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Aquaculture Genetics Research in Egypt

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Aquaculture Genetics Research in Egypt PREFACE This publication incorporates the information drawn from aquaculture genetics research undertaken or in progress in Member Countries and Associate Member Institutions of the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture (INGA). INGA has a membership of 13 countries in Asia, the Pacific and Africa, and 12 advanced scientific institutions. The Steering Committee of INGA consists of senior research planners from member countries and institutions as well as ICLARM. The Committee meets at regular intervals to discuss progress in aquaculture genetics, identify areas for possible collaboration, and share information. The Fifth Steering Committee of INGA hosted by the Malaysian Department of Fisheries and the University of Malaysia was held in Kuala Lumpur, from 3-5 March 1999. The meeting was attended by all members and associate members of the network. The papers presented at this meeting were informative and contained a wealth of information on the state of aquaculture genetics research in the respective countries and institutions . Hence, INGA/ICLARM undertook to publish the papers presented at the meeting. Papers presented at the meeting in 1999 were revised by their respective authors to incorporate the developments that have taken place since then. Aquaculture genetics research is in its infancy in many developing countries and there is an urgent need for collaboration among institutions in the developing and developed countries for synergy in developing better breeds of fish that can contribute to increased production and food security while ensuring the conservation of aquatic biodiversity. All the members and associate members of INGA have been playing an active and important role in this and in supporting network activities. Close collaboration among network members is evident from the exchange of germplasm following material transfer agreements and quarantine protocols and collaborative research projects that have been developed. On behalf of INGA I thank all those who have contributed to this volume. Modadugu V.. Guptta Research Coordinator, INGA vii NETWORKING IN AQUACULTURE GENETICS RESEARCHa M.V. Gupta and B.O. Acosta ICLARM – The World Fish Center P.O. Box 500, GPO 10670, Penang, Malaysia GUPTA, M.V. and B.O. ACOSTA. 2001. Networking in aquaculture genetics research, p. 1-5 In M.V. Gupta and B.O. Acosta (eds.) Fish genetics research in member countries and institutions of the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 64, 179 p. ABSTRACT Aquaculture genetics research is in its infancy compared to that of crops and livestock. Multidisciplinary research coupled with networking are effective tools in genetics research especially in developing countries. Variability in fish species, farming systems and production environments made it imperative for genetic enhancement of aquaculture species to be done through regional and international cooperation. Realizing this, ICLARM-the World Fish Center initiated the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture (INGA) in 1993. At present, the network has a membership of 13 countries from Asia, the Pacific and Africa and 12 advanced scientific institutions. In the short time since its inception, the network has made significant progress in: assisting member countries in developing national breeding programs; initiating two regional research programs for genetic improvement of carps and Nile tilapia; assisting the transfer of germplasm between member countries for research and to disseminate improved strains; assisting the formation of national genetics networks; assisting in capacity building among developing country scientists; and providing information on genetics research and policy issues in biodiversity conservation, intellectual property rights, etc. Background 6% in the 1950s and 1960s to 0.6% in 1995 and 1996 (FAO 1999), suggesting an increase in dependence on About a billion people, mostly in developing countries, production from aquaculture. depend on fish as a primary source of animal protein. Global fish production reached 122 million t in 1996, New (1991) estimated that the world’s projected of which only 90 million t were used for human requirement for aquaculture products would increase consumption (FAO 1999). FAO estimates that by the from 19.6 million t in the year 2000 to 62.4 million t year 2010, demand for food fish would increase by in 2025. Based on FAO statistics (1998), the 13 member 13.5-18.0% or to about 105-110 million t. Annual countries (Bangladesh, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, growth in capture fisheries production decreased from Fiji, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Malawi, a ICLARM Contribution No. 1612 Networking in Aquaculture Genetics Research 1 Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam) of the Inter- from 18% in China to 66% in Bangladesh. Analysis of national Network on Genetics in Aquaculture (INGA) overall potential impact of improved fish in the five collectively produced 25.7 million t of fish from countries indicated that the adoption of improved aquaculture in 1998, accounting for 83.3% of world’s strain would result in reduced cost of production and aquaculture production. increased fish production (Dey 2000). Concomitant with technological advances in Overall, the genetic gains per generation and per year aquaculture are the problems associated with of coho, rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, channel environmental degradation, genetic deterioration of catfish and tilapia was estimated at about 15% and cultured stocks and decline in aquatic biodiversity 5%, respectively (Gjedrem 1997). Gjedrem’s limiting options for new species and strains for assumption was that if efficient breeding programs aquaculture and diminishing natural productivity and were introduced throughout the aquaculture industry, resilience of aquatic ecosystems. A review of world’s the aquaculture production by the year 2025 would fisheries indicate that the potential contribution of be higher than the projected requirement for aquaculture could only be realized if a number of aquaculture products. issues, including genetic improvement of aquaculture species and biodiversity, are addressed (FAO 1995). In Asia, evidences of inbreeding and unintentional selection among hatchery-based and established Remarkable progress has been made in improving the farmed stocks have been found (Pullin and Capili productivity of crops and livestock during the last 3-4 1988; McAndrew et al. 1993; Eknath 1995). In Africa, decades through breeding and selection. However, in freshwater species are on the verge of extinction, spite of the long history of fish farming, it was only in despite it being considered as the world’s repository recent years that efforts have been made to harness of diverse freshwater fish fauna. There are also the benefits of genetic enhancement in fish. uncontrolled fish transfers and introduction of exotic Norwegian scientists have amply demonstrated the fish in many countries, threatening local aquatic possibility of increasing productivity of farmed salmon resources. and trout through an efficient breeding program. In 1995, salmon farming produced a combined output Realizing that multidisciplinary research is an effective greater than the sum of the country’s meat production tool in genetics and breeding and networking is a from swine, cattle and poultry (Gjoen and Bentsen proven mechanism for international cooperation, 1997). national institutions in developing countries in Asia, Africa and ICLARM formally established the It was ascertained, however, whether the same benefits International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture could be obtained in the case of tropical and sub- (INGA) in 1993 (Seshu et al. 1994). At present, INGA tropical finfish which contribute about 90% of the has a membership of 13 countries from Asia, Africa global aquaculture production. This uncertainty posed and the Pacific (Bangladesh, China, Côte d’Ivoire, a challenge to scientists to develop techniques for the Egypt, Fiji, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Malawi, Malaysia, genetic improvement of tropical finfish used in Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam) and 11 advanced aquaculture. scientific institutions (Fig. 1). The following is a brief report on activities being undertaken by INGA and The collaborative research project for the genetic the important role it has been playing through improvement of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) consolidation of strengths of its members. implemented by ICLARM in collaboration with the Philippine and Norwegian institutions, indicated the Network Activities potential of increased production through selective breeding. In its sixth generation of selection, the GIFT INGA acts as catalyst for genetics research being strain had demonstrated 77% faster growth and 60% undertaken by national programs. In 1997, the 13 higher survival compared with farmed strains in the member countries reviewed the declining fish catches Philippines (Eknath and Acosta 1998; Eknath et al. from natural resources and came up with the “Manila 1998). Subsequent evaluation of the second generation Resolution” (Box 1) stressing the need for concerted GIFT strain in Bangladesh, China, Thailand and regional and international efforts for advancing fish Vietnam showed that the GIFT strain had higher breeding and genetics through cooperation (The INGA growth rates than local strains, the difference ranging Planning Meeting 1997). To accomplish this, the 2 Fish Genetics Research in Member Countries and Institutions of INGA following major activities have
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