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Mid-Quaternary Decoupling of Sediment Routing in the Nankai Forearc Revealed by Provenance Analysis of Turbiditic Sands

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Mid-Quaternary Decoupling of Sediment Routing in the Nankai Forearc Revealed by Provenance Analysis of Turbiditic Sands Research Collection Journal Article Mid-Quaternary decoupling of sediment routing in the Nankai Forearc revealed by provenance analysis of turbiditic sands Author(s): Usman, Muhammed O.; Masago, Hideki; Winkler, Wilfried; Strasser, Michael Publication Date: 2014-06 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000081437 Originally published in: International Journal of Earth Sciences 103(4), http://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1011-z Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) (2014) 103:1141–1161 DOI 10.1007/s00531-014-1011-z ORIGINAL PAPER Mid-Quaternary decoupling of sediment routing in the Nankai Forearc revealed by provenance analysis of turbiditic sands Muhammed O. Usman · Hideki Masago · Wilfried Winkler · Michael Strasser Received: 4 October 2013 / Accepted: 22 February 2014 / Published online: 20 March 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract Coring during Integrated Ocean Drilling Pro- funnelled to this site through the Suruga Canyon. However, gram Expeditions 315, 316, and 333 recovered turbid- sands in the forearc basin show persistent presence of blue itic sands from the forearc Kumano Basin (Site C0002), a sodic amphiboles across the 1 Ma boundary, indicating Quaternary slope basin (Site C0018), and uplifted trench continuous flux of sediments from the Kumano/Kinokawa wedge (Site C0006) along the Kumano Transect of the River. This implies that the sands in the older turbidites Nankai Trough accretionary wedge offshore of southwest were transported by transverse flow down the slope. The Japan. The compositions of the submarine turbiditic sands slope basin facies then switched to reflect longitudinal flow here are investigated in terms of bulk and heavy mineral around 1 Ma, when the turbiditic sand tapped a volcanic modal compositions to identify their provenance and dis- provenance in the Izu-Honshu collision zone, while the persal mechanisms, as they may reflect changes in regional sediments transported transversely became confined in the tectonics during the past ca. 1.5 Myrs. The results show a Kumano Basin. Therefore, the change in the depositional marked change in the detrital signature and heavy mineral systems around 1 Ma is a manifestation of the decoupling composition in the forearc and slope basin facies around of the sediment routing pattern from transverse to long-dis- 1 Ma. This sudden change is interpreted to reflect a major tance axial flow in response to forearc high uplift along the change in the sand provenance, rather than heavy mineral megasplay fault. dissolution and/or diagenetic effects, in response to chang- ing tectonics and sedimentation patterns. In the trench- Keywords Sand provenance · Nankai Trough · slope basin, the sands older than 1 Ma were probably NanTroSEIZE · Kumano Basin · Accretionary wedge · eroded from the exposed Cretaceous–Tertiary accretionary Sediment routing complex of the Shimanto Belt and transported via the for- mer course of the Tenryu submarine canyon system, which today enters the Nankai Trough northeast of the study area. Introduction In contrast, the high abundance of volcanic lithics and volcanic heavy mineral suites of the sands younger than Actualistic provenance studies on a continental scale (e.g. 1 Ma points to a strong volcanic component of sediment Ingersoll 1990; Potter 1994; Critelli et al. 1997) are a pow- derived from the Izu-Honshu collision zones and probably erful tool for understanding the relationship between sedi- mentation and tectonics. Such studies provide fundamental insights to improve our understanding of (1) the location * M. O. Usman ( ) · W. Winkler · M. Strasser and nature of sediment source areas, (2) the pathways by Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland which sediment is transferred from source to depositional e-mail: [email protected] basin and (3) the factors (e.g. relief, climate and tecton- ics) that influence the composition of sedimentary rocks H. Masago (Haughton et al. 1991). Recognition of diagnostic petro- Center for Deep Earth Exploration, Japan Agency for Marine- Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, graphic and mineralogical signatures of contrasting geo- Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan dynamic settings by relating the composition of modern 1 3 1142 Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) (2014) 103:1141–1161 36° N China Legend Sea Quaternary volcanics of 40˚N Japan Fuji Rv. Pliocene volcanics Kiso Rv. Nagara Rv. Rv. Tenryu Miocene volcanics Abe Rv. (Kumano–Omine Acidic Rocks) 30˚ 35° Pacific Ocean Kumano Group, Muro Group Shimanto Belt 130˚ 140˚ 150˚E (Cretaceous–Tertiary T accretionary complex) enryu enryu . Izumi Group (Cretaceous molasse sediments) Kumano Rv C anyon 34° Sanbagawa belt Kinokawa Rv (Cretaceous high-grade Kumano metamorphic belt) Basin Ryoke Belt . A (Cretaceous granite and low-grade metamorphic rocks) I C0002 z C0018 u Chichibu Belt - B (Jurassic accretionary complex) o C0006 n 33° i B n Mino–Tanba Belt A r (Permian–Triassic c accretionary complex) ough Shikoku approximate position of uplifted forearc high Nankai Tr 4 cm/yr Basin bounding the seaward edge of the Kumano Basin Median-Tectonic Line Phillipine Sea Plate 100 km 134° 135° 136° 137° 138° 139° E Outline of present subduction front Fig. 1 Bathymetric map of the Kumano-nada and surround- lected, are also shown. Line A–B shows location of seismic overview ing regions, and a simplified geological map of the related onshore line shown in Fig. 2. Figure modified from Shipboard Scientific Party regions. Locations of the coring Sites C0002, C0006 and C0018 are (2001) indicated. Rivers courses, in which reference sand samples were col- sands to the geologic evolution of wide and complex source slope and the trench slope itself (Underwood and Moore areas helps in making predictions of detrital mode trends in 1995). Provenance information, especially in the case of space and time (Garzanti et al. 2003, 2012). Materials used accretionary prisms, has important ramifications for assess- for provenance studies are as diverse as Quaternary clay ing and evaluating the dynamic responses of prism growth minerals in accretionary prism (Underwood and Pickering and deformation to spatio-temporal variations in sediment 1996), Archean shales (McLennan et al. 1983) and soils on generation and influx (Milliken et al. 2012). the moon (Basu et al. 1988). The Nankai Trough region off the southwest coast of In accretionary prisms formed along subduction zones, Japan (Fig. 1) is one of the most thoroughly studied sub- such as the Nankai Trough off SW Japan, complex suites duction margins for late Cenozoic trench sedimentation and of structures often develop as a result of the deformation accretionary prism tectonics (Karig et al. 1975; Taira et al. of sediments being scraped-off from the subducting plate 1991; Moore et al. 2001; Strasser et al. 2009; Clift et al. (e.g. Strasser et al. 2009). In such accretionary subduction 2013). The flux of terrigenous sediments to the Nankai zones, trench floor and oceanic plate deposits are added to Trough is high, compared to other subduction margins such the toe of the inner slope by imbricate thrusting (Karig and as the Barbados (Moore et al. 1988) and the neighbouring Sharman 1975). An important factor that controls the over- Japan Trench (von Huene and Lallemant 1990). Thus, the all geometry and stratigraphy of an accretionary subduction stratigraphy of such accretionary prisms serves as an effec- margin is the type and amount of sedimentary fill in the tive modern analogue for uplifted sandstone-rich accreted trench, trench-slope basin and forearc basin. Sediment sup- terranes such as the Shimanto Belt of Japan (Taira et al. ply to the prism occurs mostly by sediment gravity flows, 1988). Previous work on detrital modes of sand in the Nan- transporting sand and silt from one or more source areas kai Forearc region has documented a wide range in compo- into the system, and by hemipelagic sedimentation through sition reflecting variable mixing of volcanic, sedimentary, the water column. Sedimentation is therefore controlled metasedimentary and plutonic sources (Taira and Niitsuma by climatic and tectonic conditions governing erosion and 1986; Marsaglia et al. 1992; Fergusson 2003; Underwood sediment transport in the source area, sediment routing sys- and Fergusson 2005). Fergusson (2003) identified three tem (e.g. rivers and submarine canyons), and the geometry sand petrofacies: volcaniclastic, quartzose and sedimen- and structural evolution of the forearc basin, outer trench ticlastic based on description of sand compositions in 1 3 Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) (2014) 103:1141–1161 1143 offshore Muroto and Ashizuri transects obtained by coring Nankai Trough clastics, consists of slivers of high-pressure in Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 190. He concluded metamorphic rocks and low-grade metasedimentary strata that the Izu-Honshu collision zone at the eastern end of the assigned to the Sanbagawa, Chichibu and Shimanto belts Nankai Trough is the provenance of the volcaniclastic sand (Taira et al. 1988; Higashino 1990). The Sanbagawa Belt that is rich in mafic to intermediate rock fragments in the is made up of high-pressure metamorphic rocks, probably upper Pleistocene section and demonstrated the transverse
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