Index
Abbasid Caliphate, 104, 106–107, 138 Alfeyev, Hilarion (Orthodox Bishop), 203 Aboriginal Christianity (Australia), 364–365 Algeria, 84, 181, 184–185, 189 Aboriginal Evangelical Fellowship, 364 Ali, Abiy Ahmed, 283 abortion, 24, 47, 213, 251, 253, 256, 295, 324, 336–337, 343 All Souls Church (London), 258 Abraham (Coptic Pope), 137 Allaha, word (usage), 109 absolute dependence (Schleiermacher), 149 Allah, 95, 103, 228 abuna, 161, 282 Allatae Sunt, 155 ACC. See Australian Christian Churches Allen, Richard, 332 Acts of Paul and Thecla, 69, 70, 74 Al‐Hakim bi‐Amr Allah, 137 Acts of the Apostles, 73 al‐Ma’mun (Abbasid Caliph), 107 Adam/Eve, 157 Alopen, 299 Adelaja, Sunday, 220 Alpha Course, 248 Adventist movement, 168 al‐Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 192f Affordable Care Act (USA), 337 Alyokhina, Maria, 218 Africa. See North Africa; Sub‐Saharan Africa; South Africa Amazing Grace (hymn), 38 African Americans, 59, 329, 337–340 AME. See African Methodist Episcopal African Initiated Churches (AICs), 167, 271–272 American Anti‐Slavery Society, 46 African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 332, 337–338, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 340 45–46, 166 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 337 American Catholic Church, 342–344 African National Congress (ANC), 280 American Christianity, five‐category classification system, Against All Heresies (Irenaeus), 72 333–334 aggiornamento, 33, 342 American Episcopal Church, 265, 332, 334 Aglipayan Church. See Philippine Independent Catholic American Revolution, 43, 165 Church Anabaptists, 44, 149, 220 Ahl al‐Kitāb, 104, 182 anchorhold, 26 Ahok. See Purnama COPYRIGHTEDAngelica. MATERIAL See Mother Angelica AICs. See African Initiated Churches Anglican Church of Canada, 265 Akindayomi, Josiah Olufemi, 278 Anglican Church of Melanesia, 355 Akinola, Peter (Anglican Bishop), 277–278 Anglicanism, 43, 72, 257–259, 361–362 Al‐Andalus, 131–132 Anselm of Canterbury, 24, 122 al‐Assad, Bashar, 190 Anticlericalism, 250, 312 Albigensians (Cathars), 134 Antiochian Orthodox Church, 13 Alexander the Great, 63–64 Antiochus IV (Seleucid King), 64
The World’s Christians: Who they are, Where they are, and How they got there, Second Edition. Douglas Jacobsen. © 2021 Douglas Jacobsen. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Antony (monk), 83 autocephalous (ecclesiastical status), 13, 18–19, 156, 204, Aoun, Michel, 187 217, 219, 345 apartheid, 149, 265, 279–280 Axum. See Kingdom of Axum Aphrahat, 75–76 Azariah, V.S., 223 apokatastasis, 12 Azusa Street Mission/Revival, 5, 52, 59–60, 150, 340 Apostles’ Creed, 75 Apostolic Church of Faith in Jesus Christ, 317 Bainimarama, Frank, 358–359 Apostolic Faith (Azusa Street Mission), 52 Bakker, Jim, 340–341 Apostolic Faith Mission (South Africa), 280 Balkans, 7, 18, 184, 201, 204, 206–209 apostolic succession, 72 Bangladesh, 229, 231 Aquinas, Thomas, 24, 125–127 Baptism Archbishop of Canterbury, 24, 111, 258, 265 adults only, 332 Argentina, 60, 312, 314–315 desire for, 28 Aristotle, 107 infant, 12, 192 Arius, 75, 82, 84, 99, 101, 181 Jesus, 83, 282 ark. See tabot sacrament of, 3, 9, 12, 23, 26, 28, 71–2, 74–76, 116–117, Armenia, 183, 186, 188, 189, 193–195 123, 342, 346 Armenian Apostolic Church, 7, 99, 186, 188, 194–195 with Holy Spirit, 51, 52, 57, 151, 317 Armenian Catholic Church, 187 Baptists, 4, 41–42, 167, 220, 232, 236–237, 251, 278, 324, Armenian genocide, 193–195 330, 332–333, 337, 339, 342, 346 Arminianism, 40, 45 Baradeus, Jacob, 98–99 Arminius, Jacob, 40 Barbarian invasion (western Roman Empire), 67, 245 Arouet, François‐Marie (Voltaire), 164–165 Baroque era, 153–154 Arya Mahila Samaj, 238 Bartholomew (Patriarch), 193–194 Ashafa, Muhammad Nurayn, 278 Basil II (Byzantine Emperor), 16, 117, 119, 141 Ashimolowo, Matthew, 260 Basil of Caesarea, 181 Ashrawi, Hanan, 197–198 Basil of Moscow, 129 Asia. See Central Asia; East Asia; South Asia Battle of Manzikert, 16 “Asia for Asians” (Japan), 287 Bayt al‐Hikma (House of Wisdom), 107 Asian Tigers, 287 beguines, 120, 126 Assemblies of God (AG), 57, 320, 340, 356 Benedict of Nursia, 115, 337 Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of America, “Benedict option,” 337 345–346 Benedict XVI (Pope), 235, 250 Ateek, Naim, 197 Bethge, Eberhard, 262 Athanasius, 181 bhakti, 239 August Hlond (Archbishop), 211 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 233–234 Augustine of Hippo, 23, 30, 82, 84, 85, 101–102, 181 Bhutan, 231 Australia, 2, 176, 294, 349–354, 359–365 Bible, 9, 21, 28, 63–64, 243, 251, 285, 301, 333, 346, 359 Aboriginal Christianity, 364–365 Abolitionist use of, 168 Anglicanism, 361–362 Aboriginal use of, 354 Catholicism, 362–363 Bible societies, 166 map of, 360 Bible study, 1, 21, 36, 45, 167, 291–292, 313, 319 Pentecostalism, 363 Catholic (Vulgate), 30, 181 Australian Christian Churches (ACC), 363 Church of the East view of, 97
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creation of, 65, 73–74, 90 Buddhism, 22, 108, 140, 225, 229, 231, 285, 288–289, 291–292 Dalit use of, 240 Bulgaria, 115, 141–142 inerrant (literalist), 295, 323, 335 Burwell v. Hobby Lobby (USA), 337 Pentecostal view of, 151 Byzantine Empire, 16–17, 98–100, 103–5, 135–6, 141–143 Peshitta (Persian), 74 public reading banned (USA), 336 Caedmon, 113 Protestant view of, 35–36, 45, 50–51, 147–149, 166, 275 Cairo Declaration of Human Rights, 185 translation of, 116, 236, 271 Calixtus II (Pope), 121–122 Word of God, 1, 36–37 Calvary Chapel, 341 Bible belt Calvin, John, 44, 148 Norway, 256 Câmara, Hélder (Bishop), 311–312 United States, 330 Camino de Santiago, 247–248 Bible Churches, 333 Canada, 230, 265, 328–330, 363 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 268 canonical territory, 202–203, 219 birth control, 213, 320, 343 Carey, William, 45, 236 Bismarck, Otto von, 260–261 cargo cults, 351 Black Death, 31, 126–127 Caribbean, 324–326 Black Lives Matter movement, 340 Carter, Jimmy, 336–337 Black Madonna of Czestochowa, 210–211 Castle Hill Rebellion, 362 Black Nazarene statue (Philippines), 293 Castro, Fidel, 311–312, 324–325 “Blessed Assurance, Jesus Is Mine” (hymn), 39 Castro, Raul, 325 Boer War, 279 Catechism of the Catholic Church, 23, 28–29, 344 Boesak, Alan, 280 Catechists, relation to missionaries, 271 Boko Haram, 277 Cathars. See Albigensians Bolshevik Revolution, 205–206 Cathedral of Christ the Savior (Moscow) 216, 218 Bolsonaro, Messias, 320 Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles), 27f Bonaparte, Napoleon, 253 Catherine of Siena, 23, 122 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 169–170, 261–262 Catholic Action, 154, 311 Boniface (medieval missionary), 111 Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR), 58–59, 318–320, 322, Boniface VIII (Pope), 122, 127 341 Book of Mormon, The, 167, 346 Catholic Church, national/regional contexts Book of the Marvels of the World (Marco Polo), 139 Australia, 362–363 broad church (Anglicans), 258 Brazil, 319–321 Boris I (King of Bulgaria), 115–116 India, 235–236 born again, 335–336 Ireland, 252–253 Bourke, Richard, 360–361 Mexico, 321–324 Boxer Rebellion (China), 170 Middle East, 186–187 Brazil, 319–321 Philippines, 292–295 Brigid of Kildare, 111–112 Poland, 210–214 British and Foreign Bible Society, 166 Romania, 208 British Crown Colony of New South Wales, 350 South Korea, 295–297 British Raj, 229 Spain, 250–252 Brother Mike. See Velarde Ukraine, 220 bubonic plague, 31 United States, 342–345
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Catholic laity, increasing activism of, 343–344 Church of England, 257–259, 265, 44–45, 163, 332 Catholic Western Europe, 249–255 Church of God, 57, 340 Catholicism, history of Church of God in Christ (COGIC), 339–340 Medieval developments, 101–102, 111–115, 120–127, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS), 4, 167, 131–137 332, 346–347, 356 modern history (1500 to present), 152–155, 157–161, Church of Jesus Christ on Earth by His Special Envoy 164–165 Simon Kimbangu, 272 overview, 21–34 Church of North India, 237 caudillos, 311 Church of Our Lady Queen of Poland. See Lord’s Ark CCR. See Catholic Charismatic Renewal Church CELAM. See Council of Latin American Bishops Church of South India (CSI), 237 celibacy, 21, 31, 33, 86–87, 120 Church of St. George (Lalibela, Ethiopia), 130 cell group concept, 296 Church of St. Sava (Belgrade, Serbia), 208 Central Asia, 138–141, 225–228 Church of the East, 4, 93–97, 107–108, 139–141 Cerularius, Michael, 135 Church of the Holy Mother of God (Armenia), 89 Chalcedonian Creed, 76, 98–99 Churchless Christianity (India), 239–240 Chaldean Catholic Church (Iraq), 187 City of God (Augustine of Hippo), 85 Chang’an (Xian, China), 109 Civil Rights Movement (USA), 46–47, 327, 335, 339 Chapel of São Frutuoso (Braga, Portugal), 102 Clement XI (Pope), 164 Charismatic Movement, 4–5, 49, 56, 58–59, 237, 240, 248, Clinton, Hillary, 337 340–341 Clovis (King of Franks), 30 Charlemagne, 114–115, 202 CME. See Christian Methodist Episcopal Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 158 Cold War, 169, 311, 325 Chenchiah, Pandipeddi, 241 Colonialism, xxiii Chenu, Marie‐Dominique, 155 Africa, 159–160, 167, 170, 270–273 Chiesa di Sant’Ignazio di Loyola (Rome), 153–154 Asia, 166–167, 287, 299–300 Chikane, Frank, 280 Latin America, 157–159 Chilean Methodist Church, 317 India, 160–161, 229 China Middle East, 103–107, 137–138, 181–198 Catholicism, 131, 163–164, 299, 302 Columbanus, 111 Church of East, 88, 103, 107–110, 299 Coming of Age in Samoa (Mead), 350 control/suppression of religion, 289, 300–303 Committee of Union and Progress (Turkey), 193 Protestantism, 35–36, 149, 166, 290, 302 Communion. See Eucharist China Inland Mission, 166 Communism, 11,18, 33, 201, 311 Chinese Rites Controversy, 164 China, 289, 300–302 Chinese traditional religion, 289 Eastern Europe, 205–206, 211–213, 261 Cho, David Yonggi, 152, 296 Russia, 215–216 Christ and Crisis (Malik), 188 community churches, 333 “Christian Family Day” protest (Spain), 251 Community of Sant’Egidio, 247 Christian III (King of Denmark), 255–6 Compassionate and Free (Katoppo), 288 Christian Methodist Episcopal (CME) Church, 332 conciliarity, 13 Christianities, xxi, 1, 88 Concordat of Worms, 121–122 “Christianity of Christ” (Douglass), 168 Condomblé, 320 Church Act (Australia), 361 Cone, James, 338 Church of Denmark, 256 Confessionalism (Protestant) 44–45
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Confessions (Augustine of Hippo), 23 Fourth Crusade, 17, 30, 135 Congo, 159–160, 166, 266, 268, 272 timeline, 132 confirmation, 23, 123 CSI. See Church of South India Conflict of the Ages (White), 167–168 Cuauhtlatoatzin, 159, 315 Congar, Yves, 155 Cuba, 311–312, 315, 324–325 Congregational Churches, 43, 332, 356 cuius regio, eius religio, 163 Congress Party (India), 234 Cultural Revolution (China), 301 Constantine (Roman Emperor), 30, 81–82, 88, 139 Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man) (Anselm), 122 conversion Cursillo movement, 247 forced Catholicization, 134, 210 Cyprian (bishop of Carthage), 72, 181 individuals (examples), 30, 36, 81, 88, 115, 117, 167, 188 Cyril of Alexandria, 97–98 national/group embrace of Christianity, 16, 30, 36, 88, Czestochowa (Poland), 211 188, 236 personal experience of, 148, 157, 295, 333, 335 Dadyeshu. See Synod of Dadyeshu social process of, 86, 87, 111–117, 159, 171, 231–233, 239, Dae‐jung, Kim, 296–297 245, 270, 285–286, 297, 352–354 da Gama, Vasco, 235 theology of, 26–28, 232–233 Dalits, 236, 239–240 conversos (New Christians), 133 Damascus, 140 Convert a Million Koreans to Christianity movement, 295 Da Qin Pagoda (China), 109 Cook, James, 350 Dar al‐Islam, 183 Coptic Catholic Church (Egypt), 87 Darwinian evolution, 46 Coptic Orthodox Church, 7, 99, 106, 137–138, 186, Daughters of Anowa (Oduyoye), 275 191–193 deacon, 75, 98, 282, 343–344 cosmic Christ (Maximus), 95 “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” Cost of Discipleship (Bonhoeffer), 262 (France), 253 Council of Dvin (Armenia), 99 Deification. See Theosis Council of Latin American Bishops (CELAM), 28, 313 demons, 50 Councils (Catholic Church) Demonstrations (Aphrahat), 75–76 Chalcedon (451), 7, 14, 15, 76, 93–97 Deng Xiaoping, 301–302 Chalcedon IV (879–880), 101 Denmark, 255–256 Constantinople II (553), 96 Denny, James, 360 Ephesus (431), 96 denominationalism, 43, 331–333 Florence (1431–1445), 17, 123, 136, 142, 214 Derg (political party), 281 Jerusalem (48), 69 devil time, 353 Lateran IV (1215), 123 dharma, 232–233 Lyon II (1274), 124 dhimmi community, 104, 106 Nicaea (325), 75–76, 81 Dhinakaran, D.G.S., 237–238 Nicaea II (787), 16 Dialogue of Patriarch Timothy I and the Caliph Mahdi, 97 Trent (1545–1563), 152 Dictatus Papae, 121 Vatican I (1870), 29 Didache, 71, 74 Vatican II (1962–1965), 33, 59, 155, 251, 313, 342 Diego, Juan. See Cuauhtlatoatzin Cristero Rebellion (Mexico), 322–323 Dionysius of Tellmahre, 106 Crosby, Fanny. See van Alstyne dispensationalism, 196 Cross and the Lynching Tree (Cone), 338 Divine Comedy (Dante), 124 Crusades, 125, 182–183 Dixon, James, 362
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Doctrine and Covenants (LDS), 167, 346 enculturation, 157 Dominus Iesus, 235 English Civil War, 163 Donatist Church, 90 Enlightenment, 31, 45 double Sabbath, 131 Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for Dougherty, Edward, 318 the Conversion of the Heathens (Carey), 45 Douglass, Frederick, 168, 338 entire sanctification, 151 Dowie, John Alexander, 363 Episcopal Church, 265, 332, 334 “Dream of the Rood” (Caedmon), 113 Equal Rights Amendment (USA), 335 dream time, 364–365 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 193–194 Durham, William, 50–51 Eritrea, 283 Dutch Reformed Church (South Africa), 266 Eritrean Catholic Church, 187 Duterte, Rodrigo, 294 Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, 186 Dvin. See Council of Dvin Essenes, 64 Dyer, Mary, 163 Estrada, Joseph, 294 Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN), 344, 345 East Asia, 285–305 Ethelbert (King of Kent), 111 Eastern Europe, 115–117, 201–221 Ethiopia Eastern Rite Catholic Churches, 5, 136, 155, 187, 208–209, ancient, 65, 67, 90, 93, 99, 106, 129–131 220 modern (post‐1500), 160–161, 170, 265–268, 276, 281–283 Eastern Orthodox Church(es), national contexts Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, 5, 99, 120, Greece, 208–209 129–131, 161, 186, 195, 282–283 Romania, 208 Eucharist (Communion), 3–4, 12–13, 23, 27, 31, 123, 288 Russia, 215–218 Europe. See Eastern Europe; Western Europe Serbia, 207–208 European Union (EU), 245 Turkey, 193 Evangelical Lutheran Cathedral (Helsinki), 42 Ukraine, 217–220 Evangelicals / Evangelicalism United States, 344–346 Africa, 274 Eastern Orthodoxy, history of Anglican, 168, 258 ancient, 15–16 Australia, 361, 364 Byzantine era, 16–18, 104–105, 115–117 Caribbean, 325 modern (1500 to present), 18–19, 155–156 definition, 36, 46–47, 148 Easter, origin of name, 113 India, 232, 235, 237 East Timor, 292 South Korea, 295 Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, 17, 19, 105, 156, United States, 330–331, 334–337, 340–341, 346 193, 204, 219 evangélico Christianity (Latin America), 36, 310, 317–319, ecumenical, xxii–xxiii, 46–47, 195 322 Edict of Nantes, 162 evangelische, 36, 261–262 EDSA revolution. See People Power protest evangelism, 47, 111, 226–227, 237, 258, 296, 317, 323 Educación para la Ciudadanía (Spain), 251 EWTN. See Eternal Word Television Network Egypt, 99, 137–138, 184, 186, 191–193 ex cathedra, 29 Einhard, 112 Exsurge Domine, 147 El Shaddai ministry (Philippines), 293 Embassy of God Church (Kiev), 220 Faith Emmanuel AME Church (Charleston, NC), 340 Catholic view of, 23 encomiendas, 158 Protestant view of, 35–37, 39–41
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Pentecostal view of, 54–56, 58 Gbowee, Leymah, 276 “faith seeking understanding” (Anselm), 24 Genghis Khan (Temujin), 139 Family Voice Australia, 361 Georgia, nation of, 88, 90, 203–205, 214–215 Fangcheng Fellowship, 301 Georgios I (King of Nubia), 106 Fatah (political party), 197 Germany, 260–263 Fatimid Caliphate, 137 Ghazan (Mongol ruler), 140–141 Feast of Corpus Christi, 123 Giwargis I (Church of the East Catholicos), 96 Feast of Holy Angels, 315 Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON), 257 Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences (FABC), 28 globalization, 65, 156–157, 159, 166, 171 Felicitas (martyr), 80 glocalization, 156–157, 164, 316 Fens Inquiry (Ireland), 253 Gnosticism, 71–72 Festival of Light (Australia), 361 God as Trinity, 2–3, 30, 65, 95, 101, 181, 317 Fiji, 357–359 God fearers, 64 filioque, 101 God Is Love Church, 317 Finland, 13, 42, 246, 255 God’s Missionary Church, 43 First Nations people (Canada), 328 Golden Horde,139 First Presidency (LDS), 346 Golden Lampstand Church (China), 303 Flores, Samuel Joaquin, 323 Golden Rule, 2, 273 Focolare, 28, 248 Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashiv, 233 folk churches, 42, 255–256 Graham, Billy, 36, 148, 335–336 folk Orthodoxy (Russia), 217 Great Awakening, 148, 333 Fourth Council of Chalcedon, 101–102 Great Church, 68 Fourth Crusade, 17, 30, 135 Great Division, 93–95 Fourth Dimension (Cho), 152 Great Persecution, 87–88 France, 30, 164–165, 253–255 Great Revival (Korea), 295 Francis (Pope), 314, 362 Great Schism, 16, 135 Francis of Assisi, 126, 131 Greco‐Turkish War, 193 Franciscans, 126, 164 Gregory Palamas, 10, 28, 128 Franco, Francisco, 250–251 Greek Catholic Church, 187, 208, 220 Frederick "the Wise" (Saxony), 147–148 Greek Orthodox Church 18, 208 free will, 40 Gregorios, Paulos Mar, 227 French Revolution, 33, 165, 253 Gregory of Nazianzus, 128 Freudianism, 46 Gregory of Nyssa, 181 Frumentius, 281 Gregory the Illuminator, 88–89 full gospel, 151, 237 Gregory VII (Pope), 121 fundamentalists, 46, 148, 188, 232, 333 Gregory XI (Pope), 122 grobalization, 156–157 GAFCON. See Global Anglican Future Conference Guadalupe. See Virgin of Guadalupe Galileo, 24 Guido of Monte Rochen, 124 Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma), 229, 233 Gulf War, 185 Gaochang (China), 88 Gutiérrez, Gustavo, 313 Gatu, John, 273 Gaudium et Spes, 155 Handbook for Curates (Guido of Monte Rochen), 124 Gauguin, Paul, 350 Nhat Hanh, Thich, 291–292 gay rights, 213, 253, 336 Hap Dong Church (South Korea), 295
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harmatia (sin), 3 iconophiles, 16–17 healing (divine), 54–55, 70, 83, 88, 151, 197, 220, 237, 240, iconostasis, 9 318, 320–321, 341, 357 icons, veneration of, 9–10, 16, 21, 100 Hegel, G.F.W., 168 Idea of a University (Newman), 25 Henry V (Emperor), 121–122 Iglesia ni Cristo (Philippines), 294 Henry VIII (King of England), 44 Immaculate Conception of Mary, 31 Heraclius (Byzantine Emperor), 99 immigrants (immigration), 106, 111, 115, 163, 175–177, hesychasm, 11, 129 185, 249, 298, 317, 328, 330, 342, 345, 347, 360, 362 High‐Caste Hindu Woman (Ramabai), 237 “In Praise of the Three Sacred Powers” (sutra), 108–110 hijab (head scarf), 253 India, 59, 84–86, 88, 107, 160–161, 223–227, 229, 231–241 Hildegard of Bingen, 22, 126 Indonesia, 170, 285, 287, 289, 290, 292, 297–299, 303 hillbilly religion, 55 indulgences, 125, 147 Hillsong Church (Australia), 363 Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 74 Hinduism, 22, 223, 225, 228–235, 237, 239–241, 285, 290, Infant of Prague, 22 297, 329, 357, 359 Ingeja Universaldo Reino de Deus (IURD), 317, 320–321 Hindutva, 233–234 Innocent III (Pope), 121–122 Historically Black Churches (USA), 337–340 Innocent X (Pope), 293 History of the Destruction of the Indies (Las Casas), 311 Inquisition (Catholic) Hitler, Adolf, 170, 196, 261 Portuguese (in India), 161, 235 Hmong (Vietnam), 285 Spanish, 133 Holiness Movement, 151 Institute for Women in Religion and Culture (Ghana), Holocaust, 169, 196–197, 211, 261–262 275 Holy Land, 31, 125, 135, 160, 195 Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 44 Holy Roman Empire, 260–261 internally displaced people (IDPs), 176 Holy Spirit, 2, 18, 49–53, 56–57, 59, 96, 101, 150, 237, 256, International Church of the Grace of God (Argentina), 60 271, 273, 292, 301, 317, 357 Investiture Controversy, 121 Holy Spirit Church (East Africa), 58 Iranian Revolution, 185 Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral (Sibiu, Romania), 8–9 Iraq War, 185 Hong Xiuquan, 167, 300 Ireland, 252–253 Hoover, Willis C., 317 Irish Child Abuse Commission, 253 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 22 Isaac of Nineveh (Isaac the Syrian), 96 House of Wisdom. See Bayt al‐Hikma Iskandar, Yūsuf, 191 Houston, Bobbie, 363–364 See Matthew the Poor Houston, Brian, 363–364 Islam Hulegu, 139 Central Asia, 140–141, 228–229 Humani Generis, 154–155 conversion to Islam, 104, 138, 140, 182, 228 Hunayan ibn shīq, 107 East Asia, 285, 289–290, 294, 297–298 Hus, Jan, 147 Eastern Europe, 142, 202, 208, 285, 288, 290, 294 hypostatic union, 99 Ethiopia, 90, 129, 283 growth and expansion, 16–17, 30, 93, 95, 102–104, 245 “I Accuse” (Wisniewski), 213 Middle East, 183, 188–189, 197 “I Am Thine, O Lord” (hymn), 39 northern Africa, 137–138, 182–183, 266 I Believe in Miracles (Kuhlman), 55 relation to Christianity, xxii, 2, 7, 16, 65, 100, 104–106, Ibn al‐’Assal family, 138 109, 117, 124, 131, 133–134, 182 iconoclasts, 16–17 Sub‐Saharan Africa, 266, 277–278
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Western Europe, 245, 253–255 Julian of Norwich, 26 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 185–186, 190 Justinian, 98 Israel ancient, 63–64, 131 Kairos Document, 280 Christian attitudes toward, 196–197 Kai‐Shek, Chiang, 300 nation of, 181, 183, 185, 195–196, 363 Kappel Wars (Switzerland), 162 Italo‐Catholics, 134 Karunya Institute of Technology, 238 Katoppo, Marianne, 288 Moon Jae-in, 297 Kazakhstan, 225, 227 Jakes, Thomas Dexter, 340 Kazimierz (King of Poland), 210 James (Apostle), 69 Kebra Nagast, 129–130 Janissaries (slaves), 142 Kennedy, John F., 342–344 João I (King of Congo), 160 Kennedy, Kerry, 344 Jaroslav the Wise (Russia), 117 Kim Young‐Sam, 295–296 Jasna Gora monastery,210 Kimbangu, Simon, 271–272 Jedrasewski, Marek (Archbishop), 213 King, Jr., Martin Luther, 339 Jefferson, Thomas, 45 Kingsway International Christian Centre, 260 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 322 Kirill (Russian Orthodox Patriarch), 217 Jesuits. See Society of Jesus Kiyoka movement (Angola), 167 Jesus Calls Ministry, 237–238 Knights Hospitaller, 126 Jesus Christ Knights of Columbus, 342 historical person of, xxi, 1–2, 30, 38, 64, 68–73, 83, 86, “known religions” (Greece), 208–209 128, 181 Korean War, 300 India, visited, 223, 282 Kublai Khan, 139 North America, visited, 346 Kuhlman, Kathryn, 54–55 theological understanding of, xxi, 1–2, 39, 65, 72, 96–101, Kulturkampf, 261 106, 108, 110, 239–241, 376 Kuyper, Abraham, 279 visual portrayals of, 78 Kvennakirrkjan organization (Iceland), 248 Jesus Prayer, 11, 18, 128 jizya, 104 La Luz del Mundo, 322–323 João I (King of Congo), 159–160 laïcité, 253–255 John Frum movement (Vanuatu), 351 Lalibela (King of Ethiopia), 129 John of Dalyatha, 96 Lambeth Conference, 257 John of Damascus. See Mansur ibn Sarjūn Lane, Elizabeth Jane Holden (Anglican Bishop), 258 John Paul II (Pope), 17, 211–212, 247, 251, 314 La Negrita (statue), 315 John (Apostle), 73, 128 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 158, 311 John the Baptist, 282 Latin America, 157–159, 307–326 John XXIII (Pope), 33 Law of Separation (France), 255 Juárez, Benito, 322 Lebanon, 185–186 Judaism Legio Maria movement, 272 ancient history of, 63–64 Lenshina, Alice, 275 Christianity, relationship with, 2–3, 16, 63–65, 68–69, Leoba, 111 71, 73, 86 Leo III (Pope), 113–114 Holocaust, 169, 196–197, 211, 261–262 Leo IX (Pope), 135 Julian (the Apostate), 82 Leo X (Pope), 147
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“Letter from a Chengdu Jail” (Yi), 304 Mark (Apostle), 73 LGBTQ, 24, 46, 168, 213–214, 265, 320, 335, 340, 361–362 Maronites, 136–137, 183, 186–187, 189–190 Liang, Afa, 167 Marsden, Samuel, 357 Liberation theology, 28, 154, 313–314 Marxism (Also see Communism), 46, 311, 314 Liberian civil war, 277 Mary. See Virgin Mary limpieza de sangre, 133, 158 Mason Temple, 339 Little Flock Church (China), 300 Mathewes‐Green, Frederica, 346 Living Faith Church (Winner’s Chapel), 249, 278 Mathias (Abuna), 282 Locke, John, 45 Matthew (Apostle), 73 London Missionary Society (LMS), 45, 356 Matthew the Poor. See Yūsuf Iskandar Lord’s Ark Church (Poland), 211–212 Maximus the Confessor, 99–100 Lord’s Chosen Church (Nigeria), 278 McCauley, Ray, 280 Lossky, Vladimir, 11 McNutt, Francis, 318 lotu (religion), 357 McPherson, Aimee Semple, 53 Louis XVI (King of France), 165 Mead, Margaret, 350 Lubac, Henri de, 155 Melanesia, 354–355 Lubich, Chiara, 247, 248 Melanesian Way (Narokobi), 353 Lucaris, Cyril (Patriarch), 155 Melkite Christians (Rum Christians), 105 lukangu (freedom), 166 Melkite Greek Catholic Church, 187 Luke (Apostle), 73 Mennonites, 44, 266, 270, 317 Lukjian, Pantelić (Bishop), 208–209 mestizo, 316 Lumpa Church,275 Methodism, 4, 41–43, 45, 59, 151, 237, 258, 317, 332, 334, Luther, Martin, 5, 36, 40, 44, 147–148, 162, 255 337, 352, 355–357, 359, 361 Lutheranism, 4, 35, 41–45, 146, 237, 245, 248, 255, 261, Metropolitan Cathedral (Mexico City), 324 266, 270, 283, 297, 317, 332–334, 352, 355 Mexico, 159, 307–310, 315, 317, 321–324, 363 Mezquita Cathedral (Cordoba, Spain), 132–133 Macedo, Edir, 320–321 Miaphysite Christianity, 7, 93–95, 97–99, 105–106, 119–120, MacKillop, Mary, 362 156, 186 Macron, Emmanuel, 255 Michael III (Byzantine Emperor), 115 Madurese, 298 Michael Palaeologus (Byzantine Emperor), 135–136 Magellan, Ferdinand, 145 Micronesia, 354–356 Mainline Protestantism (USA), 330–331, 333–337 Middle Belt (Nigeria), 277 Malaysia, 287, 289–290 Middle East, 181–198 Malik, Charles, 187–188 millet, 104, 189, 206 Mao Zedung, 300–301 mindfulness, 291 Mamluk Empire, 138 Ming Dynasty (China), 299 Manalo, Felix, 294 missionaries Mandela, Nelson, 265, 280 Africa, 270–271, 273, 283 manifest destiny (USA), 328 Asia, 285, 294–295, 300 Manna Ministries, 237 Byzantine, 115–116 Manşūr ibn Sarjūn, 12, 100, 105 Catholic, 31, 90, 113, 158–159, 164, 187, 236, 352 Marcion, 68, 71 Church of East, 86–88, 96, 103, 108 Marco Polo, 139 colonialism, 170, 270 Maritain, Jacques, 155 conflicts, 164, 170, 216, 273, 294, 300
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history, 69, 79, 111 National Council of Churches (USA), 334–335 missiology, 22, 156–157, 176 nationalism Pacific, 350, 355–357 Catholic, 209 Pentecostal, 237, 317, 352 Coptic, 191–192 Protestant, 41, 45–46, 57, 166–169, 231, 236, 239, Eastern Orthodoxy, 13, 18–19, 142, 201 294–295 European, 245 non‐western (sending), 172, 177, 249, 296 Fijian, 359 modernists, 46, 148, 333 Polish, 211, 213 Modi, Narendra, 234 Russian, 206 monasticism Serbian, 208 ancient (origins), 83–84, 90, 111–112, 181–182 Turkish, 192 Catholic, 21, 111, 114–115, 119–121, 126, 134, 147 Ukrainian, 217, 219 Church of the East (China), 108–110, 223 United States, 327 idea of, ideals, 27, 147, 292 Zionism (Israeli nationalism), 196 Miaphysite (Coptic), 106, 131, 137, 191 Native Baptist Church (Nigeria), 167 Orthodox, 14, 128–129, 201, 216 Nazis, 169, 211, 261 Mongke (Golden Horde), 139 Nebi Uri shrine, 197 Mongol Empire, 137, 139–141, 202 Nebuchadenezzar II, 63 Monothelitism, 99, 136 Négritude, 273 Monségur, 134 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 223, 233 Moody, Dwight L., 148 NEM. See New ecclesiastical movements Moo‐hyun, Roh, 296–297 Neo‐Charismatic Christianity, 56–58, 317, 340 Moravia, 115–116 Nepal, 231 Mormons. See Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Nestorian Church. See Church of the East mortal sin, 26 Nestorius (Patriarch), 95–96 Mother Angelica, 344–345 Netherlands, 41, 148, 246, 248, 256–257, 266, 297, 324, 328 Mother of God. See Theotokos New Apostolic Reformation, 57–58 Mother Teresa, 27, 236 new birth, 3, 333 Mott, John R., 169 New Christians. See Conversos Mount Athos, 128 new ecclesiastical movements (NEMs), 28, 246–247, 318 Mount Tabor, 128 new evangelization, 318 Mugao Caves Monastery, 110 “New Lights” (Great Awakening), 333 Mukarrasin (religious organization), 191 New Rome, 81 Mukti Mission, 237 New Testament, xxi, 3, 49, 64, 68–69, 71, 73–74, 149 Muslim. See Islam New Zealand, 349, 351, 356–358, 365 Mutara IV (King of Rwanda), 276 Newman, John Henry, 24–25 “My Message” (Peron), 312 Newton, John, 38 Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (Lossky), 11 Nguyen Van Thuan, Francis Xavier (Cardinal), 291–292 Lee Myung-Bak, 295–296 Ni Tuosheng (Watchman Nee), 300 Nicene Creed, 75, 82, 95, 101 Nagaland,, 229, 232 Nicholas V (Pope), 157 Narokobi, Bernard Mullu, 353 Nigeria, 172, 177, 249, 265–268, 277–279 National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), 335–336 Nikon (Russian Orthodox Patriarch), 155, 214 National Catholicism (Spain), 250–251 Nitrian Desert, 83
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Niyazov, Saparmurat, 228 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 197 Nkrumah, Kwame, 273 Palladius, 90, 252 Nkuwu, Nzinga, 159 Pancasila (five pillars), 297 Nobili, Roberto de, 235 Panikkar, Raimundo, 235 North Africa, 181–193 Pantokrator (image of Christ), 8 North America, 43, 163, 165–166, 171, 265, 318, 327–347 Papal encyclicals Norway, 102, 255, 256 Allatae Sunt, 155 Ntsikana (hymn writer), 38 Humani Generis, 154–155 Nur ad‐Din, 134 Redemptoris Missio, 318 Slavorum Apostoli, 170–171 Obama, Barack, 340 Sublimis Deus, 158 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 278 Papal States, 31 oberprokuror, 18, 215 Parthian Empire, 86 Oceania, 349–359 Pascha (Easter), 113 Oduyoye, Mercy Amba, 275–276 Patrick (Ireland), 90, 252 Oecumenische Vrouwensynoden (Netherlands), 248 patronato/padroado, 146, 311 “Old Lights,” 333 Paul (Apostle), 69–70, 73 Old Testament (in contrast to Hebrew Scriptures), 64 Paul III (Pope), 158 Olga (royal Russian matriarch), 116 Paul VI (Pope), 155, 343 Opium Wars (China), 166–167, 300 Peace Child, 354 Oriental Orthodox Churches. See Miaphysite Peace of Westphalia, 44, 162–163 Origen, 181 Pearl of Great Price, 167, 346 original sin, 26, 101–102 Pelagius, 82–83 Orobator, Agbonkhianmeghe, 274 Pell, George (Cardinal), 362–363 Orthodox Christianity. See Eastern Orthodoxy penance, 23, 26, 72, 123–125 Orthodox Church in America (OCA), 345 peninsulares, 158 Orthodox Church of Ukraine, 219 Pentarchy, 101 orthopathy, 50 Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW), 340 Orvieto Cathedral fresco (Italy), 123 Pentecostal Churches, national contexts Osagyefo (Kwame Nkrumah), 273 Australia, 363–364 Ottoman Empire, 17–18, 137, 141–142, 168, 170, 184–185, Brazil, 319–321 193–194, 202, 206 Bhutan, 231 Our Lady of Charity of El Cobre (Cuba), 315 China, 299, 301–302 Our Lady of Copacabana (Bolivia), 315 Ethiopia, 283 Our Lady of Cormoto (Venezuela), 315 India, 231, 237–238, 240–241 Our Lady of Lugán (Argentina), 315 Mexico, 322 Our Lady of Mercy (Peru), 315 Nepal, 231 Our Lady of Quinche (Ecuador), 315 Nigeria, 278–279 Norway, 256 Pacific region. See Oceania South Africa, 280 Padre Pio, 247 South Korea, 296–297 Pakistan, 225–226, 229–230, 232 United Kingdom, 260 Palamas, Gregory. See Gregory Palamas United States, 335–336, 340–341 Palestine, 63–64, 181, 185, 195–197 Ukraine, 220
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Pentecostalism Preface to the Letter of St. Paul to the Romans (Luther), 40 definition, 47, 49–50, 331 Presbyterians, 4, 37, 41, 44, 163, 237, 259, 273, 295, 332, demographics, 4–5, 178–179, 186–187 355, 361 growth, 60, 171–172, 269–270, 274, 302, 309–310, Prester John, 235 317–318 priesthood of all believers, 38 origins, 59, 332, 340 Prince of Peace Church (Latin America), 317 social structure, 56–59, 149 prosperity gospel, 54–56, 58–59, 220, 274, 280, 317, 320, 340 theology of, 50–56, 150–152, 274 Protestant churches, current regional contexts Pentecost, ancient feast of, 49 Africa, 269–276, 279–281 People Power Protest (Philippines), 294 Asia, 234–237, 295–298, 299–304 People’s Party (Spain), 251 Europe, 202, 209–210, 220, 246–249, 255–262 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 299–304 Latin America, 317–318, 324–325 Peron, Eva, 311–312 Oceania, 352–359, 361–362 Peron, Juan, 311 North America, 163, 329–339 Perpetua (martyr), 80, 181 Protestantism Persia, 84–90, 93, 95–96, 99, 102–103, 105–107, 138–141 definition, 35–36, 166 Peshitta, 74 demographics, 159, 178–179 Peter (Apostle), 69, 73, 181 evangelical, 333–337 Pharisees, 64 history, 44–47, 146–149, 166–169 Philippine Independent Catholic Church (Aglipayan mainline, 334–335 Church), 294 missions. See missionaries Philippines, 187, 290, 292–295 progressive, 36, 156, 168, 258, 361 philosophes, 164–165 social organization, 41–43 phyletism, 14, 207 theology, 37–41, 51, 166 Pietism, 45, 47, 150–151, 256 warfare, 162–162 pigmentocracy (Latin America), 158 PSOE. See Spanish Socialist Workers Party Pius IX (Pope), 33, 154 Pure Land Buddhism, 289–290 Pius XII (Pope), 261 purgatory, 28, 31, 120, 124–125, 147 Poland, 44, 209–214, 261 Puritans, 163, 327, 332 Polynesia, 350, 356–357 Purnama, Basuki Tjahaja (Ahok), 298–299 Pontius Pilate,74–75 Pussy Riot, 217–218 popes (Catholic). See Benedict XVI; Boniface VIII; Calixtus Putin, Vladimir, 202, 217–218 II; Clement XI; Francis; Gregory VII; Gregory XI: Innocent III; Innocent X; John XXIII; John Paul II; Qale Heywet Church (Ethiopia), 283 Leo III; Porfirio, Qing Qing, 108–109 Díaz, 322 Quorum of Twelve (LDS), 346 Portugal, 31, 146, 157–161, 235, 243, 247, 249, 261, 285, Quran, 103–104 309–310 Potter’s House, 340 racism. 157–159, 165–166, 279–280, 314–315, 337–340, 346 Praise songs, 38 Rahner, Karl, 28, 155 Praise the Lord (PTL) television network, 340–341 Ramabai Sarasvati, Pandita, 237–238 prayer, 12, 23, 27, 35, 51–52, 59, 191–192, 197, 238, 247 Rape of Nanjing, 286–287 Precepts of Jesus (Ram Mohan Roy), 241 Ras Tafari. See Selassie predestination, 39–40 Ratana, Tahupotiki Wiremu, 357
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Ratana Church (New Zealand), 357–358 Road of Hope (Nguyen Van Thuan), 292 Ratzinger, Joseph (Cardinal), 235 Roman Empire, 15–16, 30, 64–65, 67, 76–85, 90, 93–95, Reagan, Ronald, 337 181–182 reconquista (Spain), 132–134 Romania, 18, 37, 207–208 Rede Brasil Cristāo (Christian Brazil Network), 321 Romanian Greek Catholic Church, 208 Redeemed Christian Church of God (Nigeria), 278–279 Romanian Orthodox Church, 8, 9, 18, 204, 208 Redemptoris Missio, 318 Roman Symbol, 74–75 Redevida (Life Network), 321 Rome Reformed Protestantism, 37, 39, 41–42, 44, 148, 237, 261, bishop of, 29–31, 101, 105, 113 266, 280, 334, 352 city of, 31, 74, 78–79, 84, 101, 111, 114, 121, 127, 142, 343 Refutation and Overthrow of Knowledge Falsely So Called Second Rome, New Rome (Constantinople), 18, 81, 142 (Irenaeus), 72 Third Rome (Moscow), 18, 142, 155 Religion and Dialogue (Gregorios), 227 Romero, Oscar (Archbishop), 312 religions (Christianity’s relationship to other religions) Rossi, Marcelo, 320–321 Abrahamic religions, 182 Roy, Ram Mohan, 240–241 Catholic attitudes, 21, 28, 131, 163, 224, 291, 297 Rublev, Andrei, 129 Church of the East attitudes, 86, 88, 97, 108, 131, 224 Ruhnama (Niyazov), 228 Orthodox attitudes, 208, 216, 224 Rum Christians. See Melkite Christians Pentecostal attitudes, 320 Russia Protestant attitudes, 149, 159 Communist period (USSR), 7, 194, 202, 205–206, 227 in Roman Empire, 71, 82 pre‐Communist era, 7, 16, 18, 116–117, 142, 228 religious freedom post‐Communist era, 156, 202, 216–220 Armenia, 194 Russian Orthodox Church, 13, 18 Australia, 361 demographics, 202, 216–217 Brazil, 320 history, 16, 18, 116–117, 120, 129, 205–206, 214–216 China, 302 influence and status, 13, 142, 203–204, 214, 216–217 Europe, 162, 164 spirituality, 11, 129, 155, 214, 217 Denmark, 256 tensions with Ecumenical Patriarch, 156, 204, 214–215 France, 253–254 Ukraine, 217–220 Greece, 208 United States, 344–345 India, 232–233 Rwanda, 265, 276 Indonesia, 297 Mexico, 322 sacramental imagination, 21–23, 151 Mongol Empire, 139–140 sacramentals, 23, 293 Poland, 209 sacraments Spain, 251 Catholic, 23, 26, 28, 31, 120, 123, 274, 301, 322 Turkmenistan, 228 Protestant, 42, 147, 274 United States, 165, 327, 337 Sacred Heart of Jesus statue (Spain), 250 Requerimiento, 157–158 Sahle‐Work Zwede, 283 Rhema Bible Church, 280 Salah ad‐Din (Saladin), 138 Rhema faith (Cho perspective), 152 St. Joseph’s Catholic Church (China), 299 Ricci, Matteo, 164 St. Mark’s Coptic Cathedral (Alexandria), 192 Righteous Harmony Society (Boxer Rebellion), 170 St. Peter’s Basilica, 28–29, 125, 250 Riot Days (Alyokhina), 218 St. Thomas Christians, 234–235
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saints Shari’a law, 277, 290, 298 Catholic views of, 22, 123, 147, 153, 160, 209, 250, 292, Shenouda III (Coptic Pope), 191–192 314 Shepherd, 71–72, 74 martyrdom, 83, 190 Shi’a Islam, 137 Orthodox views of, 9–11, 100, 129, 206, 217 Yuan Shikai, 299 Protestant views of, 39, 147 Shinto, 290 Salam, Tammam, 187 Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (las Casas), Salvation 158 Catholic view of, 25–28 Showings (Julian of Norwich), 26 Orthodox view of, 11–13 Silk Road, 88, 223–224, 286 Pentecostal view of, 54–56 Simons, Menno, 44 Protestant view of, 38–41 Sin (Also see original sin), 3, 12, 25–26, 39–40, 71, Samaritans, 64 122–124, 151 same‐sex marriage, 253, 258, 265, 337 Sin, Jaime (Cardinal), 294 Samuel, Vinay, 237 Sinhalese (Sri Lanka), 230–231 Sánchez, Pedro, 251–252 Sino‐Japanese War, 286–287 Sant’Egidio. See Community of Sant’Egidio Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 276 Santa Maria Maggiore Church (Rome), 77f slain in the Spirit, 51 Sarah, Robert (Cardinal), 268 slavery, 46, 168, 240, 309, 332 SaRang Community Church (South Korea), 296 Slavorum Apostoli, 170–171 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 254–255 Smith, Joseph, 167, 346 Sasanian Empire, 86–87 sobornost, 13 Saudi Arabia, 185–187 Society of Jesus (Jesuits), 4, 31, 152, 164, 235, 274, 299, Scandinavia, 30, 41–42, 44, 116, 246, 255–256 318, 352 Schillebeeckx, Edward, 155 Sofia‐mássor liturgy, 248 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 149 Solidarity Movement (Poland), 211, 213 Schmalkaldic War, 162 Solomon (King of Israel), 129 Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement, 247 Song, Choan‐Seng, 292 “Scramble for Africa,” 270 Sorkaktani‐beki, Tolui, 140 secularism, 164–165, 169–170, 246, 251, 253–255, 261–262, South Africa, 46, 59, 149, 265–266, 274, 279–281 320, 330, 337 South Asia. See India secularization (social process), 171, 243, 245–246 South Korea,172, 285, 287, 295–297 Sejm (Polish parliament), 209–210 South Sudan, 38 Selassie, Haile (Ras Tafari), 281 Spain, 93, 101, 102, 127, 131–134, 147, 158, 176, 249–252, Seleucid kingdom, 63–64 261 Seljuk Turks, 16, 134, 137–138, 140–141 Spanish‐American War, 294 Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 158 Spanish Armada, 162 Serbian Orthodox Church, 207–208, 219 Spanish Civil War, 250 Sergius of Radonezh, 129 Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), 251–252 Seventh‐Day Adventist Church, 167–168 speaking in tongues, 21, 49, 51, 57, 59, 150, 237, 317 Severus of Antioch, 98 Spener, Philip Jakob, 45 Seymour, William J., 52, 59, 150–151 Sri Lanka, 107, 225, 229–231 Shamanism, 290 Stalin, Joseph, 206 Shapur II (Persian Emperor), 87 startsy (elders/holy men), 129, 217
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state church, 41–45, 164–166, 255–256, 261, 332, 361 Thailand, 170, 287–290 stations of the cross, 27 Thecla, 70 Staupitz, Johann von, 147 Theodora (Byzantine Empress), 16–17 Steps to Christ (White), 168 Theodore of Mopsuestia, 96–97 stigmata, 247 Theodosius I (Byzantine Emperor), 82, 162 Stott, John, 258 Theodosius I (Coptic Patriarch), 98 Sublimis Deus, 158 theosis (deification), 10–12 Sub‐Saharan Africa, 265–283 Theotokos, 10, 76, 100, 142 Sudan, 184, 187, 265 Theravada Buddhism, 289–290 Sudan Interior Mission, 283 Third Rome (Moscow), 18, 142, 155 Suleiman (Ottoman Emperor), 184 This Side of Peace (Ashrawi), 198 Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 126 Thomas (Apostle), 73, 85–86, 234 Sun Yat‐sen, 299–300 Thomas, M.M., 237 Sundanese, 297–298 Three‐Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM), 300–301, Supreme Court (USA), 336 303–304 Susinyos (King of Ethiopia), 161 tilma of Juan Diego, 315–316 Svyatoslav (Russian king), 116 Timkat festival, 282 Swaggart, Jimmy, 341 Timothy I (Church of the East Catholicos), 96–97, 107 Swaraj (self‐rule) movement, 229 Timur‐Leng, 141 Sweden, 243, 246, 255, 357 Ting, K.H., 149 Sword Brethren (Livonian Knights), 134 Tiridates III (King of Armenia), 88–89, 188 Syllabus of Errors (Pope Pius IX), 33 Tito, Josip Broz, 207 Symeon the New Theologian, 18, 128 Tong Hap Church (South Korea), 295 Symeon the Stylite, 83 transubstantiation, 31, 123 symphonia, 207 Treaty of Waitangi, 357 Synodikon of Orthodoxy, 17 Trent. See Council of Trent Synod of Dadyeshu, 88 Triumph of Orthodoxy, 16–17 Synod of Diamper, 162 Trump, Donald, 337 Synod of Isaac, 88 Truth and Reconciliation Committee (South Africa), Syriac Catholic Church, 187 265–266, 280–281 Syrian Civil War, 197 TSPM. See Three‐Self Patriotic Movement Syrian Orthodox Church (Jacobite), 7, 99, 136, 186, 224, 234 Tuff, Ulysses, 220 Turkey, 18, 139, 183–184, 193–194 tabot (ark), 131, 282 Turpan (China), 88 Taiping Rebellion, 167, 300 Tutu, Desmond, 149, 265, 280–281 Tamils (Sri Lanka), 230–231 “two solitudes” (Canada), 330 Tang Empire, 108 Tawadros II (Coptic Pope), 192 ujamaa, 273 Taylor, Charles, 276 Ukraine, 156, 217–220 “Tell No One” (documentary), 213–214 Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), Temujin. See Genghis Khan 217–219 Tertullian, 181 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC), 220 Testimony of Our Inexhaustible Treasure, (Ramabai), 238 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC‐KP), Teutonic Knights, 134 218–219
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Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Moscow Patriarchate Western Europe, 111–115, 120–127, 131–135, 145–149, (UOC‐MP), 218–219 152–154, Umayyad Caliphate, 104–105, 131–132 162–163, 164–165, 169–170, 243–263 Umbanda, 319–320 Western Schism (Papal Schism), 127 ummah (Muslim community), 103 White, Ellen G., 167–168 Union Theological Seminary (New York), 338 Whitefield, George, 148, 333 United Church of Christ (USA), 36, 334 Wilberforce, William, 168 United Kingdom, 245, 249, 257–260 Willems, Dirk, 149–150 United States, 8, 35–36, 41, 43, 46–47, 149, 163, 166–170, Williams, Rowan (Archbishop), 258 176–177, 265, 311, 317–318, 327–347, 351, 355 Willibrord, 111 Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. See Ingeja Winner’s Chapel (Nigeria). See Living Faith Church Universaldo Reino de Deus Winthrop, John, 163, 327 universalism, 40 Wisniewski, Ludwik, 213 Urban II (Pope), 134–135, 141–142 Wojtyla, Karol (Archbishop), 211–212 Urban IV (Pope), 123 Women’s Christian Temperance Society, 46 “word of faith” Pentecostalism. See prosperity gospel Valensuela, Romanita Carbajal de, 317 Word of God, Bible as, 1, 36, 335 van Alstyne, Frances Jane (Fanny Crosby), 38–39 Word of God Church, 317 Velarde, Miariano Z. (Brother Mike), 293 Word of Life Bible Church, 278 Vietnam, 170, 285, 287–291, 355 Word of Life Church. See Qale Heywet Church Vikings, 102–103 World Alliance of Reformed Churches, 280 Virgin Mary, 10, 27–29, 31, 76, 125, 142, 159, 197, 210, 247, World Christian Database (WCD), 367–368 314–316 World Christianity, as academic field of study, 22–23 Virgin of Guadalupe, 315–316 World Council of Churches (WCC), 46–47, 155, 206, 237, Vision of the Future Church, 317 280, 359 Vita, Beatriz Kimpa, 160 world religions, xxii, 22, 51, 73, 86, 175, 230, 285, 287, 289, Vladimir (Russian Grand Prince), 116–117 297, 325 vocation, 38 World Trade Center (New York City), 228 Völkerwanderung, 102 World War I (Great War), 169–170, 184, 187, 194, 245 Voltaire. See Arouet World War II, 7, 18, 169–170, 194, 196, 205–206, 211, 245, 261, Wairua Tabu (Holy Spirit), 357 272–273, 283, 295, 351 Walatta Petros, 161 wowserism (Australia), 360 Waldensians, 317 Wu Yaozung, 300 Wang Mingdao, 300 Wuye, James Movel, 278 Wang Yi, 304 Wycliffe, John, 147 War of Reform (Mexico), 322 Watchman Nee. See Ni Tuosheng Xavier, Francis, 235 Waves of Love and Peace Church, 317 Xi Jinping, 302–303 WCC. See World Council of Churches WCD. See World Christian Database Yahyì ibn Adi, 107 Welby, Justin (Archbishop), 258 Yar’Adua, Umaru, 278 Wesley, Charles, 41, 332 Yoido Full Gospel Church, 152, 296 Wesley, John, 151 Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 300
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Young Turks, 193 Zealots, 64 Yuan Dynasty, 139 Zen Buddhism, 288–289 Zionism, 195–196 Zagwe Dynasty (Ethiopia), 129 Zoroastrianism, 86–88, 95, 106, 110, 117 Zapatero, José Luis Rodriguez, 251 Zuma, Jacob, 280
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