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The Red Badge of Courage Study Guide 9 Introducing the Novel

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The Red Badge of Courage Study Guide 9 Introducing the Novel T HE G LENCOE L ITERATURE L IBRARY Study Guide for The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane i Meet Stephen Crane stressed that realism has only one law: “to be true, not to the objective reality, but to the objective reality as the author sees it.” Crane had already come to a similar conclusion about his writing. Once, when a friend asked him for advice on writing, Crane threw a handful of sand into the air and said, “Treat your notions like that. Forget what you think about it and tell how you feel about it.” Crane’s discussions with Garland, which often occurred while throwing a baseball back and forth, helped Crane to crystallize his ideas about writing and to launch himself as a novelist. Crane’s writing was also influenced by his upbringing. Born in 1871 in Newark, New Jersey, he was the son of a Methodist minister. His I decided that the nearer a writer gets to life, the mother came from a long line of Methodist greater he becomes as an artist, and most of my clergymen. Although Crane did not embrace his prose writings have been toward the goal parents’ religion, he was strongly affected by cer- partially described by that misunderstood and tain Christian ideas. In particular, he was acutely abused word, realism. aware of the insignificance of human beings in —Stephen Crane the universe and the guilt and fear that the thought of sin could inspire. In The Red Badge of s a young man, Stephen Crane was determined Courage, as in many of his stories and poems, Ato get close to life. While studying at Syracuse Crane reveals his interest in moral issues by University in 1891, where his two passions were focusing on personal responsibility, conscience, baseball and literature, he worked part-time as a and life as a spiritual journey. reporter for the New York Tribune. In his work, Crane’s use of language also reflects the influ- he explored the slums and police courts of ence of religion in his life. Religious imagery plays Syracuse. There he fraternized with the poor a major role in The Red Badge of Courage, as well and homeless and pursued his goal of studying as in Crane’s poetry. Many of Crane’s references “humanity” firsthand. come directly from the Bible or from the sermons While working as a journalist, Crane also began and hymns he heard during his youth. to write fiction, including a story that would become Crane lived a short but adventurous life. his first novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. In his He died of tuberculosis and exhaustion before early twenties, Crane avidly read the works of realist reaching the age of twenty-nine. His master- writers such as the Russian author Leo Tolstoy. Crane piece, The Red Badge of Courage (1895), was especially admired Tolstoy’s book Sebastopol for its published before he turned twenty-four. Cited unromantic portrayal of war. He was also attracted to for its fresh narrative style and realistic depic- Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. two leading American realists of the time, William tion of combat, the novel made him a celebrity. Dean Howells and Hamlin Garland. Both wrote Its critical success led to assignments as a about the hardships and ethical problems of middle- roving newspaper reporter in the West and and lower-class characters. Crane admired both for as a war correspondent in Cuba, Mexico, emphasizing “nature and the truth.” Greece, and Turkey. Crane turned his adven- In 1891 Crane met Garland and had a chance tures into material for more than one hundred to discuss his literary ideas with the writer. Garland stories and sketches. The Red Badge of Courage Study Guide 9 Introducing the Novel When The Red Badge of Courage was first up, in which a young person moves from inno- published in 1895, many readers were impressed cence, to familiarity, to wisdom. by its unflinchingly honest portrayal of war. “They In constructing The Red Badge of Courage, all insist I am a veteran of the Civil War,” Crane Crane drew on a predictable pattern followed in noted in a letter. In truth, at the time he wrote Civil War memoirs and novels of initiation. But the novel, Crane had never even seen a battle. what Crane created was not an ordinary Civil War The Red Badge of Courage is a profile of an story. Crane’s approach was startlingly unconven- inexperienced young soldier undergoing his first tional. He wrote about the violence and confusion experience of battle. “The youth” in the novel, of the battlefield. While some European novelists, Henry Fleming, makes a journey of self-discovery. such as Tolstoy and Emile Zola, had written about But what he learns, and whether he learns, from war in a gritty and unsentimental way, most war his experiences is a point that is still debated. novels by American writers at the time were In writing The Red Badge of Courage nearly simply adventure stories or romances. Crane, thirty years after the Civil War ended, Crane however, went beyond giving a realistic picture referred to stories of actual battles written in popu- of war. He focused on the effects of war on the lar magazines. He also likely had heard oral human mind. Crane himself called the novel a accounts from veterans and seen Mathew Brady’s “psychological portrayal of fear.” photographs of Civil War battlegrounds. In addi- The novel’s style is impressionistic, reflecting tion, Crane was acquainted with the memoirs this subjective approach. Impressionism, a term many veterans had written in the 1860s, 1870s, borrowed from the fine arts, refers to a highly per- and 1880s. These works often portrayed going off sonal way of seeing. Like an impressionist painter, to war as an experience of initiation, or growing the impressionist writer does not present objects Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Nearly three million men served in the Civil War. More than two million were Union soldiers like those shown at this Civil War encampment. 10 The Red Badge of Courage Study Guide Did You Know? In a typical Civil War battle, the opposing The thick, eye-watering smoke that armies were only a few hundred yards apart. settled over the battlefield made combat Usually one side would attempt to advance madly confusing. Soldiers could see only a across an open field, while the defenders fired short distance ahead. It was not uncom- at them from the cover of trees or trenches. mon for troops in the second or third line Such assaults were murderous because the to fire into their own front rank. Soldiers attackers were so exposed. Nevertheless, this often felt shots coming at them from all tactic remained common throughout the war. directions. The noise of the battle—the Large battles consisted of countless booming explosions of cannons, the sharp skirmishes, or minor fights, involving small bursts of rifle shots, and the shouts and groups of soldiers. The attacking soldiers did groans of those fighting and dying—added not advance steadily toward the enemy in neat to the confusion. Gruesome deaths were ranks. Rather, they dashed forward a few yards, common, and advancing or retreating sol- fired, then lay down or hid to reload before diers often had no choice but to step on dashing forward a few more yards to fire again. the dead and wounded. or events as they might appear to an objective Red Badge of Courage has been called the first observer, in precise and accurate detail. Instead, modern American novel. Although written the writer shows the objects or events as they before the turn of the century, Crane’s novel has seem or feel to an individual at a precise moment more in common with the works of twentieth- in time. Crane’s impressionistic approach, empha- century writers such as Ernest Hemingway and sizing the “drama of thought” rather than action, F. Scott Fitzgerald than it does with works of the was radically new. 1890s. While many war novels have been written A second element in The Red Badge of since, The Red Badge remains one of the most- Courage is its ironic tone. Tone refers to the admired in American literature. writer’s attitude toward his or her subject matter. Irony involves an awareness of a contradiction THE TIME AND PLACE between appearance and reality. Irony is evident The setting for The Red Badge of Courage is an throughout the novel in Crane’s attitude toward unnamed battle during the Civil War. However, both war and courage. His realistic descriptions of historians have studied details in the novel relat- battle undercut the traditional view of war as a ing to time, weather, the lay of the land, and the stage for glorious acts of heroism. Many readers movements of the troops during the battle. Using also believe that Crane’s attitude toward his main these details as clues, they have deduced that character is ironic. His descriptions of Henry Crane was describing a portion of the Battle of Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. often call into question the accuracy of Henry’s Chancellorsville, Virginia, which lasted four days perceptions about himself. Thus, what appears to in May of 1863. be true to Henry Fleming may not coincide with Crane not only withholds the name of the what the author or reader knows—or thinks—to battle but also never mentions the Civil War. He be true about Fleming. devotes relatively little space to the physical set- Because of its ironic tone, its emphasis on the ting.
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