Using Conceptual Maps in Introductory Psychology
•Identify 10-15 key concepts or topics in the course –Classical vs. operant conditioning –Genetics and environmental interactions –Types of forgetting –Theoretical Perspectives –Cognitive, Social and Moral development –Descriptive, Correlational and Experimental Methods –Neuronal vs. synaptic transmission –Processes in human memory –Altered states of consciousness –Theories of dreaming –Schedules of reinforcement –Brain structures and functions
Pick 5 to review Write the concept or topic at the top of a piece of blank paper In your own words, write an explanation or definition for each concept Do not use your text or notes Draw a web, or use a chart where possible Include names where important Compare your response to your text or notes and edit Sequence and number each page from 1=most important to 5=least important in terms of your study time
Do the whole process again for the next group of concepts Integrate the numbering to guide you in scheduling what to work on first
Example of a Conceptual Map
Development
Prenatal Infancy and Childhood
Genetics Environment Attachment XX=girl teratogen biology sets limits XY=boy FAS enviro influences from sperm bio & env interact
Cognitive Moral Psychosocial
Piaget Vygotsky Kohlberg Erikson
Piaget Vygotsky
Stages: Continual, gradual process 1. Sensorimotor •Birth to 2 yrs Zone of proximal development •Object perm. -Experience can change 2. Preoper’tl development within limits of •2-7 years biological maturation •Centration 3. Concrete Theory of Mind Operational -understanding other people’s •7-12 years thinking •Conservation -similar to egocentrism 4. Formal operational •>12 years abstract thought
Erikson Kohlberg Stages: Stages: 1.Trust/mistrust <1 year Preconventional •1.punishment/obey 2. Autonomy vs. •2. rewards shame/doubt (1-2 yrs) Conventional •3. Good child 3. Intitiative vs. guilt (3-5 yrs) •4. Law & order 4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-12yrs) Post-conventional *5. Social contract 5. Identity vs. role *6. Abstract ethics confusion (12-20yrs)
Criticisms: 6. Intimacy vs. isolation (20-40yrs) -Western cultural bias 7. Generativity vs. -gender bias stagnation (40-65yrs) 8. Integrity/despair (65+ years)
Perspectives in Psychology 1
Behavioral Cognitive Biological
John B. Watson Jean Piaget Charles Darwin B.F. Skinner H. Ebbinghaus Karl Lashley
Thorndike's functionalism role of genetics, law of effect William James sociobiology
operant vs. structuralism brain-behavior classical conditioning Wundt & Titchener relations
behavior Gestalt psychology hormones, modification neurotransmitters
observation and memory evolutionary empiricism psychology
Perspectives in Psychology 2
Sociocultural Humanistic Psychodynamic attitudes and Carl Rogers Sigmund Freud attributions Abraham Maslow cross-cultural self-actualization importance of differences early childhood individualism, internal personality drives collectivism processes
conformity, conscious motives, unconscious attraction free will aggression, self-concept defense mechanisms norms