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Article (Refereed) - Postprint Article (refereed) - postprint Roll, Uri; Feldman, Anat; Novosolov, Maria; Allison, Allen; Bauer, Aaron M.; Bernard, Rodolphe; Böhm, Monika; Castro-Herrera, Fernando; Chirio, Laurent; Collen, Ben; Colli, Guarino R.; Dabool, Lital; Das, Indraneil; Doan, Tiffany M.; Grismer, Lee L.; Hoogmoed, Marinus; Itescu, Yuval; Kraus, Fred; LeBreton, Matthew; Lewin, Amir; Martins, Marcio; Maza, Erez; Meirte, Danny; Nagy, Zoltán T.; de C. Nogueira, Cristiano; Pauwels, Olivier S.G.; Pincheira- Donoso, Daniel; Powney, Gary D.; Sindaco, Roberto; Tallowin, Oliver J.S.; Torres-Carvajal, Omar; Trape, Jean-François; Vidan, Enav; Uetz, Peter; Wagner, Philipp; Wang, Yuezhao; Orme, C. David L.; Grenyer, Richard; Meiri, Shai. 2017. The global distribution of tetrapods reveals a need for targeted reptile conservation. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1 (11). 1677- 1682. 10.1038/s41559-017-0332-2 Copyright © 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. This version available http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/518195/ NERC has developed NORA to enable users to access research outputs wholly or partially funded by NERC. Copyright and other rights for material on this site are retained by the rights owners. Users should read the terms and conditions of use of this material at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/policies.html#access This document is the author’s final manuscript version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. There may be differences between this and the publisher’s version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from this article. www.nature.com/ Contact CEH NORA team at [email protected] The NERC and CEH trademarks and logos (‘the Trademarks’) are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. 1 The global distribution of tetrapods reveals a need for targeted reptile 2 conservation 3 4 Uri Roll#1, Anat Feldman#2, Maria Novosolov#2, Allen Allison3, Aaron M. Bauer4, Rodolphe 5 Bernard5, Monika Böhm6, Fernando Castro-Herrera7, Laurent Chirio8, Ben Collen9, Guarino R. 6 Colli10, Lital Dabool11 Indraneil Das12, Tiffany M. Doan13, Lee L. Grismer14, Marinus 7 Hoogmoed15, Yuval Itescu2, Fred Kraus16, Matthew LeBreton17, Amir Lewin2, Marcio Martins18, 8 Erez Maza2, Danny Meirte19, Zoltán T. Nagy20, Cristiano de C. Nogueira18, Olivier S.G. 9 Pauwels21, Daniel Pincheira-Donoso22, Gary Powney23, Roberto Sindaco24, Oliver Tallowin2, 10 Omar Torres-Carvajal25, Jean-François Trape26, Enav Vidan2, Peter Uetz27, Philipp Wagner5,28, 11 Yuezhao Wang29, C David L Orme5, Richard Grenyer✝*1 and Shai Meiri✝*2 12 # Contributed equally to the paper 13 ✝ Contributed equally to the paper 14 * Corresponding author 15 16 Affiliations: 17 1 School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QY, UK. 18 2 Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel. 19 3 Hawaii Biological Survey, 4 Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA. 20 4 Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA. 21 5 Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus Silwood Park, 22 Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK 23 6 Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK. 24 7 School of Basic Sciences, Physiology Sciences Department, Universidad del Valle, Colombia. 25 8 14, rue des roses - 06130 Grasse, France. 26 9 Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, London WC1E 27 6BT, UK. 28 10 Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 29 Brazil. 30 11 Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Family Institute for 31 Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of 32 Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel. 33 12 Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 34 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. 35 13 Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA. 36 14 Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92505, USA. 37 15 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi/CZO, Caixa Postal 399, 66017–970 Belém, Pará, Brazil. 38 16 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann-Arbor, MI 39 48109-1048, USA. 40 17 Mosaic, (Environment, Health, Data, Technology), Yaoundé, Cameroon. 41 18 Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 42 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. 43 19 Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium. 44 20 Joint Experimental Molecular Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, B-1000 45 Brussels, Belgium. 46 21 Département des Vertébrés Récents, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, B-1000 47 Brussels, Belgium. 48 22 School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Brayford Campus, 49 Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK. 50 23 NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, 51 Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK. 52 24 Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, I-10022 Carmagnola (TO), Italy. 53 25 Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del 54 Ecuador, Apartado 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador. 55 26 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire de Paludologie et Zoologie 56 Médicale, UMR MIVEGEC, Dakar, Senegal. 57 27 Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, 58 Richmond, VA 23284, USA. 59 28 Zoologische Staatssammlung München, D-81247 München, Germany. 60 29 Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. 61 Summary 62 The distributions of amphibians, birds and mammals1-3 have underpinned global and local 63 conservation priorities4-6, and have been fundamental to our understanding of the determinants of 64 global biodiversity7,8. In contrast, the global distributions of reptiles, representing a third of 65 terrestrial vertebrate diversity, have been unavailable. This prevented reptiles’ incorporation into 66 conservation planning and biased our understanding of the underlying processes governing 67 global vertebrate biodiversity. Here, we present and analyse, for the first time, the global 68 distribution of 10,064 reptile species (99% of extant terrestrial species). We show that richness 69 patterns of the other three tetrapod classes are good spatial surrogates for species richness of all 70 reptiles combined and of snakes, but characterize diversity patterns of lizards and turtles poorly. 71 Hotspots of total and endemic lizard richness overlap very little with those of other taxa. 72 Moreover, existing protected areas, sites of biodiversity significance and global conservation 73 schemes, represent birds and mammals better than reptiles. We show that additional conservation 74 actions are needed to effectively protect reptiles, particularly lizards and turtles. Adding reptile 75 knowledge to a global complementarity conservation priority scheme, identifies many new 76 locations that consequently become important. Notably, investing resources in some of the 77 world’s arid, grassland, and savannah habitats will be necessary to represent all terrestrial 78 vertebrates efficiently. 79 Introduction 80 Our knowledge of the distributions of a broad variety of organisms has improved greatly in 81 recent years, and significantly enhanced our grasp of broad scale evolutionary and ecological 82 processes9-12. Nevertheless, despite comprising one third of terrestrial vertebrate species, 83 knowledge of reptile distributions remained poor and unsystematic. This represented a major gap 84 in our understanding of the global structure of biodiversity and our ability to conserve nature. 85 Historically, broad-scale efforts towards the protection of land vertebrates (and thus also of 86 reptiles) have been based predominantly on data from plants, birds, mammals and to a lesser 87 degree amphibians13-15. Here we present complete species-level global distributions of nearly all 88 reptiles: 10,064 known, extant, terrestrial species for which we could identify precise distribution 89 information. These distributions cover the Sauria (lizards, 6110 species), Serpentes (snakes, 3414 90 species), Testudines (turtles, 322 species), Amphisbaenia (‘worm lizards’, 193 species), 91 Crocodylia (crocodiles, 24 species) and Rhynchocephalia (the tuatara, one species). 92 This dataset completes the global distribution mapping of all described, extant, terrestrial 93 vertebrates (Fig. 1a), providing information that has been missing from much of the global 94 conservation planning and prioritization schemes constructed over the last twenty years4. We use 95 our new reptile distribution data to: a) examine the congruence in general, hotspot, and 96 endemism richness patterns across all tetrapod classes and among reptile groups; b) explore how 97 current conservation networks and priorities represent reptiles; and c) suggest regions in need of 98 additional conservation attention to target full terrestrial vertebrate representation and highlight 99 current surrogacy gaps, using a formal conservation prioritisation technique. 100 101 Species richness of reptiles compared to other tetrapods 102 The global pattern of reptile species richness (Fig. 1b) is largely congruent with that of all other 103 terrestrial vertebrates combined (r = 0.824, e.d.f. = 31.2, p << 0.0001; Fig. 2a, Extended Data 104 Table 1, Extended
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