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How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 2215-2075 ISSN: 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica Figel, Joe J.; Castañeda, Franklin; Calderón, Ana Patricia; Torre, J. Antonio de la; García-Padilla, Elí; Noss, Reed F. Threatened amphibians sheltered under the big cat’s umbrella: conservation of jaguars Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) and endemic herpetofauna in Central America Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 66, no. 4, 2018, pp. 1741-1753 Universidad de Costa Rica DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v66i4.32544 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44959684032 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Threatened amphibians sheltered under the big cat’s umbrella: conservation of jaguars Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) and endemic herpetofauna in Central America Joe J. Figel1*, Franklin Castañeda2, Ana Patricia Calderón3, J. Antonio de la Torre4, Elí García-Padilla5 & Reed F. Noss6 1. Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816; [email protected] 2. Panthera-Honduras Program, Col. Los Robles, bloque L, casa 3415, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; [email protected] 3. Panthera-Guatemala Program. Lote 77, manzana B, Col. Villas del Rosario, Zona 4, Mixco, Guatemala; [email protected] 4. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-275, C.P. 04318, México D.F., México; [email protected] 5. Andador Jaguares #18 Casa del Sol, Oaxaca de Juárez, Oaxaca, México; [email protected] 6. Florida Institute for Conservation Science, 2205 Sultan Circle, Chuluota, FL 32766; [email protected] * Correspondence Received 24-II-2018. Corrected 05-VII-2018. Accepted 05-X-2018. Abstract: The umbrella species concept posits that protection of a single, wide-ranging species may confer protection to a large number of sympatric species. Due to their large home ranges, widespread distribution in the Mesoamerican Biodiversity Hotspot (MBH), and status as the focal species of numerous conservation initiatives, the jaguar Panthera onca is an ideal species to evaluate the umbrella strategy. After ground-truthing jaguar cor- ridors from 2009-2016, we tested the umbrella value of jaguars for endemic herpetofauna (Amphibia, Reptilia) in Nuclear Central America (NCA), a ~ 370 000 km² sub-region of the MBH. NCA contains the greatest density of threatened reptiles in the Western Hemisphere and harbors extraordinary high diversity of amphibians, the most threatened class of vertebrate worldwide. Of the 304 regional endemics in NCA, the distributions of 187 (61.5 %) species of amphibians and reptiles overlapped ground-truthed jaguar range. The distributions of 14 reptiles, including a critically endangered Bothriechis spp. and two endangered Norops spp., occur exclusively within jaguar distribution. Similarly, the distributions of 19 amphibians, including four critically endangered Craugastor spp. and two critically endangered Plectrohyla spp. occur entirely within jaguar distribution. Our results indicate greater effectiveness of ground-truthed jaguar distribution than modeled and randomly selected networks in overlapping the distributions of endemic herpetofauna, especially threatened amphibians, in NCA. Substantiation of multi-taxa dependence on habitat in jaguar distribution would strengthen justification for wider application of the umbrella strategy beyond NCA and aid conservation planning in the MBH. Key words: endemism; herpetofauna; Nuclear Central America; Panthera onca; umbrella species. Figel, J. J., Castañeda, F., Calderón, A. P., de la Torre, J. A., García-Padilla, E., & Noss, R. F. (2018). Threatened amphibians sheltered under the big cat’s umbrella: conservation of jaguars Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) and endemic herpetofauna in Central America. Revista de Biología Tropical, 66(4), 1741-1753. Identifying priority areas for the pres- Mittermeier, van Dijk, Rhodin, & Nash, ervation of biodiversity is a focal objective 2015; Noss et al., 2015). One appealing strat- of conservation planning (Myers, Mittermei- egy involves the management of wide-ranging er, Mittermeier, Da Fonseca, & Kent, 2000; ‘umbrella’ species, under the assumption that Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 66(4): 1741-1753, December 2018 1741 habitat preservation for species with large & DeSantis, 2017), classification as part of spatial requirements would provide simultane- the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot (MBH) ous protection for co-occurring species (Fran- (Myers et al., 2000), and priority status for kel & Soulé, 1981; Roberge & Angelstam, the range-wide jaguar network (Rabinowitz 2004; Hurme, Monkkonen, Sippola, Ylinen, & Zeller, 2010). We were able to verify dis- & Pentinsaari, 2008). The risk inherent to tributions mapped by the IUCN and compare this approach is that umbrella species may be international and regional status assessments improperly selected, thereby limiting ecosys- of these threatened taxa in NCA due to our tem-wide benefits. familiarity with the region’s amphibians and At present, the effectiveness of the umbrel- reptiles (Puschendorf, Castañeda, & McCranie, la approach and benefit for co-occurring spe- 2006; McCranie & Castañeda, 2007; García- cies (hereafter beneficiary species) is equivocal Padilla & Mata-Silva, 2014; Johnson et al., (Berger, 1997; Simberloff, 1998; Sergio et al., 2017). Also, we have systematically assessed 2008; Caro, 2010). Empirical evidence of the jaguar presence in NCA since 2009 (Castañeda utility of large carnivores as umbrella species et al., 2011; Figel, 2011; Calderón-Quiñónez, is scarce because surprisingly few studies have 2013; Chávez, Zarza, de la Torre, Medellín, appropriately evaluated their umbrella effec- & Ceballos, 2016; Petracca et al., 2017; de la tiveness (Noss, Quigley, Hornocker, Merrill, & Torre et al., in press). Paquet, 1996; Caro, 2010). One notable excep- The jaguar network aims to preserve jaguar tion concluded that jaguars (Panthera onca) populations (categorized as jaguar conservation were an effective umbrella species for co- units - JCUs) and maintain connectivity in occurring mammals in Latin America (Thorn- fragmented, human-use landscapes (Rabinow- ton et al., 2016). itz & Zeller, 2010; Olsoy et al., 2016). JCUs Nuclear Central America (NCA) provides are defined as either 1) areas with a stable, a unique opportunity to evaluate the effective- diverse prey base and adequate habitat capable ness of a large carnivore as an umbrella species of maintaining at least 50 breeding jaguars; or in a heterogeneous tropical landscape. Due to 2) areas with fewer than 50 breeding jaguars their large home ranges and presence in diverse but with sufficient habitat and prey to support habitats, areas designated for the conservation the species if their populations increased under of jaguars would presumably meet the space favorable conditions (Sanderson et al., 2002). requirements for beneficiary species besides The corridors connecting JCUs are intended mammals. Jaguars inhabit areas across a broad to maintain connectivity and facilitate jaguar elevational gradient in NCA (Briones-Salas, dispersal between suitable habitat patches (i.e. Lavariega, & Lira-Torres, 2012; Castañeda, JCUs), increasing the likelihood of gene flow Pereira, & Solís, 2011; Sanderson et al., 2002) and maintenance of genetic diversity (Rabi- where a recent study, from Chiapas, South- nowitz & Zeller, 2010). The Rabinowitz and ern Mexico, estimated their home ranges at Zeller (2010) analysis identified corridors con- = 306.5 ± 169.81 km2 (de la Torre, Núñez, necting all JCUs range-wide with one notable & Medellín, 2017). Jaguars usually favor low- exception: a gap was identified between the lands but they are often detected in montane Sierra de las Minas JCU in southeast Gua- habitats, including recent records at 1 758 m temala and the Pico Bonito/Texiguat JCU in in Chiapas (de la Torre, Rivero, Camacho, north-central Honduras. This transboundary Álvarez-Márquez, & Medellín, in press) and 2 disconnect highlights the urgency of conserva- 200 m in western Honduras (Castañeda, 2016). tion measures needed in NCA. We selected NCA as our study area due The objective of our study was to quan- to the region’s high endemism of amphibians tify co-occurrence of jaguars and sympatric and reptiles (Campbell, 1999; Townsend, 2014; herpetofauna (Amphibia, Reptilia) endemic to Johnson, Wilson, Mata-Silva, García-Padilla, NCA. Endemic species (species unique to a 1742 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 66(4): 1741-1753, December 2018 defined geographic location, biome, or habitat between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in South- type) often face greater threats due to their ern Mexico and the Nicaraguan Depression relatively small distributions, which are one in Northern Nicaragua, excluding Belize and of the strongest predictors of extinction risk the Yucatan Peninsula (Fig. 1). Within this (Purvis, Gittleman, Cowlishaw, & Mace, 2000; region, our study area spanned ~ 370 000 Sodhi et al., 2008). Substantiation of multi-taxa km² across four countries: Mexico, Guatemala, dependence on habitat under the ‘umbrella’ of Honduras, and Nicaragua. Elevations ranged the jaguar network would facilitate the iden- from 0-4 220 m. tification of
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