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De Edgar Rice Burroughs-I JOSE Gabrlel PEREIRA BASTOS LUIS SOCZKA * Análise estrutural-dinâmica de tTarzan of the ApesB de Edgar Rice Burroughs-I JOSE GABRlEL PEREIRA BASTOS LUIS SOCZKA * 1. INTRODUÇÃO Tentámos já demonstrar noutros lugares (Bastos e Soczka, 1976; Bastos, 1978) que os Este trabalho situa-se no âmbito de uma elementos essenciais para a definição das con- pesquisa mais vasta, em que nos propomos de- dições de uma análise estrutural-dinâmica do monstrar que: a) uma análise de texto consiste, discurso se encontram reunidos nos textos freu- em simultâneo, numa análise dos meios de ex- dianos iniciais (Freud, 1900, 1901, 1905, 1907, pressão que veiculam a significação (análise es- 1908, 1911, 1916, 1919). trutural) e numa análise das problemáticas psi- cológicas de elaboração dos conflitos e da busca de prazer, em relação às quais cada texto cons- 2. MATERIAL E MeTODO titui uma nova «cena» (análise dinâmica); b) a) Material uma artálise esruturai-dinâmica surge como elu- cidativa aos três níveis da sua sobredetermina- O material utilizado foi, neste caso, o ro- ção (individual, cultural e universal), permi- mance de Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950). Tarzan of the Apes, escrito de 1-12-1911 a tindo, para além da interpretação do texto, es- 14-5-1912 e publicado pela primeira vez na tabelecer conhecimentos relativos ao@) seu(s) revista Ali-Story, de Outubro de 1912. Em 1914 autor(es), ti época e cultura em que se integram, foi publicado em livro, por A. L. McClurg & e levantar novos problemas às diversas áreas Co., de Chicago. da psicologia; e, c) uma análise deste tipo pode Na nossa análise socorremo-nos fumiamen- talmnte das edições portuguesas de 1971 e 1976 ajudar a propor hipóteses relevantes, ou a fun- (Tarzan dos Macacos, Portugal Press, Lisboa. damentar hipóteses já propostas, relativamente tradução de Rml Correia), basíaníe muis fiéis aos universais, ou invariantes, estruturais e di- ao original do que a de 1958 (Tarzan, Filho nâmicos do pensamento que interessam ?ipsi- das Selvas, Editorial Minerva, Lisboa, tradução cologia geral. No presente artigo situar-nos-emos de Vasco Belmonte), e controlámos o texto a apenas naquele primeiro nível de pesquisa. partir da edição meticana de Ballantine Books inc., Nova lorque. 1969 * J.G.P.B. é Psicólogo, Professor no I.S.P.A. e Assistente na Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa; L.S. é ' Ao Sr. Roussado Pinto e a D. Zaida Pinto, pro- Psicólogo e Professor no I.S.P.A. Este trabalho foi prietários de Portugal Press, queremos agradecer a apresentado de forma mais desenvolvida no âmbito amável colaboração, nomeadamente a cedência do ori- da Licenciatura em Ciências Etnológicas e Antropo- ginal americano anotado por Raul Correia, assim como lógicas (Antropologia do Simbólico), do Instituto Su- os úteis esclarecimentos que nos forneceram acerca perior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 19761977. do impacto destas edições entre o público português. 51 Não tentaremos teorizar aqui os caminhos tória, que de forma dpna poderá substituir a oblíquos da nossa curiasidade pw esta obra. leitura prévia de Tarm of the Apes. mas que Bastará que se diga que ela nos surge m pano- realça os passos fundamentais da narrativa. rmda produçih mvelfstica e tímtanem do século xx com uma compieuidade ímpar. Se- b) Resumo do romance Tarzan of the Apes tenta anos depois de ter doparido pela i- ginação de Burroughs, Tarzan ainda pula de A história começa com o embarque do inglês John árvare em árvore, e mobiliza há três gmações Clayton, Lord Greystoke, e de sua mulher Alice, no o interesse de crianças e aadultoss de todas as veleiro Fuwaida, com destino a Afríca, onde o jovem idades e camadas sociais. Ainda em 1971 as e recém-cmado lorde iria cumprir uma delicada mis- suas aventuras ocupavam a cimeira dos best- são diplomática. -sellers em Franca, e os dados referentes ao iní- A bordo do Fuwalda os Clayton tomam conhe- cio da década prestes a terminar diziam-nos o cimento com a rudeza e desumanidade do capitão e seguinte: «Vinte e sete romances ou recolhas dos seus oficiais, que dão azo a um motim bem suce- de novelas de 1912 a 1964, traduzidas em 31 dido e liderado por um marinheiro, Black Michael, línguas ou dialectos, para além de Braille e do que John defendera contra a fúria do capitão Billings. Esperanto, e vendidos acima dos 60 milhões de Black Michael poupa a vida ao casal e desembarca exemplares: quarenta e dois filmes difundidos os Clayton num porto perdido da costa ocidental da numa centena de países entre 1918 e 1971; mais África. algures no golfo da Guiné, na costa norte de 12 O00 bandas desenhadas aparecidas dia de Angola ou Cabinda, segundo as indicações explí- após dia a partir de 1929; várias centenas de citas no próprio texto. emissões de rádio difundidas entre 1932 e 1954; Abandonados na selva inóspita, os Clayton com- 58 filmes especialmente rodados para a televi- troem uma cabana que se tornará doravante o seu são de 1966 a 1968% (Lacassin, 1971). lar, de uma segurança e solidez d prova das investidas Isto, sem contar com m milhares de plágios das feras que por ali abundam. e variantes: 140 livros usando Tarzan como he- Meses depois, Clayton é atacado por um gigan- rói e outros 55 crido heróis paralelos, 19 fil- tesco antropóide e Alice salva-lhe a vida, matando mes piratus proibidos por Burroughs Inc. (dos o animal. O choque condu-la 2 loucura, e nessa qua-s 10 indianos, I soviético, I checoslovaco, mesma noite nasce um bebé, que será mais tarde co- 1 chinês, 2 italianos e 1 jamaicmw), etc. nhecido pelo nome de Tarzan. Cabe pois interrogarmo-nos sobre o extraor- Na proknidade da cabana dos Clayton vivia uma dinário fascínio que este cemírio e este perso- iribo de grandes macacos antropóides, cujo chefe, nagem exercem há setenta anos. Kerchak, se distinguia pela sua força, ferocidade e O que faz com que Tarzan ainda mexa? despotismo. Um dia, o macho dominante, num acesso Mera publicidade? Mera demonstração do po- de fúria, provoca a morte do filhote de Kala, uma der dos media? Mas então porquê Tarzan e das fêmeas de Tublat. Dirige-se, em seguida, com não Mandrake, Rip Kirby, Sherlock Holmes, outros companheiros, para a cabana onde Alice Clay- Texas Jack, bne Ranger, Superman ou o Ca- ton acabara de expirar. Clayton, em desespero, esque- pitão Marvel? Tratar-se-á tão-soinenfe da nos- cera-se de fechar a sólida porta e a morte surpreen- talgia dos espaços e cermários naturais que leva de-o pela mão de Kerchak. O bebé é salvo in extremis os homens das florestas macro-urbanas de betão por Kala, que o adopta e lhe põe o nome de Tarzan, e aço a fugir do quotidiano através da selva e o que na linguagem dos antropóides (que Burroughs do Tarzan de Burroughs? Compensação peque- no-burguesa através do onrm'pofente arei da desenvolverá com lógica impecável até ao 27.' vo- selva»? lume) significa apele brancan (de Tar-branco e A pareníernente safisfatúrias, estas respostas zan-pele). O cadáver do filho de Kala é colocado podem fazer-nos encalhar na placidez morna por esta no berço de Tarzan. das não-respostas. As respostas mais óbvias são, Tarzan cresce portanto como um macaco na tribo do ponto de vista anaiítico, o mais das vezes, dos macacos. e a isso se deve o extraordinário desen- formas de ná0 responder. Foi com o objectivo volvimento das suas capacidades motoras, da sua de não nos deixmmos iludir por essas aparên- força física e o apuramento dos seus sentidos. Tarzan cias de resposta que deitámos Tarzan FIO divã. é um filho das selvas e reconhece-se macaco entre E claro que esta andlise do texto de Bur- os macacos, tendo esquecido tudo o que passara du- roughs pode parecer incompreens'vel a quem rante o primeiro ano de vida, quando é adoptado por não tenha do ramame conhecimento. Apresen- Kala, que considera sua mãe. Kala protege Tarzan- tamos em seguida um pequeno resumo da his- -criança como seu filho, contra as iras de Kerchak 52 Tarzan na banda desenhada: Hal Foster (1936) e Russ Manning (1968) e os ciúmes de Tublat. Na selva, além de Kala, o Em noites de lua cheia a tribo de Tarzan cele- Único amigo de Tarzan 6 Tantor, o elefante. brava o rito do Dum-Dum, um cerimonial selvagem O acaso conduz Tarzan (aos I0 anos) ti cabana, onde os macacos dançavam ao som de tambores de e a sua insaciável curiosidade permite-lhe descobrir guerra e se entregavam a rituais canibalescos. Foi o mecanismo do fecho da porta, o que lhe franqueia numa dessas noites que Tarzan se estreou como he- a entrada no espaço que ignora ser o seu lar origi- rói, desafiando e liquidando Tublat, que atacava Kala, nal. Na cabana, Tarzan descobre múltiplos tesouros: com o auxílio da preciosa faca de Lord Greystoke. ferramentas, livros, roupas, móveis, malas, os mais Quando Tarzan tem 18 anos, a paz secular da estranhos objectos que até então se lhe haviam depa- seiva é perturbada pela chegada intempestiva de uma rado. De especial importância no desenrolar da his- tribo de negros canibais, que se revelam aos olhos tória serão a faca de mato, que outrora pertencera a de Tarzan como seres cruéis, mais ferozes e selva- Lord Greystoke, e os livros para crianças. gens do que todos os animais que ele conhecera até A faca permitir-lhe-á afrontar e vencer inimigos então. poderosos, como Bolgani, o gorila, sobre o qual essa i? justamente Kulonga, o filho de M’bonga, o criança de 10 anos sai vencedora num combate cor- chefe da tribo, que mata Kala com flechas envene- po-a-corpo, na própria noite em que se retirava da nadas, e desperta com esse acto em Tarzan sentimen- cabana onde entrara horas antes pela primeira vez.
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