Using Conceptual Maps in Introductory Psychology •Identify 10-15 key concepts or topics in the course –Classical vs. operant conditioning –Genetics and environmental interactions –Types of forgetting –Theoretical Perspectives –Cognitive, Social and Moral development –Descriptive, Correlational and Experimental Methods –Neuronal vs. synaptic transmission –Processes in human memory –Altered states of consciousness –Theories of dreaming –Schedules of reinforcement –Brain structures and functions Pick 5 to review Write the concept or topic at the top of a piece of blank paper In your own words, write an explanation or definition for each concept Do not use your text or notes Draw a web, or use a chart where possible Include names where important Compare your response to your text or notes and edit Sequence and number each page from 1=most important to 5=least important in terms of your study time Do the whole process again for the next group of concepts Integrate the numbering to guide you in scheduling what to work on first Example of a Conceptual Map Development Prenatal Infancy and Childhood Genetics Environment Attachment XX=girl teratogen biology sets limits XY=boy FAS enviro influences from sperm bio & env interact Cognitive Moral Psychosocial Piaget Vygotsky Kohlberg Erikson Piaget Vygotsky Stages: Continual, gradual process 1. Sensorimotor •Birth to 2 yrs Zone of proximal development •Object perm. -Experience can change 2. Preoper’tl development within limits of •2-7 years biological maturation •Centration 3. Concrete Theory of Mind Operational -understanding other people’s •7-12 years thinking •Conservation -similar to egocentrism 4. Formal operational •>12 years abstract thought Erikson Kohlberg Stages: Stages: 1.Trust/mistrust <1 year Preconventional •1.punishment/obey 2. Autonomy vs. •2. rewards shame/doubt (1-2 yrs) Conventional •3. Good child 3. Intitiative vs. guilt (3-5 yrs) •4. Law & order 4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-12yrs) Post-conventional *5. Social contract 5. Identity vs. role *6. Abstract ethics confusion (12-20yrs) Criticisms: 6. Intimacy vs. isolation (20-40yrs) -Western cultural bias 7. Generativity vs. -gender bias stagnation (40-65yrs) 8. Integrity/despair (65+ years) Perspectives in Psychology 1 Behavioral Cognitive Biological John B. Watson Jean Piaget Charles Darwin B.F. Skinner H. Ebbinghaus Karl Lashley Thorndike's functionalism role of genetics, law of effect William James sociobiology operant vs. structuralism brain-behavior classical conditioning Wundt & Titchener relations behavior Gestalt psychology hormones, modification neurotransmitters observation and memory evolutionary empiricism psychology Perspectives in Psychology 2 Sociocultural Humanistic Psychodynamic attitudes and Carl Rogers Sigmund Freud attributions Abraham Maslow cross-cultural self-actualization importance of differences early childhood individualism, internal personality drives collectivism processes conformity, conscious motives, unconscious attraction free will aggression, self-concept defense mechanisms norms .