WHOI-98-06 Qi\. Boufldary Current Experiment I & II RAFOS Float Data Report 1994-1997 by Heather D. Hunt and Amy S. Bower
Sargasso Sea
800W 75° 70° 65°
March 1998 Technical Report Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE-93-01448
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. r WHOI-98-06
Boundary Current Experiment I & II RAOS Float Data Report 1994-1997
by
Heather D. Hunt and Amy S. Bower
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
March 1998
Techncal Report
Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation though Grant No. OCE93-01448.
Reproduction in whole or par is pemutted for any puroses of the United States Governent. Ths report should be sited as: Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst. Tech. Rept., WHOI-98-06. =r=¡¡ Approved for publication; distrbution unlimited. 1" ==_1" :: Approved for Distribution: õ-,.::- 1" ::=3:= Cl :'. ::ai==~Cl ,. u ¿ ?vt. _1"ci -=0 ' t Phip L. Richardson, Chai~an - Deparent of Physical Oceanography
Abstract
This is the final data report of all RAOS (acoustically tracked) float data collected during the 1994-1997 Boundar Current Experiment (BOUNCE) study of the Deep Western Boundar Current (DWBC) in the North Atlantic Ocean. The overall objective of the program was to obtain the first comprehensive description of the Nort Atlantic DWBC's varabilty over a large path segment from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Bans. The experiment was comprised of CTD, tracer, and RAOS float observations to achieve both Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of the DWBC. The three main objectives of the Lagrangian float study were 1) to determne fluid parcel pathways in the DWBC and identify regions of exchange with the interior, 2) to estimate the mean speed and varabilty of fluid parcels at two different levels in the DWBC, and 3) to study the kinematics and potential vorticity dynamcs of fluid parcels in the DWBC at the Gulf Stream cross-over point near Cape Hatteras. Thirt floats were deployed: 15 were designed to be isopycnal floats, and 15 were isobarc floats. The isopycnal floats were ballasted for the crt = 27.73 density surface (approximately 800 decibars (db)) to seed the Upper Labrador Sea Water. The isobarc floats were ballasted for 3000 db to seed the Nordic Seas overfow water. Front Cover Figure Caption: The major current features in the Boundar Current Experiment study region. One of the main objectives of the experiment was to study the interaction between the Deep Western Boundar Current (DWBC) and Gulf Stream. Depth contours are in meters. The figure is from On the World Ocean Circulation: Volume I by Wiliam J. Schmitz, Jr., and used with permssion of the author.
11 Table of Contents
Abstract ...... i 1. Introduction ...... 1 2. Description of the RAOS Floats ...... 1 3. Sound Source Deployment...... 2 4. Float Deployment...... 6 5. Float Performance...... 9 6. Float Tracking...... 14 7. Acknowledgements...... 15 8. References...... 16 Appendix A: Vector, "spaghetti", and 100-day composite plots...... 17 Appendix B: Individual float track and propert plots...... 45
List of Tables
1. Sound source moorings...... 4 2. Isopycnal float summar ...... 7 3. Isobarc float summar ...... 8 4. RAOS float ballasting/temperature performance...... 10 5. Float clock and ARGOS information...... 12
List of Figures
1. BOUNCE I and BOUNCE II launch locations and sound source locations ...... 3 2. Float duration char...... 5
1l j,
-r
iv 1. Introduction
This is the final data report of all acoustically tracked Ranging and Fixing of Sound (RAOS) float data collected during the 1994-1997 Boundar Current Experiment (BOUNCE) study of the Deep Western Boundar Current (DWBC) in the Nort Atlantic Ocean. Principal investigators for the project were Amy Bower and Robert Pickar of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WO!) and Wiliam Smethie of the Lamont- Dohert Earh Observatory (LDEO). The overall objective of the program, funded by the National Science Foundation, was to obtain the first comprehensive description of the Nort Atlantic DWBC's varabilty over a large path segment from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Banks. The experiment was comprised of CTD, tracer, and RAOS float observations to achieve both Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of the DWBC. The three main objectives of the Lagrangian float study were 1) to determne fluid parcel pathways in the DWBC and identify regions of exchange with the interior, 2) to estimate the mean speed and varabilty of fluid parcels at two different levels in the DWBC, and 3) to study the kinematics and potential vorticity dynamcs of fluid parcels in the DWBC at the Gulf Stream (GS) cross-over point near Cape Hatteras. Thirt floats were deployed: 15 were designed to be isopycnal floats, and 15 were isobarc floats. The isopycnal floats were ballasted for the crt = 27.73 density surface (approximately 800 decibars (db)), roughly the level of the upper chloro-fluorocarbon (CFC) maximum of the DWBC (associated with the Upper Labrador Sea Water). The isobarc floats were ballasted for 3000 db, the level of the deep CFC maximum in the DWBC (associated with the Nordic Seas overfow water). Two separate float deployments took place: November-December 1994 on the RN Endeavor (EN257), and May-June 1995 on the . R/ Oceanus (OC269). CTD casts were taken at nearly all float deployment locations. The float missions were set to be two years in length. The floats were tracked using seven moored sound sources, built by Webb Research, Inc. Four of the sources were deployed specifically for BOUNCE on EN255 in October 1994, and a single replacement source was deployed near Bermuda from R/ Weatherbird II in June 1996. The remaining two southern sources were originally set by Kevin Leaman (University of Miam) for a different experiment in April 1992. Only the replacement source near Bermuda has been recovered.
2. Description of the RAFOS Floats
The RAOS float is an acoustically tracked subsurface Lagrangian drifter (see Rossby et ai., 1986, for a complete description of the RAOS system), which is programed to listen for signals from moored sound sources. The RAOS floats determne the time-of-arval (TOA) of these signals, from which, given the speed of sound in water, its position can be determned. The TOA of the acoustic signals, as well as temperature and pressure measurements are stored in the float's micro-processor memory. Also stored in the float's memory are confidence limits for -each TOA, which indicate the quality of the TOA signal heard. The sound sources in this experiment were programmed to transmit an 80-second-Iong continuous wave tone, which linearly
I increases its frequency from 259.375 Hz to 260.898 Hz. The individual sound sources broadcast this tone twice a day, and broadcast at different times (beginning at 0030,0100, and 0130 UTC, and then twelve hours later). The floats in this experiment listened for these signals once a day (beginning at 0000 UTC). The float temperature sensors were built by Yellow Springs Instrument Company and were calibrated to :t.01 °C. Float pressure sensors were built by Data Instruments and calibrated to:tl % at 2000 psi.
Two types of float, isopycnal and isobarc, were used in this experiment to seed the upper and lower cores of the DWBC. The WHOI float group (Jim Valdes, Bob Tavares, and Brian Guest) ballasted all the floats in the WHOI ballasting tanks. Isobarc floats are ballasted with a solid drop weight that forces the floats to be neutrally buoyant at a desired pressure surface, in this case 3000 db. More detail on the ballasting procedure can be found in Anderson-Fontana et ai. (1996). Isopycnal floats are identical to the isobarc floats, but with the addition of a "compressee" attached with the weight package, outside the float body. The compressee is designed so that the entire float package has nearly the same compressibilty as seawater (Rossby et ai., 1985), thus allowing the float to follow water parcels along crt surfaces. The isopycnal floats were placed in the upper DWBC to follow the crt = 27.73 density surface, which resides at about 800 db north of the Gulf Stream and about 1200 db south of the Gulf Stream. It would have been preferable to use isopycnal floats for the deep floats also, but due to the weak stratification at this depth, this was not technically feasible.
Mter the float completes its mission (in this case, two years), the float is programed to drop its external ballast, rise to the ocean surface, and telemeter its data to Service Argos receivers aboard the NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satelltes. Through Service Argos, the data are relayed to a ground station and transferred to a Global Processing Center. At the Global Processing Center, the data are processed and then transferred via the Internet to WHO!. The float data, including temperature, pressure, TOAs and respective confidences, are converted from hexadecimal to decimal, and are then ready for editing and tracking.
3. Sound Source Deployment
Five sound sources were deployed for this experiment, shown in Figure 1 and listed in Table 1 as SS 1-7. Standard sound sources manufactured by Webb Research, Inc. were used. Before the floats were launched, sound sources 1 through 4 were moored in the Sargasso Sea between Georges Bank and the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge. Three of the sources were concentrated around the Cape Hatteras region, to ensure tracking where the DWBC passes under the Gulf Stream, a focal area of this experiment. The acoustic range of the sound source is maximal in the sound channel, at roughly 1200 m, and decreases above and below that depth. The shallow floats in this experiment were able to hear the sound sources at greater ranges (-1500 - 2000 km) than the deep floats (-1000 km) because they were closer to the sound sources and the sound velocity channeL. The sources were placed in locations that ensured maximal range for the deep set of floats. A few of the deep floats made it south of the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge, beyond the range
2 BOUNCE I: November-December 1994
45°N f¿;;:C3:,c., ~Jl~;;;::;:'r~~~l~J;:~\,\" .J?\, ('.::.,=;.. ,'::~'-'ii/._J..:....._~5..~s:~fI-o~~:~/',''U4 _/~X -.''.. j"" \...... : \.:",:.:,~:~,c...... ; !(' /. --," 258.281 ./ " ...... ,_/; ,,~:',':'S ~'i 400N "," ~r::~'~:::~:~'~:''"'''~-" .-...-.~~ \
...",/__.'"...... ,,.,~_.'/;/.,,r_:.~/.~.,..,~_.~,~,'.~.~.....,:/:,./.'ir.~:: . '" -- ~*~~~, ~~~ "Ce "','.
BOUNCE ß: May-June 1995
45°N ...... ~.~ e"/,;,~.;j"'~ ' 'f /..~.~_~.¡:y;:.;.:~~~;~;:.,:~:..;. :'~~~'M ;._~.~... 272.' '.. .,."...... ,.".... ,;) '. ó.' ..._...... ,~.:~~i~~~~ô:~ .... .-' ...... " ¡"S'--', . ,. , "- ~~iJ;.'~,,,,,...... ~_..' 7,A", / i ." ""'f
400N ,¿;:ç;if:~;~: / -, /~i~:'O~~,',~j (,);,~/"' ..' ,:~!~~l,~:.:1!;l2 ~~ s~i!
35°N
SS4;"~~S5 .,,!~.??;'f~ .. " l' c/ ",,"~~~'\"~" /.j
300N .. :~', \~~::~l¿~ " -. ." ':,::,,~II;jL .,-.. / '-;';~~~.'.:~..'~..t;~::i'" " .. rl":";;-- ~ ~:~'~"~å r"-~ ON 25 ~ SS7 ,j ;~~~?~¡~i~~~
l.t~. ;,r; l' tP,~:\;:~¡~\l~~,~ 75°W 700W 65°W 600W 55°W 500W 45°W
Figure 1. BOUNCE I and II float deployment and sound source locations. Shallow floats are marked as circles, with the float numbers to the left; deep floats are marked as squares, with the float numbers to the right. Floats that were not heard from after launch have an 'X' afer their numbers. Sound sources are marked with the CP symboL. The grayed sound source labels (SSI, SS6) indicate that these sound sources were not used to track the floats. Bathymetr is shown in 1000 meter contours.
3 Table 1: Sound Source Moorings
Initial Deployment Source Died Transmission Drif Rate Mooring Number I Source Depth Latitude Longitude Clock Offset (meters) Date (yymmdd) (yymmdd) Time (GMT) (see/day) (seconds)
SSI (A-184/Dl) 1560 9410 14 36.257 oN 54.477 oW 00:30, 12:30 0.000965 0*
SS2 (A-185/D2) 1500 9410 19 36.687 oN 58.263 oW 01:00,13:00 0.005611 0.0113
oN SS3 (A-186/D3) 1500 941020 34.991 65.023 oW 01:30, 13:30 -0.035715 0.0135
SS4 (A-l 87/D4) 1500 941206 950213 32.116 oN 65.964 oW 00:30, 12:30 0.00 0* .¡
SS5 (S-200/D4) 1476 960604 31.947 oN 65.960 oW 00:30, 12:30 10.0 0*
SS6 (S-0201 01:00,09:00. 1000 920422 31.742 oN 75.329 oW 0.00 0* ABACO Site A) 17:00
SS7 (S-0211 01 :30, 09:30, 1000 920422 24.983 oN 68.001 oW 51.7 0* ABACa Site B) 17:30
* The drift rates for these sources are unknown, and assumed to be zero for this experiment. of most of the sound sources placed in this experiment. It was fortnate that two sound sources (SS6 and SS7, Figure 1 and Table 1), moored by Kevin Leaman in 1992, continued to transmit long past their expected life span of 2 years and were stil able to be heard.
Two of the five sound sources deployed as par of BOUNCE failed prematurely. SS 1 was never heard from by any floats and presumably failed for unkown reasons immediately after deployment. SS4 failed in February 1995 (about 2.5 months afer the floats were deployed) due either to mooring failure or to clock drift within the source. Some floats surfaced prematurely (see Figure 2), but the failure of SS4 was not confirmed until March 1996 because floats did not come within range of SS4 until they
Float Duration Char
252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 262 263 264 265 266 267 269 270 272 273 274 275 276 277 279 280 281 , . . , Sep Jan May Sep Jan May Sep Jan May Sep 1995 1996 1997 t t Sound source 4 Sound source 5 faied placed on moorig 13 Febru 1995 4 June 1996
Figure 2. Float duration char showing the periods the floats were in the water. Float numbers are marked on the left. The dashed lines indicate when sound source 4 was no longer usable, and when sound source 5 replaced sound source 4.
5 reached the Cape Hatteras region. Two months after the second set of floats surfaced (June 1996), a replacement sound source, SS5, was moored near where SS4 had been
(Fig. 1). This sound source was equipped with an acoustic release and was recovered in June 1997 by the RN Atlantis.
4. Float Deployment
Initially, all 30 floats were to be deployed along eight of the nine planed CTD sections on the November 1994 RN Endeavor cruise (BOUNCE I). The isopycnal floats were to seed the upper CFC core, and the isobaric floats the lower CFC core.
Due to unusually bad weather, and the subsequent reduction in the number of sections from nine to five, only 24 of the 30 floats were deployed along the sections during BOUNCE i. The remaining six floats were deployed during BOUNCE II in June 1995. Figure 1 shows the launch locations of the floats during the two BOUNCE cruises. A summar of BOUNCE I is as follows: four floats were deployed along the first, second, and fifth sections, and six floats were launched along sections three and four. (The first CTD section is the easternmost section; section numbers increase in order to the west.) All but one of the floats were set to their planned target pressure or density: deep floats to 3000 db, and shallow floats to crt = 27.73. To one deep float (b281) launched at the southern end of section 4 were added four 3/8" washers to increase the target depth to about 3320 m. There was not enough room on the eyebolt to accommodate all the weights, so some of the washers were attached to this float with an additional tie-wrap. Summares of the float launch and surface times and locations are found in Table 2 for the shallow, isopycnal floats, and Table 3 for the deep, isobarc floats.
The strategy for choosing the launch sites in BOUNCE I was generally as follows. Real-time CFC data were not available before the floats had to be launched, so a combination of historical information and data from upstream sections (after section 1) was used to place the floats in the CFC maxima. Historically, the deep CFC maximum is found very close to the 3500 m isobath, so one deep float was launched at this isobath on each section. The second deep float was then launched up to 50 km offshore from the 3500 m isobath. This distance was decreased as the cruise progressed because it was observed in the first CFC section that a 50-km spacing put the float outside the CFC maximum. If three floats were deployed at one depth along the same section, the total distance spanned by the floats was in general less than 50 km. The deployment strategy for the shallow floats was to get one float as far inshore as possible. The 1500 m isobath was chosen as the site of the most inshore deployment, which leaves about 700 m under the float. The other shallow floats were deployed 25-50 km offshore from the float deployed at the 1500-m isobath.
During BOUNCE II, the remaining six floats were also deployed along hydrographic sections across the DWBC. In summar, four floats were launched along section 2 in a manner identical to BOUNCE I, with 2 floats ballasted for 3000 db and two
6 Table 2: Isopycnal Float Summary
LAUNCH SURFACE Float Target ARGOS Status Date Time Date Time ID Density Latitude Longitude Fix-time Latitude Longitude Codel (GMT) (yymmdd) (GMT) (yymmdd) (GMT) b253 27.73 941114 15:21 44.203 oN 54.329 oW 961113 02:30 11:31 40.544 oN 66.352 ow 00?2
b263 27.73 941122 18:54 42.560 oN 63.501 ow 960427 02:30 10:58 39.300 ON 67.020 oW 83
b266 27.73 941122 0418 42.136 oN 63.146 oW 961117 02:30 11:43 35.086 ON 67.802 oW 00
b267 27.73 941117 11:05 43.802 oN 58.796 oW 961115 02:30 10:45 39.609 ON 62.678 ow 00
b268 27.73 941118 05:58 42.939 ON 60.935 oW 961116 not heard
b270 27.73 941127 09:30 39.349 oN 69.551 oW 961021 02:30 08:04 38.827 oN 64.939 oW 66
27.73 941117 03:39 43.338 ON 58.448 oW 961115 not heard ~ b271 b272 27.73 950604 19:16 43.793 oN 58.774 oW 960812 02:30 05:41 41.956 ON 65.288 oW 66
b273 27.73 941114 21:55 44.531 oN 54.004 ow 950707 02:30 0612 44.473 oN 56.255 ow 83
ow b274 27.73 950610 22:30 39.786 oN 69.853 ow 960616 02:30 22:28 39.896 oN 56.881 66
oW b275 27.73 941118 03:12 43.022 oN 60.995 ow 961116 02:30 23:25 37.526 oN 70.381 00
b276 27.73 941127 21:07 39.787 oN 69.869 oW 961126 02:30 21:25 38.848 oN 69.360 oW 00
b277 27.73 941118 11:20 42.651 oN 60.655 ow 961116 02:30 05:01 40.483 oN 47.816 ow 00
ON b278 27.73 950604 13:26 43.331 58.438 ow 970603 not heard
b279 27.73 941122 08:45 42.344 oN 63.324 oW 950404 02:30 23:22 41.572 oN 64.960 ow 83
1. Status codes at end of float mission. 00: normal mission, 66: low battery, 80: over pressure, 83: lost weight.
2. For float b253, the status code is unknown, and assumed normal (00) because float completed full mission length of 730 days. Table 3: Isobaric Float Summary LAUNCH SURFACE Float Target ARGOS Status Date Time Date Time ID Pressure Latitude Longitude Fix-time Latitude Longitude Cadet (yymmdd) (GMT) (yymmdd) (GMT) (GMT) b252 3000 941126 14:39 38.346 oN 68.783 oW 961124 02:30 05:16 34.662 oN 59.530 oW 00
b254 3000 941118 12:59 42.490 oN 60.558 oW 961116 02:30 10:26 34.586 ON 63.485 oW 00
b255 3000 941126 20:00 38.561 oN 69.013 ow 961124 02:30 12:31 27.091 oN 74.319 oW 00
b256 3000 950604 13:18 43.331 oN 58.438 oW 961021 02:30 08:06 36.482 oN 71.709 oW 83
oW b257 3000 950611 17:50 38.538 oN 68.954 oW 970609 02:30 17:42 41.26 oN 54.051 00
b258 3000 941121 11:12 41.386 oN 62.542 oW 961117 02:30 10:03 35.419 oN 56.896 oW 00
00 b259 3000 941113 23:49 43.745 oN 54.646 oW 961 108 02:30 11:40 35.525 oN 71.505 oW 00
oN b260 3000 941117 03:38 43.338 oN 58.447 oW 960328 02:30 16:48 38.161 68.807 oW 83
b261 3000 941121 17:28 41.733 ON 62.829 oW 961117 not heard
b262 3000 941113 13:57 43.291 oN 55.082 oW 961 108 02:30 11:42 27.225 oN 75.848 oW 00
b264 3000 941116 16:25 42.933 oN 58.065 oW 961115 02:30 10:48 36.734 oN 64.953 oW 00
b265 3000 941118 16:40 42.385 oN 60.502 oW 961116 02:30 10:24 38.038 oN 53.185 oW 00
b269 3000 941118 18:00 42.269 oN 60.407 oW 960904 02:30 04:53 40.167 oN 52.503 oW 80
b280 3000 950603 17:05 43.031 oN 58.142 oW 970602 02:30 05:55 20.751 oN 68.499 oW 00
b281 3320 941121 11:22 41.398 oN 62.543 oW 950709 02:30 18:58 34.493 oN 74.037 oW 83
1. Status Code at end ofoussion. 00: normal oussion, 66: low battery, 80: over pressure, 83: lost weight. for crt = 27.73. This was done under the assumption that most of the floats launched during BOUNCE I had probably drifted west of 60oW, and the new floats would in essence extend the along-stream extent of the sampling. The two remaining floats, one deep and one shallow, were launched along section 5 at two locations also seeded during BOUNCE I (the 1500 and 3500 m isobaths), to increase the potential for some of the floats to reach the DWBC/GS cross-over.
All float launching was done by hand, with one person lying on the fantail and the other guiding the float down vertically. The launch tube was not used. The weather conditions at launch vared from flat calm to moderate seas.
5. Float Performance
The 30 RAOS floats were deployed in the DWBC for 730-day missions. Out of the 30 floats deployed, 16 floats surfaced on time after two years (6 shallow and 10 deep). One of these 16 floats was 'deaf (a shallow float), returning temperature and pressure records, but no TOAs to track the float. Of the remaining 14 floats, six (3
shallow, 3 deep) surfaced early, presumably due to lost weights. In most of these cases, there is evidence in the pressure records of bottom contact. Three shallow floats surfaced early due to a low battery. One deep float surfaced early due to the float sensing over- pressure. Four floats (3 shallow, 1 deep) failed to transmit entirely. Summares of the float missions are described in Tables 2 and 3. The duration char in Figure 2 describes visually the float missions in time. In total, 73% of the mission was accomplished: 84% of the deep missions, and 62% of the shallow missions.
From these results, it seems that contact with the bottom can lead to detachment of the drop weight or compressee from the float. In the case of the floats with compressees, it also seems that contact with the bottom leads to either leakng or attachment of sediments, because these floats tended to go too deep afer they hit the bottom. Some shallow floats (e.g. b267 and b272) managed to hold on to their compressees for two years even after they hit the bottom, but either due to a leak or picking up sediments, these floats sank below their target depth.
In general, ballasting of both the deep and shallow floats was good. Table 4 shows the ballasting performance for each float. For the deep floats, the average difference between the actual and target pressure was 58 db too deep. One float (b262) was seriously misballasted 580 dbars too deep. If this float is removed from the statistics, the average difference is only 14 dbars too deep. For the shallow floats, the target density was crt = 27.73. The average crt at the depth of the float on the first record after launch (obtained from CTD data) was 27.7375, or only 0.0075 sigma units too heavy. This corresponds to a depth of about 75-100 meters.
Table 5 describes the performance of the floats that reached the surface and transmitted the data via ARGOS, including the number of days on surface, and the initial
9 ~.. 8 ..... o i: ~ ~ oooo,::o_ :: Ì5~ ""0000 Q 0 ~ ~~§~~~ ~ ..0 o-- ""0 ""0...- :'0 ""0 .. è .~ I -. 10. 00 N C' oC" C' ir 00 00 ir r- 00 =: .. -"'~ O' C" 00 .. C"C'-C"0\C' - Q'" t:l",=t:~ 0: - _ 0_ o 00---0 - o 000 d 000000 o o: o: el el o: o: "o ~c. :: d d c? d i dddddd d -r -r -r -r -r -r .. 10 00 00 C' o C' ir 00 00 ir r- 00 O' C" - .. r- C"C'-C"0\C' - ~ .. .. C' .. C' C" C" ...... C" .. .~ t: t- t- t- t- t- t- t- t- t- t- r- t- ¡. 0( . g: g: g: g: r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- o: o: o: eI:ci.. o: o: c. -¡; C' C' C' C' C' C' C' C' -r -r -r -r-r -r -r
~~ - ..0\000 ir 0\ r- 0 10 C" C' - 00 0 .. 0 N' 0 ir ~ t:~r"'= ¡. '- (f..0 _ ~ o d 00-00- - o 0 0 - _., - 0 "o ~c. 'L c?c?do i ddddddi i d ddc?dddd
:: '00. 10 0 0 00 ir 10 .. 00 00 10 0\ ":.' 0\ ir 0\ 0\ r-oirC"OIO--irNoir -o 0\ 0 ir .. .0 ir ir S ''a ~ G C','... .. ~ ir C' ir C" - - C' ~ ir 10 ir 10 ir ir 10 c. -:: ~ 'L ...... C' C' C' C'd C' C'
t: -._t: '" .. - ir r- OOC"irO\C"OO C' I: -- -- l/." (: \0 -- Ql " ~G ir c: .s -~ ~ ~..ir: ir ..V('----(" .. 10 10 ir r- 10 10 r- = i; -_ ~ 'L "C"...... C' C' C' C'c' C' C' eu E . i. ..- -; ~ ~ .~ '" -. i. i: :5 ~ :t ~ 00 -. r- C" o: el o: o: ø o: r- C' :: t- N r- ct "o .. ..t:~ .. ~ -r -r -r -r -r -r ~ --i, i l" - i f .e i: eu - :: ~oo~t-~-.oo i. ~ -S! "'-'" ~ir~ 00 1OC'000C"1O o r- C' ir r-- r- C' Ql o .t: 00 0\ C' 0\ \Ó";dC'~\Ó C' - ir 00 0 ... N 0\ i: :g .. r- .. - "'O\NOOC' r- ~.. Q. .. 00 00 0\ 00 00 r- 0\ 0\ - 0\ 0\ 000\00-0\C" C" C' C" .,C".. C" C' e- Ql '" ~ .. ~ ~ = .. '" C" C" C" C" C" C" C" C" C" C" C" C" .- ~ ~ ~ :: t: t- t- t- t- t- t- t- t- t- t- t- r- 0000000o 0 0 0 .'0 0 0 -~ i: :g ._ r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- ~ ~ i:.. '" C' C' C' C' C' C' N N C' C' C' C' C"0000000 C" C" C" C". C" C" -eu eu '" ~ =: - .g o r- r- .. 0\ C' - - r- eu C" - C' C' Q ~ '" ~: 0\ 18~--"_ ('00-CO. o~ ir 0 10 ir ,.00 10 r. C' - C" -o-C"-"'C' 'C" C" C'I C" - "C"I N 10 ~ s c. "E ': 00 o: .. =: ø. ,O:ø o .9.. .J ..J '- :i i: '" = :0 .0 :i ~ r. Q ir,c C'-irC"irC" =.. = ir C" ir C':ir.. - i: ~ o .. 'i ~ ~ = \J .. \J 'C Ql t: C" C" 10 7- . 00 0- C' ~ .. ir ~ r- 00 0\ C' .. ir 10 r- 00 0\ i:.. .'ir 10 10 10 10 r- r-. r- r- r- r- r- r- .,r- r- = ir ir ir ir' ir ir ir :E .s Q o .co C' C' N C' .'.N N C' eu i; .. '" ~ ~ ~ ~ 'fè ~ ,.~ ~ ~ fè fè ~ ~ ...~ ~ '" ~ - - ......
10 b260 2 15 3000 2998.4 -1.6 2.70 2.623 0.08 nla nla 0/0 b261 l10t heard. b262 I 4 3000 3585.0 585.0 2.48 2.421 0.06 nla nla 0/0 b264 2 13-14 3000 3000.8 0.8 2.75 2.747 0.00 nla nla 1/2 b265 3 21 3000 2998.0 -2.0 2.66 2.604 0.06 nla nla 0/0 b269 3 21-22 3000 2989.0 -11.0 2.73 2.648 0.08 nla nla 0/0 b280 2 13-14 3000 2998.9 -1. 2.76 2.759 0.00 nla nla 0/0 b281 4 26-27 3320 3338.8 18.8 2.43 2.393 0.04 nla nla 0/0 Mean4 59.4 db5 0.04 °c 0.0075 kg/m3
1. Number of records before first good pressure/temperature record.
2. ula: not applicable or not available.
3. These results are based on a single station because cTD stations 10, 17, and 42 were too shallow to use.
4. Data from floats b253 and b257 were not used when calculating the mean because there were too many records missing between ~ launch and first data point.
5. The mean pressure difference between the float and cTD dropped to 14.4 db when data from float b262 was not used. Table 5: Float Clock and ARGOS Information Initial Float Suiface Due Actual Suiface Final Float Last Date Heard Float Reset Date Launch Date Days on Status! Clock Offset Date Date Clock Offset by ARGOS ID (yymmdd) (yymmdd) Suiface Code ( sec) (yymmdd) (yymmdd) (sec) (yymmdd) Isopycnal Floats
b253 941 109 -0.68 941114 9611 08 961113 -73.9 961114 I 00?2 b263 941122 -0.51 941123 961120 960427 -52.0 960605 39 83 b266 941118 0.58 941122 961117 961117 -67.1 970102 46 00 b267 941116 0.4 941117 961115 961115 -60.9 961228 43 00 b268 941117 0.42 ....941118 961I16 not helld b270 941125 -0.51 941127 961124 961021 -65.5 961127 37 66 b271 941116 cO;83. 941117.. 961115 ribtheãtd b272 950604 I 950604 970603 960812 -35.9 960929 48 66 b273 941 109 -1.46 941114 961 108 950707 -19.3 950905 60 83 .. -81.5 960826 7l 66 N b274 950610 2.5 950610 970609 960616 b275 941117 -0.54 941118 961116 961116 -76.6 970117 63 00 b276 941125 -2.58 941127 961124 961126 -161 970107 42 00 b277 941117 -0.55 941118 961116 961116 -70.3 961225 39 00 b278 950604 0.5 950604- 970603 not lieild. b279 941118 1.3 941122 961117 950404 -8.7 950429 25 83 Isobaric Floats b252 941125 -2.67 941126 961124 961124 -188 970104 41 00 b254 941117 0.66 941118 961116 961116 -41.7 970114 60 00 b255 941125 0.14 941126 961124 961124 -79.0 961230 36 00 b256 950604 1.5 950604 970603 961021 -83.9 961205 45 83 b257 950610 I 950611 970609 970609 -12.8 970611 2 00 b258 941118 0.23 941121 961117 961117 -31. 961228 41 00 b259 941 109 -0.74 941113 961108 961 108 24.3 961219 41 00 b260 941116 -1.4 941117 961115 960328 -29.4 960602 66 83 b261 941118 058 941121 961117 b262 9411 09 -0.74 941113 961 108 961 108 -75.1 961209 31 00 b264 941116 0.58 941116 961115 961114 -66.8 961224 40 00 b265 941117 0.99 941118 961116 961116 -19.3 961224 38 00 b269 941118 -0.68 941118 961117 960904 -76.3 961014 40 80 b280 950603 0 950603 970602 970602 -84.3 970810 69 00 b281 941118 -0.5 I 941121 961117 950709 -20.2 950827 493 83
1. Status codes at end of float DUssion. 00: normal DUssion, 66: low battery, 80: over pressure, 83: lost weight.
2. For float b253, the status code was unknown and assumed normal (00) because float completed full DUssion length of 730 days.
3. The average number of days on surface was 43; without b253 and b257, this average increased to 46.
\;.. and final float clock offsets. Two floats quit transmitting almost immediately after surfacing for unknown reasons. The remaining floats transmitted for 46 days on average, and one for as long as 71 days.
6. Float Tracking
Thefloats were tracked using ARTONARTRK software, which originated at the University of Rhode Island, and is now primarly revised and maintained by Marin Menzel, at the Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER). ARTOA, which edits the temperature, pressure and TOA data, and ARTRK, which tracks the floats, are run on MA TLAB. The programs can be found at http://www.ifremer.fr/lpo/eurofloat/. The TOAS were corrected for the Doppler shift and transmission time difference, then interpolated using 20-day cubic spline fiter, before tracking. Tracking was done using the least-squares method.
The floats were able to hear signals from sound sources 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Sound source 1 was never heard by any float. Sound source 6 was weak and not used for tracking because there were always suitable stronger sources that could be used during an interval that a float heard sound source 6. Therefore, only sound sources 2, 3,4,5 and 7 were used for tracking the floats. Overall, the TOA signals from sound sources 2, 3,4,5, and 7 were sufficient to track the floats. There were a few instances, however, where a float was unable to be tracked because the float passed through the base line of a sound source combination with which it was being tracked.
To determne when sound source 4 failed, and thus get back as many of the good TOAs as possible for tracking, a subset of deep floats was chosen that had clear TOAs from SS4 and other sound sources. By tracking the floats using the good TOAs, an accurate daily position could be found. The difference between the float position and the SS4 position yielded daily distances between SS4 and the float. Dividing the calculated distance to SS4 by the sound velocity resulted in an expected TOA for SS4. Where the actual TOA record diverged from the expected TOA record pinpointed the day SS4 failed. The TOA records from SS4 were used for tracking up until this day - 13 Februar 1995. Figure 2 shows the usable time segment of SS4 for this experiment.
While tracking the floats, it became apparent that sound sources 2 and 3 had clock drifts. These sound sources have not been recovered, so all that is known with certainty is the initial source clock offset. Calculating the sound velocity using the first and last TOAs from SS2 and SS3, and the distanc~ between the float launch and surface positions, and the respective sound source, resulted in unrealistic sound velocities at the end of the mission. In contrast, reasonable sound velocities resulted from the same calculations with sound sources 4, 5, 6, and 7. The clocks of sources 2 and 3 apparently drfted over the two-year mission. The drift rate was calculated by adjusting the TOA times at the end of the mission until a satisfactory sound velocity resulted, and transformng the total offset into a linear drift rate.
14 Different sound velocities were used to track the deep and shallow floats. For the shallow floats, sound velocity was first calculated uniquely at each float's median temperature and pressure value, using the UNSCO sound velocity polynomial (Fofonoff and Milard, 1983). That value was then averaged with the mean sound velocity at the average sound source depth (1500 m) nortwest and southeast of the Gulf Stream, calculated using the CTD data from EN257. Using this method for the deep floats resulted in sound velocities that were generally too high. In this case a sound velocity was estimated for each deep float using the first TOA after launch and the distance between the launch position (GPS) and the sound source positions. These estimates were averaged to obtain a value of 1.495 kmsec, with greater weights being given to estimates for which the elapsed time between float launch and the time of the first TOA was relatively short.
Appendix A contains launch to surface vector diagrams, spaghetti diagrams, and 100-day composites for the isopycnal and isobarc floats. Appendix B contains each float's track, as well as its temperature, pressure, u-velocity, v-velocity, and stick plot showing the direction and magnitude of the x-y component of the float's movement.
7. Acknowledgements
The authors than the captains and crews of the RN Endeavor, RN Oceanus, and R/ Weatherbird II for their wiling assistance and patience in the field phase of this program, which was plagued by bad weather. Jim Valdes, Brian Guest, and Bob Tavares are gratefully acknowledged for their invaluable expertise in the preparation and ballasting of the floats. Chrs Wooding assisted with data processing, and Martin Menzel graciously allowed us to use his processing software. Sound sources deployed by Kevin Leaman for a separate experiment extended the tracking range in this experiment. BOUNCE was funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE93- 01448 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
15 8. References
Anderson-Fontana, S., M. Prater, and H. T. Rossby, 1996. RAOS float data report of the North Atlantic Current Study, 1993-1995. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Technical Report No. 96-4, Narragansett, Rhode Island, 241 pp.
Fofonoff, N. P., and R. C. Milard, Jr, 1983. Algorithms for the computation of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, UNESCO, Paris, 44, 53 pp.
Rossby, T., D. Dorson, and J. Fontaine, 1986. The RAOS system. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3,672-679.
Rossby, H. T., E. R. Levine, and D. N. Conners, 1985. The isopycnal Swallow float - a simple device for tracking water parcels in the ocean. Prog. Oceanog., 4, 511-525.
Schmitz, Jr., Wiliam, 1996. On the World Ocean Circulation: Volume I, Some Global Features/ Nort Atlantic Circulation. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report, WHOI-96-03, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 150 pp.
16 Appendix A
Contains launch-to-surface vector diagrams, "spaghetti" diagrams, and 100- day composite plots for the shallow and deep floats. In launch-to-surface vector diagrams launch positions are marked as dots, surface positions are marked as arowheads. Float labels are at the surface point. An'S' after a float label indicates a 'short' mission length (less than 730 days). Spaghetti diagrams show an 'into the page' symbol (circle-x) as the launch position, and an 'out of the page' symbol (circle-dot) as the surface position. Float tracks are the solid black lines, and untrackable segments are represented as dashed lines. Composite plots use similar symbols as the spaghetti diagrams, with a few additions. The 'into the page' and 'out of the page' symbols are used for the star and end of each 100-day segment. Launch and surface positions are marked with an additional concentric circle around the 'into' or 'out of the page' symbols. Float labels occur at the star of each float segment. Single day positions are black dots; 25-day positions are open circles. All bathymetric contour intervals are 1000 m from 1000 m to 5000 m.
17 18 Shallow Floats
19
=- BOUNCE I & II: Launch-to-Surface Vectors: shallow floats 46°N L-__--
44°N
42°N 272 2'l yl; 400N . 274S N o /:ff--- 263' ~A/ il G f aD 38°N ( r~VL/ ,l. 276 27'~~~o éìG0 II /j ~_~ Æi-"~o (:~\'~ ~~=: \ . 00 0 d 'Cf~'"~r-~~ 0) a~(; 0 Ci csr1~o ~¿ 36°N o V ( / Vi Q ~ fl Ci c,'("~ 0 \ò~~~.;;; Gu- ~~~)~ ~¡lO . . 'o~ I 340N m ~, ~2;C'~O¿'f' 0 ~/() .( ~5 , (vr/r-J r. (: -è , (:;/¿ø ----=~-U 0 0/i ¿?/(fL: 450WC7~ um___JD-T ------i- /__~_jV (v..0 ~1/,tP "" 5ß \~"" r¡0 (00 C?L 'Yj ~' f2 750W 700W65°W i 600W ~~~ 55°W 500W '~~u ~ :s o ~ ~ \\~~ \ ~ ll~ \2" ~I ~ ';7 í~ ~ euf/l °o~~A\f "0~" c~~G1?J \t~ 0 j'j'0 Q o0d~\dnO\: GH)~ , .~~t:s ~ ~::~I" ~ ~~~e ~ ~ '\! I i
=- (SlI :s J " 'i 0 " C) I ~ ¿?w (1(1 ~/ ~/ji! i --"-~g . Pi \'~:s C;'~ ~ (ì~"- ~ .,,5~L/""Î ~o0,80cY/ ¿~~ìi l\D ø0 ii I,./ D (Po? L¡Qi ~ i \) W I:S ~Ç\ '0 \.~o D &i 0:2 ~' I? r: 0
. i
I ",'"' ::t ¡, "\ ~~ ~ \\~i i r- T ~ II " ~¡ ~ ì,,-- ! ¡ :s ~.~ ~ 'i~ \, ~~ ":-. r-
I ~ MV) -
21 Shallow Float Trajectories: 941114 - 950221 i ______L______A-,,~- &.'W.FP'...... /J., øø:~~ b2J' ~v ¿~3::: ~" )1 (~a" 0n/øpP/ ~~-~_~~-~~rl ,/ ~\.O \r N N §~=/A rv l-¿-C. ~ , f.(i¡t~//~ 0r . w/_yJ _J ;~~'''JØi . ".ê\ ~--'-~::~~ë..) i~ ~-l .¿;00 " _~ ~. ,_) f~ ) c:~ C7~~~\) - i:7v çj a II fI1l~t ¿~.~ 00 c:i or ¿.. .,~ _! (),¡,u-, . . , /è)~('I~"., "I ~rLfU ·~ - "~..-s 0 0-- " 35°N - 6 Ý . // ~. .'\"_I~ ~ ,~~Lk~l'" ___ItT J~.-- f/ V~ .I :¿:,~D ø. !t \.")1 "..' rr ~r.l\: .~ ",'~,;¡1'( r~~¿~· .:;~",,¡'~ ~~~( . "'W '.'W '---~_.._-_..--_.-65 W . 600W/' _AL___ i¿J 55°W~------r---...:~~ ¿7 0 tI.ò?i!°500W ce'C 45°W0 ~~/l& i J~ .0 . I\~~~ I.~ ~1~;z I ~ l'~ Ii \~~~~ . )~j 0. 0~IJ I ~~~í'~9, o~'j _I! ~ i-r",)\ \t') 00 "c: 0 ~c çJW5~J Ü Cioq(¡ ~ i .ì /¿,/i/) \ I~" ? A~ (.e-t( .Gcll¿.\8 ~ · ~r:J~ ~1 r:;' ~ ~ \0o oIt (/~ ~"d:~! 0' Si'l;: / ~- +~ i N N N ~\J~El (1 ¿) ~~a( (/0'\1 oIt ~~ i ~¡¡/ , 0' ,¡a. \ \ CJ~nJ i\, '"'\ \ \'- ~ ß¡(fì~. fJ ~ '7L/J! .--~ ~'M~~ \ l\ ~,¡¿ ~Vl; ~ r~c?D ~ g¡ ~ I \'t.( \ l/,~ i ~ø ~¡ \ '( \ ~ r: Ii.,. , U d( ,¡' ~"\1l \-&v(~~w ~ ~ (:;0)' !,. i ~ ~ ~\l\6 GJ ¡o~~ì~ 'r'\"'" ¡-'I' \"'0)1 i \\\~~\ ' 'iL irk i~ ~'- .. ~ ~'"\~ ~!\1 ! ~~, ~~
! I Z ir~ 0~ ir0 .. .. ""
23 : ~ ~~;\~ ,,~~ ~ ~~".'\J'¿J \:"ÇlVCu ~~ ~L, ~' -. . G ~or t/~~ I °c~c~ol\~1 00 \)c ~i)~\u ~ /~ Q ~ oQQ "-'~1l~)\)J' G ~cJl ~Ui ~1 ~0' ~0 _ ~_ ~?k7~ I' ~ ~~~ \~,lV 6! \~_ I e ~¡; Ii
"= ~ li'lr
=N =\C 0'lI
z olr M
24 . Shallow Float Trajectories: 950910 - 951218i i ~ ~ ----7J'~Ç:-". ) --~~ ./.,j'/'~ 027~i ~-~¿V )) r b26!l~__~/f / ì~\.)J . 0" ~~ ,. ,.~ ~1i ~r~ ~/--~--~ co' 2 ,- ~
400N ;:~J ~ J~ ¿ .~-~ N ~~~~ ./'::./0 . G "277 V-~--'-~___ VI /dli~ ~ b266 ~" /,.øÀ~ c:P' ~ ~ ~ rgGo ~ ~ ì ~ ,-,¡ 1 ~-,J( ) ~A'\j )'-- ~..~ ~c:~~~ ¿ ~ 0. ~.f1§ ~ .~. 00 ~~ ,\\ Ji c:-r.~'~. "" (j ~ A~ 0D ~Cf~~~fl~)fâ~(\ ~~) "G'îÎ 0 (/ Yo 0~"' "y)?Pö 00 ~r-0 ~ /',. I(f' ? 0Vr-,-__ C:J ~ q~(' ~ \)~\ \;¡¡~ ~ Q~~"l\ ."" °19~i: 35°N - JV /. 0~ ~ '-c7 co1\0' '~~'\~ 0 ~ c:\.~~~ '1 "" . ~ ~ t -.~ ~ ~ ~L0C¡) ::i' ~ \(Q)ì(j0t: ~~ .v' ~ i _JlL/l-___I___;1l-'!-750W 700W 650W \~. · 600W~_~ 0 __+____55°W 500W ê P;'2!~~ 45°W Shallow Float Trajectories: 951219 - 960327 i -i------7-,/~/ --=-- 45°N - ~~~~~ j,~'" r--./.y , -- . .~-~~r-~~ß)fJ/~~~ ~~ K (~a~ ( b27Yl~~w~/~r /~J~- ~ -,,__f';~~~ ~~Î ~ _ /:l ~ ~-=~ "_iV~~ 400N N 0\ ---~~~ ~. ~ ,l///r--~Jý )\1 /,. ~ dJíJ/626j~ aCi . /. !Q -~ r:,o 0 . 0 -.--.-. ~ b25 ": ~ ;j;~/1 j c/'v--) I. ~.-~_/ --0L\~ 'or.Ji~. '&;~. l:l' - _~¡Ð&-? ì 'c) """ "' I c: 0 0-- A iJ''-y--~Cl 'L;NU ~)\0 II 0 0 5i1"V TjA 00 li ~ c:aC:i r-c~-:ç0 ~ 35°N /) /c" I ~~ /~%o. ~~D ~~~~~jÍl'" ((), /J./ e, ~o DcJ 0~~ ~ ' \~\~~. ;;~:J(~'~ ~ ~ ~4t~~~ )!00 ---'Ll--ru------Js75°W 700W ' .~__ 65°W -l ~. 600W.~rr_)n('------55°W ¿7~500W _;i¿~~ 45°W
. ..":.-"_.~:~':r~.~¡;"~l;~~".:-. ~~ n: 0 · r~I\)\\, ,.~ iJ /) /?¿J / )'\ ~ Jí\IU¡ ~ ~ \\\ 'V\/ ~)) ;~~o~~L~0~"" l'9 (!. 1j~~~r~ I ~- "\\ 0I c~'1QjorA\~~ r¡; i -III J)'\- \ r-ro~cJ j( J QolJco C ~Ø;~t'lon W% 9 .~ ¡/t /0 (~ "" ~~'o/l~ s: q.II!) (/;: /J:J,/0 ~'t=l~~I~ B d& '\
~~ Ís~ \ æi iii ir .;'~ '\I :~ '\:\ i f:~ i ~ i o- c:'1~ I
. . ~i: ..i. ..Q '. \~ '¥ 1P\f1~ t q " ~l: 'i \\ \ ~ 1& "". (1 -:g .e'~ i ~(\\ \~~t5. J\ '!£\ 0t!í0 !, Æi;Jr0¡f r-~øDOl ~~I éJ~ !I ~k 'i~~~ rf' 0.' ~ '-'0 jt) 0 0',;,7""\) w L~ i ~ ,~1'" N ."',~I ~ '~ \~~ if. ~ \\\t~ ;; \I ,., 0 ~ ~ \1 112 ~~ì-"'~~~~~ ~ ~i
\~~! !
, i , if if "'o ""ir
27 o,\; ,,\i ~\ ~! '" ~Ç:" ~e. ~QI\~'. ¿; ~CJ .1.~tI Cc)û ~ ~ . 0o~~ \j\f~ ;ff oJ'01J ~\ i ,0 :\C(~~J Î~ i (\~'- ~¿ ;,(.; l 'Vq-~~~ iít fJc:2i.-J .)1 '-~ ';~ ~ li.J(4;~~(§,,:jr~e~~ /'~'\ II s; I
=. ""
l:. " . ".~ "" ..Q ~ "-~ . ~"" ¡
I i i Z o t: Vl t: ~ ~o f"Vl -
28 I ~ Jo~ " i" ~~' 10 "-' ' .. ~ ~ r~u,,0 'Ð - ~" . ~C/7 ¡¡~/l(J 0 ,~~~~\j ,_Y'q\'~ L ~ d~~(:.~' ~ "'\ l'~) . 0 \- / \S o~ .; r' ~ ') a ," """0 Ie )l , ') r c t ( ,0 0 .1J! IF,
\0 ~)~If( ~!0 '=~~~I ~I 'it ') I - H ~ I ~ I ~ \ ~~ oj \0 0' . . wr~ 'C~ ... -. '¡, "\ "0 fr~\~ 7 L/ " ..o .~ I \1\ \ . '-\G-' i.~) n'\'J '" . 'i.i~ 1, ~ ~ ~i ~ .~ ìJ ) ton,. & ~ 1 ~-. ì (, ¡t' Qr"a"- c: Uo,,(~, \~~,,~ 1. N 0 ~~a~~ /u ~ ""I ~ W\ \ . ;. 'v," ,I- ~ ~\,,\\~o¿ /~ ~~...~ol do \\"\\\I~\~\ \~. -a' 2j"-a l\ \00 'I' ~~ \ f~ ~~~~hi .~ ~~t, ~~ i i
!
, t: t: V) -.o M
29 30 Deep Floats
31 45°N -
400N
17 iJ 35°N
lJ ~ p. ,; (l 300Ni )~1 '\IV \" / ~~';"'\ . ,'.t' o.
25°N -
200N i Soow 75°W 700W
- .~. "_'.:'~~:r.,":~¡;'I~l'~. '0--' '" o ~ (g "= ~ ~~ '" ~ ~ o C ~ ~~( o~ 0 , \. D
_C0ß ,. 'f~ Ll~o' 00 .0 G' i' . "- v 0; .., i. "€s- . o~ n 0,.l = /' oD ~,,~.., ìJ ¡;~ CJ o90rÐr.~, . =/n~tl o'\) a 0 ~,..o.~ .' ",00 ~ 0 _D,~~~ t; ~ ~/ : w.of~ (f- ¡-.r. 0"Q 09 ()Ií ?iC' 10 . CJ.¿? 0""6:~ 0!J~~~ '"~ , ""- '" D ""
~ oz ~ ~., o~ N.,
33 Deep Float Trajectories: 941113 - 950220 45°N ~-:; ~-1I-J\~~ ¡;..__--~--~--~~)~4.~~~1:-rr(J2~~~ _ 0! -~ " ~--~ ~ /r. S ¿( 0£a¿ 400N _~,¿ ~"f'0 ArY' ./-~-~ ~--- \ /r- f- J' r,~~\~ 00 0° fJ/ "iz. ø~.". ~.'(f. G,U ~l'~ 35°N - ~~.- ~J/~t.-- /:-~5~O~.~~¿ , -l \t, i ~~ \r ~~..~ ¿J ¿uJP .tVJ p'(§"' .0 (I " . 0 )" ~0 " ¿7 ~. ;1 ~ /. 0 'c, (! , oad ,'c;oc. c; C. - ~ I ..' Á=JV'¡;--ci ." . Uc7C 300N -' ,~ . '\lv~Ocl~R 0"" :,61. J, , Va "c c/¿J(YO. CJ ~- . o. .',. c: f)0o 0 "" ,. 0. , (J () . ~ Q fl;'o "=" dJ, 0 , " _ all /dß4)('i on' ''#.i '" ~~a p 6"\;o~ ~o , ,.. .,? iJ¿¡fl¡i , ¿:'" ¿?O o Qo 0 a r-c:"' tf c: " ,~ 0 a 0 00 &JvG!. o";.: o. "00 '" 0 a 0 C) (j r;",JÝ-"C:;: 1/0i 25°N ¿: 0 ~ì Ø' f P:-- - 0000 0°' '-",OWl), o () (J tJoo r o 'tfj' vi CJr-0::alS( vn -" o cJ0 & v(' d /.: L_0 u2,-.'ti' '-fiy.; .,1 OJ 0 ' Do(fl'.::? r~'\.:v. '-- l-.ir:¡ (/"(j.(J 0 .,' Ô \;0 v1 u¡' I; 200N -ï- ~.L~ __~ Jo(J ó¡J 'o!i§;\'~~ 800W 600w pn1Ls;~o.Qt~55°W 500W ~. . '" - "' c = 0 .""""' Q-V" - -~ 0 ~ ~ ~ \? "0,,'C"- '" ~;;Lo ., .: o _ ., 0 .~ o 0~'V ~ (?ç,G l.V) D 17 "" I \:Vq"" ~. I'
l~OJ g
~ ~ o~ ~1! :t r~ i \0 I i
¡
o:t r-V)
I
oz oZ o V) C" N
35 , i !\ \ (\'' \ i~ 0' ). ¡-~(\ I / /1/0 ~ ~f0~G ~ .' 1t\ ~ i ~ - ~"" - G b 0 ~ QOI\~'~II \~ h I~.øA oQ. e' '.'. ": J \ i \\ C5~ L:)io:' ,. ~=:= ~"1\ I\'\ P' 0\00 1Øßi0;\~~D ~~ Q li~ ":i~ )G~o'Ql'èJ ~// l1 j ~ \\\~~~\ fJ ~~r~5Jr~~~G o i- \\ ~, t/'0Î w ~':" ~ 0 0 : 001: 91 S ~ ~ N ,\. £; ~~ o J () N'0 .~. ~ c: ..~~ ""o " l'::%~ t-lJ '",; i- \, ". c,; 0'" ~ \ "" ~= ~ "" ~- c. ~ ~
I , I Z Z o oz oz ~ o V) o V) V) "' "' .. ..o N
36 if ~~Io J~~'~ ~r, .\', ~~ \i~ \\.'~ \) ':'\'\~\$~ ~'Il/,;()¿),~ ~Òc-\" Ç: ¿;e~-l/:J) eo "'Q ~~(J (" J S:s; '1-i~)~~ & ""\9tf \J,\l ~ (\". "-.. ~: "'=. ~ ~..~ oclS ":l-, "-1)"; a ç§'--- \)r5" QQ ~Dr;' '" '0 ~-Q Q,Vor' D0 C'f !/"Q£2' Di OJo~ o .. ~:. ~ '-"".. .. " : (J'" 00 u" 2i, '- ~ ~~ D Gue" S2 9~ i 'Ø f, '.:. . "- .: 0'" ~ 0~ ~t,"V-~ o~':; ~ ~ ~~rl ~ "' ~t0 "" ,~o: ¿jti" 0 ~""~ D "='' ~ G(?c: ~ V) I 0V) Q ç ""~ * I " , ",', o~j '" o .. o J ~ l~ " I . . ~d ~rI c~ I ~ .-i. -Q I~ i ~ i" I 'ëi i. I E- D -ci ~ Q "" -~ .~k ~ ~~ \ ' .~ ,'~~~~frd ~~. ~:~~~.c~lj.~ f " ~ ¿'(J')\'/ ) ~ o :~, " ?i, , ~,
I
oz oZ oz oz oz V) V) "" ""o "" ""o NV)
37 45°N
ç
VJ 00
300N -
25°N -
~~!'L 200N +_.:~~J-s \'1 800W I I I !\ \ (\_:'0 \ I /)1' \ "-. ,( ¡I(oI l~ ///G~~ ~ ~ '"
.,: ~ " 0 .~ .. ~\ ; rr5 . ~ ~ ' D ~ \\~ ~J~ ~df '7 ~ ~Q\ Ii ~Wí~1 1) .~.cl1;; t 00(' rC;/ ~ o~ ¿- ~N ~I\\ ~\ \l~\\\ f1 .'\f,,. vß?~ "1,ff~ J.;/~ '. if'r() ~): -"" ~~/. '" / Q\.. \~ \'1 ) \., i "0 J 0o~~c; ' ,~O ¡; .~.. ~~~ \ \.~~ ~ ~.~~.í ~ l~... ~ 0 ;s:," ,; ~~ ~ .~~ ,,\\'\ ' ,~ -. -i1"~~ _ Cf.; 0 ~r/ ~ 9~ ~~ ~ ~ D ... = = -~ C. QJ ~QJ
':;..-I.. I 'W-d ,(/ 1 i?! ,0ff ZOO oz oz if oz oz o . or or or "' "'o "" ""o N No
39 ~ ~~'1~~~U§~\fOg!Jte~~~ tJi ~Aj ~ it\i~ G t:'f'" \)\J Ì\ "~,~ v i. ~ ~ ~OCd Q "',c: Q LS"" gD'" 0 0G (.. ê,. '- ( I.f ,J1rO'i i§ '". ,-:. , "'~.:.;;: o~ a,§ '" èY-' °is0(/ c:\),~" (5 "'~ i/--/" ,.00 ~~ d .~"". 0" ,,r-': ~ .'000 ¿ ""'~ \"\ ~DS2QQ!'--"" 'W C;L .'~ . "'..."~ ,,"";; 0"" C-",.E \S0 ~\. ," .~" G"1~ "V--.~ ~- ;- "" ~?-a' ~ N q ~ =~:i; i V) v J' Q,-
~1 ~ ~ :i 0
~ "i g ~i orJ~I ~
I~ i ,
i ,~ i;
,
oz oz zo oZ o V) o V) -. "" "" N
40 I '\ v- i i", ¡ (ì'0 I,U ~ '- -" ( " II. L! f '-Y') ,",~ J 0 i Jj i \: ~ \ 0",jÍ~~~ ~~ ~~, \~\\jç,, ~/f\71J)(J¿JI,liJ'c~~-)dt fl~ '" 'i PP)) / ì~~ ~" dt ~ ~c~ ~~\~ ~.~ ~o\) 6n~ ":-QgCff: r 1)0 I¡'if"/(0 / ;/0/0 \\~",~ )~ ~" \:~.:_~:~ ,. _ ~ ~,~~ co\S c' :(J~~~;~ta & \f& '~C)\)0Q ..~ ss.~~~ ~R 0 -1'_~L /~ -~"'7) "=¡g '"_.."- ~~ '" ., ..""" D'" =~ 0\¡ ~ .-v"" ~'O;;- 0 ~a ~ ~Q'Ik I L3-) (\~l 0 ..~ ~J~ ~ , '"~0 0 c 0¡,~ ,,Q '. =~ 0~ 2i i ~ ~ ii \Ä\ ~(lÇP\r \)\. -, v-~~" ~ty~. /' ìg ~Q (.tl\ ~ I00 rJ,,\: 'tk; D ,Or' iV& ., oë;/)/ì"( ()0 ' - ! ~... ~ \\, \) ~) 0(3 C:~~'l~'~' &Ø ((õ =:,J~(/ , MO .~ \ \ : ~ !~" 0' '¡o~o ti,~~ ~",., ~~ ~ 0 ~ I ,~~.. . _o:;~/ :oOOß~~~ .tei~¡. ~\~~ \\ ¡\N'" ;~'~"\ ... \\ ~. a."" ) ~ c:0~ ~ -0, ~':;'\~v~~Po?' ""ç. ~ ¡:L il~~\~~~
'0 ,. \~''''.r '0 ~07~. i i J\(~0\ t-' ".... Ì'
I
z z oz oZ oz o'" o '" o '" "' "'o M M ('
41 , I ~ ;;fl,A ~~'\\\J'\\ ~\5~~' U~Jj (~~fJ¿;\;ë~~)0) ~¡J ~ ~~í:9"'~.:~.l' 1: \Jrf \ì\¡ r\~\i, ~ '..~ ~O'-Q.F~ '01:",.:) Q,\)c. g~o."'_ '" (,.,- ~ o~..¿ ( .t,J"~ I .- url ~J '" (§ \j, '" . ,.~. "' ò~': Ci ¿i \j cS (J Q\) r, (j g'p ~ '1 . "";- '" '00' '-' ~ (ìLi-wfi '.~'~\.":(jooi3~~ ~L5~QJ ~ ~ '. ~ 0 c:' 0 S) ,.~'" ..v~:; d "' '\åc ""¿ '"l: ~ \S0 .0 ~~;,~ ~ GT~ ~ ~ . o0 .~ ~'Vc~~ (?~ I
G' å - 1 ~~., 0 I \0 ~ iI i i t'. . ~~d ~ o t1 i ..;. --Q i~ l: i .~~ ''" ! = ~;. -- = Q -~ Q. ~ ~
o~ \lr-
I Z z z z o\l o \lo o -. -. M M
42 Deep Float Trajectories: 970501 - 970609 45°N - ';------~~--- -~~~~~",~?~ , ~:: A4;¡/~//J~-~-~~~~ -- 0 ~;-l. 400N ~~~J. __ ,,0:.--,- __. ¡p 00 ¡ C) ( ~C /p/JÝ )~ \VV-~ ~, ~ ."~~ ~ ~ r:?--=7 0"":~~) "(:, gÇ'S: i- .(( -----'./'( C7 C0~ ~ S (! ~) ~ _,5; c. Q_ co ('_J ( ~~ 35°N '(!I.- ~- .fe- ~ y, 1/y /"¡ ' ~~ ~çJ_':-: ~¡¡"- ¡f .¡ "'J''' w ór rt
jr'- ~ ~if' \, ..,t~~ 0 Jl;f" l~..~ g C ,-, () . 300N l-- ,J~ ) I)" 0 O~ ~ '" rs (~ t7 p~n 0'/"0 '~ 6~",0.' t' (,1' '" ""l)"OQ 0 \..('''',,r (lo,i? "':~ ~ ~ '''v,~. _)~ ~ ~ 25°N - 0~~~\~ "~~_~, oJ;; ~. 0 '-'lL/ -I),0 ê:Cilvrll( v.\... ~.~""~/ ,"-,.. ..':-\.P~~" ~ ~~&,~~ .0 ¿J&o~",1 0 æd Ôrfi)"r~.DO '- .~ \'it~mi.;!~.'.i:.i:.:ï,."'.'.r.;'.,..'..,....¡,. .. "" -: -' ~~. ~ ~~ .L 1í6-"'£:fB' I 0 V8 J3~)O 0 "',i '/lOæ,QjE ~,.-,., '- - ~~'\t~:;t.:;':'(~i:0:~.¡.",;2. ..'Z,~',&rA")f~~'JM"'~"" t;i '~fl~. ll. .c r1¥ß J ~. tCQO!J 'ù f. °O() -v C:i)O~O~ "-AJ ~ 20o 800WN\\f _I,~~ #~;2~1~;0~'vrl¡tlft~~;~ -...... 750W ...... I___~-"==-_'roYLi---___-_--___11---__-l 700W 650W -~~~\~L 600W 1 Vt-' . ____fl-Ð,p~'LCL_,~LI-55°W ~ ' . 500Wc ~~ 44 Appendix B
Contains individual float tracks and float propert plots for the shallow and deep floats. Individual float plots have the same symbolism as the 100-day composite plots. In addition, every 50th day is marked with the date, represented as 'yymmdd', and launch and surface positions are marked with 'L' and'S', respectively. Float propert plots show temperature, pressure, u-velocity, v-velocity, and stick diagrams representing u-v velocity. All bathymetric contour intervals are 1000 m from 1000 m to 5000 m. Note: some floats became difficult to track after grounding (i.e. b273 and b279), resulting in erroneous position data.
45 I~ ~
~ l;
46 Shallow Floats
47 :: r-o ""
I I I I I I I I I I I I
cu o:: .-;-g \0C' OIi: ..o
~ \0r-
oz ..
48 o;; Z 0 i-0 l \ ) c. '" CI 0 \0tr
I: i : 0 \0 "3 \00 0\ .. 0\.. 0 tr c;.. :; . . I: , 0 ...... tr0
:;ìa ...... ",.. .~ tr0 . . "" c ,...... (..... ¿ ..co 0 ""0 ~;: "0.. ;; 0 ~ o tr i;0 ~ Z C' NII .. 0 c. 0 '" C' CI \: I : 0 Ntr "3 0\tr .. ..0\ 0 N0
~ \ : I: :; ...... -tr0
ìa 0 :; F. :...,.... -0 0 ..æ tr
i- \0 tr "" C' o 0 0 o o tro o o 00 o o tr i tr v; tr v; (:0) ;:mllU;:dw;:i 00 ..0 N (s¡W:l) Áir:i0l;:A-n (s¡w:i) i\r:iOIGA-A (s¡W:l) i\r:l0PA A-n ( qp) ;:inss;:id
49 =t 0 "'r-
(J ~ t) \ =t ~ 0 IIN
=t II0 ~ \0
=t 0 IIr-
l1 ~ "0 \C o=t .-B M \0N bJi: io ..o
=t o \0r-
=t o Nr-
=t 0 r- 0Z Z Z Z Z II N0 00\ \00 ('0 "' "' (' (' (' ;:pDl!lll'l
50 o.. Z 0 t-0
i: o (1 V) CI \0
0 \00 \0 "3 0\ -, 0\.. V)0 V)
co.. :: 0 .:. . f~: . V) : .-\ :r'". .:. .: . a .: 1., :: 0 '~'\-::~; ~V)
§ 0 -, ..:..:..:.1: ~0 t1;: "'.. .0 t1 .. V) 0 (' o ::L HF~' C" i: \C Z M ~ d:5 H.~~.i 0 i: C" (1 . : .~ ..::.::. . CI .. .." . 0 NV) : ..1:..:. "3 : . i : : V)0\ -, ..0\ 0 N0 . r''i . . 4~ co.. :: 0 :..:..1.:. . t . V).. :. .: 1~. .
a :...~. .: ..l.~ -'''~~.' : o :: ~~~ .. . ~ .-.; . . .~ :=' :~. : . ~ : ~~ #ll~ : ..~- o c ~. V) -,co .....~.l.
t-\OV)~C" 000000 No o o No o 00N N o No OOON~\OOO000000 c; 1 i (;0) ~miim;idui~i 9" .- ,. .. 9" (s¡u:J) Álr:)OI~A-n (s¡u:J) Ál!:JOpA-A (s¡u:J) Álr:JOI~A A-n ( qp) ~mss~Jd
51 o~ vr-
"= ""
~ or- v-
tU o~ -g.:: \0C' b(i: ,.o
r-tf \0
oz oz ..0\ .. apOl~B'l
52 .. 0 .:.., : z .~.I .:. :. .. .\:"~l" .:.' o ',.'.-. -.i . i- l. : . :_l. : .~: . . , 0- . . . '" ~~: : . . . . . ~ ... " o CI '(,.' .: . . .:. . . . . ir -0 ' . ,. . \0 ~::~. : :. '1:. . ~~: ...... " . . . . o o :; . \' \0 \0 0\ -. . . ..0\ :....l : C . : )': - . o . .: :";,:. . .;... . -~o l'01' - -. .:. ir . . -. ir '".. . . . :; f'~ . : . ..,. : .:- .-:-1-: l . o iro :a . . . :; . ., ...... iro ., ., . -. .~ ,:1 : . : . .~ .ç~.. : : ....:) . ...~ -.æ o ":"':"l". ...~. -. . .". .: ..;: . ~.. '" .. o '§ \C z0 ~¡¡ \C . . . M,. . . . ~...... :.. o 0- C' '" CI ., . r...... -. . -...... -. . iro . . . C' ...... - ir :; . .to1 . . . . 0\ -. . ii- . :l:. ~. :. 0\ : . ~._-...... -...... o . .) C' : ::~: : :") '".. . . :; . . . ')' ...... "j" iro . .'1 . .. ,:. :. J.: ,. :a o :; 1 o..
= o -.'" ir
i- \0 ir -. C' iro o o 0 o 00 o o (:0) ~lDilU~dui~i v; ir v; ir v; (SfUo) ÁiroopA-n (SfUo) ÁlrOOI~A-A (SfUo) ÁlrOOI~A A-n (qp) ~inss~id
53 ~ -.r-
"" ""
o~ Itr-
~ or- 'D
~ r-N
~ r-o
oz oZ r- 0\ C' C' C' ~pniriil"
54 o;. Z o r-o
i: ., ...... o u: \0on
o \0 "5 \0 0\ .. -0\
.~ ono on CO;. ~ ~ o ono a ~ o '...... on ""
..ã o ...... 0"" ~;: "' o (¡ 0;...... _. . on 0 r- z C' i: \C M "Q o .,i: C' u: o onN "5 0\on .. 0\ - ...... - o No
co;. ~ o ...... on-
.. ~co o ...... :... \ - : . l. :
.. ~.f : c ..' .' ...... :J.~ .: o co . '" .'. on .. :... s . .,. .
r- \0 on "" C' o 0 ono o on on o 00 o o (;)0) .-miiu.-dw.-i i v; on v; (SlW:i) Ál!:iOi::A-n (slW:i) Ái!:iOi::A-A (slW:i) Ál!:iOi::A A-n ( qp) ::mss::id
55 o:: ~
~ ""
:: ot- V)
(1 :: ~ ~ .~ ..o
f \0t-
o:: t-C'
zo oz 0' C' C' C' apnlliq
56 o r-o u , :1' o . :--1- , , .), , -,. S,t.. ",. t IIo .l \0 1..: OJ , :~ :.. 'J'"'~"'- : ..:: :..l i . '... .". . . .'. ,. ,'..,.., .J ,',. o , .' ,.~ ' ~,' : \0 \0 . "r' 0' ~." : 0' ~....~. ~ - c :: o -. II
. o .. " ...... 0 ..Q. ' ' II .:....., , .. IIo ~ "' ~ , ,'I , o "'o ~;; ..u "0 Cl o ~ II 0 Q~ M i: M ~ "Q u o - ~ ...... ". . o ,. ', ., M :, '. ':'l'l: , .: .:~: , ::OJ ,;...:...:$.. oII .. , , , C" :, ¡,'J', :' 'j' II .~. . 0' 0' .~~:.:... .:.. .. .". .. o - ~ .J.: ' , . o . ..~ . , , , C" -.:; ., . fI , "l ...... : :~~: ,. ¡:'~ ,. , , , IIo ":~:'~~"")' . , , , - .. ..Q. ~:l: ' :, : o - .~~".:.. : '\'~~". . , .., , .', -o ~ ~ oII
..u Cl r-\OII",M IIo o IIo IIo o 00 o IIo (;)0) ~JDl13J~dw:ii I v; II I (slW;') Áll;'OI:lA-n (slW;') Ál!;'0I:lA-A (slW;') Áll;'OpA A-n ( qp) :lJnss:iid
57 ~ t-o ""
o~ C' V)
~ t-o V)
(1 N "0 l' o~ .a.- N \0C' I:i: ,t ..o
o~ \0t-
~o t-C'
~0 t- 0Z aZ aZ Za Za V) C' 0\ \0 (" "" "" (" (" (" ;,PTIlllll
58 b272 1996 1997
Jill Sep Noy Jan Mar May Jill Sep Noy Jan Mar May u/'7 ~60 ~ 5 ...... "."...... ","...... 8.4 ~ ~...' 'C.~ ~. po:~,-:;ow~:"""""'" '~-r\-. r. . E3 B 3
800 ;; 1000 ...... ::::::...... :::.. ..::~~~~ ~ 1200
'"El 1400 ~ l600 0... l800
/' 20 'ê \0VI '-() Ò 0 '130 ~.. b -20
'û 20 '8 '-u è 0 '130 ~.. ;! -20 'û 20 '8 '-() 'gò 0 ~ .. b -20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 float day
:".j ~,¡ii~~i!'llijrJ;~i~I:/.~j',...,. o~ -.r-
o~ C' V"
~ r-o V"
Q) ~ "0 I: o~ .3.- N \0C' i:~ ,. ,.o
~o \0r-
o~ C'r-
~ 0r- Z Z Z Z r- 0 0 0 0 0Z V" C' 0\ \0 M -. -. M M M gpmlw'l
60 o ou i- o \0ir 0. ..'" o \0 0\ ...... 0\0 0\ - i: '" .. o ir
.. ..Co o iro
.D iro æ ""
o u "" '" Cl 0:~ -0 o ~ ir 0 ~I: M i: N oü ~ o Mo
0. ..'" iro . . . . C' 0\ir . . -0\ . .. I i: o ..'" o . . . C' ...... o ...... ~:.. '.'l~~ . ir Co - .. "t . : t''' ...... -,... : o :....,: . o- .D : ..i æ '1. .
oir u '" Cl o o i-\Oir",M 00000 C' o oC' o C'00 C' o oC' 00000 i i (;)0) :'lnlimidw~l 00 ~0 --C' --""\0 ,. Sl (SfW:J) Áll:JoI~A-n (SfW:J) Áll:JoI~A-A (SfW:J) Áll:OpA A-n (qp) ~mss~Jd
61 :: t-o 'O
""
:: t-o V"
~ t-N
:: ot-
zo OZ t- 0\ C' C' C' ~PTl !lB'l
62 t- -0\O' 0 "" 0 '" t- :: o \0I/ æ :: 0 \00 c ~'" 0 I/
o~ Z 0 I/0
0 "c...... I/ fZ ""
0 ""0 \0 "5~ 0\ o:;: -0\ ...~ "' .0 'i .. . . -:( - ~ I/ 0 ~ .~.. ,.":'r-- . ~ i: "" l" '" ~.-. :. .. : M :: . . ..~ ,. 0 :/-r. . . ~ æ :: I/0 1~ ' C" :L a 0 ~ ...... 0 . . . C" . . .- - -:l"-, ... .'_. :. :):. , . .. ' . . . 0 o~ I/ Z - ":- --:. -l-' ~d -0 "c. fZ
...... ,"' o "'-J". , I/ ~"5 o o o o 0 o o o t-\OI/""~ o I/ I/00 I/ (;)0) ::mreJ::dw~:l 00 v; I/ I v; (SlW:l) Ãlr:l0pA-n (SlW:l) Álr:l0PA-A (SlW:l) Álr:l0I::A A-n (qp) ::mss::Jd
63 ~ Vt-
C! o=t .-:'" \DC' bJi: ..o
=t t-o \D
oz oz \D'" '"
64 o r-o o'ü
IIo \0
:ibI .c o \0 \0 0\ 0\ .. c ..:i o II
c... o .c IIo
IIo .lQ) -. ~ .f- ':0,." .', o -.o u -~i. . . Q) °i\ ~;: 0 ( -0 IIo (;0 Itr- C" i: N 0'ü &J .- o C"o
bI :i .c IIo C"
0\II 0\.. c o ..:i C"
o II.. ..c. .c o ..o .l æ IIo
u oQ) r- \0 II -. C" o 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0- C" c; C" C"i (:)0) ~mrei~dUl~l 00 0- C".. (S¡u~) Ál!~OI~A-n (s¡u~) Ál!~OPA-A (s¡u~) Ál!~OPA A-n (qp) ~mss~id
65 o~ -.i-
"' '"
~ i-o V)
Q) o~ .-:-g \0C' 0.i: ..o
6f 0 f \0i-
o~ C'i-
oz oz 0\ C' C' C' ~pml1tq
66 a ai- ot) ora \0 ~ ~ a \0a \0 0' 0' - = 0-:: ora or a .. a ~p. or . (: a .:.).. ..' or .0 ~ it a ~a ;; u" '"0: c: a (¡ or 0 \Ct- C" i: M ~ .. ou a ...... aC"
OI a ~:: Nor
or 0' ~ 0' a ~ - a :~ a N 0- -pÈ a -or .. ~p. a- .0 it ora
"u c: a a a a a i-\Oor~C" a a a a or a ora ora a or00 or a a (;0) ~inlim~dui;n a N ~ \0 i i v; .- .. ,. .. (SfU:i) Álr:ioI~A-n (sfU:i) Álr:iOPA-A (sfU:i) ÁlPOI~A A-n ( qp) ~inss~id
67 :3 o ~I-
~ ""
:3 l-o V)
.u ~ "0 ~ .:s N OJ -a c ..o
o:3 -aI-
~ I-N
:3 I-o
~ oZ I- 0- '" '" '" :)pnlli:q
68 o r-o oü o ...... ir\0
bO =' "' ...... 0o \0 \0 0\ 0\ - i: -.:: o ...... irir
c...... 0o "' . . ir . .. f'. ..: .. . ~~ ..:.. . _...... o .r . . -.ir æ . l . . .~rJ' .. o -.o '" '" ~ Cl "'
iro ';0 t' C' i; t' ~ M '" ~ o o C'o
bO =' "' iro C'
0\ir -0\ o i: ...... 0 -.=' C'
..... --... iro c... - "' ..--. .... 0-o .r æ iro
'" '" Cl r- \0 ir -. C' iro o iro iro o 00ir ir o oir (:0) ~JDiimidw~i i r r (s¡u:i) Ál!:iOpA-n (s¡u:i) Ái!:iOPA-A (S¡u:i) Ál!:iOpA A-n (qp) ~JDss~id
69 o~ -.r-
~o C' V)
~ r-o V)
iu Q' "0 t- o~ .a.- M \0C' b(i: ~ ,.o
o~ \0r-
o~ r-C'
~ r- 0z 0z 0z 0z 0Z V) C' 0\ \0 C' -. -. C' C' C' apOlllE'l
70 o~ Z o i-o
0. Q) o CI \0tr
o \0 "3 \0 0\ -. 0\- o tr ~ ¿ o tro .. CO ¿ o ...... - tr-.
-.§ o ...... - 0-. "'~ o ~ o;. tr 0 ="l" Z C" i: N ,. o 0. C" Q) CI
tro C'
"3 0\tr -. 0\- o ..--...... 0C' ;: ¿CO -tro .: j'. .:. 1: o ¿ o .. .'f~-l. . -
tro -.æ
i-\Otr':C" o 0 0 o o o 0 o 00 o o o 0 0 C' c- C' C' C' C' (:0) ::inwi::dUl::i 00 0- C'- i i (SfU:)) Áll:)Oi::A-n (sfU:)) Áll:)OpA-A (sfU:)) Áll:)OpA A-n (qp) ::inss::id
71 72 Deep Floats
73 o~ ~i:
oz C" C"
74 o or- o'" o \0ir
:ibO -t o \0o \0 0\ -0\ :; o .. o. ir
o a o -t ir
iro .r -. æ o :;)0 -.o
'" ~ 0OJ "0 o ët oro( ir 0 ~ Cf i: ~II -'" ) ~ 0 o oCf
~ iro ~ N
0\ir 0\ o - :: N ..:i iro- .. -tQ. o-
.r ,- I!\ æ ,i.' iro
'" ° ~~ OJ f o -. Cf N o 0 0 0 0 o o 0 o 00 o o OOOOir iri ir iri ir ": (;0) gml13i:idmgi N0\ Cf 0 Cf - CfN (SfWO) Ál!OOpA-n (S¡iO) Ál!OOPA-A (s¡io) ÁllOOpA A-n ( qp) gmssgid
75 ~ ~r-
"' ""
o~ IIr-
Q) o~ B.- \0C' t:~ ..o
o~ C'r-
oz C"'"
76 o t-o 0ü
...... iro l \0 bC ~:: o \0 \0 0" 0" - c ..:: o ir
.. Q. o ~ iro
iro .t., "" ¡i o ""o .,u ~ Cl "0 o '8 ~lr ~ i; N ü . .. 0 . ). ,. .. .:.. .1;... o ("o
bC ~:: o ("ir t: 1 ir 0" 0" - c ¡¡ o ..:: ("o
.....:.~...... iro .. - Q. ~ : 1...... :..~...... 0o- .t æ : 'l HHT iro
.,u Cl "" (" (" o 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 ir o o iro o ir00 ir o iro (;)0) ~.mrei~dw~i 0"(" ("0 ("- ("(" v; i i (SlW:J) Áir::I~A-n (SlW:J) Ál!:JOI~A-i\ (SlW:J) ÁlPOI~i\ A-n ( qp) ~mss~id
77 b255
44°N
41°N
38°N
~ o
35°N
o "0 Ifpo. ,:§ ,.'¿ 32°N
G () .
Do 1/. o. o. 29°N /)0 0 0 ~ ¡J 0 o 'f' . '" ~_ 0 p(ifl ~~óoo ~=."o~o ,tQ 0 (/"'¿? o r: l: ~ 26°N ° ° 00 G,j-i, d!.
23°N
d: fJ t7 200N 78°W 73°W 68°W 63°W 58°W Longitude
78 o ...... 0r- oü o \0ir
OJ ~=' o \0o \0 0\ ..0\ i: =' o -. ir
.. o ~Q. ir
iro .i v æ o vo ;. ..u "'00 Q o ~ ir 0 an C' i: Nan io oü o oC'
bl o ~=' Nir
0\ir ..0\ o No -.:;
: 'to iro .... .:..)"...... ~Q. :L o ..o .....l...:'.. .i . ., æ : ~ _:...~ iro .: ¡!.~..
'"u Q v C' N o 0 0 0 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 ir o ~ ir o 00ir ir iro (;0) ::unwi;)dw;)i N0\ C' 0 C' - C'N i r (slW:)) ,\i!:)0I;)A-n (SlW:)) ,\l!:)0l;)A-A (slW:)) Ál!:)0l;)A A-n ( qp) ;)lnSS;)ld
79 ~ ~
(l
o~ .~-g \0N ~C ..o
~o \0i-
z ("o ("
80 b256 1996 1997
Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May U,.4 o'- 13F'~~~~~~~':~~~\.~:~"""."""11 22s 2700 ;g'- 2800 ~ 2900 r/ . . .'~"...... :.:;...j... ,. . \.~ 1'". .,. " ....~.... . ",' ...... ,...... ~ 3000 . . . . . ~~.J~'" . .~...... + . . ."...... ;. .;:.~_ ....'-~~..~ ...... , ...... 0. 3100
'; 50 E .-00 '-o .q 0 o ~ = -50
,. 50 ~ .q 0 o ~;; ~ -50 ~ 50 '-o Ò 'õ 0 o ~;; ;; = -50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 float day ~ -.r-
cu ~o .-:-g \0C' I:i: ..o
o~ G
oz "" ""
82 0\r- ..0\ o '" . ; I ...... t..... o co r- :: . ~.
.:~~~oo:) : -...... _.. o\I . . \0 a :: ;/ . o ...... 0\0 ..æ ...1...... o \I
o.. \ \: Z o I . \Io c. \ o '" ...~.....: ...... \I lZ v
o ..../... k vo \0 "3 0\ .. ~ 0\.. "0 \; I o ê¡ \I 0 t" C" i: It r? M :: ...... "\ ,. o . . C" a "':)0:' . :: t ...... \Io o : C"
i: . o. ..co ...... o C"
o ..o ...... \I Z .. o ..o c. '" lZ ...... r. . Jj \Io .."' -. C" C" o 0 0 0 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 \I o "; \I o ";00 \I o \Io (:0) ~.rrei~dui~i C"0\ C"0 ..C" C"C" I (SfU:J) Ál!:JoI~A-n (SfU:J) Áll:JOI~A-A (SfU:J) Ál!:JoI~A A-n (qp) ~inss~id
83 ~o -.r-
~ irr-
(l o~ .-~ \0N bii: ..o
o~ tõ
o~ r-N
~ or-
oZ r- M M
84 o,. Z o oi-
Q. Q) o el \0ir
.. _...... 0o \0 :; \0 0\ -. -0\ o ir CO,. :E o iro æ ( :E :) iro .-i... ""
= -.CO Hll o ""o '"~ o ~ 0,. ir 0 QO z C" i: tr I" M : ) ~ o Q. C" elQ) ...s....
H...... ~ iro \ N ir :; 0\ -. f':~ 0\ .~ . .~ - ..l... . o .: .f N ,. co :t . l :E d) iro-
.. t co .~. . .";1" ~ . o :E . .:. ... .:. ) -o .L' :'1 i :t. '.. o æ j ir -. ...: ~.J.. :) .: .t. .... :) "" C" N o 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 ir o iro iro o 00ir ir o iro (:0) ::inrei::dw::l 0\N C" 0 C"- C"N r r i (sflO) ÁllOOl::A-n (sflO) ÁllOOl::A-A (s¡wo) ÁllOO¡::A A-n ( qp) ::inss::id
85 ~ r-o -q
a) ~ ~ oN 00.- \0 - ..Ö
~o to
zo oz 0\ C' C' C' :;pniliU'1
86 o oü .... '1.~'" r- .,.: .)" :.~ o \0V) "" :: .o K~~ o \0 .. .. . :~~.. . o 0\ \0 0\- ..§ V)o V)
c... .o ~ o .....:'\... V)
o .iQ. V) p. II ~
o u ~ 0Q. # ~ "0 o ~ V) 0 ="II (" i: M 0ü ,. ...1'. o .. : . t.. (" ....~1.., bl : ~, :: .o o V) C' 0\V) -0\ i: 1'1 :: H o ~ .. C'o f, o ...... J.. V) c. I~ - .o . . : S o .i - Q. J p. :. )'. : J': o .. -) ": .. . V) u Q. : ( o : I o 0 0 0 0 o 0 ~ (" C' o 0 0 0 V) o V) V) o .0 0 o o (:0) ~mlt!i~dui~l 0\ 0 - C' I v; V) v; C' (" (" (" (s¡u:)) Álr:)opA-n (s¡u:)) ÁlpOpA-A (s¡u:)) Álr:)Ol~A A-n ( ap) ~mss~id
87 ~ -:r-
~o irN
"" '" o Û o~ ~~a; irr- ww~r.r-. ~ / ß((M ~ ¡¿ ~ () (§ Q) ~o -g::: \0N 0.i: ..o
~ r-o \0
o~ r-N
~ r-o
oZ r- .-
88 b260 1995 1996
Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep u'" 4 '-0 Q) ~ 3 .. Q) ";;;I.i~~M~~~"':i~,,~'r: : ": '. V"" ..: ...... 32S'
'" 2800 .D ~ 2900 ...... ~. ~ Q) , !: ~ 3000 ,~r.~-:- _ ~..,~..:.. ~:~ ...... 1 ...... "...... ~ 3100
'; 50 ã \000 '-U ...Ò 0u ~ =i -50
'; 50 ~'- "gò 0
ãS ;; ~ -50 '; 50 '-~ ,q 0 ou ãS ;; ;::: -50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 float day b262
44°N
41°N
38°N
(j
35°N
"i11 lj .E p'. ..~ 32°N
;J ¡J .
Do tl. o. o. 29°N j)0 0 0 ~ ¡J 0 01)~?~~~otjoo ~= ~ t)q 0 (/~~ ¡; o t; 26°N ~ 00 00 0cid' , ¿!
'# 23°N
~LJ CJ 200N 78°W 73°W 68°W 63°W 58°W Longitude
90 a ot) i: a \0lJ ::OJ "'
\0 a 0\ \0a 0\ - c :: .. a lJ
c... "' a lJa
~., lJa ~ V
a .,u v ci "'~ a ~ lJ 0 N C" i¡ \C N 0t) li a C"a
::OJ "' a lJN 0\lJ 0\ - c ..:: a Na a c... lJ "' -
a ~ - æ
lJa
.,u ci ~ v C" N a a a lJa a a alJ a o lJa a olJ (;0) ~.Itii~dUl~l vC" C"lJ C" i:C" v; v; i (s¡w:i) Áll:iol~A-n (s¡w:i) ÁlT:iOpA-A (s¡w:i) Áll:iOI~A A-n ( qp) ~mss~id
91 t~
o~ I/C"
"" "" o c) o~ ~o' I/t- ¿?~~~r. c.. ~d!. ~
ftdA ~ 0 (\ /l~ 0 Il o~ .-:-g \0C" OJi: ..o
o~ G
o~ t-C"
~ oz \0 C" C" C"
92 0,. - 'l z : i(...... ,~,.... ) 8 : ..:\ r- : J .,"" ...... _. 0 CI \0\f
r 0 \0 "3 \0 0\ .. -0\ 0 \f co.. :: \ 0 \f0 a :: \f0 ""
..æ 0 ""0 ?:\ "'~ -o: 0,. \f0 0 z C" ¡¡ ~\C ~ : l~ li 0 .,"" C" CI 0 N\f \f "3 t. 0\ .. 0\ . ) - .... , ...... 0 N0 .~ ~ .~ :: .. :... . ,~~ -\f0
.. co : S 0 :: -...... -0
?'!I" ...... -...... 0 ..æ \f
"" C" N o 0 0 0 0 o 0 o o 00\f \f o o o 0 0 0 \f ii \f I ii (;0) ::iinlimidui~l N0\ C" 0 C"- C"N (SfUo) Állool~A-n (s¡uo) ÁlpOpA-A (s¡uo) ÁllOOl~A A-n ( qp) ~lDSS~ld
93 :: i-o ""
o:: Iti-
Q) :: ~ ~ .~ ..o
::o \0i-
~ C'i-
oz M M
94 o or- ou o \0V)
bO :: -: o \0 \0 0' 0' - i: -.:: V)o V)
.. Q. o -: V)o
o .! -.V) æ '1' . o -.o u '" .. 0 r "'(\ :) o ~ It ("V) i:0 \C ~ t) ii 0 ..~:.... o r ("o
::bO -: o NV) . .'. V) l 0' : i" 0' - l.;1 ...\-...... o s No ,. . ""-r: . . . ~~ . : "l i . V)o ...... :.(... :. - -:Co .: ,~ : J. o- .... '~)"".... .! '.' l æ :1 ..~...... \ V)o . ...., u 0'" :l -. (" N o 0 0 0 o o o o o 0 0 0 V) V) V) o 00 o o (;0) ~inltU~dui~l 0' 0 - N I v; V) v; N C' (" (" (SfUO) ÃlroopA-n (sfUO) ÃlroOl~A-A (SfUo) ÃlrOOl~A A-n (qp) ~inss~id
95 o~ -.t-
~ t-o V)
ll o~ .-~ 'D(' eli: ..o
~ ot- 'D
oz C' C'
96
b280
MON
41°N
38°N
~ o
35°N
Q) '" ¡¡po .~ ..C¡ 320N
tJ . Do tJ. o. o. 29°N f)0 0 0 ~ tJ 0 Of)~tJ~~~o~jo r;=~ &/Q 0 ll~~ ?l . r: 26°N ~ 00 00 Oi;'p , ¿:
23°N
~JJ n 200N 78°W 73°W 68°W 63°W 58°W Longitude
98 i- 01 ..01 c: ..'" o ----- ..... i-0 .. ~c. o IJir
.. .~l .r æ o IJo
Co - - - - -:- ~,- -- o OJ ir Cl : ~ ir
: \ o iro 0(3 ...... o Çi ~ir b£ ~'" : .i ----_:- -~.- o IJ o 01 -. 01 ;; .. "'el S .. o -¡ ir 0 = C' i: QO M ~ ..c. ~ o -, C' : (' .r iro æ -----:--l-- C' o C'o Co OJ Cl I.... : ) o --- - -c;~ ..ir 0(3 f .i:) o -1- ..o .~.~-t b£ ~'" iro
~ C' C' o 0 0 0 0 o 0 o ir ir o ir00 ir o iro (:0) ginreigdUlg1 C'00001r01 C'0"" C' C'C' i i i (s¡i:)) Â1T:)opA-n (SjU:)) Â1T:)0PA-A (SjUo) Á1T:OlgA A-n ( qp) ginssgid
99 o:: !;
"" ""
~ irr-
~ \0r-
o:: Nr-
:: r-o
oz oZ r- 0' M M M ;:pnmiq
100 o" Z o -.------0i-
c. v.'" o \0ir
o \0 -a \0 0\ .. -0\ o ir '";. ~ o ------0ir a ~ o ------. - - - ..ir
c ..'" o ---.- -.... 0.. ~ "0 " o ~ o ir 0 ~ Z C' t; NQO ~ o c. C'o v.'" o ...... irC' -a ir0\ .. 0\- o C'o ~ ~ iro-
a o ~ J -o :.1 c ------! o ..'" : '\. ir
'. .. C':l C' o 0i 0 0 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 ir o ir00 ir o iro (;0) ~mli:l~dui~l C' C'C' C' .. C'ir v; ir i i (s¡u:i) Ál!:iopA-n (s¡u:i) Ál!~OPA-A (s¡u~) Ál!:iOI~A A-n ( qp) ~mss~ld
101
DOCUMENT LIBRAY Distrbutn List/or Technical Report Exchange- September 1997
University of California, San Diego Working Collection SIO Library 0175C Texas A&M University 9500 Gilman Drive Dept. of Oceanography LaJolla, CA 92093-0175 College Station, TX 77843 Hancock Library of Biology & Oceanography Fisheries-Oceanography Library Alan Hancock Laboratory 151 Oceanography Teaching Bldg. University of Southern California University of Washington University Park Seattle, WA 98195 Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371 Library Gifts & Exchanges R.S.M.A.S. Library University of Miami Bedford Institute of Oceanography 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway P.O. Box 1006 Miami, FL 33149 Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2, CANADA Maury Oceanographic Library NOAA/EDIS Miami Library Center Naval Oceanographic Office 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway Building 1003 South Miami, FL 33149 1002 Balch Blvd. Research Library Stennis Space Center, MS, 39522-5001 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Library Waterways Experiment Station Institute of Ocean Sciences 3909 Halls Ferry Road P.O. Box 6000 Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Sidney, B.c. V8L 4B2 Institute of Geophysics CANADA University of Hawaii National Oceanographic Library Library Room 252 Southampton Oceanography Centre 2525 Correa Road European Way Honolulu, HI 96822 Southampton S014 3ZH Marine Resources Information Center UK Building E38-320 MIT The Librarian Cambridge, MA 02139 CSIRO Marine Laboratories G.P.O. Box 1538 Library Hobart, Tasmania Lamont-Dohert Geological Observatory AUSTRIA 7001 Columbia University Palisades, NY z10964 Library Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Library Bidston Observatory Serials Department Birkenhead Oregon State University Merseyside L43 7 RA Corvalls, OR 97331 UNITED KINGDOM Pell Marine Science Library IFREMER University of Rhode Island Centre de Brest Narragansett Bay Campus Service Documentation - Publications Narragansett, RI 02882 BP 70 29280 PLOUZANE FRANCE
50272-101 REPORTPAGE DOCUMENTATION WHOI-98-06 11. REPORT NO. 12. 3. Recipient's Accession No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Boundary Current Experiment I & II, RAFOS Float Data Report 1994-1997 March 1998 6.
7. Author(s) Heather D. Hunt and Amy S. Bower 8. Performing Organization Rept. No. WHOI-98-06 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. ProjectlaskIor Unit No.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No. Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 (C) OCE93-01448
(G)
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Addres 13. Typ of Report & Period Covered National Science Foundation Technical Report
14.
15. Supplementary Notes This report should be cited as: Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst. Tech. Rept., WHOI-98-06.
16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words) This is the final data report of all RAFOS (acoustically tracked) float data collected during the 1994-1997 Boundary Current Experiment (BOUNCE) study of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) in the North Atlantic Ocean. The overall objective of the program was to obtain the first comprehensive description of the North Atlantic DWBC's variability over a large path segment from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Banks. The experiment was comprised of CTD, tracer, and RAFOS float observations to achieve both Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of the DWBC. The three main objectives of the Lagrangian float study were 1) to detennine fluid parcel pathways in the DWBC and identify regions of exchange with the interior, 2) to estimate the mean speed and variabilty of fluid parcels at two different levels in the DWBC, and 3) to study the kinematics and potential vorticity dynamics of fluid parcels in the DWBC at the Gulf Stream cross-over point near Cape Hatteras. Thirty floats were deployed: 15 were designed to be isopycnal floats, and 15 were isobaric floats. The isopycnal floats were ballasted for the 0, = 27.73 density surface (approximately 800 decibars (db)) to seed the Upper Labrador Sea Water. The isobaric floats were ballasted for 3000 db to seed the Nordic Seas overflow water.
17. Document Analysis a. Descriptor Deep Western Boundary Current North Atlantic Circulation Floats
b.ldentifiersOpen-Ended Terms
c. COSATI Field/Group
18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This Report) 21. No. of Pages Approved for public release; distribution UNCLASSIFIED 105 20. Security Class (This Page) 22. Price
(See ANSI-Z39.18) Se Instructions on Reverse OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-n¡ (Formerly NTIS-35) Department of Commerce