• • • • • • REFERENCES north north and south moorings. Timing of the named storms are also shown. Figure 4 • • • Profiles, instantaneous gusts exceeding 35 wind exceeding speeds 25 m/s (30 minute average) with wave heights over 10m were recorded as were maximum Center, ( the buoylocations according to Typhoonthe Joint Warning Corresponding storm tracks were close as as 68 km from typhoon passage of four major Both moorings were in place and operational during the south (right) moorings are shownin figure 3. as a function of time, for the north (left) and mooring line. remaining The depth of the sensors, likely vibrationdueintense to of the near thirteen failed during the experiment. This was Of the thirty sensors wasdetermined. loggers, a as function of their position on the mooring line, the mean depth of all from which depth wasdetermined. Fitting a quadratic to the mean depths of these The sensor arrays included RBR a high precision bath. at rates from 4 seconds to 8 minutes and were calibrated pre intermittently to the mooring line in the upper ~150m of the o A combined thirty and TechniqueInstrumentation OCEAN TEMPEATUREMEASUREMENTS configuration. were subsequently recovered. Figure 1 showsa typical ASIS south and north broke loose on October 16 mooring fromcollected data August 4 collected data from August 6 ~60m. Distance the surface. were anchored to the seabed via southern mooring waslocated 19.63 at The northern (Graber buoy,( (ITOP)experiment. Each mooring pair consisted east of Southern Taiwan, of as part the our understanding t wind above speeds gale force. (Black is recognized It that there is a lack of knowledge of the physicsof air INTRODUCTION Figure Levitus Buoy: Design and Performance at of Sea, Journal Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,pp. 17, 708 Graber, H. C., Drennan Transfer experiment. Amer. Bull. Meteor. Soc., press in Black, P. G., and Air Coauthors, 2007: Center. Angrove & Tech.Oceanic Anctil 0.5 M shallowest at sensor each mooring (~1m). Sea surface temperature was assumed to be equal to temperature recorded the by water column between sensors. adjacent ocean Upper temperature profiles were created bylinearly interpolating though the ixed layer layer ixed (MLD)depths 3: (right)Sensor3: depths , , F., M.A. ˚Cbelow SST, following work of the , , Sydney.

Drennan

, , M.D. and , W. , W. M. and N. Williams, J.: An Air Sea Interaction Buoy for NSF Winds, High Report NSF

et et al. 2000) Angrove showSST, ocean temperature with and MLD, wind (for speed reference) for the Fanapi Sea SurfaceTemperature, Terray Donelan This work has been funded bythe U.S. Office of

, Vol. 11, pp. pp. Vol. 11, , 1144 Climatological Atlas of Climatological World the Ocean - ASIS ASIS were seven seven original below surface sensors

mooring was located at 21.23 Flavey

, E. E. A., , M. Donelan, A., W. Drennan, M., Van Leer, J. C., and Peters, D. B. (2000):ASIS , super typhoon

and and Williams , W.M. , W.M. between between moorings

and and Figure 1: Typical FigureTypical 1: mooring of configurationEASI (foreground)and (background).ASIS , R.J. R.J. (2010).,

- seven for(left)andnorth (right) south . wo pairs of Drennan

Falvel storms: storms:

tethered tethered to their respective EASI with a horizontal separation of - 1150.

– subsurface temperature sensor/data loggers were connected EASI was EASIwas developed under NSF support OCE Annual tropical tropical cyclone Annualreport sea sea exchange

and H.C. and H.C. Graber, Eddy1993: Correlation

, 2010).

were estimated

th 2008), Air

t

to December 1 ropical Megi

- buoyswere deployed in the Philippine Sea, ~740km TDR2050 dual channel temperature, pressure loggers ~8000m of line allowing them to move freely upon

in hurricanes: Synthesis of observations hurricanes: in Synthesis of observations from the m/s.

wasapproximately 180km. The north mooring See See figure 2. Significant

. U.S. . U.S. Dept. of Commerce, and OceanicNational Atmospheric Administration, 1982. , and and ,typhoon and and an Air et al., et al., th

storm moorings o Impact of Typhoons the onOcean in Pacific the

Mixed

to to November 22 N, - surface Levitus 127.25 –

th o

No. No. p. Maritime Naval Forecast 109)US Center/Joint TyphoonWarning

Naval Research under grant N00014 2007) In 2007) order to try and fill this void in to to be the depth where temperature is N,

Dianmu and September and 15

st st

126.96 Sea Measurements from Moored Surface Moored Buoys from Sea Measurements - LayerDepth Sea Interaction Spar 2010 (DOY 2010 218

of an of an

o (1982), (1982), amongst others.

Measurements Measurements Air of E in 5512m water depth. Sensor Depth (m) Chaba 150 100 50 , 0 220

o

During the2010 Pacific Typhoon Season Extreme Extreme Air E in 5608m water and depth t - nd nd 240 0526442 Day of YearDay of . 2010 2010 (DOY 216 - 260 OCE - Figure EASI EASI mooring

- - -

280

0526442, September, p. 8. September, 0526442, 2008, 720. and post and cean. - - Sea Sea Fluxes from a Buoy,Discus 335), while the south

th Coupled BoundaryLayer Air 300 2: JTWC JTWC 2: tracks storm during ITOP

–

Henry Henry

- , respectively,, and A NewAir

Sea Interaction

( Sensor Depth (m) Sensors Sensors sampled ASIS) ASIS) buoy, 150 100 - 50 - 09 0 sea sea exchange at 220

- - 1 deployment in - - Sea Interaction Sea Interaction Spar

0392 240 Day of YearDay of - 326)

Potter*, Tripp O. 260 EASI EASI buoys

280 .

ASIS ASIS – 300 Sea Sea

( J.Atmos.

EASI) EASI)

he

approximate time of the named storms are also shown. surface temperature (d), and relative humidity (e). The pressure (a), 10m windwindspeed (b), direction (c), air Figure displays5 mean Figure measurements, the arrangement of sensors can be seen in EASI buoyswere the primary platforms for meteorological corrected and adjusted to a fixed reference frame. and Each buoywas also equipped with • • • • • • sensors collecting meteorological parameters. These included: The mooring METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS Radiation Atmospheric pressure Humidity and temperature Sea Spray aerosol CO Wind speed rate rate gyros Collins, William M. Collins, William

2 Depth (m)

6 Wind Speed (m/s) SST ( C) Depth (m) 140 120 100 H  Wind Speed (m/s) SST ( C)

125 100  Figure 10 15 20 25 80 60 40 20 27 28 29 30 31 32 10 15 20 25 75 50 25 28 29 30 31 . Figure T-air [C] Pres. [mb] 0 5 0 5 2 1,000 1,010 Wind Dir [ ] U [m/s] RH [%] 

220

SST [ C] 10 Dianmu O gas 100  180 270 360 990 220 50 60 70 80 90 26 28 30 90 15 25 0 5 Dianmu 4: 6: Mean (30 minute average) Meanminuteatmospheric (306: pressure ( *UniversityAtmospheric and of Marine [email protected] ofMiamiSchool Science. 220

(e) (c) (b) (a) pairs – SST (top), SST(top), oceantemperature

(d) Eppley

– so that that so measurements could be motion

– sonic

LICOR LI7500, LI7200 gas analyzers 230 were equipped with an array of 230 230

– - PSP and PIRradiometers

CLASP aerosol spectrometer - and K and 30 minute30 averaged – 240

240 relative humidity ( humidity relative Setra - Gill 240 (ºC)with –

Rotronic -

278 278 barometer. Drennan compass anemometers. 250 250 MLD (middle), MLD (middle), wind speed (bottom) 250 e ), ), recorded at duringITOP mooring.thenorth

MP101A Fanapi , a Day ofDay Year Day ofDay Year – ) , ), U 260 260 Fanapi

accelerometers measurements of Day of Year

10 , Rafael J. Ramos,NeilJ. Williams, andHansC. 260

(

b

), ), directionwind(

above

270 270

-

- and and sea 270 water for(above)thenorth and (below)southmoorings c ), ), air ,

280 280 - Figure

and sea ( temperaturesurface 280 wind speed and and wind speed direction

5: EASI meteorological EASI5: meteorological arrangementsensors Megi 290 290 Megi

290

Chaba

300 300 Chaba

d 300 ) , ) , and (closed and and open path) (closed CO

2

and and water vapor relative Humidity air m

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 solar solar t arine arine aerosol emperature, r adiation

Figure air analysis,amongst other work. These will help develop us a clearer understanding of of heat and momentum, the evolution of the wave and field,aerosol component ocean and atmosphere at high windFurther speeds. investigation will focuson fluxes resulted in a unique and varied data whichset reflects the interaction between the The deployment of EASIand ASIS Philippine in the Sea during the 2010 typhoon season CONCLUSION direction at the peak period (e). developed sea reference line significant (b), wave height (c), peak period and (d), measurements. These include wave frequency spectrum (a), waveinverse age withfully Figure Measurements integrated to produce sea heading is usedto transform pitch and roll to an Earth tilt corrected and double integrated to produce sea are recorded (local buoy reference frame) along withcompass heading. The heave is onboard motion sensing surface elations adjusting by for the motion buoy’s( wires which sense the surface elevation. These are period ~<8s. These ASIS buoysheave with waves period of ~>8s and remain relatively stable for waves of Operating Principles WAVE MEASUREMENTS Figure 8: TYPHOONS H [m] T-air [C] (e direction (c), air north mooring, respectively. Figure 8 shows 19km and 28km radius of maximumwinds, and 284kmpassed and 94km from the Typhoons s Spectral Evolution [Hz] Wind Dir [ ] U [m/s] Pres. [mb] Freq [Hz] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4  1000 1010 T [s] - 10 SST [ C] 10 0.05 0.25 0.45  100 200 300 990 [ ]

),   7: W 7: p H [m] U /C 25 27 29 10 20 sea sea interaction at high wind and speeds improve forecasting of tropical storms. p 0 2 4 6 8 10 15 10 p 0 0 s W N E S 5 3 6 9 0 1 2

and and significant

Mean (30 minuteMean (30 ave 220 (e) (d)

(f) (c) (b) (a) 7 displays some of the displays7 some of the parameters that can be determined from EASI wave 288 frequency spectrum (a),inversewave age (b),wave(c),significant height peak period (d),

(d) (c) (b) (a) (e) Megi Graber average 230

- 290 and and MEGI AND AND MEGI CHABA

and and sea surface temperature wave,(d) spectra

)atmospheric pressure (

wave height (f shorter shorter waves are measured using Chaba

240

system 292 - surface slopes.

had had maximum sustained wind of 82m/sspeeds 59m/s,and recorded duringtyphoons f Variance Density p a ) , U )

. EASI is a a EASIis surface . follower, all 6 degrees of freedom 250

) at north at ) the mooring during these storms. 10 294

( b ),winddirection ( Year Day 2010 Year Day 2010

Megi 260

296

and c

),air atmospheric pressure U , (a) Chaba -

andsurfacesea temperature (

at the north mooring.

270 t - surface elevation. The compass 298 ransformed to earth Anctil - fixed coordinate frame and an an array of capacitance wave

et al., et 280 300 direction direction

d ),

with peak frequency wave spectra ( wave 1993) 1993) using the at at the peak period (e m 2 *s 290 302 - e reference sea ), andsignificant heightwave ( 10

(b), wind(b),

300 304 ) from EASI north )from north EASI

e-² e-¹ eº e¹ e² e³

e-² e-¹ eº e¹ e² e³

f *s m *s ) m

2 2 2