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Victorhugosampaioalves Dissert.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE EDUCAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS DAS RELIGIÕES VICTOR HUGO SAMPAIO ALVES DIFERENTES SONS DO TROVÃO: Uma perspectiva comparativa entre os deuses Thor, Ukko e Horagalles JOÃO PESSOA, PB 2019 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE EDUCAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS DAS RELIGIÕES VICTOR HUGO SAMPAIO ALVES DIFERENTES SONS DO TROVÃO: Uma perspectiva comparativa entre os deuses Thor, Ukko e Horagalles Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Religião da Universidade Federal da Paraíba como requisito parcial para a admissão ao curso de Mestrado em Ciências das Religiões. Linha de Pesquisa: Abordagens filosóficas, históricas e fenomenológicas das religiões. JOÃO PESSOA, PB 2019 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradecer nunca é tarefa fácil. Sempre acreditamos estar esquecendo de alguém ou tememos não fazer justiça ao verdadeiro significado que têm mesmo aqueles que mencionamos. A tentativa de agradecer, contudo, se faz incontornável, pois nesse momento nos reconectamos à todos aqueles que ressoam dentro de nós e a eles nos sentimos gratos e conectados. Começo agradecendo à minha mãe, Melanie – que foi e é, além de mãe, amiga, companheira e pai – e aos meus irmãos Luiz Guilherme, Bruna e Luis Eduardo, com os quais eu tenho a imensurável felicidade de compartilhar, para além de meu sangue, as memórias, a minha constituição enquanto sujeito e a minha vida em sua completude. Aos meus avós João e Deise que, desde que sou criança, me apóiam e incentivam muito afavelmente dentro de meus peculiares interesses (e aqui se inclui a mitologia). À minha madrinha Bianca, meu tio Leonardo, minha tia Camile e meus primos Caíque, Beatriz e Filipe, sempre muito próximos e presentes da maneira como conseguem. À Susan, que se aventurou no mesmo programa de mestrado e também encarou os desafios de morar tão longe de onde se viveu e de mudar de uma área do conhecimento para outra. Cada uma das inúmeras conversas que tivemos, os momentos, desabafos - a sua constante presença, enfim - me foram essenciais e muito queridos. Obrigado pela proximidade, pelo carinho, pela paciência, por tudo. Aos meus amigos Túlio e Luiz Paulo, irmãos que a vida me trouxe e que, mesmo trabalhando e se dedicando a coisas pertencentes a um universo radicalmente diferente do meu, me ouvem falar empolgado do que estudo, ou ainda, com quem eu me encontro sempre que as circustâncias permitem para poder conversar sobre as mais diversas coisas e “distrair a cabeça” indo às roças de nossa sempre saudosa Minas Gerais. Também irmão e amigo de infância, agradeço ao Guilherme, que compartilha comigo o interesse pela carreira acadêmica – algo sobre o qual frequentemente conversamos e desabafamos – e que também sempre se faz presente. Nunca vou esquecer ter sido ele o responsável por me apresentar as Eddas anos atrás, algo que fez com muita naturalidade, mas que criou um divisor de águas em minha vida; tanto é que elas se tornaram hoje, um de meus objetos de estudo. À Karen, amiga que também se aventura pela vida acadêmica, e à Melissa, amiga que a cidade de João Pessoa me trouxe. Aos meus inesquecíveis e queridíssimos amigos João Paulo, Raíssa e Maria Eliza. Lembro sempre com carinho de todos vocês e agradeço o apoio incondicional, as conversas, a união e a autenticidade na relação. Trilhamos cada um o seu caminho com a Psicologia após a graduação, mas é sempre com felicidade e orgulho que contemplo o que estamos nos tornando dentro de nossas possibilidades e potencialidades individuais. Ao Prof. Dr. Johnni Langer, primeiramente por ter me aceitado como orientando e acreditado no meu potencial e, em segundo lugar, por ter me proporcionado um aprendizado tão grande, tanto a nível de seu conhecimento - por dominar o assunto com tanta propriedade e seriedade - quanto por se mostrar uma pessoa humilde, acessível, disponível, humana, enfim. Muito obrigado pela oportunidade. Nunca esquecerei. À Profª. Drª. Luciana Campos, que desde o começo fez com que eu me sentisse muito acolhido e bem recebido em João Pessoa, além de ter me apresentado seus trabalhos com o living history e a arqueologia experimental, tão inovadores e pioneiros. À banca da minha defesa, as Profas. Drª. Luciana Campos e Drª. Maria Lucia Abaurre, que aceitaram gentilmente o convite e oferecerão suas contribuições e apontamentos para que eu possa melhorar meu trabalho. Obrigado. Ao grupo NEVE (Núcleo de Estudos Vikings e Escandinavos), do qual faço parte. Agradeço aos membros pela ajuda constante com indicações bibliográficas, troca de materiais e pelo apoio moral. À CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), por fomentar minha pesquisa, permitindo que eu me dedicasse, integral e exclusivamente, ao mestrado. À todos os autores citados e suas respectivas pesquisas e estudos, sem os quais minha própria pesquisa não teria sido viável. À minha avó, minha segunda mãe, que também escuta de seu modo o chamado por mundos, possibilidades e dimensões outras. DIFERENTES SONS DO TROVÃO: Uma perspectiva comparativa entre os deuses Thor, Ukko e Horagalles Resumo: Thor, Ukko e Horagalles são, respectivamente, as divindades nórdica, finlandesa e sámi do trovão. O presente estudo visa investigar as principais fontes primárias que mencionem esses deuses ou apresentem quaisquer tipos de narrativa mitológica a seu respeito, evidenciando os principais atributos e traços mais elementares a eles conferidos em tais fontes. Numa tentativa de captar as dimensões mitológicas, simbólicas e culturais dessas divindades, analisaremos suas figuras em obras literárias inseridas em seus contextos culturais e históricos específicos, oferecendo antecipadamente as críticas e contextualizações necessárias desses materiais. Feito isso, elencaremos quais convergências e divergências foram observadas entre essas três figuras divinas no que diz respeito aos atributos e descrições que as englobam. Elegemos a perspectiva do comparativismo conforme proposta por Schjødt. Mais especificamente, e segundo o próprio autor, executaremos o chamado comparativismo de terceiro nível: compararemos os nórdicos com outros povos politeístas com quem estes estiveram em contato. Também faremos uso do conceito de centros semânticos como ferramenta auxiliar para percebermos as categorias de identificação atribuídas a esses deuses dentro de seus respectivos discursos míticos. Palavras-Chave: Mitologia Comparada; Deuses do trovão; Thor; Escandinávia; Fino- Úgricos. DIFFERENT THUNDER SOUNDS: A comparative perspective regarding the gods Thor, Ukko and Horagalles Abstract: Thor, Ukko and Horagalles are, respectively, the Norse, Finnic and Saami thunder gods. The present study aims to investigate some of the main primary sources which mention those gods or that present any kind of mythological narrative concerning them, evidencing the most elementary traits and attributes given to them in such sources. In an attempt to capture the mythological, symbolical and cultural dimensions of these divinities, we are going to analyse their insertion in literary works belonging to their specific historical and cultural contexts, offering beforehand the necessary contextualization and critics of such materials. Secondly, we are going to present the convergences and divergences observed once these three gods, their descriptions and attributes are put in a comparative perspective. In order to do so, the comparative methodology as proposed by Schjødt will be adopted. More specifically, and according to the author, we are going to execute the so-called third level comparativism: when a comparison is done between the Norsemen and other polytheistic peoples with whom they have historically been connected. The notion of semantic centres will also be used as a tool to help us identify the identification categories given to these gods within the respective mythical discourses they belong to. Key-words: Comparative Mythology; Thunder gods; Thor; Scandinavia; Finno-Ugrics. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1: Mapa da Península Escandinava e países próximos..……......….……..……..….…..….…..…............................................................23 Figura 2: Mapa da área englobada pela noção de Sápmi. …..……..………...…..…...…...…………..…..……..….....................................................24 Figura 3: Mapa das principais rotas de navegação dos vikings..........................................47 Figura 4: Estátua de Thor encontrada em Eyrarland. Frente e costas. ...............................49 Figura 5: “Martelo de Thor” encontrado em Mandermake, na Dinamarca. ……………………………………...……………………………………………….......…61 Figura 6: Reconstituição de um culto a Horagales, deus sámi do trovão............................86 Figura 7: Pedra de Hørdum...............................................................................................102 Figura 8: Detalhes da pedra de Altuna..............................................................................102 Figura 9: Ilustração de um tambor sámi segundo Thomas von Westen............................106 Figura 10: Ilustração de um tambor sámi, segundo Knud Leem......................................107 Figura 11: Ilustração de Horagalles conforme consta em tambor sámi encontrado na Noruega..............................................................................................................................110 Figura 12: Pingente no formato do martelo de Thor encontrado em Östergotländ...........156 Figura 13: Ilustração feita por Rheen de um lugar onde, segundo ele,
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