DOCSLIB.ORG

1. Getting Familiar with Matlab

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1. Getting Familiar with Matlab THE PREHISTORY OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE THE REACTION AGAINST BEHAVIORISM IN PSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIORISM?? (BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY) All behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Everything from speech to emotional responses were simply patterns of stimulus and learned response. Only observable behavior should be considered (cognitions, emotions, and moods are too subjective – ignore them all!) John B. Watson “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It” 1913 "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." BEHAVIORISM?? (BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY) Two types of conditioning: Classical conditioning: association between US and CS, CS results in conditioned behavioral response Operant conditioning: learning that occurs through reinforcement and punishment, association between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior CLASSICAL CONDITIONING LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT (PHOBIAS) Watson and Rayner (1920) OPERANT CONDITIONING SKINNER BOX REINFORCEMENT THEORY CLASSICAL CONDITIONING VS. OPERANT CONDITIONING THREE LANDMARK PAPERS 1. Tolman and Honzik (1930): Latent Learning 2. Tolman et al. (1946): Sequential learning? Vs. Cognitive spatial map? 3. Lashley (1951): Importance of planning and organization 1. LATENT LEARNING LATENT LEARNING ▪ Learning in Behaviorism ▪ All learning is the result of conditioning ▪ Conditioning depends upon processes of association and reinforcement ➢ So learning is either reinforcement learning or simpler associative learning RAT MAZE LATENT LEARNING 1. First group: get rewarded every time 2. Second group: never get rewarded 3. Third group: Unrewarded for ten days, then began to be rewarded ➢ The third group showed significant increase in learning speed ➢ This is a form of ‘latent learning’ ➢ What do animals run then? Q1. Why latent learning is incompatible with assumptions of behaviorism? LATENT LEARNING OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Bandura “Bobo doll” 2. COGNITIVE MAP LEARNING COGNITIVE MAPS IN RATS? Response learning vs. place learning Q2. How do you know rats are doing place learning here? EDWARD C. TOLMAN 3. IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION THE PROBLEM OF SERIAL ORDER IN BEHAVIOR (1951) Behaviorist’s view: Unfolding of behavior is the ‘reflex chain’ Movement N → movement N+1 → movement N+2 → …. Lashley: Many of complex behaviors are products of prior planning and organization ✓ Movements can occur even when sensory feedback is interrupted ✓ Some movement sequences occur too quickly Karl Lashley ✓ The time to initiate a movement sequence can increase with the length or complexity of the sequence ✓ Early movement properties in a movement sequence can anticipate later features ✓ Neural activity can indicate preparation of upcoming behavioral events ▪ The movement planning is often subconscious: Hypothesis of subconscious information processing ▪ A complex task can be understood by breaking it down to a hierarchy of more basic sub-tasks: Hypothesis of task analysis TURING MACHINE AND CHOMSKY’S SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES TURING MACHINE AND CHOMSKY’S SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES TURING MACHINE LEGO TURING MACHINE TURING MACHINE AND CHOMSKY’S SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES Transformational grammar Similar phrase structures, with different meaning Susan is easy to please. Susan is eager to please. Very different phrase structures, with similar meaning John has hit the ball. The ball has been hit by John. CHOMSKY’S SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES ▪ Bodies of information(phrase structure & transformation rule) ▪ Bodies of information can be manipulated algorithmically INFORMATION-PROCESSING MODELS IN PSYCHOLOGY THE EMERGENCE OF INFORMATION THEORY AND TWO INFLUENTIAL STUDIES ▪ George Miller, “The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information” ▪ Donald Broadbent, “The role of auditory localization in attention and memory span” HOW MUCH INFORMATION CAN WE HANDLE? Information-processing bottleneck! ▪ Our sensory systems are information channels with built-in limits ▪ ‘Chunking’ – 1100100 (Binary) vs. 100 (Decimal) ➢ 7 4 1 4 9 2 1 9 4 5 Q3. Think of an informal experiment that you can do to illustrate the significance of chunking information THE FLOW OF INFORMATION http://www.gocognitive.net/sites/default/files/selective.Attention.10_0.swf MODEL OF SELECTIVE ATTENTION Q4. Give an example in your own words of selective attention in action. Incorporate as many different aspects of Broadbent’s model as possible. THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION-STEVEN PINKER.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Introspectionism' and the Mythical Origins of Scientific Psychology
    Consciousness and Cognition Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2006) 634–654 www.elsevier.com/locate/concog ‘Introspectionism’ and the mythical origins of scientific psychology Alan Costall Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DY, UK Received 1 May 2006 Abstract According to the majority of the textbooks, the history of modern, scientific psychology can be tidily encapsulated in the following three stages. Scientific psychology began with a commitment to the study of mind, but based on the method of introspection. Watson rejected introspectionism as both unreliable and effete, and redefined psychology, instead, as the science of behaviour. The cognitive revolution, in turn, replaced the mind as the subject of study, and rejected both behaviourism and a reliance on introspection. This paper argues that all three stages of this history are largely mythical. Introspectionism was never a dominant movement within modern psychology, and the method of introspection never went away. Furthermore, this version of psychology’s history obscures some deep conceptual problems, not least surrounding the modern conception of ‘‘behaviour,’’ that continues to make the scientific study of consciousness seem so weird. Ó 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Introspection; Introspectionism; Behaviourism; Dualism; Watson; Wundt 1. Introduction Probably the most immediate result of the acceptance of the behaviorist’s view will be the elimination of self-observation and of the introspective reports resulting from such a method. (Watson, 1913b, p. 428). The problem of consciousness occupies an analogous position for cognitive psychology as the prob- lem of language behavior does for behaviorism, namely, an unsolved anomaly within the domain of an approach.
    [Show full text]
  • ICS18 - Study Questions
    ICS18 - study questions January 23, 2019 1. What is the broad and what is the narrow notion of cognition? 2. What is representation? Enumenrate examples of representations considerd within different disciplines (cog. psy- chology, neuroscience, AI) and show that they fulfill the definitional requirements 3. Enumerate and characterize briefly key cognitive disciplines 4. Key theses and principles of associationism 5. How to explain a mind: pure vs mixed associationism 6. A mind according to behaviorists 7. Why is behaviorism considered “the scientific psychology”? 8. Why behaviorism (as a theory of mind) was rejected? 9. Find the elements of behaviorism within contemporary cognitive theory of mind (either symbolic or connectionist) 10. Describe Turing Machine as a computational device 11. What is computation? (remember the roll of toilet paper...) 12. The idea of a mind as a “logic machine” (McCulloch, Pitts) 13. What features does a McCulloch-Pitts neuron have? 14. What is the main difference between a McC-P neuron and a perceptron? 15. What is a model? (cf. Kenneth Craik&Minsky) 16. What are the assumptions of phrenology? 17. Localizationist view on a brain (Gall, Spurzheim) 18. Holistic approaches to human brain 19. What does it mean that some part of our body has a “topographic representation” in the brain? 20. The consequences of Broca’s and Wernicke’s discoveries for a cognitive view on a brain 21. What is Brodmann famous for? 22. What did Golgi invent? What consequences had his discovery? 23. Describe Cajal’s discoveries and their influence on neuroscience 24. The key aassumptions of the “neuron doctrine” (Cajal) 25.
    [Show full text]
  • Varieties of Fame in Psychology Research-Article6624572016
    PPSXXX10.1177/1745691616662457RoedigerVarieties of Fame in Psychology 662457research-article2016 Perspectives on Psychological Science 2016, Vol. 11(6) 882 –887 Varieties of Fame in Psychology © The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1745691616662457 pps.sagepub.com Henry L. Roediger, III Washington University in St. Louis Abstract Fame in psychology, as in all arenas, is a local phenomenon. Psychologists (and probably academics in all fields) often first become well known for studying a subfield of an area (say, the study of attention in cognitive psychology, or even certain tasks used to study attention). Later, the researcher may become famous within cognitive psychology. In a few cases, researchers break out of a discipline to become famous across psychology and (more rarely still) even outside the confines of academe. The progression is slow and uneven. Fame is also temporally constricted. The most famous psychologists today will be forgotten in less than a century, just as the greats from the era of World War I are rarely read or remembered today. Freud and a few others represent exceptions to the rule, but generally fame is fleeting and each generation seems to dispense with the lessons learned by previous ones to claim their place in the sun. Keywords fame in psychology, scientific eminence, history of psychology, forgetting First, please take a quiz. Below is a list of eight names. done. (Hilgard’s, 1987, history text was better known Please look at each name and answer the following three than his scientific work that propelled him to eminence.) questions: (a) Do you recognize this name as belonging Perhaps some of you recognized another name or two to a famous psychologist? (b) If so, what area of study without much knowing why or what they did.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Conceptual Maps in Introductory Psychology
    Using Conceptual Maps in Introductory Psychology •Identify 10-15 key concepts or topics in the course –Classical vs. operant conditioning –Genetics and environmental interactions –Types of forgetting –Theoretical Perspectives –Cognitive, Social and Moral development –Descriptive, Correlational and Experimental Methods –Neuronal vs. synaptic transmission –Processes in human memory –Altered states of consciousness –Theories of dreaming –Schedules of reinforcement –Brain structures and functions Pick 5 to review Write the concept or topic at the top of a piece of blank paper In your own words, write an explanation or definition for each concept Do not use your text or notes Draw a web, or use a chart where possible Include names where important Compare your response to your text or notes and edit Sequence and number each page from 1=most important to 5=least important in terms of your study time Do the whole process again for the next group of concepts Integrate the numbering to guide you in scheduling what to work on first Example of a Conceptual Map Development Prenatal Infancy and Childhood Genetics Environment Attachment XX=girl teratogen biology sets limits XY=boy FAS enviro influences from sperm bio & env interact Cognitive Moral Psychosocial Piaget Vygotsky Kohlberg Erikson Piaget Vygotsky Stages: Continual, gradual process 1. Sensorimotor •Birth to 2 yrs Zone of proximal development •Object perm. -Experience can change 2. Preoper’tl development within limits of •2-7 years biological maturation •Centration 3. Concrete Theory of Mind Operational -understanding other people’s •7-12 years thinking •Conservation -similar to egocentrism 4. Formal operational •>12 years abstract thought Erikson Kohlberg Stages: Stages: 1.Trust/mistrust <1 year Preconventional •1.punishment/obey 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Functions of the Brain: Perception, Attention and Memory
    IFM LAB TUTORIAL SERIES # 6, COPYRIGHT c IFM LAB Cognitive Functions of the Brain: Perception, Attention and Memory Jiawei Zhang [email protected] Founder and Director Information Fusion and Mining Laboratory (First Version: May 2019; Revision: May 2019.) Abstract This is a follow-up tutorial article of [17] and [16], in this paper, we will introduce several important cognitive functions of the brain. Brain cognitive functions are the mental processes that allow us to receive, select, store, transform, develop, and recover information that we've received from external stimuli. This process allows us to understand and to relate to the world more effectively. Cognitive functions are brain-based skills we need to carry out any task from the simplest to the most complex. They are related with the mechanisms of how we learn, remember, problem-solve, and pay attention, etc. To be more specific, in this paper, we will talk about the perception, attention and memory functions of the human brain. Several other brain cognitive functions, e.g., arousal, decision making, natural language, motor coordination, planning, problem solving and thinking, will be added to this paper in the later versions, respectively. Many of the materials used in this paper are from wikipedia and several other neuroscience introductory articles, which will be properly cited in this paper. This is the last of the three tutorial articles about the brain. The readers are suggested to read this paper after the previous two tutorial articles on brain structure and functions [17] as well as the brain basic neural units [16]. Keywords: The Brain; Cognitive Function; Consciousness; Attention; Learning; Memory Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Perception 3 2.1 Detailed Process of Perception .
    [Show full text]
  • Organizing Knowledge and Behavior at Yale's Institute of Human Relations Author(S): J
    Organizing Knowledge and Behavior at Yale's Institute of Human Relations Author(s): J. G. Morawski Source: Isis, Vol. 77, No. 2 (Jun., 1986), pp. 219-242 Published by: University of Chicago Press on behalf of History of Science Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/232650 Accessed: 22-12-2015 00:42 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. History of Science Society and University of Chicago Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Isis. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.133.6.95 on Tue, 22 Dec 2015 00:42:52 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Organizing Knowledge and Behavior at Yale's Institute of Human Relations By J. G. Morawski* IN 1929 JAMES ANGELL, president of Yale, announced plans for a unique teaching and research center for those fields "directly concerned with the problems of man's individual and group conduct. The purpose is to correlate knowledge and coordinate technique in related fields that greater progress may be made in the understanding of human life. The time has certainly come once again to attempt a fruitful synthesis of knowledge." The New York Times described the experiment as dismantling the disciplinary "Great Wall of China" and compared it with the Renaissance transformation of knowledge.1 The Insti- tute of Human Relations (IHR), as the center was named, received over $4.5 million from the Rockefeller Foundation for its first decade of operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychologists and Physicians in the Borderlands of Science, 1900-1942
    PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PHYSICIANS IN THE BORDERLANDS OF SCIENCE, 1900-1942 By WADE EDWARD PICKREN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1995 For my mother: WILLIE MERLE PICKREN, and in memoriam, BILL PICKREN, You taught me to love and work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to the chairman of my dissertation committee, Donald A. Dewsbury. Dr. Dewsbury has, from the beginning of this long project, been a model of encouragement, kindness, and unfailing generosity. He has shared his time, his great breadth of learning, his editorial ability, and his materials with me. My understanding of the history of psychology has been greatly deepened by our conversations. I also wish to acknowledge that Dr. Dewsbury has helped me to understand that data is a plural! Dr. Wilse B. Webb has also stimulated much thought in me about what I was doing and where I was going with my ideas. Although I did not avail myself of his wisdom as oft as I would have liked, his voice and his sharp eye were always with me. I hope that, in the future, time will allow me a greater opportunity to benefit from his great knowledge and experience. Both near at hand and from afar, Dr. Toby Appel has blessed me with the keenness of her insight . Her acceptance and friendly corrections of my halting efforts to write history have been much appreciated. One of my most pleasant memories of this experience is that of sitting at a table at iii Cafe Gardens talking about the history of biology or psychology, while hoping to hear some Van Morrison on the house music system.
    [Show full text]
  • Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology
    Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology Edited by Claude E. Buxton Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 1985 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando San Diego New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Passages from the following are reprinted by permission of the publishers: Newell, Α., Duncker on Thinking, in S. Koch & D. Leary (Eds.), A Century of Psychology as Science. Copyright 1985 by McGraw-Hill. Neisser, U., Cognitive Psychology. © 1967 by Prentice-Hall. COPYRIGHT © 1985 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Main entry under title: Points of view in the modern history of psychology. Includes indexes. 1. Psychology— History. I. Buxton, Claude E. BF81.P57 1985 150\9 85-4010 ISBN 0-12-148510-2 (alk. paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 85 86 87 88 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Mitchell G. Ash (295), Department of History, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 William Bevan (259), John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois 60603 Arthur L. Blumenthal (19, 51), Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125 Claude E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Problem of Serial Order in Behavior: Lashley's Legacy
    Human Movement Science 26 (2007) 525–554 www.elsevier.com/locate/humov The problem of serial order in behavior: Lashley’s legacy David A. Rosenbaum a,*, Rajal G. Cohen a, Steven A. Jax b, Daniel J. Weiss a, Robrecht van der Wel a a Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States b Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19141, United States Available online 14 August 2007 Abstract In a prescient paper Karl Lashley (1951) rejected reflex chaining accounts of the sequencing of behavior and argued instead for a more cognitive account in which behavioral sequences are typi- cally controlled with central plans. An important feature of such plans, according to Lashley, is that they are hierarchical. Lashley offered several sources of evidence for the hierarchical organization for behavioral plans, and others afterward provided more evidence for this hypothesis. We briefly review that evidence here and then shift from a focus on the structure of plans (Lashley’s point of concen- tration) to the processes by which plans are formed in real time. Two principles emerge from the studies we review. One is that plans are not formed from scratch for each successive movement sequence but instead are formed by making whatever changes are needed to distinguish the move- ment sequence to be performed next from the movement sequence that has just been performed. This plan-modification view is supported by two phenomena discovered in our laboratory: the parameter remapping effect, and the handpath priming effect. The other principle we review is that even single movements appear to be controlled with hierarchically organized plans.
    [Show full text]
  • Researchers Are Painting Intricate Pictures of Individual Memories and Learning How the Brain Works in the Process
    PORTRAIT OF A MEMORY Researchers are painting intricate pictures of individual memories and learning how the brain works in the process. BY HELEN SHEN or someone who’s not a Sherlock superfan, cognitive neuroscience in the past decade are enabling researchers to uncover neuroscientist Janice Chen knows the BBC’s hit detective fundamental rules about how individual memories form, organize and drama better than most. With the help of a brain scanner, interact with each other. Using techniques for labelling active neurons, she spies on what happens inside viewers’ heads when they for example, teams have located circuits associated with the memory of watch the first episode of the series and then describe the plot. a painful stimulus in rodents and successfully reactivated those path- FChen, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, ways to trigger the memory. And in humans, studies have identified Maryland, has heard all sorts of variations on an early scene, when a the signatures of particular recollections, which reveal some of the ways woman flirts with the famously aloof detective in a morgue. Some peo- that the brain organizes and links memories to aid recollection. Such ple find Sherlock Holmes rude while others think he is oblivious to the findings could one day help to reveal why memories fail in old age or woman’s nervous advances. But Chen and her colleagues found some- disease, or how false memories creep into eyewitness testimony. These thing odd when they scanned viewers’ brains: as different people retold insights might also lead to strategies for improved learning and memory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychology Book, Big Ideas Simply Explained
    THE PSYCHOLOGY BOOK THE PSYCHOLOGY BOOK LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI DK LONDON DK DELHI First American Edition 2012 PROJECT ART EDITOR PROJECT ART EDITOR Published in the United States by Amy Orsborne Shruti Soharia Singh DK Publishing SENIOR EDITORS SENIOR ART EDITOR 375 Hudson Street Sam Atkinson, Sarah Tomley Chhaya Sajwan New York, New York 10014 EDITORS MANAGING ART EDITOR 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 Cecile Landau, Scarlett O’Hara Arunesh Talapatra 001—181320—Feb/2012 US EDITOR SENIOR EDITOR Copyright © 2012 Rebecca G. Warren Monica Saigal Dorling Kindersley Limited MANAGING ART EDITOR EDITORIAL TEAM All rights reserved. Karen Self Sreshtha Bhattacharya, Gaurav Joshi Without limiting the rights under the MANAGING EDITORS PRODUCTION MANAGER copyright reserved above, no part of Esther Ripley, Camilla Hallinan Pankaj Sharma this publication may be reproduced, ART DIRECTOR DTP MANAGER/CTS stored in or introduced into a retrieval Philip Ormerod Balwant Singh system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, ASSOCIATE DTP DESIGNERS PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Arvind Kumar, Rajesh Singh Adhikari photocopying, recording, or otherwise), Liz Wheeler without the prior written permission of DTP OPERATOR both the copyright owner and the PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Vishal Bhatia above publisher of this book. Jonathan Metcalf Published in Great Britain styling by by Dorling Kindersley Limited. ILLUSTRATIONS STUDIO8 DESIGN A catalog record for this book is James Graham available from the Library of Congress. PICTURE RESEARCH Myriam Megharbi ISBN:978-0-7566-8970-4 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for Printed and bound in China PRODUCTION EDITOR sales promotions, premiums, by Leo Paper Products Ltd Tony Phipps fund-raising, or educational use.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching Guide for the History of Psychology Instructor Compiled by Jennifer Bazar, Elissa Rodkey, and Jacy Young
    A Teaching Guide for History of Psychology www.feministvoices.com 1 Psychology’s Feminist Voices in the Classroom A Teaching Guide for the History of Psychology Instructor Compiled by Jennifer Bazar, Elissa Rodkey, and Jacy Young One of the goals of Psychology’s Feminist Voices is to serve as a teaching resource. To facilitate the process of incorporating PFV into the History of Psychology course, we have created this document. Below you will find two primary sections: (1) Lectures and (2) Assignments. (1) Lectures: In this section you will find subject headings of topics often covered in History of Psychology courses. Under each heading, we have provided an example of the relevant career, research, and/or life experiences of a woman featured on the Psychology’s Feminist Voices site that would augment a lecture on that particular topic. Below this description is a list of additional women whose histories would be well-suited to lectures on that topic. (2) Assignments: In this section you will find several suggestions for assignments that draw on the material and content available on Psychology’s Feminist Voices that you can use in your History of Psychology course. The material in this guide is intended only as a suggestion and should not be read as a “complete” list of all the ways Psychology’s Feminist Voices could be used in your courses. We would love to hear all of the different ideas you think of for how to include the site in your classroom - please share you thoughts with us by emailing Alexandra Rutherford, our project coordinator,
    [Show full text]