Zn and Fe Contamination Index for River Using River Insects and Water Plants in the Kinokawa River Catchment

International Journal of GEOMATE, Nov., 2020, Vol.19, Issue 75, pp.76-83 ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.75.9251 Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment

ZN AND FE CONTAMINATION INDEX FOR RIVER USING RIVER INSECTS AND WATER PLANTS IN THE KINOKAWA RIVER CATCHMENT

*Takuma Kubohara1 and Hiroyuki Ii2

1Kinokawa City Office, Japan 2Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, Japan

*Corresponding Author, Received: 29 July 2019, Revised: 20 June 2020, Accepted: 13 July 2020

ABSTRACT: It has not been studied whether river insects and water plants are useful for an index of Zn and Fe contamination in the Kinokawa River catchment. Useful species as an index of Zn and Fe contamination needs a high concentration in a contaminated area, a low concentration in a non-contaminated area and a high and a wide range of their concentrations. Zn and Fe concentrations of crane fly larva around the closed Cu mine were high (88 to 420 and 1,300 to 9,300 mg/kg-dry for Zn and Fe). Zn and Fe concentrations of bryophyte around the closed Cu mine were high (34 to 8,900 and 110 to 58,000 mg/kg-dry for Zn and Fe). Crane fly larva (81 to 420 and 110 to 9,300 mg/kg-dry for Zn and Fe) in river insects and bryophyte (24 to 8,900 and 110 to 58,000 mg/kg-dry for Zn and Fe) in water plants had high and a wide range of Zn and Fe concentration. Therefore, it was thought that crane fly larva and bryophyte were useful species for an index of Zn and Fe contamination. Zn concentrations of Pottiaceae and Fe concentrations of Brachytheciaceae around the Cu mine area (75 to 8,900 for Pottiaceae and 940 to 58,000 mg/kg-dry for Brachytheciaceae) were high. Pottiaceae (75 to 8,900 mg/kg-dry for Zn) and Brachytheciaceae (220 to 58,000 mg/kg-dry for Fe) had high and a wide range of metal concentration. Therefore, Pottiaceae for Zn and Brachytheciaceae for Fe were useful species for an index of metal contamination.

Keywords: Zn, Fe, Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Crane fly larva

1. INTRODUCTION the Kinokawa River catchment and have determined useful species for an index of Cu, Co Metal concentration of river water and river and Ni contamination for river [15]. However, it has sediment (soil and mud) are measured in order to not been studied whether river insects and water investigate the influence of heavy metals for aquatic plants are useful for an index of other metal life in river. However, metal concentration of river contamination, in particular Zn and Fe, in the water is always very low and is changeable Kinokawa River catchment. Therefore, Zn and Fe depending on the change of flow rate. Heavy metals concentrations of river insects and water plants of river sediment are soluble or insoluble. Many were measured in the Kinokawa River catchment kinds of heavy metals of river sediment elute in and then the relation between Zn and Fe river water. Then, total concentration of heavy concentration of river insects and water plants and metal of river sediment does not represent the heavy Zn and Fe contamination for river was analyzed. metal mass transferring in river. Therefore, the Useful species as an index of metal contamination metal concentrations of river water and river needs a high metal concentration in a contaminated sediment were not always useful for an index of the area and low metal concentration in a non- influence of heavy metals for aquatic life in river. contaminated area. Moreover, it needs a high and a On the other hand, it is thought that the metal wide range of metal concentration and also very concentrations of river insect and water plant to be popular. useful for investigating the influence of heavy metals for aquatic life in river because river insect 2. STUDY AREA and water plant intake and accumulate heavy metal from river water and sediment in the long term. Figs.1 and 2 show location of study area and the At past, metal concentrations of caddice-worm Kinokawa River catchment. The Kinokawa River is [1,2], dobsonfly larva [3,4], stonefly larva [5], located in the center of Kinki district and flows into mayfly larva [5,6], reed [7,8], fern [9,10], bryophyte the Kii Channel through the Kii plain. The [11,12] have been studied. However, few reports Kinokawa River is classified into A river based on were available on useful species as metal the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and contamination index using river insects [13,14]. Tourism of Japan. The length and total area of the Then, we have studied Cu, Co and Ni Kinokawa River are 136 km and 1,750 km2 [16]. concentrations of river insects and water plants in The Sanbagawa Belt composed of metamorphic

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3. STUDY METHOD

River insects and water plants in the river bed Kinki district were sampled in the Kinokawa River catchment. Sampling points were shown in fig.2. Investigation period is July 2013 to April 2016. The number of sampling points was 109 points. Those sampling points were classified into three groups, the study area serpentinite area, the Cu mine area and the normal area. The kinds of sampled river insects were Japanese freshwater crab, caddice-worm, dobsonfly larva, dragonfly larva, stonefly larva, crane fly larva, Fig.1 Location of study area. mayfly larva and corixidae. However, crane fly rocks, serpentinite and crystalline schist is larva was not sampled in the serpentinite area. The distributed in the southwest part and the northeast kinds of sampled water plants were reed, fern, part of the catchment. The Hidakagawa Group bryophyte, Japanese knotweed and coix. However, composed of sedimentary rocks, sandstone and reed was not sampled in the serpentinite area. shale is distributed from the southern part to the Moreover, Japanese knotweed was not sampled in northeast part of the catchment. The Chichibu Belt the normal area. The sampled bryophyte species composed of sedimentary rocks, sandstone, were 12 species. Bryophyte species were mudstone, limestone and chert is distributed in the determined by reference number 18 [18]. The kinds eastern part of the catchment. The Izumi Group of sampled bryophyte were Pottiaceae, composed of sedimentary rocks, sandstone, Brachytheciaceae, Marchantiaceae, Philonotis, mudstone and conglomerate is distributed in the Pelliaceae, Hedwigiaceae, Conocephalaceae, northwest part of the catchment [17]. The Ryoke Bryaceae, Hypnaceae, Mniaceae, Thuidiaceae and Complex composed of plutonic rocks, granite and Fissidentaceae. However, Marchantiaceae, gneiss is distributed in the northeast part of the Philonotis and Hedwigiaceae were not sampled in catchment. In the Kinokawa River catchment, there the serpentinite area. Moreover, Bryaceae and are the closed Cu mines and serpentinite. The closed Hypnaceae were not sampled in the Cu mine area. Cu mine produced a lot of Cu and Fe sulfide ore and And then, Mniaceae, Thuidiaceae and the waste water was low pH and high concentration Fissidentaceae were not sampled in the serpentinite of sulfate with metal. The chemistry of serpentinite area and the Cu mine area. Zn and Fe concentrations is quite different from the other rocks and in of river insects and water plants were measured. particular Mg and Ni concentrations of serpentinite The sampled river insects and water plants were are high. desiccated by dryer at first. After drying, they were dissolved with concentrated nitric acid and it was

Fig.2 Study area.

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filtered with the membrane filter with 0.45 1000 micrometer of pore size before analysis. Zn and Fe concentrations of river insects and water plants

were measured by ICP-AES (Seiko Instruments Inc., dry)

SPS1700HVR) in the laboratory of Wakayama - University. The actual detection limit of ICP-AES 100 is 0.01ppm for Zn and Fe. Water plants excluding serpentinite area bryophyte were divided into leaf, upper part stem, Zn(mg/kg Cu mine area middle part stem, lower part stem and root and each normal area part was separately analyzed. 10

larva worm 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -

corixidae

mayfly stonefly larva stonefly

4.1 Zn Concentrations of River Insects and caddice

crane fly larva fly crane

Japanese crab freshwater dragonfly larva dragonfly Water Plants larva dobsonfly 10000 serpentinite area Fig.3 shows Zn concentrations of river insects Cu mine area and water plants. Solid mark indicates Zn normal area concentration of water plant under the detection 1000

limit, 0.01 ppm of concentration for sample solution. dry) Zn concentrations of caddice-worm, dobsonfly - 100 larva, dragonfly larva, crane fly larva and corixidae

in the Cu mine area were 76 to 250, 310, 88 to 260, Zn(mg/kg 10 88 to 420 and 370 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Zn concentrations of caddice-worm, dobsonfly larva, dragonfly larva, crane fly larva and corixidae in the 1

other areas were 79 to 180, 103 to 170, 70 to 173, root

leaf root 81 to 180 and 89 to 150 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Zn concentrations of reed, leaf and lower part stem and bryophyte

root of fern, bryophyte, stem and root of Japanese part) stem(upper

stem(lower part) stem(lower

stem(lower part) stem(lower stem(middle part) stem(middle knotweed and upper and middle part stem and root part) stem(middle of coix in the Cu mine area were 18 to 1,800, 20 to reed fern 2,200, 34 to 8,900, 24 to 220 and 23 to 940 mg/kg- 10000 dry, respectively. Zn concentrations of reed, leaf serpentinite area Cu mine area and lower part stem and root of fern, bryophyte, normal area stem and root of Japanese knotweed and upper and 1000

middle part stem and root of coix in the other areas dry) were 2 to 690, 8 to 130, 24 to 1,100, 7 to 40 and 2 - 100 to 130 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Therefore, their Zn

concentrations in the Cu mine area were higher than Zn(mg/kg those in the other areas. The closed Cu mine 10 produced a lot of Cu and Fe sulfide ore and then the waste water was low pH and contained high 1

concentration of sulfate with metal. It is reported

root leaf that Zn concentrations of the cupriferous pyrite in root the closed Cu mine in the Kinokawa River

catchment were 100 to 25,000 ppm [19]. Therefore,

stem(upper part)stem(upper

stem(upper part) stem(upper

stem(lower part) stem(lower

stem(lower part) stem(lower stem(middle part) stem(middle it was thought that high Zn concentrations of part) stem(middle caddice-worm, dobsonfly larva, dragonfly larva, Japanese knotweed coix crane fly larva, corixidae, reed, leaf and lower part stem and root of fern, bryophyte, stem and root of Fig.3 Zn concentrations of river insects and Japanese knotweed and upper and middle part stem water plants. and root of coix in the Cu mine area were caused by and 38 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Zn concentrations waste water and Cu and Fe sulfide ore from the of Japanese freshwater crab, stonefly larva, middle closed Cu mines. part stem of fern and Japanese knotweed leaf in the On the other hand, Zn concentrations of other areas were 32 to 67, 150 to 400, 10 to 47 and Japanese freshwater crab, stonefly larva, middle 19 to 26 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Therefore, their part stem of fern and Japanese knotweed leaf in the Zn concentrations in the Cu mine area were about Cu mine area were 34 to 82, 137 to 440, 24 to 44 the same as those in the other areas. Zn

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concentrations of mayfly larva and lower part stem 10000 of coix in the Cu mine area were 190 to 810 and 10 to 57 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Zn concentrations of 1000

mayfly larva and lower part stem of coix in the other dry) areas were 62 to 880 and 2 to 210 mg/kg-dry, - 100 respectively. Therefore, their Zn concentrations in the Cu mine area were not higher than those in the 10 serpentinite area other areas. Fe(mg/kg Cu mine area normal area Zn concentrations of Japanese freshwater crab, 1

caddice-worm, dobsonfly larva, dragonfly larva, larva

stonefly larva, crane fly larva, mayfly larva and worm

corixidae were 32 to 82, 76 to 250, 103 to 310, 70 - corixidae

to 260, 137 to 440, 81 to 420, 62 to 880 and 89 to

mayfly

stonefly larva stonefly

caddice

crane fly larva fly crane

Japanese freshwater crab freshwater dragonfly larva dragonfly 370 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Therefore, mayfly larva dobsonfly larva had the highest and a wide range of Zn 100000 concentration among river insects. Zn serpentinite area Cu mine area concentrations of reed, fern, bryophyte, Japanese 10000 normal area knotweed and coix were 2 to 1,800, 8 to 2,200, 24

to 8,900, 7 to 220 and 2 to 940 mg/kg-dry, 1000 dry) respectively. Therefore, bryophyte had the highest - and a wide range of Zn concentration among water 100

plants. Fe(mg/kg From the above results, mayfly larva had the 10 highest and a wide range of Zn concentration among river insects. However, Zn concentrations of mayfly 1

larva in the Cu mine area were not higher than those

root leaf in the other areas. Useful species as an index of root metal contamination needs a high metal bryophyte

concentration in a contaminated area and low metal

stem(upper part) stem(upper

stem(lower part) stem(lower

stem(lower part) stem(lower stem(middle part) stem(middle concentration in a non-contaminated area. part) stem(middle Therefore, mayfly larva was not useful species for reed fern an index of Zn contamination. On the other hand, 100000 crane fly larva also had high and a wide range of Zn serpentinite area Cu mine area concentration among river insects. Moreover, Zn 10000 normal area concentrations of crane fly larva in the Cu mine area

were higher than those in the other areas. Bryophyte 1000 dry) had the highest and a wide range of Zn - concentration among water plants. Moreover, Zn 100 concentrations of bryophyte were high in the Cu Fe(mg/kg mine area and were low in the other areas. Therefore, 10 crane fly larva and bryophyte were useful species

for an index of Zn contamination. 1

root leaf root 4.2 Fe Concentrations of River Insects and Water Plants

stem(upper part) stem(upper

stem(lower part) stem(lower

stem(lower part) stem(lower stem(middle part) stem(middle Fig.4 shows Fe concentrations of river insects part) stem(middle and water plants. Solid mark indicates Fe Japanese knotweed coix concentration of water plant under the detection Fig.4 Fe concentrations of river insects and limit, 0.01 ppm of concentration for sample solution. water plants. Fe concentrations of dobsonfly larva, dragonfly larva, crane fly larva and corixidae in the Cu mine bryophyte, Japanese knotweed root and coix root in area were 9,100, 280 to 9,100, 1,300 to 9,300 and the Cu mine area were 10 to 13,000, 46 to 12,000, 3,200 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Fe concentrations of 110 to 58,000, 2,600 to 43,000 and 140 to 440 dobsonfly larva, dragonfly larva, crane fly larva and mg/kg-dry, respectively. Fe concentrations of corixidae in the other areas were 326 to 3,500, 250 middle and lower part stem and root of reed, leaf to 2,500, 110 to 5,700 and 460 to 2,000 mg/kg-dry, and root of fern, bryophyte, Japanese knotweed root respectively. Fe concentrations of middle and lower and coix root in the other areas were 2 to 1,100, 79 part stem and root of reed, leaf and root of fern, to 3,500, 110 to 34,000, 1,600 to 6,000 and 130

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mg/kg-dry, respectively. Therefore, their Fe contamination. concentrations in the Cu mine area were higher than those in the other areas. The closed Cu mine 4.3 Most Useful Species among River Insects produced a lot of Cu and Fe sulfide ore and then the and Water Plants waste water was low pH and contained high concentration of sulfate with metal. It is reported From figs.3 and 4, Zn concentrations of that Fe concentration of the pyrite were 41.72% bryophyte and river insects and other water plants (417,200 mg/kg) [20]. Therefore, it was thought were 24 to 8,900 and 2 to 2,200 mg/kg-dry, that high Fe concentrations of dobsonfly larva, respectively. Fe concentrations of bryophyte and dragonfly larva, crane fly larva, corixidae, middle river insects and other water plants were 110 to and lower part stem and root of reed, leaf and root 58,000 and 2 to 43,000 mg/kg-dry, respectively. of fern, bryophyte, Japanese knotweed root and coix Therefore, bryophyte had the highest and a wide root in the Cu mine area were caused by waste water range of Zn and Fe concentrations among river and Cu and Fe sulfide ore from the closed Cu mines. insects and water plants. Moreover, Zn and Fe On the other hand, Fe concentrations of Japanese concentrations of bryophyte in the Cu mine area freshwater crab, caddice-worm, stonefly larva, were higher than those in the other areas. River mayfly larva, upper part stem of reed, fern stem and insects absorb heavy metals included in the water upper and middle part stem of coix in the Cu mine and food from the intestine. Reed, fern, Japanese area were 46 to 465, 790 to 1,800, 183 to 240, 630 knotweed and coix are vascular plant and absorb to 1,100, 20 to 370, 10 to 590 and 10 to 230 mg/kg- heavy metals included in the water and soil from the dry, respectively. Fe concentrations of Japanese roots. Therefore, the absorption path of heavy freshwater crab, caddice-worm, stonefly larva, metals of river insects and their plants are limited. mayfly larva, upper part stem of reed, fern stem and However, bryophyte absorbs heavy metals from the upper and middle part stem of coix in the other areas whole surface of the body [21]. Therefore, were 32 to 3,500, 83 to 5,100, 11 to 1,300, 29 to bryophyte is easy to absorb heavy metals compared 2,800, 20 to 1,500, 20 to 1,600 and 10 to 320 mg/kg- with river insects and vascular plants. Furthermore, dry, respectively. Therefore, their Fe concentrations bryophyte in the river bed absorbs heavy metals in the Cu mine area were not higher than those in from not only river water but also high the other areas. Fe concentrations of leaf and stem concentration of sulfate with metal from the closed of Japanese knotweed and lower part stem of coix Cu mines. It is thought that bryophyte is little metal in the Cu mine area were 10 to 200 and 21 to 100 consumption because growth rate of bryophyte is mg/kg-dry, respectively. Fe concentrations of leaf generally slow [22]. From the above reasons, it was and stem of Japanese knotweed and lower part stem thought that bryophyte had the highest and a wide of coix in the other areas were 10 to 240 and 10 to range of Zn and Fe concentrations among river 125 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Therefore, their Fe insects and water plants. Therefore, bryophyte was concentrations in the Cu mine area were about the useful species for an index of Zn and Fe same as those in the other areas. contamination among river insects and water plants. Fe concentrations of Japanese freshwater crab, caddice-worm, dobsonfly larva, dragonfly larva, 4.4 Relationship between Bryophyte Species stonefly larva, crane fly larva, mayfly larva and and Zn and Fe Concentrations of bryophyte corixidae were 32 to 3,500, 83 to 5,100, 326 to 9,100, 250 to 9,100, 11 to 1,300, 110 to 9,300, 29 to Figs.5 and 6 show Zn and Fe concentrations of 2,800 and 460 to 3,200 mg/kg-dry, respectively. bryophyte for each species. Zn concentrations of Therefore, crane fly larva had the highest and a wide Pottiaceae and other species were 75 to 8,900 and range of Fe concentration among river insects. Fe 24 to 1,200 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Therefore, concentrations of reed, fern, bryophyte, Japanese Pottiaceae had the highest and a wide range of Zn knotweed and coix were 2 to 13,000, 10 to 12,000, concentrations among bryophyte. Fe concentrations 110 to 58,000, 10 to 43,000 and 10 to 440 mg/kg- of Brachytheciaceae and other species were 220 to dry, respectively. Therefore, bryophyte had the 58,000 and 110 to 37,000 mg/kg-dry, respectively. highest and a wide range of Fe concentration among Therefore, Brachytheciaceae had the highest and a water plants. wide range of Fe concentrations among bryophyte. From the above results, crane fly larva had the Zn concentrations of Pottiaceae in the Cu mine area highest and a wide range of Fe concentration among and those in the other areas were 75 to 8,900 and 73 river insects. Bryophyte had the highest and a wide to 110 mg/kg-dry, respectively. Therefore, Zn range of Fe concentration among water plants. concentrations of Pottiaceae in the Cu mine area Moreover, Fe concentrations of crane fly larva and were higher than those in the other areas. Fe bryophyte were high in the Cu mine area and were concentrations of Brachytheciaceae in the Cu mine low in the other areas. Therefore, crane fly larva and area and those in the other areas were 940 to 58,000 bryophyte were useful species for an index of Fe and 220 to 20,000 mg/kg-dry, respectively.

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10000 sampled in all areas in the catchment. serpentinite area From the above results, Pottiaceae was useful Cu mine area normal area species for an index of Zn contamination among 1000 bryophyte. Moreover, Brachytheciaceae was useful

species for an index of Fe contamination among dry)

- bryophyte.

100 5. CONCLUSION

Zn(mg/kg In this study, Zn and Fe concentration of river 10 insects and water plants in the Kinokawa River catchment were investigated in order to find useful

species for an index of Zn and Fe contamination for

Bryaceae

Mniaceae

Pottiaceae

Philonotis

Pelliaceae Hypnaceae

Thuidiaceae river. Useful species as an index of metal

Hedwigiaceae Fissidentaceae

Marchantiaceae contamination needs a high metal concentration in Conocephalaceae Brachytheciaceae a contaminated area and low metal concentration in Fig.5 Zn concentrations of bryophyte for each a non-contaminated area. Moreover, it needs a high species. and a wide range of metal concentration and also very popular. 100000 Zn concentrations of crane fly larva, mayfly larva and bryophyte in the Cu mine area were 88 to 10000 420, 190 to 810 and 34 to 8,900, respectively. Zn concentrations of crane fly larva, mayfly larva and bryophyte in the other area were 81 to 180, 62 to

dry) 1000 - 880 and 24 to 1,100, respectively. Zn concentrations of crane fly larva, mayfly larva and 100 serpentinite area other river insects were 81 to 420, 62 to 880 and 32 Fe(mg/kg Cu mine area to 440, respectively. Zn concentrations of normal area 10 bryophyte and other water plants were 24 to 8,900 and 2 to 2,200, respectively. Fe concentrations of

crane fly larva and bryophyte in the Cu mine area

Bryaceae Mniaceae

Pottiaceae were 1,300 to 9,300 and 110 to 58,000, respectively.

Philonotis

Pelliaceae Hypnaceae

Thuidiaceae Fe concentrations of crane fly larva and bryophyte

Hedwigiaceae Fissidentaceae

Marchantiaceae in the other area were 110 to 5,700 and 110 to

Conocephalaceae Brachytheciaceae Fig.6 Fe concentrations of bryophyte for each 34,000, respectively. Fe concentrations of crane fly larva and other river insects were 110 to 9,300 and species. 11 to 9,100, respectively. Fe concentrations of Therefore, Fe concentrations of Brachytheciaceae bryophyte and other water plants were 110 to in the Cu mine area were higher than those in the 58,000 and 2 to 43,000, respectively. other areas. Then, Zn and Fe concentrations of crane fly The closed Cu mine produced a lot of Cu and Fe larva and bryophyte in the Cu mine area were higher sulfide ore and then the waste water was low pH and than those in the other areas. Moreover, crane fly contained high concentration of sulfate with metal. larva had the highest and a wide range of Fe It is reported that Zn concentrations of the concentration among river insects. Bryophyte had cupriferous pyrite in the closed Cu mine in the the highest and a wide range of Zn and Fe Kinokawa River catchment were 100 to 25,000 ppm concentration among water plants. Mayfly larva had [19] and Fe concentration of the pyrite were 41.72% the highest and a wide range of Zn concentration (417,200 mg/kg) [20]. Therefore, it was thought among river insects. However, Zn concentrations of that high Zn concentrations of Pottiaceae and high mayfly larva in the Cu mine area were not higher Fe concentrations of Brachytheciaceae in the Cu than those in the other areas. Useful species as an mine area were caused by waste water and Cu and index of metal contamination needs a high metal Fe sulfide ore from the closed Cu mines. It is concentration in a contaminated area and low metal reported that the tolerance ability of Scopelophila concentration in a non-contaminated area. cataractae, a kind of Pottiaceae for Zn is high [23]. Therefore, mayfly larva was not useful species for Moreover, it is known that Scopelophila ligulata, a an index of Zn contamination. On the other hand, kind of Pottiaceae accumulate Fe in the body [24]. crane fly larva also had high and a wide range of Zn Therefore, it is thought that Brachytheciaceae have concentration among river insects. Therefore, crane the possibility of high Fe accumulation ability. And fly larva and bryophyte were useful species for an then, Pottiaceae and Brachytheciaceae can be index of Zn and Fe contamination.

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Bryophyte had the highest and a wide range of Metal Concentration of Water, Soil and Plant in Zn and Fe concentrations among river insects and Wetland, Report of the Geological Survey of water plants. Therefore, bryophyte was useful Hokkaido, Vol.72, 2001, pp.115-120. species for an index of Zn and Fe contamination [8] Sasaki S., Environmental Characteristics around among river insects and water plants. River Area Based on Analysis of Chemical As a result of comparing Zn and Fe Contaminants in Reed, Soil Mechanics and concentrations of bryophyte for each species, Zn Foundation Engineering, Vol.55, No.8, 2007, concentrations of Pottiaceae (75 to 8,900 mg/kg- pp.28-30. dry) and Fe concentrations of Brachytheciaceae [9] Ogino T., and Endou Y., Basic data on the (220 to 58,000 mg/kg-dry) were high. And then, Zn accumulation of metal component plant, Report concentrations of Pottiaceae and Fe concentrations of the Geological Survey of Hokkaido, Vol.80, of Brachytheciaceae in the Cu mine area (75 to 2009, pp.133-139. 8,900 for Pottiaceae and 940 to 58,000 mg/kg-dry [10] Okada H., Sakakibara M., Sueoka Y., and Sera for Brachytheciaceae) were higher than those in the K., Heavy Metals Accumulation of Athirium other areas (73 to 110 for Pottiaceae and 220 to yokoscense in Polluted River Basin, Southeast 20,000 mg/kg-dry for Brachytheciaceae). Moreover, Japan, NMCC Annual Report, Vol.22, 2015, Pottiaceae and Brachytheciaceae can be sampled in pp.168-184. all areas in the catchment. Therefore, Pottiaceae [11] Aikawa Y., Nagano I., Sakamoto S., was useful species for an index of Zn contamination Nishiyama M., and Matsumoto S., Contents of and Brachytheciaceae was useful species for an Heavy Metal Elements in Copper Mosses: index of Fe contamination among bryophyte. Scopelophila ligulata, Scopelophila cataractae, and Mielichhoferia japonica and Their 6. REFERENCES Substrates, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol.45, Issue 4, 1999, pp.835-842. [1] Tochimoto H., Study of Aquatic Insect, [12] Laura R.E.B., Tanner B.H., and William B., Caddisfly, Stenopsyche marmorata as a Bio- Bryophytes of Adjacent Serpentine and Granite monitor of Trace Element Contamination in Outcrops on the Deer Isles, Maine, U.S.A., Rivers and Streams: Cadmium and Copper, RHODORA, Vol.111, No.945, 2009, pp.1-20. Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment, [13] Hatakeyama S., Satake K., and Fukushima S., Vol. 17, No.11, 1994, pp.737-743. Flora and Fauna in Heavy Metal Polluted Rivers [2] Aizawa S., Tsunoda A., Yasuda M., Tsunoda K., Ⅰ Density of Epeorus latifolium and Itabashi H., Concentrations of Heavy (Ephemeroptera) and Heavy Metal Metals in Caddisfly Larvae of the Tone River Concentrations of Baetis spp. (Ephemeroptera) System and Their Seasonal Variations, Relating to Cd, Cu and Zn Concentrations, BUNSEKI KAGAKU, Vol.58, No.4, 2009, Research Report from the National Institute for pp.273-285. Environmental Studies, No.99, 1986, pp.15-33. [3] Tarras-Wahlberg N.H., Flachier A., Lane S. N. [14] Ii H., and Nishida A., Effectiveness of Using and Sangfors O., Environmental Impacts and River Insect Larvae as an Index of Cu, Zn and Metal Exposure of Aquatic Ecosystems in As Contaminations in Rivers, Japan, Rivers Contaminated by Small Scale Gold International Journal of Geomate, Vol.12, Mining: The Puyango River Basin, Southern No.33, 2017, pp.153-159. Ecuador, The Science of the Total Environment, [15] Kubohara T., and Ii H., Cu Co and Ni vol.278, 2001, pp.239-261. Contamination Index for River Using River [4] Fujino A., and Ii H., Importance of Corydalidae Insects and River Plants, International Journal as an Index of Metal Contamination of River, of GEOMATE, Vol.11, Issue 26, 2016, International Journal of Geomate, Vol.9, No.2, pp.2651-2658. 2015, pp.1483-1490. [16] Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and [5] Nehring R.B., Aquatic Insects as Biological Tourism Kinki Regional Development Bureau, Monitors of Heavy Metal Pollution, Bulletin of http://www.kkr.mlit.go.jp/river/kasen/kinokaw Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, a.html Vol.15, Issue 2, 1976, pp.147-154. [17] Wakayama City Children’s Science Museum, [6] Ishizaki S., and Yamanouchi K., Benthic Wakayama no Ishi, 2002, pp.7-10. Communities and Heavy Metal Concentrations [18] The laboratory of Professor Kawakami in the of Mayflies (Baetis spp. and Epeorus latifolium) Faculty of Education, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen in Sasu and Se Rivers, Annual Report of University, http://www.ha.shotoku.ac.jp/~kaw Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Public Health a/KYO/SEIBUTSU/syokubutsu/SogoZukan/k and Environmental Sciences, Vol.30, 1987, oke/index.html pp.46-52. [19] Itoh S., Geochemical Study of Bedded [7] Ogino T., Endou Y., and Kurosawa K., Heavy Cupriferous Pyrite Deposits in Japan, Bulletin

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