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Draft Proposed Assessment Report for the Lakehead Source Protection Area

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Draft Proposed Assessment Report for the Lakehead Source Protection Area Draft Proposed Assessment Report for the Lakehead Source Protection Area Bare Point Intake Protection Zone Rosslyn Wellhead Protection Area LAKEHEAD SOURCE PROTECTION COMMITTEE February 11, 2010 Preface The Ontario Government legislated the “Clean Water Act, 2006” in order to protect drinking water at the source as part of an overall commitment to human health and the environment and to ensure safe, clean drinking water for all Ontarians. Protecting “Source Water” is the first step in a multi-barrier approach to ensure the quality and sustainability of our Municipal Residential Drinking Water Supply. A key focus of Ontario’s “Clean Water Act, 2006” is the production of locally developed, science-based Assessment Reports and Source Protection Plans. Based on the “Clean Water Act, 2006” Regulations, the Lakehead Source Protection Area was defined, the Lakehead Source Protection Authority was designated and the Lakehead Source Protection Committee was formed. The Lakehead Source Protection Committee, with support from the Lakehead Source Protection Authority, is responsible for guiding the development of a Terms of Reference, Assessment Report and Source Protection Plan for the Lakehead Source Protection Area. As per the “Clean Water Act, 2006”, the Minister of the Environment appointed Chairs for the Source Protection Committees on August 20, 2007. Subsequently, representatives from the watershed community (Municipalities, Conservation Authorities, stakeholders, water users and general public) were appointed to the Source Protection Committees. Representation on the committees varies depending on local needs. The membership of the Lakehead Source Protection Committee is as follows: LAKEHEAD SOURCE PROTECTION COMMITTEE Committee Chairman Bob Hartley Appointed by Minister of Environment (Term ends August 20, 2013) Municipal Sector Ken McWhirter (Vice Chairman) City of Thunder Bay Jim Vukmanich City of Thunder Bay Veikko Long Municipality of Oliver Paipoonge Industrial and Economic Sector Hartley Multamaki Forestry Guy Jarvis Thunder Bay Port Authority Bernie Kamphof Agriculture Public and Other Interests Sector Robert Stewart Education Paul McAlister Tourism Ross Chuchman General Public Liaison Members Mervi Henttonen Lakehead Source Protection Authority Chris Beveridge Thunder Bay District Health Unit Tu Van Duong Ministry of Environment, Source Protection Branch The Source Protection Planning process began in July 2007, initiating a five-year timeline to complete a Source Protection Plan by August 20, 2012. The "Clean Water Act, 2006" sets out a three step, local, science based planning process in three key documents: • Terms of Reference – a work plan outlining the development of an Assessment Report and Source Protection Plan for the Lakehead Source Protection Area. • Assessment Report – a technical, science-based report to identify potential and existing risks and threats to the sources of Municipal Residential Drinking Water in the Lakehead Source Protection Area. • Source Protection Plan – a strategic document that outlines policies and procedures to prevent or reduce significant threats and manage potential risks to the sources of Municipal Residential Drinking Water in the Lakehead Source Protection Area. The Lakehead Source Protection Committee completed and submitted the Terms of Reference to the Minister of the Environment in October 2008, which was approved on May 25, 2009. The approval date of the Terms of Reference sets the one year timeline for the Lakehead Source Protection Committee to complete an Assessment Report. The “Proposed Assessment Report for the Lakehead Source Protection Area” must be submitted to the Ministry of Environment on or before May 25, 2010. The Lakehead Source Protection Committee developed the “Draft Proposed Assessment Report for the Lakehead Source Protection Area” by using information collected from previous and current scientific and technical studies of the certain aspects of the watershed, under legislative guidance of the “Directors Technical Rules, Clean Water Act, 2006”. The protection of source water for the purpose of this Assessment Report is specific to Municipal Residential Drinking Water Sources. There are two Municipal Residential Drinking Water Systems in the Lakehead Source Protection Area: the City of Thunder Bay’s (Bare Point Road) Water Treatment Plant (a Lake Superior surface water intake) and Municipality of Oliver Paipoonge’s Rosslyn Village Subdivision Well Supply (two groundwater wells). The “Draft Proposed Assessment Report” identifies potential and existing threats and risks to the sources of water for the two Municipal Residential Drinking Water Systems in the Lakehead Source Protection Area. The Lakehead Source Protection Committee acknowledges and thanks the Lakehead Source Protection Authority and the following Staff of the Lakehead Region Conservation Authority: General Manager/Secretary-Treasurer, Watershed Manager, Source Protection Project Manager, Source Protection Water Resources Engineer, Source Protection GIS/Data Specialist, Source Protection Communications Officer and Source Protection Administrative Assistant, for their assistance in the preparation of the “Draft Proposed Assessment Report for the Lakehead Source Protection Area”. Table of Contents Page 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 History of Conservation Authorities in Ontario 1 1.2 History of Drinking Water Source Protection Planning in Ontario 5 1.3 What is an Assessment Report? 9 1.3.1 Watershed Characterization 9 1.3.2 Water Budget 9 1.3.3 Surface Water and Groundwater Vulnerability Analysis 10 1.3.4 Drinking Water Quality Threats Analysis 12 1.3.5 Source Protection Plan 14 2.0 Watershed Characterization 15 2.1 Description of the Watershed 15 2.1.1 Municipalities 17 2.1.2 Federal Lands 20 2.2 Drinking Water Systems 20 2.2.1 Municipal Residential Drinking Water Systems 21 2.2.2 Non-Municipal Drinking Water Systems 21 2.3 Naturally Vegetated Areas 22 2.3.1 Wetlands 23 2.3.2 Woodlands and Riparian Areas 24 2.4 Aquatic Habitats 25 2.4.1 Fisheries 25 2.4.2 Aquatic Macro Invertebrates 27 2.4.3 Species and Habitats at Risk 28 2.5 Human Characterization 28 2.5.1 Municipal Plans 28 2.5.2 Settlement Areas 29 2.5.3 Land Use 29 2.6 Water Quality 34 2.6.1 Surface Water Quality 34 2.6.2 Groundwater Quality 39 2.7 Managed Lands 44 2.7.1 Managed Lands Within the Lakehead Source Protection Area 44 2.8 Impervious Surfaces 45 3.0 Water Budget 47 3.1 Conceptual Water Budget 47 3.1.1 Physiography 50 3.1.1.1 Topography 54 3.1.2 Geology 55 3.1.2.1 Bedrock Geology 56 3.1.2.2 Surficial Geology 58 3.1.2.3 Soil Characteristics 60 3.1.3 Surface Water 62 3.1.3.1 Watersheds and Water Bodies 62 3.1.4 Surface Water Control Structures 76 3.1.5 Groundwater Hydrogeology 82 3.1.6 Wells and Surface Water Intakes 89 3.1.7 Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions 92 3.1.8 Water Use 93 3.1.9 Land Cover 99 3.1.10 Surface Water Intake and Wells Without Permits To Take Water 101 3.1.11 Aquatic Habitats Dependent Upon Depth, Flow and 101 Temperature 3.1.12 Trends Related to Water Budget Parameters 101 3.1.13 Climate 102 3.2 Water Budget on a Watershed Basis 115 3.2.1 Lakehead Source Protection Area Water Budget Calculations 119 3.3 Tier 1 Water Budget and Water Quantity Stress Assessment 127 3.3.1 Water Supply Estimation 129 3.4 Water Budget Summary 135 3.4.1 Subwatershed Stress Assessment 137 4.0 Vulnerability 144 4.1 Groundwater Vulnerability 145 4.1.1 Uncertainty Analysis 146 4.1.2 Highly Vulnerable Aquifers 146 4.1.3 Significant Groundwater Recharge Areas 148 4.1.4 Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs) 150 4.1.5 Groundwater Vulnerability Scores 151 4.1.5.1 Highly Vulnerable Aquifers and Significant 1 51 Groundwater Recharge Areas 4.1.5.2 Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs) 152 4.1.6 Groundwater Transport Pathways 153 4.2 Surface Water Vulnerable Areas 153 4.2.1 Uncertainty Analysis 154 4.2.2 Thunder Bay (Bare Point Road) Water Treatment Plant 155 4.2.3 Delineation of Intake Protection Zones (IPZs) 155 4.2.3.1 Delineation of IPZ-1 156 4.2.3.2 Delineation of IPZ-2 156 4.2.3.3 Delineation of IPZ-3 157 4.2.4 Surface Water Vulnerability Scores 158 4.2.4.1 IPZ-1 & IPZ-2 Vulnerability Scores 158 4.2.5 Surface Water Transport Pathways 159 4.3 Conclusions 159 5.0 Drinking Water Threats 160 5.1 Tools used in Threats Determination 161 5.2 Definition of Drinking Water Threats 162 5.2.1 Drinking Water Threats – Activities 162 5.2.2 Drinking Water Threats - Conditions 163 5.3 Point Source Threats 163 5.3.1 Residential Septic Systems 163 5.3.2 Former Industrial Sites 165 5.3.3 Fuel and Organic Solvent Handling and Storage 166 5.3.4 DNAPLs 166 5.4 Non-Point Source Threats 168 5.4.1 Managed Lands 168 5.4.2 Pesticide & Fertilizer Use 169 5.4.3 Impervious Surfaces 170 5.4.4 Corridor Source Threats 171 5.4.5 Constructed Preferential or Transport Pathways 172 5.5 Groundwater Threats 173 5.5.1 Issues in Highly Vulnerable Aquifers 174 5.5.2 Threats in Highly Vulnerable Aquifers 174 5.5.3 Issues in Significant Groundwater Recharge Areas 174 5.5.4 Threats in Significant Groundwater Recharge Areas 175 5.5.5 Issues in Wellhead Protection Areas 175 5.5.6 Conditions in Wellhead Protection Areas 176 5.5.7 Threats in Wellhead Protection Areas 176 5.5.7.1 Wellhead Protection Area A Threats 179 5.5.7.2 Wellhead Protection Area B Threats 179 5.5.7.3 Wellhead Protection Area C and D Threats 180 5.5.8 Groundwater Threats Risk Assessment 180 5.5.8.1 Wellhead Protection Area A Threats Risk Assessment 180 5.5.8.2 Wellhead Protection Area B Threats Risk Assessment 181 5.5.8.3
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