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States of Matter Elements (From 1Hydrogen to 98 Californium) That Are © R A graph of the number of States of Matter elements (from 1Hydrogen to 98 Californium) that are © R. L. McNish, July 2009 solids, liquids and gasses, by temperature, from 0°K to 6000°K. At 0°K all are solid (except 2Helium unless it is under very high pressure). At 3949°K none are solid. Dark At 5869°K all are gasses. At approximately 1660°K Matter ? (1387°C) the number of elements that are solids, liquids and gasses is about Antimatter equal. condensation sublimation deposition melting vaporization ionization Quantum Hall Rydberg Bose-Einstein Fermionic Quark-gluon state molecules condensate condensate SOLID freezing LIQUID condensation GAS deionization PLASMA plasma Quantum Hall state: A One of the A Bose-Einstein A superfluid phase A solid is a state of A liquid is a fluid that A gas consists of a Plasmas (ionized A state of matter state that gives rise to metastable states of condensate, a formed by fermionic matter with resistance has the particles collection of particles gases consisting of discovered at CERN quantized Hall voltage strongly non-ideal superfluid phase particles at low to deformation and loose and can freely (molecules, atoms, negatively charged in 2000, in which the measured in the plasma, which forms formed by bosonic temperatures. It is changes of volume form a distinct surface ions, electrons, etc.) electrons and quarks that would direction upon condensation of atoms, is "colder" closely related to the i.e. matter which at the boundaries of without a definite positively charged normally make up perpendicular to the excited atoms. These than a solid. It may Bose-Einstein Magnetically- maintains a fixed Liquid its bulk material, i.e. shape or volume that ions) can exist at protons and neutrons current flow. The atoms can also turn occur when atoms condensate. The ordered solid volume and shape. Crystal matter which are in more or less temperatures starting are freed and can be quantum spin Hall into ions and have very similar (or earliest recognized Types: maintains a fixed random motion. The at several thousand observed individually, state is a state of electrons if they reach the same) quantum fermionic condensate - Ionic, volume but adapts to following elements degrees C. Some similar to splitting matter proposed to a certain temperature. levels, at described the state of Transition metal - Covalent, Substances with the shape of its are gasses at or near examples of plasma molecules into atoms. exist in special, two- temperatures very electrons in a atoms often have - Molecular, properties between a container. Only six room temperature: are the charged air This state of matter dimensional, close to absolute superconductor magnetic moments - Metallic. conventional liquid a elements are liquid at Hydrogen, Helium, produced by lightning, allows scientists to semiconductors with zero. due to the net spin of Classes: solid crystal, which or about room Nitrogen, Oxygen, and stars such as our observe the spin-orbit coupling. electrons which - Metals may flow like a liquid, temperature and Fluorine, Neon, own Sun. Most of the properties of remain unpaired and - insulators but their molecules pressure: Mercury, Chlorine, Argon, matter in the Universe individual quarks, and do not form chemical - Crystals, etc. may be oriented in a Bromine, Francium, Krypton, Xenon, and is Plasma. not just theorize bonds. In some, the crystal-like way. Cesium, Gallium and Radon. magnetic moments There are many Rubidium. on different atoms are different types of ordered and can liquid crystal phases, form: which can be - ferromagnets, distinguished by their - antiferromagnets, different optical - ferrimagnets properties. Quantum/Micro Quantum Amorphous Non-Newtonian String-net Supercritical Degenerate Superconductors Superfluid Supersolid Superglass Black Holes Black Holes Entanglement solid fluids liquid fluid matter Theoretically, "micro" Photons, electrons Superconductors are Close to absolute A supersolid is a A superglass is These solids do not Fluids where the When in a normal A gas whose Under extremely high Characterized by black holes may exist and atoms may, materials which have zero, some liquids spatially ordered characterized by have a definite viscosity depends on solid state, the atoms temperature and pressure, ordinary enormous mass at any size above the under very special zero electrical form a second liquid material (that is, a superfluidity and a melting point or an applied force or of matter align pressure are above matter undergoes a (thousands to billions Planck mass (2x10 -8 conditions, enter a resistance, and state described as solid or crystal) with frozen amorphous regular repeating shear e.g. a themselves in a grid the critical transition to a series of times the mass of kg) i.e. much more state called quantum therefore perfect superfluid because it superfluid properties. structure at the same units. An amorphous suspension of corn pattern, so that the temperature and of exotic states of our Sun) with no massive, but much entanglement where conductivity. They has zero viscosity or A supersolid is a time. solid is a solid in starch in water. spin of any electron is critical pressure matter collectively spatial dimensions. smaller in size than the entangled also exclude all infinite fluidity. solid, but exhibits so which there is no the opposite of the respectively. It has known as degenerate Surrounded by an an elementary components act as a magnetic fields from many other properties long-range order of spin of all electrons the physical matter. These are of "event horizon" (with particle. However, single entity even their interior. "Superfluid and that many argue it is the positions of the touching it. But in a properties of a gas, great interest to radius dependent on Hawking radiation though the superconducting another state of atoms unlike those in string-net liquid, but its high density astrophysics, the mass), within calculations show that constituent parts may matter" was found in matter. crystalline solids. atoms are arranged in confers solvent because these high- which not even light the smaller the size of be separated by great the neutron star at the Common examples some pattern which properties in some pressure conditions can escape from the the black hole, the distances. centre of the are glass, synthetic would require some cases which lead to are believed to exist gravity well in space- faster the evaporation supernova remnant rubber, polystyrene electrons to have useful applications. inside stars that have time. Other than its rate, resulting in a Cassiopeia A (Cas A, and other polymers. neighbors with the For example, used up their nuclear mass, all other sudden burst of Feb 2011. same spin. This gives supercritical carbon fusion "fuel", such as properties of matter in particles as the micro rise to some curious dioxide is used to white dwarfs and a black hole are black hole suddenly properties, as well as extract caffeine in the neutron stars e.g. the unknown. explodes supporting some manufacture of hypothetical unusual proposals decaffeinated coffee. "Neutronium". about the fundamental conditions of the universe itself. .
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