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Shemelis Fikre.Pdf ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN ZIWAY–SHALA LAKES AREA USING HYDROCHEMISTRY AND ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HYDROGEOLOGY By Shemelis Fikre June, 2006 Addis Ababa HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN ZIWAY–SHALA LAKES AREA USING HYDROCHEMISTRY AND ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Science in Hydrogeology By SHEMELIS FIKRE WELDESENBET JUNE, 2006 Addis Ababa ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to thank Dr. Tenalem Ayenew, my advisor and initiator of this work. His pleasant working atmosphere and way of guiding creates me a hardworking environment, which I am glad I was able to use. Further more I would like to thank him for sharing his knowledge; providing all laboratory facilities, giving me reference materials and arranging my field trip, I appreciated that a lot. I would also like to acknowledge the Department of Earth Sciences, AAU and its staff members for their help during the two years stay in the university. All the organizations and individuals, who directly or indirectly involved in this study, deserve special appreciations. First Earth Sciences Department, which let me to use hydrochemistry and isotope laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for the background knowledge I gained on high-tech laboratory instruments, Geological Survey of Ethiopia, which allows me to use their data, Ministry of Water Resources, National Meteorological Service Agency and Region-4 Water Resources Bureau are greatly acknowledged for their data source. My deepest heart felt thank goes to my family. My father Fikre Weldesenbet, I would like to appreciate him for his endless support up to now. My mother, Amakelech Getachew, who is my source of strength in every aspects of life, her caring and love, which brought me to this day, I thank you. I would also like to appreciate the remaining part of my family for their help in every day life. I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues Ms. Eleni Mulugeta for her suffering, together with me, in the extensive laboratory analysis and Mr. Alemu Diribsa for providing me field vehicle. All friends in and outside the University, especially Martha Nigussie that we share all the academic and social life together in the two years stay during this study are appreciated. Last but not least I offer my special thanks for those involve directly or indirectly in this study and their names are not listed are greatly acknowledged. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLDGMENTS ................................................................................................I ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................VI 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1 1.1. General Information ...............................................................................................1 1.2. Previous Works ......................................................................................................4 1.3. Objectives ...............................................................................................................5 1.4. Methodology and Materials ...................................................................................6 2. STUDY SITE DESCRIPTION .................................................................................9 2.1. Location, Accessibility and Aerial Extent .............................................................9 2.2. Topography ............................................................................................................10 2.3. Climate ...................................................................................................................12 2.4. Soil and Vegetation ................................................................................................12 2.5. Water Quality Changes and Links to Human Interaction ......................................13 3. GEOLOGY .................................................................................................................15 3.1. Regional Geology ..................................................................................................15 3.2. Stratigraphic Outlines of the Area .........................................................................17 3.2.1. The volcanic & volcaniclastic rocks ................................................................17 3.2.1.1. Late Eocene – Pliocene basalts, rhyolites and trachytes ......................17 3.2.1.2. Plio – Pleistocene rhyolitic ignimbrites, lava flows, basalts & colluvial deposits (Gademotta formation) ...........................................................18 3.2.2. The sedimentary deposits .................................................................................19 3.2.2.1. Synthem 1 (Abura deposits).................................................................20 3.2.2.2. Synthem 2 (Gademotta slope deposits) ................................................20 3.2.2.3. Synthem 3 (Adami Tulu deposits) .......................................................20 3.2.2.4. Synthem 4 (Shore deposits) .................................................................21 3.3. Geologic Structures ................................................................................................21 ii 3.4. Recent Tectonic Structures ....................................................................................23 4. SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY .........................25 4.1. Surface Water Hydrology ......................................................................................25 4.2. Hydrogeology of the Study Area ...........................................................................29 4.3. Major Hydrogeologic Units and Aquifer Characteristics ......................................30 4.3.1. Ignimrite, tuff, local rhyolite ............................................................................30 4.3.2. Ignimrite, tuff, local basalt ...............................................................................32 4.3.3. Ignimbrite covered with lacustrine soils, recent regression .............................32 4.3.4. Ignimbrite covered with lacustrine deposit ......................................................32 4.3.5. Rift volcanoes and volcanic ridges ..................................................................32 4.3.6. Basalt, local ignimbrite ....................................................................................32 4.4. Groundwater Occurrence and Movement ..............................................................32 5. HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS USING HYDROCHEMISTRY AND ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY ..................................................................................34 5.1. Hydrochemistry ......................................................................................................34 5.1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................34 5.1.2. Chemical and physical analysis results of waters and their spatial variation ..35 5.1.2.1. Major ion chemistry .............................................................................35 5.1.2.2. Water types and groundwater flow ......................................................37 5.1.2.3. Spatial distributions of the major ion chemistry ..................................41 5.1.2.4. Electrical conductivity .........................................................................43 5.1.2.5. Fluoride ................................................................................................44 5.1.3. Statistical cluster analysis results and spatial distributions of water types ......46 5.1.3.1. Statistical clustering .............................................................................46 5.1.3.2. Discussion ............................................................................................48 5.1.3.3. Spatial distributions of clusters (water types) ......................................51 5.1.4. Hydrochemical evolution .................................................................................54 5.1.5. Hydrochemical variation in relation to groundwater –lake water interaction .56 5.2. Isotope Hydrology ..................................................................................................58 iii 5.2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................58 5.2.2. Deuterium (2H) and oxygen (18O) isotopes ......................................................59 5.2.3. Analysis results from isotopes and hydrochemistry relationships ...................60 5.2.3.1. Spatial variation of 3H and 18O isotopes in relation with hydrochemistry .....................................................................................65 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................68 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................74 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................80
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