n/a n/a IRAQ 2 Al Shohdaa 500 2000 60 Ramadi 1 Al Tameem H1 6000 11 000 90 - 2 Hay Akraad D1 10 400 19 000 50 UNDP- 238 Quick Operation( 20% of full Tamee IRAQ 000 capacity) Phase 1 m Ramadi 1 Al Walada E1 2400 6000 30 UNDP- 264 Rehabilitations of all parts Centre 2 Al Mashrooa E2 3600 3000 30 IRAQ 000 (100%) 3 Al Thayala E3 6000 16 000 40 UNDP- 315 Rehabilitations of all parts 4 Al Mohafatha M2 1000 7000 30 IRAQ 000 (100%) 5 Main Station M1 2800 15 000 30 100 Rehabilitations of all parts 6 Al Mokhabarat C1 6000 16 000 30 UNHRC 000 (100%) 7 Al Malaab C2 3600 10 000 30 8 Alehtifalat F1 6000 11 000 30 UNDP- 236 Rehabilitations of all parts 9 Alghabaat F2 2400 9000 30 IRAQ 000 (100%) 10 Hay Al Moalemeen B2 6000 11 000 n/a EODP 80 Rehabilitations of all parts 000 (100%) Heet 1 Alsaah 100 5000 20 UNDP- n/a n/a IRAQ 2 Bazil 100 2000 30 UNDP- n/a n/a IRAQ Heet – 1 Mashrooa (M) 100 1500 50 Kbesa 2 Feren (F) 200 3000 60 3 Hafatalmeyah (H) 100 1500 50 35 *Condition of all: Out of services due 713 50 Avera 15 1 417 to loss and destructions of electrical 0 ge: facilities 000 and mechanical components 41.3
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Table 36 Projected needs of centres under Anbar Sewerage Directorate in recently liberated areas Sewerage N Expected damage (assessment pending) People Estimated cost Centre served (USD thousand) Ana’a 1 Damage at the central WWTP (500m3/h) and the network at Ana’a city (15 km) 25 000 300-500 2 Loss/destruction of most specialised machinery - 400-600 Rawa 1 Damage in the network n/a 180-200 2 Loss/destruction of most specialised machinery - 200-300 Qa’im 1 Damage at the WWTP at Obiadi (400m3/h); damage of the 2 pump stations and the 5000 500-600 network of Qa’im city (10 km) 2 Loss/destruction of most specialised machinery - 400-500
Obstacles in developing the wastewater management sector
Inadequate funding within the reconstruction budget and lack of operational budget and funding sources required for the rehabilitation, operation and maintenance of wastewater pump stations and networks – resulting in frequent out of order status and suspended operation; No wastewater treatment facilities, and no funding for new construction; Destruction/damage of infrastructure, and loss/destruction of specialised machinery; Security situation – resulting in stopped projects (incl. WWTP projects); Limited capacity for service provision – in terms of funding and mechanisation, but also in terms of availability and quality of cadres; Lack of public awareness on the importance of wastewater treatment.
Goals
Maintain high levels of wastewater collection in areas covered by the wastewater network and in areas with concentration of population (incl. new urban development); Sufficient and effective wastewater management service – including WWTPs – that supports human health, water quality and water availability.
Means to achieve the goals
Restore and develop the wastewater management service infrastructure (pump stations, networks, etc.); Build wastewater treatment facilities; Research and develop the possibility for increased water supply from optimised rainwater/runoff collection and reuse of treated wastewater in industry and agriculture; Raise awareness regarding the importance of wastewater treatment among the population.
There is need to raise people’s awareness on the importance of using clean water, and the importance of water and wastewater treatment in this regard. The majority of wastewater from households, industry and agriculture goes back to the Euphrates and pollutes it – while the Euphrates is also the main source of drinking water in the province. At the same time, there are at present no wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Anbar Governorate, as well as no working water treatment facilities at water intake stations. This presents as a major threat to public health and the environment. There are plans to build WWTPs in the future, and conceivably, treatment at intake stations will resume. But meanwhile it is important to take immediate measures – e.g. to introduce portable purifiers for use by people.
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5. Waste management
Poor waste management is a major social and economic risk linked to diseases and pollution (esp. of water resources). Effective waste management can add to the economy (as well as quality of life) by providing inputs to other industries, including energy production.
In urban areas of Anbar Governorate, solid waste collection/processing and cleaning services are responsibility of municipal institutions. The Anbar Directorate of Municipalities consists of 20 municipal institutions, namely: Amiriyat, Ana'a, Baghdadi, Barwana, Falluja, Habaniya, Haditha, Haqlaniya, Heet, Karma, Kbesa, Mohammadi, Nukhib, Obiadi, Qa'im, Rawa, Rutba, Saqlawiya, Wafaa, Walid. The Directorate supervises municipal institutions,28 and it follows up on the implementation of services and projects related to the establishment and maintenance of streets, parks and public spaces within the administrative boundaries of cities. Ramadi Municipality Directorate is a separate entity, with the same focus. Outside municipal areas, waste management is responsibility of the Governorate service. On the whole, ca. 92.5% of the urban population are served by waste collection in Municipal service, and 45.6% of the total population are served by waste collection in Governorate service.
Solid waste includes municipal solid waste (from streets, households, etc.), commercial and industrial waste, construction and demolition waste, hazardous waste, hospital/health waste. In the absence of sorting and control mechanisms, all of this ends up in municipal landfills. At the same time, the existing capacity of landfills vis-à-vis generated waste is very low, and the vast majority of landfills are not approved by environmental authorities.
Overall, waste management practices need improvement. The following are specific to Ramadi, but also valid for the rest of the municipalities in Anbar:
Waste management is limited to a few formal procedures. Modern operational control procedures are lacking, which inter alia limits the capacity of waste management to add to sourcing and energy needs of the Governorate. No centralised waste recycling programmes or effective control procedures are implemented (e.g. for separation of types of waste), and there is lack of facilities for collecting, sorting, separating or storing waste; The methods applied in collection and disposal of solid waste have resulted in the spread of unlicensed and poorly regulated waste dumps; Landfills do not profit from purposeful engineering design and they produce much seepage. Given lack of filtration controls, this contaminates soil, surface and groundwater resources. Air pollution is significant as well, with impact on the health of people in the vicinity; Waste collection workers – all temporary, and mostly women and children – are vulnerable to difficult,, unhealthy and disease-related work conditions.29
In the context of ISIL, municipal waste collection/sanitation services declined drastically. Of the 21 municipalities, 14 were occupied by ISIL – but decline in service was registered in all.
In four years, there were almost no allocations for this purpose in the municipal budgets, which limited capacity to employing cleaning labour (all cleaning labour are temporary workers; there are no budgeted full-time cleaning/waste collection staff in municipalities). Any hired workers were too few to meet needs. The situation forced municipal sanitation to rely on donations by citizens collected by the Governorate Council or Office. Specialised equipment, while insufficient to start with, was heavily affected. For municipalities outside Ramadi: 85% of all 535 machines destroyed; and only 30.3% of all machinery/equipment still operational. ISIL incurred much damage to the built environment in municipal areas (e.g. 80% in Ramadi). In the regions, municipal buildings (26) suffered 80% damage; municipal property (495 buildings and shops) – 70%; roads and squares (284) – 30%; and parks (90) – 60%. Thus, on liberation, municipalities have had to remove massive amounts of waste and rubble. This has further strained the capacity of both the institutions and the landfills. Some temporary landfills have been set up. The removal of debris has been slow, due to lack of resources, but also because every piece of debris is potentially an IED trigger. The total cost of priority projects for cleaning and lifting of rubble in Anbar is estimated at IQD 2.73 billion.
28 In coordination with the Ministry of Housing, Construction, Municipalities and Public Works and the Anbar Administration. 29 Many workers have been seen in landfills collecting items for sale/reuse.
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Table 37 Waste generation and status of landfills of municipal institutions under the Directorate of Anbar Municipalities N Municipality Generated waste Municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLs) per capita total Regulated Temporary (kg/day) (t/day) 1 Amiriyat 0.75 4.5 Yes – 56 donums – 1.5 km south of the city. All Yes – 1, south of the residential official approvals secured. complex of Amiriyat Qadha 2 Baghdadi 2 20 No. Site located east of Baghdadi; all approvals Yes – 2, west of Baghdadi completed; final approval/allocation of land pending 3 Barwana 1 8 No. Site (50 donums) located 4 km from municipal Yes – very close to the regulated site, border. All approvals secured. Site acquisition/ same lot (lot #1139/241 al Sheikh operationalisation in progress. Mohammed district) 4 Fallujah 1.5 525 Yes – 283 donums – east of Fallujah, behind the Yes – close to Al Malmaeen, near Al highway: lot # 4939/29 14 Al Jumaili Jazae’r school, Al Tameem suburb, and opposite Al Taqwa mosque 5 Habaniya 1 100 No. Location proposed for joint MSWL with Amiriyat Yes – 1, on lot # 63/1 district 3 Sin Al and Fallujah – pending approval Thuban (tunnels dug for daily waste) 6 Haditha 1 50 No Yes – 1, joint with Haqlaniyah – 4km away from municipal boarders. 7 Haqlaniyah 1 12 No. Location proposed; work suspended due to Yes – 1, joint with Haditha security situation 8 Heet 0.8 56 Yes - behind the Heet gas station/rail tracks. Not yet Yes – along the Heet-Kbesa road, compliant with environmental standards. close to the highway 9 Karmah 1 50 No Yes – in 13th Shuhabi district 10 Kbesa 1.75 29.8 Yes – 15 donums – 7 km south of Kbesa; meets Yes – north of Kbesa, close to the rail environmental standards. No access (security ) tracks 11 Mohammadi 2 20 Yes – 10 donums – lot # 1109/43 Mukaa’a 55 Al Yes – close to the rail track A’kaba and Mohammadi. No official approvals secured due security situation. 12 Nukhib 2 15 Yes – 25 donums – 5 km from municipal borders; Yes – in the eastern part of the city environmental compliance via MoF. No MoF funds transferred and no access due to security situation. 13 Rutba 2 18 Yes – south of Rutba. No access (security) Yes – north of the city 14 Saqlawiya 1.25 18.8 No Yes – at Amiriyat Qadha quarries 15 Waffa 2 20 Yes – 5 km east of Wafaa centre No
Table 38 Waste generation and status of landfills under Ramadi Municipality Directorate, and related needs Beneficiaries Waste Municipal solid waste landfills - Ramadi Needs 449 332 494.26 t/day . Regulated – no. Temporary – n/a. . Establish regulated landfill (est. 100% urban 2 925 200 m3 . Operational landfill at Al Jarishi has no approvals; IQD 16 billion) 30% rural . All approvals (incl. environmental) obtained for site – 196 . Provide specialised donums – in Al-Jarashi. Project stopped (lack of funding). mechanisation and equipment . Fayat area (16 acres) announced as an investment (est. IQD 12.73 billion) opportunity; no interest (security situation).
Table 39 Status of waste-processing/street-cleaning machinery and equipment of municipal institutions under the Directorate of Anbar Municipalities, and related needs Machinery and equipment (n) total cost N Municipality Type of machinery/equipment n Total pre-ISIL (n) Operational post-ISIL (million IQD) 1 Amiriyat 32 87.5 6 m3 disposal bins (Isizu 2017 Shinmayawa 15 1492.83 2 Baghdadi 27 48 model) 3 Barwana 28 64.3 10 m3 disposal bin (Isizu 2017 Shinmayawa 15 2121.39 4 Fallujah 255 4.3 model) 5 Habaniyah 72 72 16 m3 disposal compression truck 10 2500 6 Haditha 67 50.7 (AUDI/Mercedes 2017 model) 7 Haqlaniya 32 56.3 8 Heet 93 15.1 120K motor grader for garbage 6 2478 9 Karma 27 14.8 processing 10 Kbesa 50 32 Hydraulic bulldozer (Komatsu D85ESS 2017) 3 1725 11 Mohammadi 23 39.1 Water bowser tank 16 000 liters (Isuzu) 6 912 12 Nukhib 16 62.5 6 m3-tank vacuum road sweeper 8 2712 13 Rutba 50 30 (German/Swiss 2017 model) 14 Saqlawiya 37 8.1 Wheeled loader for on-site loading/ moving 4 1152 15 Wafaa 6 33.3 of garbage (Kawasaki 80Z5) Total (n) 815 (100%) 247 (30.3%) Total 67 15 093.22
Obstacles
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Lack of/insufficient funding allocated for waste management and cleaning in municipal budgets; Cleaning workers are not among the permanent staff of municipalities. This results in (1) heavy and complete reliance on temporary employees; (2) dependency of service provision on having secured funds; and it exacerbates (3) hazardous work conditions; Inadequate specialised machinery and maintenance – linked to low funding and warfare; Low public awareness about the importance of waste management and waste hazards; Weak regulation and audit/control procedures regarding waste.
Goals
Achieve clean and healthy environment free of accumulated waste in all parts of the province; Establish an environmentally sound waste collection and disposal system, consistent with best international practices – including (1) develop systematic collection, separation, recycling, treatment and processing of waste, (2) establish landfills with proper design, and (3) establish operational control procedures and effective daily management across the waste life cycle.
Means to achieve the goals
Provide specialised mechanisation and equipment for municipal institutions; Develop plans for waste management, supported by legal principles, enforced environmental controls, good management procedures and reliable infrastructure; Increase awareness of the health and environmental risks of waste management, and create the necessary incentives to reduce the accumulation of waste, such as rationalization, reuse, recycling, and disposal in a healthy manner. Diversify funding sources, encourage investments and increase the role of the private sector, incl. PPPs; Develop training to improve capacities in inspection, control, etc. Training programmes for – in addition to regulation of – waste collection/sanitation workers would help improve both their skills and their unsafe occupational conditions.
There are at present no solid waste recycling plants in Anbar province. This has serious implications on the environment and the public health, since many of the dumping sites are near the residential districts and there is no mechanism to manage them other than burning, which adds to the risks of contagious diseases.
6. Healthcare
The planning, development, provision of the best level and quality of health service to citizens is the responsibility of the state. It has significant long-term economic returns in terms of sustaining and developing the available human resources, and in terms of ensuring supportive environment for businesses and investors – even though the operation of health services facilities as such is not-for-profit, and citizens do not bear the cost of most services.30 Thus, investment in health services (public, private) and developing public sector capacities in this regard is a major axis of socio-economic development. Health service in Anbar is organised and overseen by the Directorate General of Health under MoH.
Pre-ISIL, the health system in Anbar did not meet the needs of the population in terms of capacity. Above all, the figures show insufficient number of facilities, beds and specialised healthcare, availability of medical staff (especially specialised doctors), but also, uneven distribution of service between urban and rural areas (see Table 40). Shortage of medicines was given due to insufficient production by the public company. With demographic trends – in the absence of new facilities, human resource development and investment in the sector – the shortages are expected to become more and more problematic. This has been recognised by DG Health in a programme for development of the sector (see Table 41).
30 In 2008, affordability of health services was a problem for ca. 20-40% of households; the main problem is access due to shortage of healthcare professionals. See Grant A, and M. Libicki (RAND, 2010), Assessing Living Conditions in Iraq’s Anbar Province in 2009: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2010/RAND_TR836.pdf
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Table 40 Capacity of the health sector in Anbar pre- and post-ISIL Assets Situation pre-2014 Situation post-ISIL Asset details Beds Number capacity Public hospitals 1 Ramadi general teaching hospital 468 1 . 2 hospitals – 80% damage 2 Maternal and children teaching hospital in 260 1 . 3 hospitals – 50% damage or less Ramadi . Large-scale looting/destruction of 3 Fallujah teaching hospital 200 1 equipment, medical supplies, 4 Maternal and children teaching hospital in 200 1 furniture, ambulances, vehicles, Fallujah machinery 5 Amiriyat general hospital 50 1 6 Heet general hospital 50 1 7 Haditha general hospital 100 1 8 Rutba general hospital 50 1 9 Saqlawiya general hospital 50 1 10 Ana’a general hospital 50 1 Out of service (assessment pending) 11 Rawa general hospital 50 1 Expected extensive damage to 12 Qa’im general hospital 50 1 hospitals 13 Obiadi general hospital 50 1 Total public hospital capacity 1628 13 In-service beds: 781 Beds available in Anbar 1461 Total shortage of beds (including Beds needed in Anbar 2508 damages from ISIL and pre-existing Beds under construction (see Table 41) 700 - shortage): 1727 Required number of beds 2508 - Health centres Main and branch health centres - 200 68.5% (137 centres) damaged/destroyed, including large- scale looting/destruction of equipment, medical supplies, ambulances, vehicles: . 12 main centres – 100% damage . 5 branch centres – 100% damage . 120 centres – 10%-50% damage. Expected damage to centres in Ana’a, Rawa and Qa’im (assessment pending). Medicine for preservation of medicines, supplies and - 5 100% damage warehouses vaccines Staff employed Specialised doctors - 380 Displacement of population has in the medical General doctors - 620 decreased the availability of staff in the field Medium-skilled medical and health staff - 1200 sector.
Table 41 Projects of DG Health in Anbar suspended in the context of ISIL and financial crisis Suspended projects for construction of new medical facilities Completion rate (%) Cost (million IQD) Funding Hospitals 1 Hospital (200 beds) in Heet Qadha 57 50 000 Under the (4) and 2 Hospital (200 beds) in Haditha Qadha 56 50 000 investment health 3 Hospital (200 beds) in Qa’im Qadha 50 50 000 plan (7) centres (1) 4 Hospital (100 beds) in Karmah Qadha 10 45 000 5 Branch health centre in Karmah (al-Kanater area) 30 250 Specialised 6 Cancer treatment centre for all cases, including LINACs 100 (100% damage) 10 000 medical 7 Tuberculosis units (Fallujah, Haditha and Qa’im) 60 1000 centres 8 Neurological and vascular surgery centre (Fallujah) 35 4000 Under (7) 9 Heart and vascular surgery centre (Ramadi) 60 1500 regional 10 Infertility and in-vitro fertilisation centre (Ramadi) 40 1500 developme 11 Rehabilitation centre for people with disabilities (Fallujah) 30 1000 nt (5) 12 Forensic medicine centre (at Ramadi teaching hospital) 50 2000
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In the context of ISIL, all pre-existing problems in the sector have been exacerbated, and there has been an overall collapse of the health system in Anbar. Much of the health infrastructure has been destroyed or is not fully operational. Displacement of population has driven many skilled medical staff out of Anbar and outside their areas. Specialised medical centres at various stage of completion (see Table 41) have been destroyed (various scale of damage), including large-scale looting/destruction of equipment, medical supplies, ambulances, vehicles. Most Ramadi General Hospital – the largest hospital in Anbar – surgeries have to be performed outside of the province. after detonation of explosives by ISIL There is inter alia limited preventive care, prenatal care, and support for the people with chronic diseases – including particularly medicines for kidney transplant/dialysis patients. Access to medication has declined drastically. At the same time, the deterioration of water supply, wastewater management and waste collection in the context of ISIL are major threats to public health.
In the post-ISIL context, funding is a major issue. The DG Health services offered to IDPs: reconstruction/rehabilitation of damaged hospitals is suspended or slow due to security reasons and lack of . Launching of medical centres in all camps in financial resources. Reconstruction as well as new cooperation with WHO; construction to increase bed capacity, as well supplies of . 9 ambulances equipped to serve camps; medicines and specialised supplies, require financial . Launching of mobile clinics in camps in support from donors and humanitarian organisations. Their cooperation with WHO; support is also needed to improve access to medication . Establishment of caravan delivery rooms in and specialised care. Services to returnees and host cooperation with WHO in Khalidiya, Habaniya and an emergency room in Amiriyat; populations are limited; and services offered to displaced . Periodic visits by the Directorate medical teams people are low and do not meet all needs – acutely so for to all IDP camps in addition to stationed teams. mental health care.
The Governorate has embarked on a plan to return all IDPs to their homes – while almost all IDPs stationed in camps in Anbar are from Anbar province. At the same time, collapse of healthcare service and lack of medicines in liberated areas is among the main reasons why IDPs choose not to return to their areas. Thus, with regard to healthcare, the problems of IDPs in camps, returnees and host community are the generally the same: damaged or destroyed health facilities; shortage of doctors; shortage of medical equipment, medicines and medical supplies; and lack of preventive care.
Constraints
Insufficient bed capacity – a problem exacerbated in the context of ISIL Extensive health infrastructure damage – including hospitals, health centres, medical warehouses; Suspended work on new hospitals and specialised health centres due to destruction and suspension of work under the investment plan and regional development plan in the context of military operations and lack of financial resources (of MoH/the Governorate); Lack of specialised medical doctors in thoracic surgery, vascular surgery, cardiac surgery and cardiac catheterisation, anaesthesiology, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, eye surgery, orthopaedic surgery, neurology, etc.; Shortage of qualified staff in the sector – due to lack/suspension of training and development programmes for doctors/nurses/specialised staff, as well as the security situation (brain drain); Insufficient medicines and medical supplies prepared and supplied by the public company, especially for returnees/host populations; Shortage of ambulances and vehicles of health facilities – due to looting/destruction; Increase in cancer diseases across age groups – linked to population growth; Increased number of people with disabilities in the context of ISIL; Acute need of mental heath service provision in the post-ISIL context, especially with regard to children/IDP children.
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Goals
Improved health condition of all citizens of Anbar in the immediate and long run, including specifically: Ensured control of communicable diseases; Ensured support to people with chronic diseases; Ensured treatment of non-communicable and acute diseases among citizens outside and in IDP camps; Reduced infant mortality rates in all parts of the governorate, but especially rural/remote parts; Increased care, preventive care and prenatal care for children and pregnant women; Provision of metal healthcare, protection, and therapy to citizens outside and in IDP camps; Provision of healthcare to elderly citizens outside and in IDP camps; Provision of healthcare to people with disabilities outside and in IDP camps; Ensured healthy environment in spaces allocated to IDPs; Provision of ongoing and continuous health and medical services to IDPs in all their locations.
Means to achieve the goals
Increase the number of primary healthcare facilities and hospitals, and the availability of specialised healthcare centres, including: Build new hospitals to meet population growth and increase bed capacity – specifically, complete the construction of new hospital with 600-bed capacity in Ramadi; Complete the reconstruction of damaged hospitals (with priority Ramadi and Fallujah teaching hospitals); Complete projects suspended due to the ISIL invasion; Reconstruct, rehabilitate and refurbish/equip damaged health centres; Increase number of health centres in rural areas; Reconstruct destroyed medical warehouses and build additional ones to secure the supply of medicines and medical supplies, and the safety and preservation of vaccines; Approach donor agencies and humanitarian organisations to support the provision of required medicines - including specifically medicines and solutions needed for kidney dialysis; Approach donors and humanitarian agencies to support the reconstruction of specialised medical centres (esp. centre for cancer treatment and the rehabilitation centre for people with disabilities; Equip ambulances and provide service/field vehicles for health institutions; Invest in, increase the number of and attract professionally trained staff in the sector – including e.g.: Through the Directorate, agree with MoH and adopt drafted MoU to supply necessary specialised doctors based on a schedule; Resume training and development programmes for doctors (general and specialists), nurses and specialised engineering staff in the medical, technical and engineering fields – including specialisations in abroad to keep abreast of developments in medical fields; Increase services for persons with disabilities; Increase mental heath service provision.
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Table 42 Projects proposed by the Health Directorate for 2018–2022 Type N Proposed intervention Cost (million IQD) Rehabilitation 1 Rehabilitate Fallujah teaching hospital 25471 of buildings and 2 Rehabilitate Ramadi teaching hospital 20000 maintenance of 3 Rehabilitate Heet general hospital 11400 medical and 4 Rehabilitate maternal & children’s teaching hospital 10000 service 5 Rehabilitate Fallujah maternal & children’s teaching hospital 9650 equipment 6 Reconstruct the fully damaged doctors’ residential complex /7km (7 residential buildings) 7000 7 Rehabilitate the building of Al Dae’ra Al Jadeda centre 4500 8 Reconstruct destroyed medical warehouses in the province centre 1185.625 9 Reconstruct destroyed branch health centre in Albou Khalifa 969.48 10 Rehabilitate Amiriyat general hospital 863.765 11 Reconstruct destroyed main health centres in residential areas / 7km 818.175 12 Rehabilitate Haditha general hospital 428.247 13 Reconstruct the health centre in Al Madiq 341.805 14 Refurbish 25 ambulances 125 15 Rehabilitate the building of Saqlawiya general hospital 25 Total 92 778.097 Development 1 Build educational hospital with 600 beds in Ramadi 400000 and expansion 2 Build maternal & children hospital with 300 beds in Ramadi 200000 of health 3 Build emergency hospital with 100 beds capacity in Ramadi 60000 service access 4 Build fever hospital with 100 beds in Ramadi 60000 and quality 5 Build hospital with 50 beds in Rutba 60000 6 Build hospital with 50 beds in Khalidiya 40000 7 Build hospital with 50 beds in Amiriyat 40000 8 Build hospital with 50 beds in Rawa 40000 9 Build, furnish and equip 20 pilot main health centres across Anbar 20000 10 Establish specialised neurological and spinal cord centre in Ramadi 15000 11 Establish specialised centre for liver and gastroenterology 15000 12 Establish specialised centres for liver and urinary apparatus in Ramadi 10000 13 Establish specialised optical centre in Ramadi 10000 14 Establish specialised centre for burns and plastic surgery in Ramadi 10000 15 Establish specialised centres for blood diseases in Ramadi 10000 16 Establish rehabilitation centre for people with disabilities in Haditha 10000 17 Build, furnish and equip 20 pilot branch health centres across Anbar 10000 18 Provide generators with different capacities (2.25 MV, 1 MV, 750 KV, 500 KV, 250KV) 10000 19 Ensure availability of medical equipment to meet the needs of health institutions 10000 20 Contract the building of a forensic medicine centre in Fallujah 5000 21 Organise training and development – within and outside Iraq – for doctors and medical 5000 staff in all institutions 22 Establish specialised centre for plastic surgery and treatment of birth defects in Fallujah 4000 23 Establish specialised dental centre in Fallujah 3000 24 Establish general lab and blood bank in Fallujah 3000 25 Establish general lab and blood bank in Haditha 3000 26 Open 7 medical oxygen plants 3000 27 Supply 5 cooler vehicles to transfer vaccines (8 tonnes load capacity) 2500 28 Build early health care centre in Karmah and Khalidiya 2000 29 Equip 5 vehicles with 5000 l basins 2000 30 Obtain 20 ambulances 1500 31 Build 3 cooler warehouses for medicines/pharmaceuticals 1500 32 Supply 5 forklift trucks (2 tonnes load capacity) 1000 Total 1 066 500
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7. Education
Anbar follows the general trend of the country with insufficient infrastructure, increasing illiteracy and school dropout rates, with pronounced gender variation in favour of boys. Due to the population movements since 2003 and the constant conflicts, by total years of schooling (7.5), by 2011 data, Anbar scores 14th among the 18 Iraqi governorates. Anbar also scores the 4rth highest total illiteracy rate in Iraq (18%); illiteracy among youth is lower – at 12.4%. The total school dropout rate (58.6%), while still high, is below the average for Iraq (65%); however the dropout rate for young women is a soaring 70%.
The years of ISIL occupation – including destruction and displacement – have compounded the situation, with dire effect on education levels in Anbar. At the same time, declining skills and qualifications translates into uncertain employment prospects.
Structure. The educational ladder in Iraq includes: preschool (kindergarten, ages 4-5); mandatory primary education from age 6 (graded 1-6); secondary education, including intermediate (grades 7-9) and preparatory school (grades 10-12); and higher education (university, college, technical institute – min. 4 years). Secondary preparatory schools are two types: (1) general secondary (academic track: sciences or humanities) and (2) vocational secondary (professional track: industry, agriculture or commerce). Success on the national exam after grade 9 determines whether a student can enter (1) general secondary – which provide a track to higher education, or (2) vocational secondary school. Success on the national exam after grade 12 determines whether a student can continue to higher education; of students in vocational tracks, only the top 10% can continue their education in technical colleges.
With regard to responsibility: Preschool, primary and secondary education service in Anbar (incl. secondary vocational schools) is responsibility of the Directorate General for Education in Anbar (DG Education, under MoE), through its 9 divisions: Fallujah, Karma, Amiriyat, Khalidiya, Heet, Haditha, Ana’a, Rawa, Qa’im. The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MoHESR) directly oversees higher education institutions (HEIs) and allocates their budgets.
Primary and secondary education. Pre-ISIL, problems in primary education related mainly to the difficult economic conditions, which led to parents either not sending their children to school or children dropping out of school early on, in order to help with family income. Further problems – for primary and secondary education – included: poor condition of schools, shortage of qualified teachers (also linked to low teacher salaries), shortage of textbooks and teaching aids, increasing number of students per class/teacher, failure of curricula to follow developments in global academic standards, low if any adoption of modern teaching methods.
In Anbar, less than half of the students in primary education continue to secondary education. In 2016, there were 334 000 enrolled students in primary, and only 78 000 in secondary education.31 The number of students actually going to school is unknown, but it is less than the enrolment statistics – due to the security problems and displacement.
Vocational secondary education. While a vocational track is available to those who do not pass the national exam, few students elect this option because of its poor quality and associated stigma. Problems driving low enrolment in and low quality of vocational education include: Vocational education is seen as a second and dead-end option for students who fail national exams; Incomplete development of national framework for certificates/qualifications, curricula and methods in TVET; Uneven geographic availability of vocational specialisations; Low quality of teachers, no vocational experience required of teachers; Low level of/limited practical training – also due to lack of equipment. At the same time, there is pronounced shortage in the governorate of qualified technicians, mechanics, machine operators, workers prepared for the tourism sector, business administrators, etc., and there is need to boost entrepreneurship.
Efforts to improve access and quality of primary and secondary education service. Despite constraints and the security situation, DG Education, in cooperation with the Governorate, works to address challenges in providing
31 All data in chapter – unless specified otherwise: Governorate of Anbar Department for Education 2016 data.
69 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP uninterrupted and improved educational services to the citizens of Anbar, including school buildings, teaching aids, teaching/professional staff, as well as additional required services (security, water, waste collection, etc.).
Recognising the problems in primary and secondary education, pre-ISIL, DG Education initiated two sets of projects to raise educational access, quality and levels: (1) MoE Project No. 1, and (2) Regional Development Projects. In cooperation with the Governorate, work was completed in more than 250 primary and 500 secondary schools, and more than 78 old school buildings were demolished with intent to be rebuilt. Both projects of the Directorate have been suspended due to military operations, lack of financial allocations, and legal and contractual issues.
In the context of ISIL, to accommodate displaced students in Anbar, DG Education opened schools in cooperation with UNICEF and the Iraqi Medical Association, and with support from Kuwait, as follows: Caravan school at Bezabize Central Camp (Fallujah Qadha) School at Habbaniya Tourist City camp (Fallujah Qadha) Caravan schools at Al-Amal Camp (Amiriyat) School at Al Khalidiya Central Camp (Ramadi Qadha) School tents equipment at Kilo 18 (Ramadi Qadha).
Elsewhere in Anbar, DG Education in cooperation with MoE, MoMD and CSOs opened schools to accommodate students through building rentals (65), utilising the buildings of single-shift schools (50+), and caravan schools (30+). In result, the school years 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 were not lost for many of the students.
The estimated cost of rehabilitation and reconstruction of primary and secondary schools damaged/destroyed in the context of ISIL is ca. IQD 200 million. The displacement crisis has resulted inter alia in school building being used as IDP places of residence, leading to further degradation of furniture and equipment, as well as to further delays in rehabilitation/re-operationalisation of schools in the post-ISIL context.
Table 43 Education indicators for 2013/2014 school year, DG Education, Anbar Governorate Type of education Schools/ Children Teachers Classes Children per school/ Children Children per institution kindergartens (n) (n) (n) (n) kindergarten per class teacher Kindergartens 38 11 403 338 142 300 80 33 Elementary schools 1197 334 284 18139 11 502 279 29 18 Intermediate schools 246 59 613 3738 1723 242 34 16 Preparatory schools 69 30 304 1556 766 439 39 19 Secondary schools 217 78 274 4047 2003 360 30 9 Vocational schools 23 4578 484 151 199 30 9
Table 44 Damages to education infrastructure under DG Education in Anbar (31 Oct 2016 – 01 Apr 2017) Building type Number Cost of damage (million IQD) * Elementary Boys 43 36 x 717.361 + 7 x 1333.291 35.158.03 70.316.07 school Girls 10 9 x 717.361 + 1 x 1333.291 7789.54 Mixed 33 27 x 717.361 + 6 x 1333.291 27.368.49 Secondary Boys 14 5 x 717.361 + 9 x 1333.291 15.586.42 31.991.64 school International boys 1 1 x 1333.291 1333.29 Girls 12 5 x 717.361 + 7 x 1333.291 12.919.84 Mixed 3 3 x 717.361 2152.08 Intermediate Boys 10 4 x 717.361 + 6 x 1333.291 10.869.19 18.455.87 school Girls 4 3 x 717.361 + 1 x 1333.291 3485.37 Mixed 3 2 x 717.361 + 1 x 1333.291 2768.01 Industrial intermediate 1 1 x 1333.291 1333.29 Other Islamic Studies School 1 1 x 1333.291 1333.29 7999.75 Teacher Training Institute 1 1 x 1333.291 1333.29 Building of Fallujah Education Division 1 1 x 1333.291 1333.29 Warehouse of Fallujah Education Division 1 1 x 1333.291 1333.29 Equipment warehouse 1 1 x 1333.291 1333.29 Exam section building 1 1 x 1333.291 1333.29 Total *All buildings have 100% damage (total destruction) 140 128.763.32
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Table 45 Proposed work on school infrastructure in Anbar by DG Education as of 2016 Project type Number of schools Executing agency/funding Rebuilding of destroyed schools 1 129 Reconstruction Fund (UNDP and others) Rehabilitation of damaged schools 2 100 German organisation funded by UNICEF 3 72 DG Education/Division of School Buildings 4 55 UNDP 5 30 UNICEF 6 13 Ministry of Migration and Displacement Total 399
Higher education. The Governorate has two universities – Anbar University (in Ramadi) and Fallujah University – in addition to technical institutes, a number of private colleges and the College of Al-Imam Al-'Aadham Branch of Anbar. During the ISIL occupation, Anbar University served as headquarters for ISIL; it has suffered severe destruction. Building the capacity of these institutions in terms of quality of teaching staff, laboratory equipment, etc., as well as developing closer ties between HEIs and the Administration – should support the Administration efforts toward development of economic sectors (e.g. modern irrigation methods in agriculture) and effective service provision (e.g. meeting the needs of specific communities in Anbar) – e.g. with studies, development of models, sharing of best practices, etc. The role of HEIs can be strengthened with respect to development of qualified cadres in all sectors, in particular for teacher training. Obstacles
Shortage of land for the purpose of establishing new schools Large-scale destruction of education infrastructure in the context of ISIL Lacks of DG Education buildings with specifications that comply with requirements for quality and academic accreditation Shortage of qualified teachers and application of modern teaching methods Shortage of housing units for staff and teachers Weak ICT infrastructure/use of knowledge technology (e.g. lack of electronic archiving/internet connectivity) Insufficient equipment to support modern methods (e.g. audio) and laboratories in schools High and growing student-to-teacher ratio Low motivation for enrolment in vocational schools.
Goals
Education service restored to all citizens and education gaps closed; Education service developed to respond adequately to (1) demographic trends and (2) contemporary requirements in teaching methods and modern curricula, as necessary to support the economic development of the governorate; Reduced illiteracy (esp. among youth), increased school attendance, improved capacity of teaching staff.
Means to attain the goals
Restore and rehabilitate damaged schools, rebuild destroyed schools, and reconstruct old schools buildings threatened by collapse; Initiate expansion of the school network (new schools); Develop standards for primary schools, e.g. standard number of children per teacher, standard number of students in a class, standard facilities in schools; Develop human resource capacities in the sector.
Education is a major concern in Iraq as a whole, but especially so in the provinces invaded by ISIL. Education is plagued by a series of problems – insufficient and outdated school network further damaged by military operations, outdated curriculum and school books, lack of additional activities, traditions restricting the education of girls, the security situation, and finally, sectarian propaganda. All these have created a situation where students receive inadequate education and attendance rates are low. Civil education is lagging, while children are being subject to radical teachings. All these problems need special attention. The implementation is necessary of projects that aim to (1) increase school attendance rates through improving the infrastructure; (2) encourage students to stay in school through sports and other extra curricular activities; (3) encourage volunteering and civil education; and (4) compensate for lagging behind in school.
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V. GOVERNORATE ADMINISTRATION
1. Governor and Governorate Council
According to Article 1 of the Law of Governorates Not Incorporated into a Region (Law No. 21 of 2008, as amended by Law 15 of 2010), a governorate is “an administrative unit in its geographic boundaries consisting of qadhas (districts), nahias (sub-districts), and villages.”32 In all 14 governorates not incorporated into a region (and not otherwise subject to a constitutional dispute), Law 21 applies to governorate, district, and sub-district councils. Law No. 21 governs the rights and powers of the Governorate Council and Governor, as well as the procedures for their election.
Per Article 2 of the Law, “The governorate council is the highest legislative and oversight authority within the administrative boundaries of the governorate and shall have the right to issue local legislation within the boundaries of the governorate [local laws, instructions, bylaws, and regulations to organise the administrative and financial affairs] so that it can carry out its affairs on the basis of the principle of administrative decentralisation and in a manner that would not contradict the Constitution and federal laws.” The Governorate Council is not under the control or supervision of any Ministry and has independent finance.33
The Governor is the highest executive head in the Governorate: “The governor shall be considered the highest- ranking executive officer in the governorate at the rank of a deputy minister as regards rights and service” (Article 24). The Governor is elected by the Council and exercises the powers vested in him by the Council.
2. Governorate budget
Based on Article 44 of Law No. 21, the financial resources of the Governorate are comprised of the following:
Budget transfers from the federal government in accordance with the constitutional criteria – as sufficient to carry out its missions and responsibilities in accordance with its population and the degree of deprivation, so that balanced development of the different regions of the country is ensured. Revenues accrued in the governorate – except those from oil and gas – including: Revenues generated from the governorate services and investment projects; Proceeds from taxes, fees and fines imposed in accordance with federal and local regulations in force within the governorates – incl. (1) taxes imposed by the Council on companies operating in the governorate in compensation for environmental pollution and damage caused to the infrastructure, and (2) half of the revenues accrued from border crossings; Proceeds from the sale/lease of public assets – including rent land used by companies; Donations and gifts that may be received by the governorate in a manner that does not contradict the Constitution and federal regulations; Share of the revenues of local authorities. Local authorities must allocate a fair share of the revenues to their administrative units so that it is sufficient for the latter to carry out their missions and responsibilities in accordance with the governorate population.
The procedure of preparing the annual budget is as follows: (1) the Governor submits a draft budget for development of the governorate to the Council for approval; (2) the Council approves the draft budget depending on the plans set and submitted by the Councils of qadhas and nahias to MoP; (3) the Governor has exclusive power to implement the approved budget; the Council is responsible for implementation monitoring; (4) Following audit by the Federal Audit Bureau, if needed, budget adjustments are carried out in the budget of the following year.
3. Departments
(overleaf)
32 Official English translation: http://iraq-lg-law.org/ar/webfm_send/765. 33 Supreme Court Advisory Opinion No. 16 recognises the authority of governorate councils to raise local revenues.
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Figure 10 Structure of Anbar’s Administration
Anbar Governorate Council Governor of Anbar Governorate
Administra- Technical Planning and Audit and PR and Deputy Deputy Deputy Deputy Deputy Governor Investment IT tive Deputy Deputy Develop- Internal Media Governor Governor Governor Governor Governor Office Board Department Governor Governor ment Council Monitoring Department
Administra- tive, Departments Departments Departments Technical As per the Departments Department Financial and of the of the of the Department Department Department Department Department Divisions in discretion of of the of Districts Legal Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of of of of Financial of Citizen of the each Ministry of and Sub- Departments Labour and Youth and Construction Education Investment Affairs Affairs Contracts Governorate Governorate Agriculture districts in the Social Affairs Sports and Housing Governorate
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VI. SWOT ANALYSIS
The overall SWOT analysis below has been compiled from the SWOTs from the 3 Working Groups: Community Development, Economic Development, and Provision of Public Services. Strengths Weaknesses . Unique strategic position of the governorate – bordering three countries . Oil and gas reserves not used . Three border access routes . Poor environment for investment . Available transportation network . Use of imported agriculture products and discouraged local production . Available markets to sell products . Problems with farm ownership . Available human resources in the administration and state companies . Weak storage capacity for crops . Available natural resources . Inactive protection law in the constitution . Availability of oil and gas preserves . No protection for irrigation systems . Available agricultural areas . Lack of specialised agricultural societies . Availability of technology . Authority intervention between the private and public sector . Availability of database for each sector . Massive destruction of infrastructure . Availability of studies and researches from legal and other experts required in preparing project . Large-scale damage to/looting of vehicles, machinery and equipment drafts . Public service projects affected by financial/security crisis (often suspended) . Available investment opportunities . Tribal conflicts . Local investors willing to invest . Law not applied . Priority given to community development by the authorities . Local political affects . Community formed of tribes, but ethnically and religiously homogenous . Community ties weakened in the context of ISIL . Available volunteering youth groups . Lack of specific data on target groups . Active volunteering women . Lack of rehabilitation programme for IDPs . Available educational institutions and other social facilities . Social problems linked to displacement . Human development projects exist . Increase in economic and social disparities linked to displacement . Local government support . Increase in poverty rates . Increase in unemployment . Increase in illiteracy rates . Increase in school dropout rates Opportunities Threats . Involving scientific capacities from universities to boost the economy . Unstable security situation . Increasing employment – especially in the private sector . Spread of agricultural infections due to limited monitoring and control of borders . Use of oil and gas fields . Limited financial support . Activating the investment law in the roads sector . Oil and gas fields not invested . Establishment of tourist sites . Excessive number of laws on land rental . Possibility to issue a law of commitment that ministries purchase local products . Lack of protection law for local production . Varied available strategic opportunities . Random uncontrolled import of animal products . Unique strategic position of the governorate – bordering three countries . Decentralisation not applied . Willingness to benefit from other countries’ experiences . Foreign political affects . Central government interested in including social development in the 2018-2022 Strategic Plan . Recent liberation of some districts Willingness of international community to help . Large number of population still displaced in and out the governorate . International and regional support to community reconciliation . Weak role of law and monitoring over tribal conflicts . NGOs exist that implement social development, and other NGOs interested in similar work . Delay in ratification/issue of laws related to social protection . Increase in out-migration, especially among scientists and engineers
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VII. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
Based on the analysis made, the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats identified, five strategic objectives have been elaborated for Anbar’s Response Plan for the period 2018–2022, as follows.
Strategic objective 1: Ensured return of IDPs and peace building between the tribes and communities
The objective matches the identified needs and opportunities for restoring community peace and ensuring the return of people to their homes. Its importance stems from the significant impact that the peaceful coexistence has on economic development. In this sense, the achievement of Strategic Objective 1 will have a significant impact on the achievement of the remaining strategic objectives of the Plan. We note that proposed actions are aimed at the people who currently reside inside Anbar province – as they are in the biggest need of support, as shown by data.
Strategic objective 2: Equal opportunities provided for youth, women and vulnerable groups for education and career
This objective answers the identified need to provide opportunities for large parts of the society, who are currently left behind. Specific attention should be given to the provision of education and career opportunities for youth and women.
Strategic objective 3: Quality of life improved through rehabilitation and development of infrastructure and basic services
The objective matches the identified needs and opportunities for restoration and improvement of public services. Its importance stems from the significant impact that infrastructure and public services have on economic development, the provision of social services, quality of life and human development.
Strategic objective 4: Enabling environment secured for economic rehabilitation and development
Economic development is a major driver of people's well-being. Increasing investments will facilitate development across the economic, as well as the social service sectors. Increase in the rate of investment requires good infrastructure, effective legislation, adequate promotion of the region and opportunities, as well as the availability of educated and skilled workforce.
Strategic objective 5: Public governance improved
Good governance is a horizontal priority objective: the achievement of all other strategic objectives for development of the governorate depends on the quality of public governance. The quality of governance is reflected in the organisation structure of the Administration, the capacity to train and provide the necessary number of experts in the different sectors, the preparation of effective legislation, the provision of the necessary technical equipment and facilities, as well as the provision of the necessary financial resources. Good governance also provides an opportunity for introducing and implementing new and modern approaches to managing individual priority sectors.
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VIII. PROGRAMMES (PRIORITY AREAS FOR DEVELOPMENT)
The following programmes are outlined on the basis of the SWOT analysis and the identified strategic objectives (above), with attention to interventions in areas where the Governorate’s authority has the power to implement specific projects and activities.
1. Programme 1: Activate peace building at the tribal and community level
Rationale
Since 2003, and particularly since 2013, people in Anbar have endured political struggles, radicalisation, violence, fighting, massive displacement, fall of almost 80% of territories under ISIL control, indoctrination, forced compliance, as well as massive violation and destruction of private and public property (reaching 90% in some areas). In the post-ISIL context, understandably, the needs are great for retribution, compensation and blame. As families have started to return to their original cities, related problems and disputes have started to emerge within and among tribes and within communities. In resolving these, however, tribalism and practices of revenge have taken dominance over the rule of law. These tend to enforce accountability indiscriminately on groups instead of individuals. Therefore, retributive acts and the fear of retribution – especially for perceived support for ISIL – have become widespread. The situation requires community peace building work involving the provincial government, CSOs, community leaders, and the entire community, in the spirit of protection of the human rights and dignity of all.
With regard to the activation of the peace building process, it is central that (1) there is no coherent approach to peace building; (2) the major law enforcement agencies (e.g. police and judiciary) are not under the management of the Governorate and have their own agendas; and (3) the provincial government is not as yet involved in any peace-building efforts as a main actor. The involvement of the Governorate is key, especially to promote moderation and reduce perceptions of inequality and impunity; as well as in specific efforts, such as reducing the incidence of arming, especially among children.
Critical strategic issues:
Lack of coherent approach and coordinated efforts toward peace building; Lack of projects on community peace building that harmonise with and build on community traditions; Dominance of tribal revenge over accountability in accordance with the rule of law; Lack of measures to condemn violence and radical ideologies and to promote moderation; Limited culture of collaboration with the security forces; Lack of coordination with research centres in universities and institutes to support the provincial government with the studies of communities and appropriate preventive measures; Limited support for youth peace-building activities; Lack of involvement of influential people in the reconciliation process (e.g. tribal/religious leaders, academics, community councils) to support and implement reconciliation; Lack of instructions to officials and security force leaders in the governorate to be strict with law violations while protecting human rights and public freedoms; Tendency that the government adopt tribal documents that contradict the spirit of the law or promote the use of force.
Vision
Comprehensive measures to achieve rule of law – especially with regard to tribal issues and radicalisation – support the return of IDPs and the restoration of the community fabric, reduce the level of radicalisation in society, and prevent radicalisation in the long run.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Activated rule of law with regard to tribal and radical issues Specific objective 2: Peace-building and reconciliation practices supported and promoted.
The attainment of Specific Objective 1 will help restore community trust in the authorities and reduce the incidence of tribal vengeance as well as the spread of sectarian and radical discourses. Specific Objective 2 will
76 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP support the adoption of reconciliation practices aimed to ensure that the tragedy of the last years does not repeat. Specifically, a Community Peace Building Committee (CPBC) will be established under the Governor and the Governorate Council – with mandate to coordinate and support all peace-building activities (e.g. conflict resolution, trainings for the administration, awareness-raising campaigns, etc.). The CPBC will include representatives from the Administration, the Governorate Council, CSOs, community and religious leaders. Its work will focus on youth, IDP and returnees in order to (1) set the frame for successful restoration of the community fabric and (2) prevent radicalisation and sectarian discourses in the future. It is important that the CPBC have a mandate to decide on measures for the families of ISIL fighters.
Strategic objective 1: Ensured return of IDPs and peace building between the tribes and communities Programme 1: Activate peace building at the tribal and community level Specific objective1: Activated rule of law with regard to tribal issues and radicalisation Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research and Programme for strengthening . With involvement of CSOs and community leaders, prepare a study the rule of law with regard to programme for strengthening the rule of law – starting with tribal issues and radicalisation research and identification of priority areas for training of relevant staff and any further required actions. 2 Technical/ Training on rule of law for the . Plan, develop, secure funding for, and implement training Investment administration, security and courses for representatives of the Governorate judiciary Administration, security and judiciary. 3 Technical/ Spaces for activating the rule of . Organise and implement the improvement, rehabilitation and Investment law expansion of facilities required for activities toward activation of the rule of law (meetings, trainings, etc.) 4 Capacity Building the capacity of the . Organise and implement capacity building for representatives building governorate administration of the Administration as needed as regards the activation of the rule of law. 5 Awareness Programme for civic education . Create and implement a programme for the civic education of of youth youth geared toward preventing sectarianism and radicalisation among youth. Specific objective 2: Peace-building and reconciliation practices supported and promoted Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research and Study of the community . Prepare, organise and conduct a study with support from study situation within the Anbar University on the community situation in Anbar, governorate including the situation of the families of ISIL fighters. 2 Awareness Promoting a culture of . Plan, organise and conduct an information campaign among tolerance and the need for the population aimed to increase the culture of tolerance peace building among the population. 3 Capacity Building capacities to promote . Organise and conduct trainings and awareness activities building / peace building regarding reconciliation for the general population and among Awareness specific communities to promote peace building. 4 Capacity Establishment of Community . Form a CPBC under the Governor and the Provincial Council – building Peace Building Committee with representatives from the Governorate, the Governorate (CPBC) Council, CSOs, community and religious leaders – with mandate to implement peace building. 5 Technical/ Establishment of Reconciliation . Under the umbrella of the CPBC, establish Reconciliation Investment, Centres for youth, IDPs and Centres to build skills and capacities in managing negotiations Capacity returnees and dispute/conflict resolution – to equip the current/future building leaders of communities with these skills. 6 Technical/ Provision of equipment and . Plan, organise and purchase necessary equipment and Investment facilities for the CPBC rehabilitate premises for use by the CPBC.
2. Programme 2: Ensure the return of IDPs
Rationale
Following the invasion by ISIL, ca. 70% of the population of ISIL-controlled areas were displaced – over 1 000 000 people in total. Post-liberation, by IOM data of 31 Oct 2017, IDPs in the province are 127 074, and returnees – 1 172 454. Almost all IDPs in Anbar are from Anbar. In addition to tribal threats and fear, return of IDPs is challenged by the limited provision of basic services and safe environment in their home areas; the low level of rehabilitation of damaged housing; the difficult access to healthcare and education in their areas; and their
77 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP uncertain economic prospects. In IDP camps, heath, education and other social challenges are rampant. Children in IDP camps are particularly vulnerable and subject to child labour, separation from family, unattended psychological trauma, no organised social activities, lack of education, etc.
Critical strategic issues:
Limited progress in rehabilitating infrastructure in liberated areas (including housing) and restoring basic services; Need to speed up the return of the displaced families to their areas; Slow compensation of the victims, starting with compensation for housing; Limited access to education; Need for psychological counselling centres; Need for additional income-generating micro projects; Lack of community-specific programmes: need to coordinate with community centres and organisations in the governorate to prepare workshops and seminars that correspond to the specific needs and condition of communities; Lack/insufficient availability of medical and educational professionals in camps and in liberated areas.
Vision
The return of all IDPs to their homes is ensured through restored provision of basic services, support for rehabilitation of houses and restoring their livelihoods. Effective support to IDPs still in camps is ensured with regard to healthcare, education, psychological health, etc.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated infrastructure, including housing Specific objective 2: Support provided to IDPs and returnees.
To enable effective support to IDPs and returnees, it is first important to: (1) take steps to resolve their administrative problems – e.g. missing medical records, house ownership documents, education degrees, civil status, etc.; (2) create an information system for the province, to enable access to up-to-date information on rehabilitation projects that are being/have been implemented, the location of people from each district, the problems they have, etc.; and (3) create an information system to allow access to up-to-date information regarding the situation of people in IDP camps – with regard to health, education, needs, support by international organisations, etc. While almost all IDPs in Anbar are from Anbar, efforts should concentrate on the needs of people in camps. The information system will enable effective planning of support – aligned with actual needs. Specific attention will be given to support to children in overcoming the psychological traumas caused by military action, witnessed violence, loss of family and life in camps.
Strategic objective 1: Ensured return of IDPs and peace building between the tribes and communities Programme 2: Ensure the return of IDPs Specific objective1: Rehabilitated infrastructure, including housing Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Database of rehabilitation . Study and identify priority areas for rehabilitation and Study projects and location of people 2 Research Identification of damaged . Study and identify options for support for the rehabilitation of and Study and destroyed housing for housing rehabilitation 3 Technical/ Rehabilitation of housing . Plan, secure funding for and carry out rehabilitation of housing Investment Specific objective2: Support provided to IDPs and returnees Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Identification of IDP and . Organise and conduct study of the IDP and returnee situation in and Study returnee situation in Anbar the province. 2 Technical/ Database of IDPs and . Create a database of IDPs and returnees with regard to Investment returnees administrative issues, displacement, etc. 3 Research Identification of the needs of . Organise and conduct workshops for IDPs and returnees with task and Study communities to identify their needs; involve community/civil organisations as appropriate
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4 Technical/ Establishment of community . Establish centres for health, social, administrative and vocational Investment and training centres for IDP support to IDPs and returnees. and returnees 5 Technical/ Psychological support to . Develop and realise a programme for provision of psychological Investment children in IDP camps support to children in camps, involving experts and child counsellors. 6 Human Support to medical and . Support health and education professionals in camps and Resources educational staff in IDP liberated areas; stimulate their return and participation in support camps and liberated areas to IDPs and returnees in e.g. established community centres 7 Technical/ Preventive healthcare . Articulate and implement a preventive healthcare programme for Investment, programme for IDPs IDPs in camps – including vaccination campaigns, awareness Awareness raising, preventive health screenings, etc. 8 Technical/ Education measures for IDPs . Recruit teachers, provide mobile schools and educational Investment materials to increase education access to IDPs in camps 9 Awareness Raising awareness of the . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the problems and needs of IDPs population to increase people’s understanding of the problems and returnees and needs of IDPs and returnees – in order to increase support in communities to IDPs and returnees.
3. Programme 3: Create supporting environment for strengthening of societal links
Rationale
Anbar’s population is overwhelmingly young population – 53.3% under 20, 70.7% under 30. For 15 years the security situation in the province has been unstable; this situation has been exacerbated since 2014. In result, the already low levels of school attendance and career opportunities have worsened as well. Thus, at present, there is here a constantly increasing group of young people, who are either illiterate or have very basic literacy, who do not have career opportunities and who are socially excluded. Further, many families have been left without their breadwinners and women have had to step up to the position of family providers. At the same time, women generally have lower opportunities in education and the labour market, as well as weak role in all areas of the public life. Young women (15-29y) in particular experience the highest level of exclusion in the labour market. Unemployment has overall doubled in the context of ISIL. Finally, the number of orphans and people with disabilities (PwDs) has much increased.
It is necessary to look for swift and effective solutions to include vulnerable groups – especially youth – in the economic and social life of the governorate – through measures to keep students in schools (e.g. sports), provision of psychological support, community centres, etc.
Critical strategic issues:
High and growing youth illiteracy Lack of spaces and programmes to encourage social initiatives – e.g. sports, youth parliaments, volunteering, educational activities for people with disabilities and other vulnerable groups Lack of knowledge and training among social services staff, education staff, etc. on how to work with vulnerable groups.
Vision
A supporting environment exists that promotes the inclusion of vulnerable groups – especially youth – in the economic and social life of the governorate.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Vulnerable groups included in society Specific objective 2: Enhanced social links for youth Specific objective 3: Enhanced role of women in society.
The attainment of Specific objective 1 will reverse the current situation whereby support for the weakest groups is insufficient and does not fully foster their socio-economic inclusion. Specific objective 2 is focused on the inclusion
79 LADP in Iraq – Anbar PRP of youth – including various courses and social activities aimed to foster their active membership in society. The attainment of Specific objective 3 will generate social support for women, help reduce gender-based violence, increase psychological support for women, and facilitate their full participation as active members of society.
Strategic objective 2: Equal opportunities provided for youth, women and vulnerable groups for education and career Programme 3: Create supporting environment for strengthening of societal links Specific objective 1: Vulnerable groups included in society Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Development of criteria for . Develop clear and fair targeting criteria for categories on specific and Study access of vulnerable groups means to access and accurate identification of priorities and to social services categories that should receive care and support such as female heads of household, disabled people, and poor families , and continuous updating of targeting mechanisms. 2 Research Elaboration of integrated . Prepare an integrated programme across sectors aimed to provide and Study programme for support to social, health, psychological and educational support to vulnerable vulnerable groups groups. 3 Technical/ Improving the quality of . Develop and implement measures to improve the quality of child Investment child care services care services, particularly in care institutions and rehabilitation centres and home education for children. Specific objective 2: Enhanced social links for youth Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Awareness Promoting youth skills . Carry out a number of seminars annually to promote skills development development among youth, with focus on their roles in the process of comprehensive development of the community. 2 Awareness Promoting healthy lifestyles . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among young among youth people to promote a health-conscious life choices (on e.g. sanitation/microbes, food nutrition, exercise, etc.) 3 Awareness Promoting the importance . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the of education and drug population, especially young people, to promote awareness of the prevention among youth importance of education and drug prevention. 4 Technical/ Improving the sports and . Build new and rehabilitate existing sports and cultural centres for Investment cultural centres network work with young people. 5 Technical/ Strengthening sports and . Provide trainers, equipment and support for sports and community Investment community centres centres in providing services for youth. 6 Technical/ Promoting youth . Create youth parliaments, volunteering initiatives, etc. to support Investment community involvement young people to be active members of society. Specific objective 3: Enhanced role of women in society Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Legislation Fostering women’s . Research and draft regulatory measures that promote the participation in representation of women in all bodies and permanent and government temporary committees of government. 2 Awareness Promoting the role and . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the rights of women population to raise awareness of the importance of the role of women and of women’s rights. 3 Awareness Campaign to fight gender- . Plan, organise and carry out measures for women victims of based violence violence – including information campaign, trainings, psychological, social and legal support. 4 Research Promoting women's . Prepare a programme to encourage women's initiatives in the next and Study initiatives three years. 5 Technical/ Programme of small . Develop and implement a programme to support women’s social Investment financial target actions initiatives and small projects - including loans made to empower aimed at women women and strengthen their economic role, and including as necessary psychological support and trainings. 6 Technical/ Improving the network of . Establish new and rehabilitate existing centres for broad support Investment women’s centres and training for women.
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4. Programme 4: Restore and improve the electricity service
Rationale
Access to electricity is a key component of measuring human development and a premise for socio-economic development. The ISIL occupation and military operations have resulted in massive damages to all electricity systems in Anbar. The electricity service to citizens, public institutions and industry has been significantly reduced – to less than 40% of pre-ISIL levels – with frequent interruptions due to limited power generation and disrupted electricity distribution network. Urgent work is needed to restore electricity systems to pre-ISIL capacity. It is further necessary to develop and optimise the power distribution system to increase operational capacity and support the growing population and economic development in the long run.
Critical strategic issues:
Over 80% damage to the electricity network following the occupation from ISIL, including distribution and transmission, and severely damaged generation of electricity – with severe consequences for the population and the economy. Limited funds of the Electricity Department – due to people and public sector not paying their bills. The main consumer of electricity is the public sector (e.g. hospitals, street lighting); this cannot pay its bills, but the electricity service has to continue. Lack of programmes to support the utilisation of alternative energy sources and sustainable energy solutions (e.g. solar panels, boilers, etc.). Shortage of machinery and staff training.
Vision
Adequate and uninterrupted electricity service meets the current and projected needs of citizens, public institutions and all sectors of the economy and ensures prosperity and sustained socio-economic development.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated and developed electricity supply network to achieve electricity supply standards Specific objective 2: Improved performance and revenue of the electricity sector Specific objective 3: Rationalised electricity consumption.
Attainment of these objectives will contribute to uninterrupted electrical supply to citizens, public institutions and enterprises, and thereby improve the quality of life in the governorate, support the recovery of Anbar’s economy, and facilitate the long-term development of productive capacities.
Strategic objective 3: Quality of life improved through rehabilitation and development of infrastructure and basic services Programme 4: Restore and improve the electricity service Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated and developed electricity supply network to achieve electricity supply standards Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Mapping of damaged and . Map damaged and destroyed electricity supply systems; and Study destroyed electricity supply . Research and assess their condition and needs for rehabilitation. systems 2 Technical/ Rehabilitation of electricity . Develop and implement rehabilitation programme for the electricity Investment supply network supply network, focusing on industrial areas, areas in urban centres, and areas with high density of inhabitants – in order to reduce overload cases and achieve the electricity supply standards. 3 Technical/ Increasing electricity . Develop and implement a programme to increase electricity Investment generation, including generation; renewable energy . Develop and commission renewable energy systems. Specific objective 2: Improved performance and revenue of the electricity sector Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Development of charging . Develop models to improve the measurement of electricity and Study models for electricity consumption and the collection of charges for use of the electricity service supply network, aligned with the specificities of individual qadhas of the province.
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2 Technical/ Application of charging . Apply the developed charging models. Investment models 3 Human Improving staff capacities . Plan and implement a programme to improve staff skills/capacities Resources and to attract new employees. Specific objective 3: Rationalised electricity consumption Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Awareness Promoting energy . Plan, organise and carry out information campaign among the conservation among the population on the need to reduce electricity consumption – population including through use of modern electrical equipment with low energy consumption and use renewable energy. 2 Awareness Promoting energy . Plan, organise and carry out information campaign for businesses conservation among and industrial enterprises on the need to reduce electricity – businesses and industrial including through use of modern electrical equipment with low enterprises energy consumption, use of renewable energy, and modern methods in energy load management. 3 Technical/ Introduction of renewable . Develop and implement a programme to introduce of sustainable Investment and sustainable energy energy solutions for the public sector and the population.
5. Programme 5: Restore and develop the water supply and wastewater service
Rationale
Both the water supply and the wastewater management sectors in Anbar have been severely damaged by ISIL. Much of the irrigation infrastructure and water intake stations are not operational – with impact on water access. There is damage to drainage facilities – with impact on soils quality. The majority of the water treatment facilities are out of order, and there are no working wastewater treatment plants in the province – with dire impact on pollution of the Euphrates, the quality of water across the province. Human health, food security and economic development in the immediate and long run are all affected. Both rehabilitation of the water/wastewater network and the operation of water purification and wastewater treatment plants are necessary. Further, measures are required to raise the awareness of the public on the importance of water conservation and the importance of using clean water – and the role of wastewater treatment and purification in this regard.
Critical strategic issues:
Inadequate funding within the reconstruction budget and lack of operational budget and funding sources required for the rehabilitation, operation and maintenance of water intake/wastewater pump stations, treatment facilities and water/wastewater networks; Large scale of destruction of infrastructure linked to the occupation by ISIL; security situation; Lack of/insufficient specialised machinery and equipment, which results in suspending of operations due to frequent out of order status and difficulty in maintenance of stations and networks; Lack of public awareness on the need to preserve water, use clean water, and therefore pay for use of the water/wastewater network; Insufficient and insufficiently trained staff.
Vision
The population of Anbar enjoy sustainable supply of clean drinking water; while rationalised water use in industry and agriculture both facilitates economic development and secures future water resources.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Reconstructed and developed water supply and wastewater networks Specific objective 2: Improved water sector performance and revenue.
Attainment of these objectives will contribute to improving the health status of the population of Anbar, and support the development of industry, agriculture and other economic activities, while also reducing pressure on water resources and the environment.
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Strategic objective 3: Quality of life improved through rehabilitation and development of infrastructure and basic services Programme 5: Reconstruct and develop the water supply and wastewater service Specific objective 1: Reconstructed and developed water supply and wastewater network s Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Mapping of damaged and . Complete mapping of the water supply and waste water and Study destroyed water supply and networks; research and assess their condition and need for wastewater networks rehabilitation to reduce losses and improve service. 2 Technical/ Rehabilitation programme . Develop and implement a rehabilitation programme for the water Investment for the water supply and supply and wastewater networks, focusing on areas in urban wastewater networks centres and areas with high density of inhabitants – in order to reduce the losses and achieve the water supply standards. 3 Technical/ Implementation of modern . Implement modern pressure monitoring systems in the water Investment pressure monitoring systems supply network in order to be able to monitor pressure in the in the water supply network pipes and identify areas of seepage and fractures, take measures to reduce the losses, and achieve the water supply standards. Specific objective 2: Improved water sector performance and revenue Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Development of charging . Develop models to improve the measurement of water use and and Study models for water supply the collection of charges for the use of the water supply network, service aligned with the specificities of individual qadhas of the province. 2 Technical/ Application of charging . Apply the developed charging models and achieve 90% collection Investment models rate in the areas served. 3 Human Improving the performance . Organise and deliver training courses to improve the performance Resources efficiency of cadres in the of staff in the water supply and wastewater sectors; including water sector purchase the necessary software. 4 Awareness Promoting water . Plan, organise and carry out information campaign among the conservation and water population to increase awareness regarding the need to preserve quality awareness among the water, why it is important to use good quality water – and population therefore, why it is important to pay for use of the water network. 5 Technical/ Equipment for management . Plan, organise and complete the purchase of necessary Investment and maintenance of the equipment for management and maintenance of the water supply water supply system system. 6 Technical/ Measures to improve the . Develop, plan and implement programme to improve and Investment quality of water develop the water treatment facilities and to provide the population with own means to purify water.
6. Programme 6: Expand and develop waste management
Rationale
The waste management sector in Anbar is in dire condition. In number and capacity, landfills are inadequate vis- à-vis needs. Illegal dumping sites proliferate; regulated landfills that meet environmental requirements are almost none. The threats are major for the environment (soils, water/groundwater resources, air quality) and for public health. The absence of sorting, recycling and control mechanisms compounds environmental threats (as e.g. hazardous waste too ends up in landfills), while it also limits the capacity of the sector to add to the economy by providing inputs to other industries, including energy production. The sector is understaffed, it relies entirely on temporary workers, and occupational safety is very low. Its capacity has been additionally strained in the context of ISIL by massive destruction and quantities of rubble in cities; lack of funding; and destruction of the already insufficient specialised machinery and equipment. Critical strategic issues: No recycling plants, insufficient landfills, almost no environmentally approved landfills; Large amounts of debris/rubble left after the war; Lack of financial resources allocated for cleaning and waste collection work and no allocation for this purpose in municipal institutions’ budgets; Cleaning labour not among the permanent staff of municipalities – resulting in (1) reliance on temporary employees, and (2) dependency of service provision on having secured funds; Lack of/insufficient specialised machinery and equipment and capacity for maintenance of these – linked to lack of allocated financial resources; Low public awareness about waste hazards and the importance of waste management.
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Vision
An environmentally sound and effective waste collection and disposal system supports the health and quality of life of citizens, while it also adds to the economy through protection of resources and recycling.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated and developed waste management network Specific objective 2: Improved waste management sector performance and revenue.
Attainment of these objectives will result in tangible improvement in the quality of life of citizens, as well as support the resource base for development of the governorate.
Strategic objective 3: Quality of life improved through rehabilitation and development of infrastructure and basic services Programme 6: Expand and develop waste management Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated and developed waste management network Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Developing an integrated . Map the existing infrastructure and its status, and research and Study waste management and opportunities and needs related to improving waste management recycling strategy through: waste recycling programmes; new facilities for systematic collection, separation, recycling, treatment and processing of waste; improved regulation; and the introduction of modern operational control procedures and effective daily management across the waste life cycle. 2 Technical/ Waste recycling and removal . Plan, organise and implement a programme for general waste Investment of war debris programme recycling and removal of debris from the war. Specific objective 2: Improved waste management sector performance and revenue Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Development of charging . Develop models to improve measurement related to waste and Study models for waste generation and the collection of charges for waste management management service service, aligned with the specificities of individual qadhas of the province. 2 Technical/ Application of charging . Apply the developed charging models and achieve 90% collection Investment models rate in the areas served. 3 Human Improving the performance . Organise and deliver training courses to improve the performance Resources efficiency of cadres in the of staff in the waste sector, including in terms of occupational waste management sector safety, and including the purchase of necessary software. 4 Awareness Promoting awareness about . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the waste hazards and the population on the importance of waste management – and importance of waste therefore, the need to pay for waste management service. management 5 Technical/ Purchase of equipment to . Plan, organise and complete the purchase of necessary machinery Investment support waste management and equipment for waste management and maintenance.
7. Programme 7: Improve health services quality and access
Rationale
Access to healthcare is a key component of measuring human development. Further, healthcare provision is has significant and long-term economic returns in terms of sustaining and developing the available human resources, and in terms of ensuring supportive environment for businesses and investors.
In the context of ISIL there has been an overall collapse of the health system in Anbar. All pre-existing problems in the sector have been exacerbated, e.g.: insufficient health facilities, beds and specialised healthcare; shortage of medical staff (especially specialised doctors); shortage of medicines and equipment; etc. Much of the health infrastructure has been destroyed (including health facilities under construction and medical warehouses); staff have relocated. At the same time there is increased risk of communicable diseases, limited vaccinations, increased infant mortality, and overall problematic health situation – especially in IDP camps.
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The Governorate has embarked on a plan to return all IDPs to their homes – while almost all IDPs stationed in camps in Anbar are from Anbar province. At the same time, collapse of healthcare service and lack of medicines in liberated areas is among the main reasons why IDPs choose not to return to their areas.
Critical strategic issues:
Poor health conditions Limited control of communicable diseases Limited treatment of non-communicable and acute diseases among citizens outside and in IDP camps Increased infant mortality rates in all parts of the governorate, especially rural/remote parts Limited care, preventive care and prenatal care for children and pregnant women Limited provision of metal healthcare, protection, and therapy to citizens outside and in IDP camps Limited provision of healthcare to elderly citizens outside and in IDP camps Limited provision of healthcare to people with disabilities outside and in IDP camps Limited provision of healthy environment in spaces allocated to IDPs Limited provision of ongoing and continuous health and medical services to IDPs in all their locations.
Vision
Improved health condition of all citizens of Anbar in the immediate and long run.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Improved quality and expanded coverage of health services Specific objective 2: Improved prevention Specific objective 3: Strengthened research and technological base of the health service.
Attainment of these specific objectives will contribute to improved public health, return of the IDPs and reduced of health service to the population.
Strategic objective 3: Quality of life improved through rehabilitation and development of infrastructure and basic services Programme 7: Improve health services quality and access Specific objective 1: Improved quality and expanded coverage of health services Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Elaboration of health . Develop an updated map of healthcare infrastructure and identify and Study infrastructure development priority areas for infrastructure investment, including in IDP camps. programme 2 Research Elaboration of programme . Elaborate a programme to coordinate the provision of healthcare and Study for coordinating private services from the private sector. sector healthcare 3 Technical/ Implementation of . Build an effective monitoring system to monitor preventive, Investment monitoring system diagnostic and therapeutic services provision, as well as emergency medicines and medical supplies – with regard to the adoption of professional principles and efficiency of provision. 4 Technical/ Investment programme for . Develop and implement an investment programme for building of Investment rehabilitation and new new healthcare centres, in particular in rural areas, and construction of healthcare rehabilitation and maintenance of existing centres, including in IDP centres camps. 5 Technical/ Implementation of health . Develop and implement health information technology programme Investment, information technology – to communicate information from primary and secondary Capacity programme healthcare centres (on e.g. pharmaceuticals and medical supplies, building patient records, records of maternal and child morbidity, mortality data, etc.) – to strengthen the capacity of administrative structures. 6 Human Enhancing of capabilities in . Develop and implement training courses for healthcare Resources healthcare planning administrators in the field of healthcare planning. Specific objective 2: Improved prevention Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Technical/ Preventive care . Implement a programme for increased vaccine coverage and heath Investment programme screening – especially in IDP camps – to ensure safety from communicable diseases.
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2 Technical/ Promoting the use of safe . Implement a programme to promote the use of water purification Investment water systems , especially in rural areas. 3 Awareness Promoting preventive care . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the population on the benefits of vaccine programmes and other preventive care measures. 4 Awareness Promoting health . Develop and implement measures to raise public awareness on awareness and education heath issues (WASH, hygiene, etc.) and healthy lifestyle practices. Specific objective 3: Strengthened research and technological base of the health service Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Identification of the needs . Assess the needs of the population for preventive healthcare, and Study of the population support for cancer, kidney diseases, and other major risks. 2 Technical/ Health clinics database . Build a health database system to track the coverage of health Investment clinics. 3 Research Promoting research in . Promote the participation of Anbar University in research and and Study community health studies that promote community health.
8. Programme 8: Improve access to and quality of education
Rationale
The invasion of ISIL and subsequent military operations have had a heavy impact on the education sector in Anbar – linked to the scale of damage/destruction of buildings and displacement. These have exacerbated pre- existing problems in primary and secondary education, namely, low enrolment and high dropout rates, poor condition/shortage of schools, shortage of qualified teachers, shortage of textbooks and teaching aids, increasing number of students per class/teacher, failure of curricula to follow developments in global academic standards, lack of modern teaching methods, etc. In vocational education, while a vocational track is available to those who do not pass the national exam, few students elect this option because of its poor quality and associated stigma; at the same time, there is pronounced shortage of skilled staff in the governorate as well as need to boost entrepreneurship.
Post-liberation, the immediate focus is on reconstruction and rehabilitation of schools damaged by military and terrorist operations; e.g. DG for Education in Anbar in cooperation with the Governorate, has drafted a plan in this regard under the Reconstruction Fund (funding through UNDP and other donors) including 129 school buildings in liberated areas.
Critical strategic issues:
Very high share of illiterate persons – 18% illiteracy rate total, 12.4% among youth (15-29y) Insufficient school buildings – many are in bad condition, damaged/destroyed; some serve as IDP shelter High and growing student-to-teacher and student-to-class ratios Shortage of qualified and specialised teachers Low motivation for enrolment in vocational schools Weak ICT infrastructure and use of knowledge technology.
Vision
Adequate and modern education service extended to all – including attractive school environment, quality infrastructure and modern teaching methods and curricula – contributes to reduced illiteracy, increased school attendance, and improved employment prospects, especially among young people, and it effectively supports the economic development of the governorate.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Resumed provision of educational services and closing of identified gaps Specific objective 2: Improved school environment, student participation, and human resource capacity in the sector.
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The attainment of Specific objective 1 will contribute to increasing the number of good-quality operational school buildings, allowing to resume educational services. Under this objective, standards for primary schools will be developed, and the provision of basic public services in school areas will be planned and coordinated. The goal will directly contribute to the inclusion of a larger number of children in the education system and a reduction in the share of illiterates.
The attainment of Specific objective 2 will provide an attractive school environment to help increase enrolment rates and reduce dropout rates. The needs of teachers for specific subjects will be met, and the possibility of applying modern training methods will be provided. Activities will further help attract students to vocational schools and provide teachers in rural areas.
Strategic objective 3: Quality of life improved through rehabilitation and development of infrastructure and basic services Programme 8: Improve access to and quality of education Specific objective 1: Resumed provision of educational services and closing of identified gaps Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Elaboration of education . Identify priority school buildings; and Study infrastructure development . Elaborate investment programme for completion of building works; programme . Identify possibilities to use other governorate buildings; . Study the opportunities to develop PPP for unfinished or damaged schools with more than 60% completion of construction works; . Identify needs for school equipment – furniture, computers, etc. 2 Research Development of standards . Develop standards for primary schools, e.g. standard number of and Study for primary schools children per teacher, standard number of students in a class, standard facilities in schools. 3 Research Elaboration of programme . Elaborate a programme for coordination of the provision of basic and Study for coordinated public public services in school areas (electricity, water, roads, waste and service provision in school wastewater collection, etc.) areas 4 Research Increasing the role of the . Study possibilities for and develop a programme aimed to increase and Study private sector in school the involvement of the private sector in the maintenance of maintenance schools, including up to 100% 5 Technical/ Investment programme for . Develop and implement an investment programme to support the Investment completion and repair of completion of unfinished school buildings or the school buildings reconstruction/rehabilitation of damaged ones. 6 Technical/ Establishment of local . Establish and operationalise workshops at vocational schools for Investment centres for school maintenance of school furniture , equipment and supplies; equipment repair . Provide the required machines, equipment and supplies. 7 Awareness Encouraging community . Develop and implement a series of initiatives that aim to encourage involvement in school and increase the involvement of parents and teachers in the reconstruction process of school reoperation – on volunteering basis, and with support from international humanitarian organisations. Specific objective 2: Improved school environment, student participation, and human resource capacity in the sector Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Technical/ Increasing extracurricular . Develop and implement a programme to increase extracurricular Investment activities at schools activities at schools – e.g. school trips, volunteer works, sports, etc. 2 Technical/ Introducing modern . Prepare schools – in terms of planning and equipment – for the Investment teaching methods with implementation of modern teaching methods with help of help of ICT information technologies. 3 Awareness Promoting the benefits of . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the education population on the benefits of education. 4 Human Programme for teacher . In collaboration with universities, develop and implement a joint resources training programme for teacher training. 5 Human Support to education in . Develop and implement a programme to support teachers in rural resources rural areas areas and to promote continuing secondary education. 6 Awareness Increasing the . Develop and implementing – with support from businesses – an attractiveness of vocational awareness campaign aimed to attract young people to vocational schools schools.
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9. Programme 9: Reconstruct and develop the transport network
Rationale
The transport sector is vital: it impacts all aspects of social life and economic activity in the province – particularly in view of Anbar’s large area, its strategic location on the Euphrates, and its connecting position with 6 other provinces and 3 neighbouring countries. The extensive needs for communication and connectivity require giving high priority to the sector – which has generally been the case prior to ISIL. The occupation by ISIL and subsequent fighting have resulted in extensive and heavy damage to the transport infrastructure – particularly roads (municipal, main, secondary) and bridges. While most roads are old and unfit to carry heavy traffic and machinery, and while compliance among the population with traffic regulation is poor (including compliance with load assignments and non-violation of public property), in the security context, pre-existing deficiencies related to the quality of asphalt cover and the number of weight stations have been exacerbated. Critical strategic issues: Damaged road infrastructure in cities Damaged main and secondary roads connecting the province Damaged bridges Damaged supporting infrastructure and machinery.
Vision
A restored and improved road infrastructure and improved transport sector performance efficiency fully support economic activities and the mobility of people in Anbar province, while minimising traffic accidents.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Developed and rehabilitated transport network (primary, secondary, rural) Specific objective 2: Improved transport sector performance efficiency.
The realisation of Specific Objective 1 will contribute to the development of transport infrastructure and to overcoming the poor state of roads in the governorate. This will help increase the connectivity of rural areas to urban centres, as well as the connectivity between urban centres, facilitating human mobility and economic activities across the territory, while also making economic activities faster and cheaper. Conditions for reducing road accidents will be provided.
The realisation of Specific Objective 2 will contribute to improving the capacity of staff in the sector to manage projects, work with specific information technologies, and ensure better management and archiving of transport network data. Provision of necessary equipment will additionally contribute to improved efficiency and effectiveness of the transport network. Awareness campaigns will contribute to increased road safety.
Strategic objective 3: Quality of life improved through rehabilitation and development of infrastructure and basic services Strategic objective 4: Enabling environment secured for economic rehabilitation and development Programme 9: Reconstruct and develop the transport network Specific objective 1: Developed and rehabilitated transport network (primary, secondary, rural) Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Preparation of transport network . Explore and identify priority areas for new infrastructure and Study development programme development and rehabilitation of existing roads in order to improve transport accessibility in the governorate. 2 Research Preparation of Master Plans for . Explore and identify priority areas for new infrastructure and Study the main cities development and rehabilitation of existing roads in order to improve transport accessibility in cities. 3 Technical/ Construction of new roads and . Plan, secure funding for and implement the construction of Investment bridges new roads and bridges in strategic areas to improve connectivity to rural areas and between major urban centres. 4 Technical/ Rehabilitation and maintenance . Plan, secure funding for and implement rehabilitation and Investment of roads and bridges maintenance work on existing roads and bridges, including ones damaged in the context of ISIL. 5 Technical/ Increasing the capacity of . Organise and implement the extension of existing roads by Investment existing roads adding second corridors for roads whose maximum capacity has been reached.
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Specific objective 2: Improved transport sector performance efficiency Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Human Building the skills of staff in IT . Organise and conduct training courses to enhance the IT Resources capacity of staff in the sector. 2 Human Building the skills of staff in . Organise and conduct training courses to enhance the project Resources project management management capacity of staff in the sector. 3 Human Increasing the efficiency of staff . Organise and conduct training courses to build the Resources in data archiving performance efficiency of staff in modern data archiving; . Purchase the necessary software. 4 Human Promoting the use of GIS . Organise and conduct training courses in GIS for staff; Resources . Purchase the necessary GIS software. 5 Awareness Promoting road safety . Plan, organise and carry out information campaign among the population on the need to comply with traffic regulation/relevant legislation – to increase road safety, as well as to help reduce public property damage. 6 Technical/ Purchase of equipment for road . Plan, organise and purchase necessary equipment for the Investment maintenance and rehabilitation maintenance and rehabilitation of roads.
10. Programme 10: Encourage investment and industry development
Rationale
The economic situation in the province is problematic. Anbar relies mainly on agriculture and commerce; the industrial sector is underdeveloped, mostly state owned and outdated. The management framework for economic activities prioritises state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and perpetuates the weak role of the private sector. Jobs generation in the limited SOEs and the weak private sector – both of which have low productivity – is unable to absorb the youth bulge, driving very high unemployment rates.
Anbar has potential to develop diversified industry, however the availability of natural resources is not fully utilised. Industry development is constrained by the legislative and banking environment, which – in addition to corruption and the limited availability of qualified labour – deters investors and additionally constrains private sector development. Insecurity, destruction of production and road infrastructure, and displacement in the context of ISIL have exacerbated the situation.
In this context, Anbar’s economic development would require to (1) increase the role of the private sector, (2) improve the productivity and competitiveness of enterprises, and very centrally, to (3) increase private and foreign investments in the economy of the province. Investment is a driving force for development, driving up productivity, jobs creation, trade and diversification. Successful investments generate multiple benefits across the economic spectrum – including, ultimately, improved means to deliver social programmes and services. Therefore, especially in the post-ISIL context, the limited resources of the governorate require that larger input from the private sector and foreign investors be activated.
It is important to take measures to improve the investment environment in Anbar. The existing Investment Board needs to adopt new mechanisms to improve the attractiveness of the province for investors. Currently there are some problems with the coordination with the various directorates that need to be overcome.
Critical strategic issues:
The poor security situation prevents investments and has negative impact on SOEs; High administrative burdens impede investments; Weak work force capacity: many people have been displaced, while youth are lacking the education and skills required for the economy.
Vision
A vibrant private sector, improved investment climate and an industrial sector commensurate with resources make an effective contribution to the economic recovery and sustainable socio-economic development of the province.
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Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Stimulating and attractive investment environment for domestic and foreign capital Specific objective 2: Improved marketing and promotion of investment opportunities Specific objective 3: Existing investments expanded.
Attainment of these specific objectives will contribute to (1) decreased poverty levels, increased employment, improved socio-economic conditions and inclusion of young people in socio-economic life – with positive impact on social and community resilience and reduced radicalisation; and (2) diversification of Anbar’s economy – with positive impact on its economic resilience.
Strategic objective 4: Enabling environment secured for economic rehabilitation and development Programme 10: Encourage investment and industry development Specific objective 1: Stimulating and attractive investment environment for domestic and foreign capital Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Legislation Development of model . Review and evaluate the existing licensing system; to improve the . Develop a model to simplify licencing process, reduce administrative licencing system burden, and thereby improve the investment environment – in the frame of existing legislature. 2 Research Establishment of joint . Motivate chambers, unions and associations to participate in the and Study ventures with local or implementation of investment opportunities through the establishment foreign capital of joint ventures with local or foreign capital. 3 Research Consultancy to develop . With involvement of Al Anbar University and consulting offices, identify and Study the capacity of the and complete preliminary feasibility studies for all investment Investment Board opportunities offered. Specific objective 2: Improved marketing and promotion of investment opportunities Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Investment map . Create an investment map for all sectors in cooperation with the and Study relevant authorities. 2 Capacity Effective marketing of . Develop a programme for adopting modern and innovative marketing building investment methods to promote investment opportunities. opportunities 3 Awareness Promotion of . Realise a programme of measures to promote investment opportunities investment domestically/abroad in cooperation with local /national institutions– opportunities incl. local/international fairs, promotions website, etc. Specific objective 3: Existing investments expanded Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Capacity Improving the structure . Encourage existing investors to expand their successful investments building and capacity of the and replicate them in other locations in the governorate ; Investment Board . Encourage partnerships between domestic and foreign investors; . Develop the industrial sector through the implementation of plans prepared for this purpose and coordination between the efforts of relevant authorities. 2 Technical/ Support vocational . Develop and implement programme to support vocational training Investment training centres in the training of qualified skilled technicians – especially women and youth, and especially in the area of industrial projects management. 3 Technical/ Grants for local . Develop and implement a programme to support the establishment of Investment entrepreneurship small industrial projects and entrepreneurship projects through the initiatives provision of financial and administrative facilities and local services. 4 Technical/ Loans or livelihood . Develop and implement a programme to provide loans and livelihood Investment projects for vulnerable projects for the most vulnerable groups in the population, to enable groups them to improve their economic situation. 5 Technical/ Rehabilitation of . Develop and implement a programme to support the rehabilitation of Investment damaged industries industrial projects damaged by ISIL.
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11. Programme 11: Strengthen the agriculture sector
Rationale
The agriculture sector is of central importance in Anbar; it provides food for people and raw material supplies to other sectors; it supports local industries development and exports; and it employs ca. 40% of the workforce. The development of the sector depends on the existence of an appropriate agricultural policy and management, based on reliable statistics, scientific studies and analyses that respond to actual needs, and promote the use of modern methods in agriculture. Improved management is particularly necessitated by the limited resources available and their deteriorating quantity and quality. In the context of ISIL, the sector has suffered severely from damage caused by military operations, smuggling of goods, foreign competition and damaged irrigation.
Critical strategic issues:
Conceivably, the sector suffers from: Low productivity and competitiveness Lack of equipment and inputs (vaccinations, fodder, seeds, mechanisation, etc.) Lack of/damaged/outdated support infrastructure and services – electricity, transportation, irrigation, veterinary, warehouses, etc. – exacerbated by the security situation Shortage of qualified and specialised staff Low capacity in data collection, planning, management, control and maintenance Outdated/sub-optimal methods – especially in irrigation Insufficient scientific and research support and learning from best practices in developed countries Insufficient integrated data Environmental degradation – with impact on soils, plant agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, etc. Nevertheless, it is unclear what the actual situation in the sector is at present – including damage to the machinery, crops and livestock. It is necessary to develop a comprehensive analysis of the sector, in order to elucidate the priorities for its development.
Vision
Sustainable and rational use of natural resources allows achieving food security, while it also contributes to rural development, increased farmers' income, job creation, and better competitiveness of agricultural products.
Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Increased use of modern irrigation methods in agriculture and pilot projects introduced Specific objective 2: Knowledge-based agriculture promoted, and R&D and modern technologies adopted to increase production Specific objective 3: Capacity of the private sector to increase agricultural land increased, and industrial and commercial projects established based on the outputs of the agricultural sector in the governorate. Attainment of these specific objectives will contribute to increased productivity, improved planning capacity and planning, and improved resource/input efficiency in the sector.
Strategic objective 4: Enabling environment secured for economic rehabilitation and development Programme 11: Strengthen the agriculture sector Specific objective 1: Increased use of modern irrigation methods in agriculture and pilot projects introduced Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Elaboration of programme . In coordination of the Anbar University, conduct research on the and Study for development of the use of irrigation methods and techniques appropriate to the nature irrigation network and quantities of water resources in Anbar Governorate and analysis of best practices for their management; . Elaborate a programme for development of the irrigation system through optimal methods. 2 Technical/ Implementation of pilot . Plan and implement pilot projects for the use of proposed irrigation Investment projects for the use of methods (see 1 above) – to support farmers. irrigation methods
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Specific objective 2: Knowledge-based agriculture promoted, and R&D and modern technologies adopted to increase production Activity Project type Project name . Short description 1 Technical/ Grants programme for . Develop and implement a grants programme for knowledge Investment scientific research and transfer and research - in order to activate the role of the university innovation application for in research and innovation application in addressing problems of knowledge transfer in the agricultural sector, and to increase the transfer knowledge and agriculture best practices to farmers 2 Technical/ Establishment of field . Establish or develop experimental pilot farms (or projects in existing Investment testing farms for crops and farms) throughout the province to carry out research activities breeds focused on field-testing of new varieties of agricultural crops and animal breeds. Specific objective 3: Capacity of the private sector to increase agricultural land increased, and industrial and commercial projects established based on the outputs of the agricultural sector in the governorate Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Technical/ Establishment of modern . Establish modern markets for fruits and vegetables, equipped with Investment markets for fruits and refrigerated stores, logistics facilities and quality control services – vegetables in coordination with municipal institutions , the private sector and the Investment Authority. 2 Technical/ Improving slaughter house . Rehabilitate the old slaughter house and/or build a new one – to Investment capacity ensure a sanitary place for trade in animals and meat. 3 Research Elaboration of models for . Identify best practices in the region with regard to cooperatives and Study cooperatives establishment establishment; to improve production and . Analyse the potential of existing structures to improve production marketing and marketing; . Elaborate models for cooperatives among farmers. 4 Technical/ Database system for . Establishing a database system for provision of all information on Investment agricultural sector the agricultural sector – to support decision-making regarding agriculture sector development.
12. Programme 12: Improve public governance
Rationale
While Anbar Governorate is undergoing the decentralisation process envisaged in legislation, effective public governance has emerged as a distinct horizontal priority area. The citizens and administration of Anbar agree that there is need to improve public governance in order to provide better services and to reduce corruption levels. Improved public governance will reduce the burden on citizens and businesses, contribute to a better investment environment, contribute to developing the private sector, help channel financial resources to priority projects and reduce waste of resources; and generally improve the quality of life in the governorate. At the same time, the process of decentralisation is not completed – particularly in the key area of delegation of budgets.
In the post-ISIL context, asserting the rule of law and transparent and accountable governance based on a culture of human rights are pivotal in order to facilitate peaceful living together of communities in the course of economic rebuilding.
Critical strategic issues:
Incomplete decentralisation and delegation of powers and budgets Lack of efficiency standards and functional analysis of the administration Corruption.
Vision
Strong, effective and transparent government institutions contribute directly to achieving all the development goals of the governorate.
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Specific objectives:
Specific objective 1: Effective local government organisation and professional and expert management Specific objective 2: Integrity, transparency and accountability promoted Specific objective 3: State of law established and a culture of human rights protection promoted.
Attainment of the specific objectives will result in better administrative services, reduced corruption, improved business and investment climate, and an environment of transparency, accountability and order that supports the return to peaceful living together of communities.
Strategic objective 5: Public governance improved Programme 12: Improve public governance Specific objective 1: Effective local government organisation and professional and expert management Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Functional review . Perform a functional review of the administrative structures of the local and Study of the government to identify the needs for changes in the organisational administrative structure to better allocate their functions and provide them with the structures of the necessary resources; provincial . Establish an expanded committee – comprised of representatives of Anbar government Governorate, the Directorate of Financial and Administrative Affairs, and representatives of Anbar University Faculty of Law and Faculty of Management and Economics, and qualified staff – to carry out systematic monitoring of the state of the administrative structures and the need for changes in the Administration’s organisational structure. 2 Legislation Draft legislative . Prepare changes in the legislation related to making the necessary changes changes to facilitate in the organisational structure of the provincial government. decentralisation 3 Research Implementation of . Develop and implement PMS by creating links between the goals set and and Study, Performance their achievement by administrations and employees at individual level; Capacity Measurement . Develop job descriptions for employees to reflect the functions of the Building System (PMS) administration; . Develop annual plans for employees to reflect the goals of the administration; . Develop a system of criteria for objective evaluation of the work of the employees. 4 Human Building the human . Elaborate annual employee training plans reflecting the needs of the Resources resource capacity of administration and the individual needs of employees; government . Prepare a Memorandums of Understanding with Al-Anbar University to departments implement required workshops , training courses and specialised continuing education for employees of government departments; . Organise and conduct training courses and seminars on the basis of the annual training plans for employees. 5 Technical/ Establishment of . Carry out a study and analysis of the opportunities and steps needed to Investment governorate e- build an electronic government in the Governorate. Determine the services government to be made available electronically at the initial stage; . Build information registers for the needs of e-Government. Specific objective 2: Integrity, transparency and accountability promoted Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Legislation Access to public . Draft local legislation that regulates the disclosure by the local government information of information and data of interest to citizens – to raise the level of transparency in government work – provided that legislation requires government departments to make available various information and data related to the management of public funds and decision-making mechanisms from different decision centres. 2 Legislation Citizen participation . Elaborate local legislation to regulate the CSO (NGOs, trade unions and in decision making professional federations) participation in the decision-making process and the formulation of visions for f public policies for the governorate. 3 Awareness Promoting a culture . Develop and implement information campaign to promote a culture of of integrity and integrity and transparency of governance. transparency
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Specific objective 3: State of law established and a culture of human rights protection promoted Activity Project type Project name . Short description 1 Awareness Promoting human . Develop and implement information campaign aimed to disseminate rights and public among society a culture and practices that promote human rights and help property preserve public property. preservation among society 2 Awareness Promoting human . Develop and organise seminars and information campaigns for security rights in the work of agency representatives to promote respect for human rights in the security agencies implementation of their duties. 3 Awareness Promoting the rule . In cooperation with tribal and religious community leaders, develop and of law among tribal implement seminars and information campaigns to promote respect for the and religious rule of law. communities
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IX. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRP
1. Implementing structures
This Plan is going to be implemented through Anbar Provincial Government departments led by the Planning Department of the Governorate. The Steering Committee responsible for the planning process will be dissolved, and an Implementing Board will be established with the purpose to take responsibility for implementation, monitoring and updating of the PRP. Along the way, some specific activities (such as monitoring) will be designated to Committees with specific responsibilities (e.g. Monitoring Committee).
In case Anbar Governorate decide to use an implementation structure as suggested in the “Guidelines for Strategic Planning for Local Authorities in Iraq,” the Governor and respective departments will take action regarding the establishment of an economic development entity (e.g. “Strategic Development Organisation”).
2. Monitoring and evaluation
There are three levels of monitoring and evaluation. At levels 1 and 2, the focus is on the recommended interventions and the results of their implementation; at level 3, the focus is on updating the PRP. 1. Level-1 monitoring asks “Is the intervention being implemented as recommended in the PRP?” A comparison of what has occurred with what was set forth in the Summary Action Plan (SAP) for the respective intervention answers this question. Level-1 monitoring considers the details of implementation, the actions taken – or not taken – to implement the recommended intervention. 2. Level-2 monitoring asks “Is the intervention producing the outcomes that lead to achieving the expected results, project purpose and goal?” The performance indicators listed in the second column of the Log Frame Planning Matrix answer this question. Level-2 monitoring assesses the achievement of the expected results, project purpose and goal (i.e. the intended outputs, outcomes and impact of the intervention), as they link the intervention to the PRP vision. 3. Level-3 monitoring asks “Has the environment changed in ways that affect the choice of critical issues, interventions, and implementing entities in the PRP?” The answer uses information generated by the first two levels of monitoring, an update of the economic scan, and an organisational review of the implementing entities. Level-3 monitoring updates the PRP and indicates when the situation has changed so significantly, that it is time either to refresh the PRP or to repeat the full planning process.
Responsibility for monitoring and updating of the PRP will rest with the Provincial Government, part or all of the PRP Task Force, but it could also be designated to another entity (e.g. the local economic development entity).
The term “monitoring group” is used here to encompass any of the possible configurations. Ideally, the monitoring group will include representatives from the local government, the business community, the non- governmental sector, other actors relevant to the PRP implementation, and certainly, certainly, leadership from local economic development actors. The monitoring group may act as a whole or establish subcommittee(s) to deal with specific issues.
Monitoring and evaluation/updating are essential components of strategic planning. However, these processes cannot be as tightly specified as the PRP preparation process, because the monitoring process will vary depending on the PRP recommendations for each locality and on the progress made in their implementation. Monitoring occurs over time and it has to respond to an ever-changing situation.
3. Financial resources
Financial resources for implementation of the PRP will be diversified and sought at the national, local and international level. Nationally, the Governorate will present capital investment projects to the respective ministries and negotiate the implementation of programmes. Locally, the implementation of PPPs (Public Private Partnerships) requires to ensure that local-level legislation encourages and remove obstacles to private initiative. Internationally, the Governorate will seek both foreign investment and the assistance of foreign governments in development and humanitarian areas.
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SOURCES
Statistical sources:
Anbar Agricultural Department data Anbar Department of Education data Anbar Governorate Statistic Department data Anbar Governorate Planning Department data COSIT Ministry of Planning annual statistics World Bank, World Development Indicators database
Cited and consulted analyses/studies:
Grant A, and M. Libicki (RAND, 2010), Assessing Living Conditions in Iraq’s Anbar Province in 2009: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2010/RAND_TR836.pdf. IOM Iraq Mission (2016), Iraq Community Stabilization Handbook 2015–2016: https://www.dropbox.com/s/egell6z3qchxfyx/Introduction_and_Anbar.pdf?dl=1. IOM DTM Round 82 – 31 Oct 2017: http://iraqdtm.iom.int/DtmReports.aspx and http://iraqdtm.iom.int/ReturneeML.aspx. LADP coordinator report on camps in Anbar, 2017. MoMP, Directorate General of Urban Planning, with AECOM (Sept 2014), Structural Plan of Anbar Governorate: Development of Anbar Governorate in 2013-2033 (Final). NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq (NCCI) (2010), Anbar Governorate Profile: https://www.ncciraq.org/images/infobygov/NCCI_Anbar_Governorate_Profile.pdf. Nishiuchi, T. et al. (World Bank Group, June 2016), Iraq Economic Monitor: Labouring through the Crisis: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/771501472633954273/Iraq-economic-monitor-labouring- through-the-crisis. Siddiqui, N. et al (IOM, Feb 2017), Reframing Social Fragility in Areas of Protracted Displacement and Emerging Return in Iraq: http://iomiraq.net/file/29038/download. UNDP (2014), Iraq Human Development Report 2014: http://www.iq.undp.org/content/dam/iraq/img/Publications/UNDP-IQ_IraqNHDR2014-English.pdf. UNDP/UN-Habitat (22 Nov 2016), LADP Strategic Urban Development Framework for Governorates in Iraq: Indicator Technical Brief. Vishwanath, T. et al. (World Bank Group, June 2015), Where Are Iraq’s Poor?: Mapping Poverty in Iraq: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/889801468189231974/Where-are-Iraq-s-poor-mapping-poverty- in-Iraq. World Bank (2016). Doing business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All – Iraq. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/168391478509657720/Doing-business-2017-equal-opportunity- for-all-Iraq. World Bank (2017), “The World Bank in Iraq: Overview,” updated 01 Apr 2017: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/overview. World Bank (03 Feb 2017), Iraq: Systematic Country Dignostic (Report No. 112333–IQ). http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/542811487277729890/pdf/IRAQ-SCD-FINAL-cleared- 02132017.pdf. National Investment Commission (May 2013), Governorate of Anbar: http://investpromo.gov.iq/wp- content/uploads/2013/05/Anbar-province-En.pdf.
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