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PDF Van Tekst Verzamelde werken. Deel 4. Cultuurgeschiedenis 2 Johan Huizinga Editie L. Brummel bron Johan Huizinga, Verzamelde werken. Deel 4. Cultuurgeschiedenis 2 (ed. L. Brummel). H.D. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon, Haarlem 1949 Zie voor verantwoording: https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/huiz003verz05_01/colofon.php Let op: werken die korter dan 140 jaar geleden verschenen zijn, kunnen auteursrechtelijk beschermd zijn. Afbeelding Jacob de Gheyn de Tweede, Tycho t.o.p. 313 Brahe Johan Huizinga, Verzamelde werken. Deel 4. Cultuurgeschiedenis 2 1 Middeleeuwen vervolg Johan Huizinga, Verzamelde werken. Deel 4. Cultuurgeschiedenis 2 3 Über die Verknüpfung des Poetischen mit dem Theologischen bei Alanus de Insulis* Für jede Dichtung ernstlich religiösen Inhaltes, welche poetische Gestaltungen, die nicht unmittelbar in der betreffenden Glaubenslehre fundiert sind, mit den Grundsätzen dieser Lehre verbindet, erhebt sich die Frage: wie haben sich im Geiste des Dichters diese poetischen Figuren, Bilder und Visionen zu den rein philosophisch oder theologisch bewussten Überzeugungen verhalten? Fasst man leztere als feststehend und gegeben auf, welcher Ideenwert bleibt dann für den poetischen Bestandteil übrig, der sich meistens nicht vollständig aus dem Ganzen der Dichtung loslösen lässt? Und falls der Zusammenhang beider Elemente organisch scheint, wie ist er dann beschaffen? Ganz dringend werden diese Fragen, wenn es sich um einen mittelalterlich-christlichen Dichter handelt, wie Alanus de Insulis, den bedeutenden Vertreter der lateinischen Poesie des zwölften Jahrhunderts, der zugleich ein bedeutender Theologe aus der Zeit vor der vollen Entfaltung der Scholastik war. Er hat in seinen beiden berühmten Dichtungen, Liber de planctu Naturae und Anticlaudianus, den poetischen Vorstellungsschatz, den er, wie zu erwarten ist, gänzlich der literarischen Tradition der Spät-antike verdankt, mit besonderer Lebendigkeit und Prägnanz gehandhabt. Man hat sich im Allgemeinen damit begnügt, die reiche Bilderwelt des Dichters, soweit sie sich den Formen seiner unverdächtigen Rechtgläubigkeit nicht direkt einfügte, bloss als Literatur zu betrachten, als etwas von seiner religiösen Auffassung im Grunde Geschiedenes und für diese Unverbindliches1. So einfach liegt unseres Erachtens die Sache nicht. Die saubere Trennung zwischen dem Dichter und dem Kirchenlehrer, welche sich schon im Werke nicht durchführen lässt, hat sicher auch im Leben nicht bestanden. Wenn es sich somit um einen Versuch handelt, sich von der persönlichen Geistesart eines mittelalterlichen Menschen eine Vorstellung zu schaffen, so ist doch diese Aufgabe nicht eigentlich psychologisch. Nur auf die richtige Auffassung eines konkreten Geistesinhalts kommt * Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, afdeeling Letterkunde, deel 74, serie B, no. 6, p. 89-198. N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitg.-Mij., Amsterdam 1932. 1 Nur M. de Wulf, Histoire de la Philosophie médiévale, p. 243 gibt sich deutlich Rechenschaft davon, dass hier eine Frage vorliegt. Vgl. unten p. 335. Johan Huizinga, Verzamelde werken. Deel 4. Cultuurgeschiedenis 2 4 es an. Es liegt auf der Hand, dass eine solche Untersuchung nicht auf scharfe Begriffsbestimmungen hinauslaufen kann. Vielleicht wird im Folgenden lediglich klargelegt, dass eben eine Frage vorliegt, welche ungelöst bleiben muss. Der Reingewinn wäre also nur eine Warnung, nicht allzu scharf begrifflich bestimmen zu wollen, wo das ästhetische Bedürfnis sich in die Vorstellungen des Glaubens hineinmischt. I. Die Figur des Alanus und seine Werke Es wäre für unsere Fragestellung wichtig, wenn man sich von der Person des Alanus überhaupt, von seinem Leben und Wirken, eine einigermassen klare Vorstellung machen könnte. Leider erlaubt dies die höchst spärliche Überlieferung nicht. Die Dürftigkeit zuverlässiger Daten für sein Leben steht in einem auffallenden Gegensatz zu dem grossen Ruhm, der dem Magister Alanus schon bei seinen Lebzeiten zuteil wurde, und bis am Ende des Mittelalters erhalten blieb. Als Alanus Magnus und Doctor Universalis war er bald weltberühmt und zur Legende geworden. Weder seine Herkunft, noch die Zeit seines Lebens, ja nicht einmal die Trennung seiner Person von anderen Schriftstellern desselben Namens stand mehr fest. Schon im Jahre 1482 haben die Autoritäten in Citeaux, als sie ihm ein neues Grabmal und eine neue Grabschrift setzten, sich in Bezug auf seine Lebenszeit um ein ganzes Jahrhundert geirrt, indem sie ihn 1294 sterben liessen. Schon damals hat man ihm deutsche Herkunft zugeschrieben, während doch Johannes de Garlandia noch gewusst hatte, dass er aus Flandern stammte, und Otto von St. Blasien und Alberich von Trois-Fontaines, wann er gelebt hatte. Es steht heute durchaus fest, dass er um 1128 in Lille, von dem er den Namen trägt1, geboren sein muss, und dass das Französische seine Muttersprache war2. Auch sein Todesjahr 1202 1 Lille, lat. Insulae, niederl. Rijsel = ter IJsele. 2 Die kritische Sichtung der sehr verworrenen älteren Berichte unternahm zuerst Dom Brial, Histoire littéraire de la France, t. XVI, p. 396; später Hauréau, in Mémoires de l' Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, t. XXXII, 1886, p. 1-27. Vgl. S.M. Deutsch in Herzogs Realencycl. d. Prot. Kirche 3 I, 283 f.; Jacquin in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géogr. ecclés. I, 1912, 1299; M. Manitius, Gesch. der lat. Literatur des Mittelalters, t. III, 1931, p. 794-804. - Ausgabe der Werke: Migne t. 210. Das älteste Zeugnis über Alanus gibt um 1216 Johannes de Garlandia: Flandria quem genuit vates studiosus Alanus etc. Lille war bekanntlich nie niederdeutsches Sprachgebiet; das Germanus oder Teutonicus späterer Berichte ist unhaltbar. Über seine Muttersprache Regula 25 (Migne 210, 633 B): omnipotens quod melius in Gallico exprimi potest li tut pussant, vgl. ib. 50. 642 D. - Das Grabmal wird beschrieben und abgebildet in Histoire de l' Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, t. IX, 1736, p. 229 (auch Migne 210, 40-42). Johan Huizinga, Verzamelde werken. Deel 4. Cultuurgeschiedenis 2 5 ist gesichert. Von seiner Lebensgeschichte sind die Lehrtätigkeit in Paris, ein längerer Aufenthalt in Montpellier, die Anwesenheit auf dem Laterankonzil 1179, und das Lebensende in Citeaux nicht zu bezweifeln. Man hat ihn bald nach seinem Tode mit wenigstens zwei anderen Schriftstellern des Namens Alanus vermengt. Unter den ihm zugeschriebenen Schriften ist die endgültige Trennung des Authentischen vom Verdächtigen oder Falschen noch nicht vollzogen. Sein hoher Ruhm wird ausser durch seine Beinamen durch die Stelle bezeugt, die eine Miniatur aus dem Jahre 1418 (erwähnt von M. Grabmann1) ihm neben Thomas von Aquino als Vertreter der Theologie einräumt, und nicht zuletzt durch die Legendenbildung, die schon im XIII. Jahrhundert sein Bild umrankt hatte. Dem Magister Alanus gilt ursprünglich die schöne Legende von dem grossen Theologen, der, während er an einem Fluss oder am Meer spaziert und eine Erklärung der Trinität, die er versprochen hat, meditiert, einem Knaben begegnet, der in ein kleines Loch mit einer Nussschale oder einem Löffel Wasser schöpft, und auf die Frage, was er damit vorhabe, antwortet: ‘Eher werde ich diesen Fluss in dieses Loch ausschöpfen, als dass du in einer Predigt die Dreieinigkeit erklären kannst’2. - In der Überlieferung wird dieser Begebenheit unmittelbar eine zweite beigefügt: Alanus geht ganz verwirrt nach Hause, und wie er am nächsten Tage vor der übergrossen Schar steht, die sich versammelt hat, um seine Predigt zu hören, spricht er bloss die Worte: Sufficiat vobis vidisse Alanum, und steigt von der Kanzel herab. Vor dem 1482 errichteten Grabmal in Citeaux befand sich noch 1 Die Geschichte der scholastischen Methode, II, 1911, S. 470. 2 Später meistens auf den hl. Augustinus bezogen, und öfters in der Kunst wiedergegeben, u.a. von Michael Pacher, Rubens usw. - Hauréau l.c. p. 2 notiert die Legende, in Bezug auf Alanus, schon aus zwei Pariser Handschriften des XIII. Jahrhunderts. Ich sehe keinen hinreichenden Grund, in den Worten sufficiat vidisse einen Anklang an Vergil, Ecl. VI, 24: satis est potuisse videri zu finden. Eine Erzählung vom Streit des Alanus mit den Ketzern vor dem Papste, wo jene ausrufen: Du bist entweder Alanus oder der Teufel! findet man bei Hauréau l.c. p. 5 oder Migne 210, 15. Die Verbindung der beiden Episoden der erstgenannten Erzählung ist wahrscheinlich sekundär; es handelt sich um eine Legende und eine Anekdote. Um den Zusammenhang herzustellen, hat die von Hauréau wiedergegebene Quelle den Zusatz: ...vidisse Alanum de Parabolis, also ‘nur den Alanus von den Sprichwörtern, nicht den grossen Theologen’, was aber die Pointe verdirbt. Gerson, Sermo de sanctissima Trinitate, Opera III. 1593, erzählt die Anekdote ohne die Legende, fügt aber zur Erklärung hinzu: ‘Et ceci dit, ou pour ce qu'il ne sceut lors aultre chose dire, pour punicion de ce qu'il cuydoit trop par aventure parler de cette matiere, ou se feust pour monstrer qu'il devoit souffire au peuple de croire simplement ce qu'il creoit luy, qui estoit ung tel clerc: car à ung chascun maistre on doit croire en son mestier.’ Johan Huizinga, Verzamelde werken. Deel 4. Cultuurgeschiedenis 2 6 im XVIII. Jahrhundert im Boden eine einfache Grabplatte mit der älteren Inschrift: Alanum brevis hora brevi tumulo sepelivit Qui duo, qui septem, qui totum scibile scivit. Wichtiger als diese Zeugnisse einer staunenden Bewunderung durch die Nachwelt ist uns ein Zeugnis, - das einzige, kann man sagen -, das Alanus selbst über seine Person hinterlassen hat. Zu seinen beglaubigten Schriften gehört das Gedicht,
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