America Latina En La Gran Bretaña *

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America Latina En La Gran Bretaña * AMERICA LATINA EN LA GRAN BRETAÑA * Eduardo Posada Carbó Los lazos entre América Latina y Gran Bretaña no han sido estre­ chos. Sin embargo, desde fines de la década pasada, se aprecia un creciente interés de Gran Bretaña hacia la región. Para comprender esta nueva tendencia, el autor analiza, en primer lugar, los antecedentes de las relaciones anglo-latinoamericanas a partir de 1930. Luego, examina las diversas señales que muestran esta reorientaci6n: las respectivas visitas oficiales, la presencia del tema latinoamericano en los debates parlamentarios británicos, el fortalecimiento de los VÍncu­ los económicos, etc. Finalmente, y no obstante lo anterior, menciona las limitaciones u otras áreas de preocupación de la diplomacia britá­ nica que condicionan este acercamiento. Como conclusión, plantea que el interés de Gran Bretaña por América Latina se mantendrá en la medida que esta regi6n consoli de las reformas políticas y económicas que está llevando a cabo. En 1990, al discuti~e en la Cámara de los Comunes la ayuda que estaba prestando el Gobierno británico a Centroamérica, el parla­ mentario Barry Porter interpeló a la Ministra Lynda Chalker: "¿no deberíamos tener en cuenta a aquellos países que son más amigos de la Gran Bretaña y especialmente a los del Mrica Occidental, como el pequeño pero cercano país de Sierra Leona?".! La posición de Porter no refleja la postura oficial pero sí ejemplariza el sentir de buena parte de la opinión pública en Gran Bretaña, donde Latinoa- • Este artículo es froto de una conferencia presentada al Taller de Coyuntura del Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile, donde estuve como profesor visitante, en septiembre de 1993, gracias a la invitaciÓn de Mana Teresa Infante y Roberto Durán, y al apoyo del Consejo Británico y de la Fundación Andes. Victor Bulmer-Thomas y Tony Bell, en el InstiJu1e o[Latin American St:udies, en Londres, apoyaron esta visita y estimularon mi interés en el tema. Quiero agradecer a John Penny, encargado del American Research Depanment del FordgTl and CommorÍwealth Office, por haberme facilitado el acceso a valioso material de informaciÓn. Agradezco a Lawrence Whitehead po.f haber discutido conmigo algunos aspectos de este trabajo, y a David Thomas por sus comentarios. Por supuesto que las opiniones aquí expresadas son de mi exclusiva responsabilidad. 1 Parliamentary Debates. Hansard (163), Londres, 1990, p. 18. [681} ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES mérica ha sido tradicionalmente secundaria, y hasta marginal, en las preocupaciones de la política externa. Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Winston Churchill delimitó tres esferas prioritarias para las relaciones internacionales de su país, en su orden: a los Estados Unidos, a los países del Commonwealth y a Europa.2 Casi cinco décadas más tarde, tras el proceso de integración europea, las prio­ ridades se han modificado. Pero América Latina continúa lejos de ocupar un lugar medianamente preferencial en la agenda del Gobier­ no. Otros conflictos, además, como los de la antigua Yugoeslavia y los del Medio Oriente, o los problemas múltiples que han sucedido al desmembramiento de la Unión Soviética, parecen acentuar aún más la lejanía de Latinoamérica en las preocupaciones británicas. Cualquier análisis de las relaciones anglo-latinoamericanas en la década de 1990 debe comenzar, pues, por aceptar la importancia periférica de América Latina para Gran Bretaña. Sin embargo, desde finales de la década pasada, es posible identificar las tendencias de un creciente interés hacia el continente. "El período de abandono ha quedado atrás", expresó el Secretario de Asuntos Exteriores, Geof­ frey Howe, en diciembre de 1988, en un mensaje esperanzador, de renovada amistad hacia los latinoamericanos. Dos años más tarde, Douglas Hurd, sucesor de Howe, en una conferencia en el Canning House, se refería a América Latina como "una,parte esencial del Nuevo Orden Mundial".3 ¿Qué hay detrás de esta retórica? ¿Se están produciendo acaso cambios fundamentales en la diplomacia británica hacia Latinoamérica? Si este es el caso, ¿en qué áreas se manifiestan los cambios? ¿Cuáles son las razones de esta nueva orientación? ¿Cómo se compaginan las tradicionales esferas de interés británico -los Estados Unidos, Europa, el Commonw-ealth- con este "redescu­ brimiento" de América Latina? Y aunque estemos frente a un mero ejercicio retórico, ¿cuáles son las perspectivas de las relaciones an­ glo-latinoamericanas al finalizar el siglo xx? Este ensayo se propone explorar los anteriores interrogantes. Tras analizar brevemente los antecedentes de las relaciones anglo­ latinoamericanas a partir de 1930, me propongo examinar el signifi- 2 Stephen George, An awkWard plJl1nt:T. Britain in the European CommuniJy J (Orlord: 1990), p. 14; Y David Sanders, Losing an empire, jinding a role. British foreign policy since 1945, (London: 1990), :¡>. 1. 3 "Secretary of State's speech at Canning House, 14 December 1988. Latin America and 1992: Hope in a time of change", y "Latin America: an essential part of the New World arder', 31 de octubre de 1990; textos de los discursos facilitados al autor por el American Research .Departmem del Foreign Office. [682] E. Posada / América Latina en la Gran Bretaña cado de las distintas señales que parecen indicar la existencia de un reciente y renovado interés de Gran Bretaña hacia América Latina. Este interés, sin embargo, se encuentra limitado por aquellas otras áreas de preocupación de la diplomacia británica. A estas limitacio­ nes dedicaré la última parte del ensayo. Comencemos, entonces, con un poco de historia. Los antecedentes: entre el abandono y la indiferencia. Se ha vuelto ya un lugar común hablar del ocaso de las relaciones anglo-latinoamericanas a partir de la Primera Guerra Mundial, de ese constante decaimiento que se reforzó en la década de 1930 tras la Gran Depresión.4 Sin embargo, en un trabajo. reciente donde se reinterpreta el sentido del imperialismo británico, los historiadores Cain y Hopkins han sugerido reintegrar a América del Sur en los estudios sobre los intereses del imperio dm;ante el período 1914- 1939. En estos años, cuando Cain y Hopkins identifican "una nueva era de ambiciones coloniales't, Gran Bretaña perseveró en mantener su posición como banquero del mundo. Y América del Sur continuó siendo uno de los principales socios comerciales de los británicos, aunque los vínculos se concentraban en Brasil, Argentina y Chile.5 Así preservase aún alguna posición de importancia en 1939, los eventos que sucedieron a la Segunda Guerra Mundial reforzarían esa tendencia de todas maneras visible de las décadas anteriores: la gradual y tal vez inevitable retirada de la presencia brit,ánica en el continente. Quedaron, es cierto, algunos lazos muy significativos y un interés que se reanimaba de tiempo en tiempo. En 1945, el jefe del Departamento de Sudamérica del Foreign Office, Víctor Pe­ rowne, sugería la necesidad de replantear la actitud hacia el conti­ nente en un documento interno titulado "Theimportance of Latin America" . Uno de los argumentos de Perowne para llamar la atención hacia la región ::-la disponibilidad de materias primas- fue retomado 4 Una síntesis de los antecedentes hist6ricos, desde la independencia hasta mediados de este ,siglo, se encuentra en Leslie BetheIl, "Britain and Latín Amer!ca ín historicaI perspectÍVe", en: Victor Bulmer-Thomas (ed.),Britain amiLatin.America: a changingrelationship, (Cambridge: 1989), pp. 1-24. Véase también el reciente trabajo de Ro:ry MiIler, Britain ami Latin America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, (London y New York: 1993). 5p. J. Caín Y A. G. Hopkins, British imperialism. Crisis ami deconstruction, 1914-1990, (Londres y NewYork: 1993), pp. 146-170. [683] ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES por Peter Smithers, al abrir el debate que tuvo lugar en el Parlamento sobre los intereses británicos en la América Latina en 1950. No obstante, para entonces, como lo expresaría años más tarde el Conde de Cowley en la Casa de los Lores, "la Gran Bretaña contaba con muy poco en la América Latina, excepto un inmenso caudal de buena voluntad".6 En realidad, había algo más que "buena voluntad". Pero el debilitamiento de los vínculos económicos iba de la mano con el decaimiento de las mutuas relaciones, mientras las preocupaciones de la post-guerra y los procesos de "descolonización" determinaban el rumbo de las prioridades británicas. En 1950, por ejemplo, el intercambio comercial entre ambas regiones se había reducido pro­ porcionalmente a la mitad de su nivel en 1938.7 No obstante, a mediados de la década de 1960, y en parte motivado por la curiosidad que despertó en Europa el fenómeno de la revolución cubana, el Gobierno británico dio muestras de un renovado interés en Latinoamérica. En 1962, se estableció el Comité Parry, de cuyo trabajo se beneficiaron los estudios latinoamericanos en las universidades británicas. En 1966, el Secretario de Asuntos Externos, Sir Michael Stewart, recorría la región en miras a estrechar vínculos económicos. Dos años más tarde, la Reina Isabel y el Duque de Edimburgo visitaban Brasil y Chile. En 1972, el Gobierno apoyó la organización de un seminario en Lancaster House, descrito por Robert Graham como "el más ambicioso proyecto de la post-guerra referente a las relaciones anglo-latinoamericanas".8 Aquel mismo año, el Duque de Cowley promovía un debate sobre el continente en la Casa de los Lores. Quien así quería estimular el interés hacia América Latina tuvo que reconocer, sin embargo, las frustraciones históricas de los. inversionistas británicos en la región; y los retos del creciente nacionalismo económico para el cual pedía entendirnien­ to.9 6 Véase: "Latín America Britisb. interests",Parlíamentary Debates. House ofComnwns (475), Londres, 1950, p. 2420; Y 'Latín America and the United Kingdom', ParliafTlCltary.Debat= Lards (327), Londres, 1972, p. 334. 7 Bethell, "Britain and Latin America in historical perspective'; p. 20. 8 Robert Graham, 'British palicy towards Latin America', en: Bulmer-Thomas (ed.),Britain and Latin America, op. dI., p. 59. Un recuento oficial del renovapo interés en dicha época se encuentra en Central Office oC Information (ed.), Gran Bretaña y laAmérica Latina, (Londres: 1972).
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