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Review Article INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Review Article A Review on Astonishing Benefits of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) TA. Mandhare1*, SB. Udugade1, PS. Gaikwad2 and SS. Mahamuni1 1Satara college of Pharmacy, Satara, Maharashtra-415 004, India. 2College of Pharmacy (D.Pharm) Degaon, Satara, Maharashtra-415 004, India. ABSTRACT (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Leguminosae) Fenugreek is oldest plant in medicinal plants, originating in India and Northern Africa. Usually fenugreek seeds parched or boiled, and given with aloes, anise-seed and other substances used as a tonic. Fenugreek contains mucilage, sugars, an alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, fixed oils etc., which imparts medicinal action to fenugreek. These are in the treatment of allergies, antidiabetic effect, weight loss, and cholesterol lowering effect, gas, gastric disorders, immunomodulatory effect, antifertility effect, antioxidant activity, anthelmentic, antibacterial effect, lung infections, and anticancer effect, also to treat sore throat, abscesses, anemia, asthma, boils, body odour, bronchitis, gallbladder problems, heartburn, inflammation, ulcers, and uterine problems. Keywords: Trigonella foenum-graecum, medicinal action, Anti-diabetic, gastric disorders. INTRODUCTION Trigonella foenum - graecum (Linn.) commonly known as fenugreek (methi). It is aromatic, 30- 60 cm tall, annual herb, cultivated throughout the world.1, 13 Fig. 1: Images of fenugreek. 2, 7, 12 Vol. 5 (4) Oct-Dec 2016 www.ijpcsonline.com 213 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Botany immunomodulator, and recently reported in Kingdom: Plantae balancing the blood sugar level [3, 14]. Division: Magnoliophyta Fenugreek powder is also used as a lactation Class: Magnoliopsida stimulant and protective against ethanol Order: Fabales toxicity in India. Literature survey exposed that Family: Fabaceae whole plant have a lot of actions for treatment Genus: Trigonella of diseases e.g., fresh leaves are used for the Species: foenum-graecum Linn. [1, 8, 9, 10, treatment of indigestion, flatulence, and the 11] dried leaves are used as a quality flavor for Fenugreek is an erect hairy annual herb. The meat, fish, and vegetable dishes while seeds plant grows to a height of about three feet, the as food preservative in pickles, chutneys and long slender stems has. It has long stalked other similar food products. Seeds are very leaves up to 5 cm long stipules triangular, tough and difficult to grind so that seed extract lanceolate, leaflets about 2.5 cm long, ovate to is also used in vanilla, butterscotch and rum oblanceolate. The flowers are sessile axillary flavoring. In persistent common sore throat white or pale yellow. The pods are thin, sword- and mouth ulcers gargle made from the seeds shaped 10-15 cm (4-6 inch), with a curved are used. Main reason of use of this plant is to beak-like tip, each carrying 10-20 seeds. The get better the health quality of person as well plant exhibits a spicy odor which pursues on as anticipation of the diseases3. the hands after touching. Mediterranean climates are mostly suitable for BENEFITS OF FENUGREEK TO HEALTH the plants. Plants mature within four months 1. Fenugreek seeds are rich source of vitamin and flowers generally in midsummer. Seeds E and are one of the most primitive spices as are small (5 mm. long), hard, and brownish to preservative and additives to pickles. yellow in color. Seeds are flattened and have 2. Fresh fenugreek leaves are beneficial in the a characteristic rhomboidal shape.2 treatment of digestive disorders, flatulence and Fenugreek is regarded and suggested a a sluggish liver. helpful medicinal plant for the management of 3. The dried leaves of the fenugreek are used various dysfunctions and disorders and is as a eminence flavor for meat, fish and recorded in history and in Ayurveda also.3 vegetable dishes. The potential and pharmacological actions of 4. An infusion prepared from leaves is used as fenugreek are due to the variety of its a gargle for continual mouth ulcers. A gargle constituents, namely, saponins (0.6 - 1.7%) made from the seeds is best for common sore that are converted in the gastrointestinal tract throat. into sapogenins. Saponins include 5. Fresh Fenugreek leaves paste when Sarsapogenin, Yuccagenin, Smilagenin and, applied over the scalp frequently before bath is the most important saponin is Diosgenin, helpful for hair growth, preserves natural color, seeds contain 45-60% carbohydrates, mainly makes hair silky and also prevents dandruff. 50-percent fiber (30-per-cent soluble fiber and 6. Fenugreek seeds with gruel increase the 20-percent insoluble fiber) that can slow the flow of milk in nursing mothers. rate of postprandial glucose absorption, then 5 7. The gelatinous texture of fenugreek seed - 10% fixed oils (lipids), pyridine alkaloids may have soothes skin irritation by eczema or trigonelline (0.2 - 0.38%), choline (0.5%), other conditions. Warm poultice of fenugreek gentianine and carpaine, the flavonoids seeds relieves muscle aches and gout pain. apigenin, luteolin, orientin, quercetin, vitexin 8. Fenugreek seeds reduce the amounts of and isovitexin, amino acids (lysine, argenine, calcium oxalate in the kidneys so contributes tryptophan, threonin, valyn and methionin) and to prevent kidney stones. Animal studies mucilages, most important is galactomannan, showed that, fenugreek reduces the chance of it also contain vitamins A, C, D, B1 and , rising colon cancer by blocking the action of minerals calcium, iron and zinc, and nicotinic certain enzymes. acid and 0.015% volatile oils (n-alkanes and 9. Fenugreek is currently used as a source of sesquiterpenes)2,4,5 the steroid diosgenin, from which other Due to the multipurpose actions of plant, it is steroids can be synthesized. extensively used in Egypt, Greek, Italy and South Asia for management of health PHARMACOLOGICAL USES problems. It is used as anti-diabetic, anti- Immunomodulatory Effect fertility, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic and Fenugreek shows stimulatory effects on hypocholesterolaemic, antibronchitis, macrophages. Macrophages are vital part of carminative, aphrodisiac, analgesic, the immune system; act as primary line of antipyretic, anticancer, antioxidant, defense against infections by phagocytosis Vol. 5 (4) Oct-Dec 2016 www.ijpcsonline.com 214 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 and killing of invading microorganisms as attributes the cholesterol lowering activities to phagocytic, microbicidal and tumoricidal the fiber-rich gum portion of the seed that effector cells. Macrophages interact with reduces the rate of hepatic synthesis of lymphocytes and regulate immune response. cholesterol. Both mechanisms may contribute There are many plants reported but they show to the overall effect3, 6. nonspecific immunity, i.e. macrophages functions. Fenugreek shows Antitumor activity immunomodulatory effects on the specific as Research showed that potential protective well as non-specific immune functions. effect of Fenugreek seeds against 7, 12- Fenugreek seeds are rich source of dietary DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats. At 200 fiber as well as mucilage (about 28%). Both of mg/kg body wt., fenugreek seeds extract these induce macrophages. Fenugreek also appreciably inhibited the DMBA-induced contains small quantity of iron in an organic mammary hyperplasia and decreased its form, which may be readily absorbed and incidence. Epidemiological studies also facilitate hematopoietic stimulation in bone associate apoptosis as a mechanism that marrow. Thus by specific as well as non- might mediate the fenugreek's antibreast specific way, fenugreek shows cancer protective effects6. immunomodulatory effects. Antioxidant effect Antifertility Effect Antioxidants Production from natural sources Fenugreek is used as antifertile natural agent. has been considered vital way for In the case of male, it reduces the weight of management of human diseases15 A study has testis, plasma concentration of the androgen showed the potent antioxidant properties of hormone and sperm concentrations. In the fenugreek seeds. In the study, scientists females, the circulating plasma progesterone evaluated the protective effect of polyphenol- concentrations is significantly increased at 10 rich extract of the seeds of fenugreek against and 20 days of gestation and pre-breeding hydrogen peroxide (H202)-induced oxidation estrogen concentrations does not show any in normal and diabetic human erythrocytes significant effect. Research showed that for (RBCs). antifertile activity of fenugreek, female rabbits are more susceptible than male rabbits, but Anthelmintic Activity male rabbits are more prone toward toxic Seeds of fenugreek showed marked and effect than female rabbits.3 potent anthelmintic activity. Alcoholic extract had exposed promising result as anthelmintic Glucose-lowering effects activity and water extracts has also revealed The antidiabetic activity of the seeds of activity up to lesser extent.6 fenugreek may be due to galactomannan-rich soluble fiber fraction. Insulinotrophic and Antibacterial activity antidiabetic properties also have been Aqueous extract of seeds of fenugreek were associated with the amino acid 4- found more effective against Escherichia coli, hydroxyisoleucine that present in fenugreek at Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. a concentration of about 0.55%. In vitro Aqueous extract prepared by boiling the seeds studies have showed that
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