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A Study of the Birth-Pangs Motif in Rev 12:2 a DISSERTATION

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A Study of the Birth-Pangs Motif in Rev 12:2 a DISSERTATION THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA “She Labored to Give Birth:” A Study of the Birth-Pangs Motif in Rev 12:2 A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Theology and Religious Studies Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Flory T. Malloy Washington, DC 2014 “She Labored to Give Birth:” A Study of the Birth-Pangs Motif in Rev 12:2 Flory T. Malloy, Ph.D. Director: Frank J. Matera, Ph.D. The birth-pang imagery of Rev 12:2 is an important part of the description of the Great Sign in Revelation 12 and draws on the varied uses of birth-pang imagery in the Bible. Revelation 12 is unique in its combination of the motifs of heavenly splendor and birth pangs. The unique significance of the birth-pang imagery for the meaning of the Great Sign can be missed if Revelation 12 is interpreted primarily in light of ancient pagan myth or even in light of the OT without the context of the NT and related literature. Birth-pang imagery in the OT is used to describe humankind’s alienation from God that results from sin. The imagery is based on Gen 3:15 and developed in the prophets’ writings against the infidelity of Israel. The NT use of birth-pang imagery does not emphasize negative divine judgment but the new life that follows birth pangs. Birth-pang imagery is connected to the cross and represents vicarious suffering on behalf of another’s alienation from God. In the apocryphal 4 Maccabees, the suffering of the mother at the death of her sons is described as birth pangs. She is called the mother of a nation because of her strength in suffering. In Rev 12:2 the birth pangs represent the pangs of the cross and, in particular, Mary’s participation in them as mother of the Messiah. Her suffering, described in terms of birth pangs, is evocative of the original birth pangs of Eve and of the trials of Israel in the exile. Furthermore, the emphasis in Revelation 12 on her maternity and her persecution by the dragon, that ancient serpent, alludes to Eve, the mother of all. Mary’s heavenly splendor indicates the faithfulness that neither Eve nor Israel had. Mary is a new Eve who foreshadows the new creation of Revelation 21. The birth pangs represent Mary’s suffering, which is joined to the suffering of the cross and is on behalf of her “other offspring,” the faithful on earth. She is the Great Sign of the participation in the suffering and triumph of the cross to which all the faithful are invited and by which they defeat the dragon. i This dissertation by Flory T. Malloy fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Biblical Studies approved by Fr. Frank J. Matera, Ph.D., as director, and by John Paul iHeil, S.S.D. and Ian Boxall, D. Phil. as readers. ___________________________________ Frank J. Matera, Ph.D., Director ___________________________________ John Paul Heil, S.S.D., Reader ___________________________________ Ian Boxall, D. Phil., Reader ii ii i i i This work is dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows. And also to my husband, Christopher J. Malloy, whom I love dearly. And to our children who are our delight and joy. iii iii i Table of Contents v Table of Contents iv List of Abbreviations viii Acknowledgments x Chapter One. Birth Pangs in Revelation 12: An Overview of Contemporary Research 1. Introduction 1 2. Revelation as Myth—the Comparative Approach 4 2.1 Adela Yarboro Collins, The Combat Myth in the Book of Revelation 4 2.1.1. Birth Pangs 5 2.1.2. Combat Myth 5 2.1.3 Critique of the Combat Myth 9 2.2. David E. Aune, Revelation 6-16 11 2.2.1. Birth Pangs 11 2.2.2. Classical Digression with Jewish Features 11 2.3. G. B. Caird, The Revelation of St. John the Divine 14 2.4. Ian Boxall, The Revelation of Saint John 16 3. Revelation as Prophecy—Correctives to the Comparative Approach 17 3.1. Hildegard Gollinger, Das grosse Zeichen von Apokalypse 12 17 3.2. Eugenio Corsini, The Apocalypse: The Perennial Revelation of Jesus Christ 19 3.2.1. The Great Sign and Birth Pangs 20 3.2.2 Symbolism in Revelation 12 20 3.3. Pierre Prigent, Commentary on the Apocalypse of St. John 22 3.4. Felise Tavo, Woman, Mother and Bride 25 3.4.1. Birth Pangs and the Great Sign 25 3.4.2. A Literary Reading 26 4. Revelation 12—Polyvalent Significance of the Great Sign 28 4.1. John Philip M. Sweet, Revelation 28 4.2. André Feuillet, Jesus and His Mother 29 4.2.1. Telescoping Effect 29 4.2.2. Birth Pangs 30 4.3. Ignace de la Potterie, Mary in the Mystery of the Covenant 32 4.3.1. Birth Pangs—A Way Out of Difficulty 33 4.3.2. The Glory of the Woman 34 4.4. François M. Braun, Mother of God’s People 35 4.4.1. Polyvalence of Johannine Imagery 35 4.4.2. Birth Pangs 36 4.4.3. Glory of the Woman 37 4.5. Bernard J. Le Frois, The Woman Clothed with the Sun: Individual or Collective? 38 4.5.1. Totality Conception 38 4.5.2. Birth Pangs 40 4.5.3. Marian Interpretation of the Great Sign 41 5. Conclusion 42 iv iv v Chapter Two. Birth-Pang Imagery in Old Testament and Related Literature 1. Introduction 46 2. Birth Pangs as a Metaphor for the Birthing Process 47 2.1. Birth as a Metaphor for Creation 47 1. Deut 32:18 49 2. Ps 90:2 (LXX Ps 89:2) 49 3. Prov 8:24-25 51 2.2. Birth Pangs as a Sign of Birth, a Miracle of Creation (Job 39:1-2) 53 2.3. Birth Pangs Represent the Blessing of Birth 53 1. Isa 23:4 54 2. Isa 54:1 55 3. Cant 8:5 56 3. Birth Pangs and Birth as a Metaphor for Evil (Ps 7:15) 57 4. Birth Pangs Represent Alienation in the Midst of Blessing 58 1. Gen 3:16 58 2. Gen 35:16-18 (also Jub 32:33) 60 3. 1 Chr 4:9 61 5. Birth Pangs Represent Negative Divine Judgment 62 5.1. Birth Pangs Describe the Reaction to Military Defeat 63 1. Ps 48:7 64 2. Isa 13:8 65 3. Isa 21:3 66 4. Jer 4:31 66 5. Jer 6:24 67 6. Jer 13:21 68 7. Jer 22:23 69 8. Jer 48:41 69 9. Jer 49:22 70 10. Jer 49:24 70 11. Jer 50:43 70 12. Hab 3:10 70 13. Sir 48:19 71 14. Dan 10:16 72 5.2. Birth Pangs/ Death Pangs Describe Personal Distress 73 1. Ps 18:5-6 (LXX/ Vulgate Ps 17:5-6)/ 2 Sam 22:6 74 2. Ps 116:3 (LXX Ps 114:3) 74 6. Birth-Pang Imagery that Excludes Birth 75 1. Hos 13:13 75 2. 2 Kgs 19:3/ Isa 37:3 76 3. Isa 26:17-18 78 7. Birth Pangs Represent Judgment and Birth Represents Redemption (Mic 4:9-10; 5:2) 79 8. Birth Without Birth Pangs (Isa 66:7-8) 81 9. Birth-Pang Imagery in the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha 83 1. 4 Ezra 10:12-13 84 v v v 2. 4 Ezra 16:38-39 85 3. 2 Apoc. Bar. 73:7 i 86 4. 4 Macc 15:16-17 88 5. Apoc. Mos. 25:1-4 90 6. Adam and Eve 19:1-3 92 7. 1 Enoch 62:4-6 93 10. Birth-Pang Imagery in Qumran 94 1. 1QHa xi.7-12 94 2. 4QH xiii.30-32 95 11. Conclusion 96 Chapter Three. Birth-Pang Imagery in the New Testament 1. Introduction 102 2. Birth Pangs Represent the Blessing of Birth (Gal 4:27) 104 3. Birth Pangs Suffered on Behalf of Another’s Alienation from God 111 1. Gal 4:19 111 2. Rom 8:22-23, 26 117 4. Birth-Pang Imagery Represents Negative Divine Judgment 124 1. 1 Thess 5:3 126 2. Matt 24:7-8/ Mark 13:8 128 5. Birth-Pang Imagery Represents Death (Acts 2:24) 131 6. Birth Pangs Lead to Birth, a Sign of Redemption (John 16:21-22) 133 7. Conclusion 141 Chapter 4. The Great Sign: Birth Pangs and Battles 1. Introduction 143 2. Structure 145 2.1. Overview 145 2.2. “Back-and-Forth” Description of God’s Providence and the Dragon’s Response 147 Chart 1 149 2.3. Four Representations of Participation in the Triumph of the Lamb 150 Chart 2 151 2.4. From Victorious Reality of Heaven to the Embattled Reality of Earth 152 Chart 3 154 2.5. Recapitulations and Resumptions of Previous Texts 155 2.6. Returning to the Garden: Old Testament Allusions 158 3. Text-Critical Issues 162 4. Exegesis of Revelation 12 166 4.1. Overview (and Rev 11:19) 166 4.2. The Great Sign 169 1. Rev 12:1a 169 2. Rev 12:1b 171 3. Rev 12:1c-d 173 4. Rev 12:2a 176 vi vi v 5. Rev 12:2b 177 6. Rev 12:5a i 184 7. Rev 12:5b 191 8. Rev 12:6 i 192 9. Rev 12:13 195 10. Rev 12:14 196 11.
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