Underfloor Products Engineering Guide
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How to Perform Mold Inspections
~ 1 ~ HOW TO PERFORM MOLD INSPECTIONS Mold inspection is a specialized type of inspection that goes beyond the scope of a general home inspection. The purpose of this publication is to provide accurate and useful information for performing mold inspections of residential buildings. This book covers the science, properties and causes of mold, as well as the potential hazards it presents to structures and to occupants’ health. Inspectors will learn how to inspect and test for mold both before and after remediation. This text is designed to augment the student’s knowledge in preparation for InterNACHI’s online Mold Inspection Course and Exam (www.nachi.org). This manual also provides a practical reference guide for use on-site at inspections. Authors: Benjamin Gromicko, Director of InterNACHI Online Education, and Executive Producer, NACHI.TV Nick Gromicko, Founder, International Association of Certified Home Inspectors, and Founder, International Association of Certified Indoor Air Consultants Edited by: Kate Tarasenko / Crimea River To order online, visit: www.nachi.org www.IAC2.org www.InspectorOutlet.com Copyright © 2009-2010 International Association of Certified Indoor Air Consultants, Inc. (IAC2) www.IAC2.org All rights reserved. ~ 2 ~ Mold Inspection: Table of Contents Overview…....................................................................................... 3 Section 1: Types of Mold Inspections.............................................. 5 Section 2: IAC2 Mold Inspection Standards…………………………… 9 Section 3: What is Mold? ………………………………………………… -
Heat Transfer Pathways in Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Systems
UC Berkeley HVAC Systems Title Heat transfer pathways in underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52f04592 Authors Bauman, F. Jin, H. Webster, T. Publication Date 2006 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California © 2006, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions, Vol 112, Part 2. For personal use only. Additional distribution in either paper or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's permission. QC-06-053 Heat Transfer Pathways in Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Systems Fred S. Bauman, PE Hui Jin, PhD Tom Webster, PE Member ASHRAE Member ASHRAE Member ASHRAE Please note that the following two statements have been of cooling airflow needed to remove heat loads from a building added as a result of the peer-review process for this paper: space using the assumption of a well-mixed room air condi- Results of heat gain shown in this theoretical steady-state tion. The familiarity of designers with this relatively simple model may be greater than those found in actual practice for equation has led to a situation in which design space heat gains UFAD systems. This may be for a number of reasons that are (i.e., total room cooling loads) are considered synonymous not now understood and should be the basis for further research with return air extraction rates, and cooling airflows are found and study. from the (mixed) room-supply temperature difference, typi- cally assumed to be 11°C (20°F). In a stratified underfloor air ABSTRACT distribution (UFAD) environment, the assumption of perfect This paper reports on a modeling study to investigate the mixing is no longer valid, requiring a different way of thinking primary pathways for heat to be removed from a room with about energy flows and airflow quantities. -
Code-Compliant Solution for Combustible Plenums
Expect More More time savings, lower installation costs More cost savings, more billable square footage More building space, More solutions for code more design flexibility compliant protection of both air and grease ducts FyreWrap®Duct Insulation delivers more to every member of your project team. FyreWrap® Elite™1.5 Duct Insulation is ideal ■ Complies with NFPA 96, ICC and for the insulation of duct systems in hotels, IAPMO Codes. schools, restaurants, high rise condos, ■ Made in USA. medical facilities, research labs, and sports A FyreWrap product specification in arenas and stadiums. This flexible, light- several formats is available at weight duct wrap www.arcat.com; search using keywords provides a single Unifrax, FyreWrap fire protection or www.unifrax.com. solution for both For more information air distribution and grease duct systems. on FyreWrap Elite 1.5 FyreWrap Elite 1.5 Duct Insulation offers: or other products, ■ Space-saving shaft alternative for air certifications, code distribution and grease duct systems. compliance, installa- ■ 2 hour fire-rated duct protection; zero tion instructions or drawings, contact clearance to combustibles. Unifrax Corporate headquarters USA ■ Solutions for building design and complex at 716-278-3800. job configurations. ■ Thin, lightweight flexible blanket for faster, easier installation. www.unifrax.com ■ Offers both fire and insulation performance. PLENUM FIRE PROTECTION Steiner tunnel windows and cover Code-compliant Solution for Combustible Plenums Fire protection wrap systems can provide -
Optimal Forced-Air Distribution in New Housing
ptimal F fee ~ ir istributi n in New H usin John ~ Andrews Introduction Cooling~Load Characteristics of the Optimized House Studies of forced-air thermal distribution systems in small buildings show that significant energy losses are common A calculation of the peak cooling load in New York State in ductwork. These losses stem from several mechanisms, was performed for both a conventional house and the opti including duct leakage, thermal conduction through duct mized design that would replace it (Andrews et aL 1989). walls, and selective pressurization and depressurization of The conventional house was a single-story 1500 ft2 different zones of the house when the air-distribution fan 2 [140 m ] structure with R-l1 insulation in the wans, R-20 is operating. One way to reduce or eliminate duct losses is in the ceiling, unshaded window area 15 % of the south to place the ductwork within the conditioned space, rather wall and 10% of the other wans, and an average summer than the more usual attic, crawlspace, or basement loca time air infiltration rate of 0.7 air changes per hour tions. This approach is encouraged by new standards such (ACH) .. Calculated heat gains from various sources are as ASHRAE 90.2. shown in the first column of Table 1e Duct losses equal to 30% of the cooling input are assumed here, within the A major impediment to this solution is the size and range of recent results (Cummings and Tooley 1989, unsightliness of the ductwork. If ducts could be made Modera et ale 1991). smaller in cross section, builders might be motivated to them within the conditioned space. -
System Controls Engineering Guide
SECTION G Engineering Guide System Controls System Controls Engineering Guide Introduction to VAV Terminal Units The control of air temperature in a space requires that the loads in the space are offset by some means. Space loads can consist of exterior loads and/or interior loads. Interior loads can consist of people, mechanical equipment, lighting, com puters, etc. In an 'air' conditioning system compensating for the loads is achieved by introducing air into the space at a given temperature and quantity. Since space loads are always fluctuating the compensation to offset the loads must also be changing in a corresponding manner. Varying the air temperature or varying the air volume or a combination of both in a controlled manner will offset the space load as required. The variable air volume terminal unit or VAV box allows us to vary the air volume into a room and in certain cases also lets us vary the air temperature into a room. YSTEM CONTROLS YSTEM S The VAV terminal unit may be pressure dependent or pressure independent. This is a function of the control package. ENGINEERING GUIDE - Pressure Dependent A device is said to be pressure dependent when the flow rate passing through it varies as the system inlet pressure fluctuates. The flow rate is dependent only on the inlet pressure and the damper position of the terminal unit. The pressure dependent terminal unit consists of a damper and a damper actuator controlled directly by a room thermostat. The damper is modulated in response to room temperature only. Since the air volume varies with inlet pressure, the room may experience temperature swings until the thermostat repositions the damper. -
Analysis of Cooling Load Calculations for Underfloor Air Distribution Systems
The 13th Asia Pacific Conference on the Built Environment: Next Gen Technology to Make Green Building Sustainable , 19-20 Nov 2015 (Thu-Fri), Hong Kong. Analysis of cooling load calculations for underfloor air distribution systems Dr. Sam C. M. Hui * and Miss ZHOU Yichun Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong * E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems use an underfloor supply plenum located between the structural floor slab and a raised floor system to supply conditioned air through floor diffusers or terminal units directly into the building’s occupied zone. If designed properly, they have the potential to enhance energy efficiency, indoor air quality and building life cycle performance. However, the application of UFAD system is still obstructed by the information gap in some fundamental issues, such as cooling load calculation. All the cooling load calculation methods for UFAD systems nowadays have limitations and drawbacks and most building designers are not familiar with them. This research aims to investigate the cooling loads calculation methods for UFAD systems. Fundamental principles of UFAD with different configurations are studied to analyse the effects on cooling load components. Critical evaluation is made on the key factors and issues affecting the cooling load and how they differ from the overhead air distribution systems. It is found that thermal stratification, management of solar and lighting loads, architectural design and thermal properties of structural floor slab will influence the cooling load and must be evaluated carefully. It is hoped that the findings could improve the understanding of UFAD systems and provide practical information for performing the cooling load calculations and optimising the system performance. -
Matching the Sensible Heat Ratio of Air Conditioning Equipment with the Building Load SHR
Matching the Sensible Heat Ratio of Air Conditioning Equipment with the Building Load SHR Final Report to: Airxchange November 12, 2003 Report prepared by: TIAX LLC Reference D5186 Notice: This report was commissioned by Airxchange on terms specifically limiting TIAX’s liability. Our conclusions are the results of the exercise of our best professional judgement, based in part upon materials and information provided to us by Airxchange and others. Use of this report by any third party for whatever purpose should not, and does not, absolve such third party from using due diligence in verifying the report’s contents. Any use which a third party makes of this document, or any reliance on it, or decisions to be made based on it, are the responsibility of such third party. TIAX accepts no duty of care or liability of any kind whatsoever to any such third party, and no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made, or not made, or actions taken, or not taken, based on this document. TIAX LLC Acorn Park • Cambridge, MA • 02140-2390 USA • +1 617 498 5000 www.tiax.biz Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................ I LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................................................II LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................III -
Underfloor Air Distribution
University of Delaware Karen Schulte Center for the Arts Mechanical Option Underfloor Air Distribution: An underfloor air distribution system utilizes a plenum space between the structural slab and the underside of a raised floor to distribute the conditioned air to the room. An underfloor air distribution system creates a stratified condition where the natural buoyancy of air removes heat and contaminates from the occupied zone. Diffusers located in the elevated floor slab distribute air to the room from the plenum. Since the diffusers are located in the floor, the supply air temperatures must be warmer then the conventional overhead air distribution systems because of the immediate proximity of the supply air to the occupied zone. For cooling the supply air temperature should range from 63°F- 68°F, this temperature range will prevent overcooling the occupants of the space. The potential benefits that occur as a result of the implementation of underfloor air distribution include increased thermal comfort, better indoor air quality, reduced outdoor airflow, reduced floor to floor heights, and reduced supply fan horsepower. The increase in thermal comfort arises from the fact that the supply air temperature is higher then conventional overhead distribution systems and the floor diffusers induce local circulation and mixing in the occupied zone to a relatively uniform temperature. The improvements in indoor air quality result from natural flow of air in the underfloor system as compared to the overhead air distribution system. In the overhead system the contaminants in the air that collect at the ceiling level, due to the natural buoyancy of air, are forced back into the breathing zone by the induced mixing of ceiling diffusers to create a uniform environment. -
Air Conditioning Clinic
Air Conditioning Clinic Cooling and Heating Load Estimation One of the Fundamental Series April 2011 TRG-TRC002-EN Cooling and Heating Load Estimation One of the Fundamental Series A publication of Trane, a business of Ingersoll Rand Preface Figure 1 The Trane Company believes that it is incumbent on manufacturers to serve the industry by regularly disseminating information gathered through laboratory research, testing programs, and field experience. The Trane Air Conditioning Clinic series is one means of knowledge sharing. It is intended to acquaint a nontechnical audience with various fundamental aspects of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning. We have taken special care to make the clinic as uncommercial and straightforward as possible. Illustrations of Trane products only appear in cases where they help convey the message contained in the accompanying text. This particular clinic introduces the reader to cooling and heating load estimation. It is intended to introduce the concepts of estimating building cooling and heating loads and is limited to introducing the components that make up the load on a building, the variables that affect each of these components, and simple methods used to estimate these load components. It is not intended to teach all the details or latest computerized techniques of how to calculate these loads. If you are interested in learning more about the specific techniques used for cooling and heating load estimating, this booklet includes several references in the back. © 2011 Trane. All rights reserved ii TRG-TRC002-EN Contents period one Human Comfort .................................................... 1 period two Cooling Load Estimation ................................... 8 Outdoor Design Conditions ................................... 13 Conduction through Surfaces ............................... -
A Laboratory Method for Measuring the Heat Distribution Of
A LABORATORY METHOD FOR MEASURING THE HEAT DISTRIBUTION OF LUMINAIRES AND ITS APPLICATION FOR BUILDING HEATING AND COOLING ENERGY SAVING BY Hankun Li Submitted to the graduate degree program in Architectural Engineering and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Hongyi Cai ________________________________ Dr. Brian A. Rock ________________________________ Dr. Xianglin Li Date Defended: The Thesis Committee for Hankun Li certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: A LABORATORY METHOD FOR MEASURING THE HEAT DISTRIBUTION OF LUMINAIRES AND ITS APPLICATION FOR BUILDING HEATING AND COOLING ENERGY SAVING ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Hongyi Cai Date approved: << ii ABSTRACT This study was aimed to explore the energy saving potential of a new system architecture of solid-state lighting fixtures that was designed to help utilize the heat generated by LEDs for spacing heating in heating season and re-heating in cooling season. The new system architecture, which deploys an innovation of integrative light and heat arrangement in low profile, helps harvest the LED heat and direct most of the heat to the room space while minimizing heat leakage to the ceiling cavity. A well-designed laboratory experiment was carried out in a newly developed Calorimeter chamber that was used to find out heat distribution of luminaires in the conditioned room cavity and ceiling plenum, followed by an estimation of potential energy savings via computer simulation in Energy Plus. A typical primary elementary school classroom was used in this computer simulation equipped with LED fixtures with different heat distribution patterns. -
Impacts of Commercial Building Controls on Energy Savings and Peak Load Reduction May 2017
PNNL-25985 Impacts of Commercial Building Controls on Energy Savings and Peak Load Reduction May 2017 N Fernandez Y Xie S Katipamula M Zhao W Wang C Corbin Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 PNNL-25985 Impacts of Commercial Building Controls on Energy Savings and Peak Load Reduction N Fernandez Y Xie S Katipamula M Zhao W Wang C Corbin May 2017 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Summary Background Commercial buildings in the United States consume approximately 18 quadrillion British thermal units (quads) of primary energy annually (EIA 2016). Inadequate building operations leads to preventable excess energy consumption along with failure to maintain acceptable occupant comfort. Studies have shown that as much as 30% of building energy consumption can be eliminated through more accurate sensing, more effective use of existing controls, and deployment of advanced controls (Fernandez et al. 2012; Fernandez et al. 2014; AEDG 2008). Studies also have shown that 10% to 20% of the commercial building peak load can be temporarily managed or curtailed to provide grid services (Kiliccote et al. 2016; Piette et al. 2007). Although many studies have indicated significant potential for energy savings in commercial buildings by deploying sensors and controls, very few have documented the actual measured savings (Mills 2009; Katipamula and Brambley 2008). Furthermore, previous studies only provided savings at the whole-building level (Mills 2009), making it difficult to assess the savings potential of each individual measure deployed. Purpose Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) conducted this study to systematically estimate and document the potential energy savings from Re-tuning™ commercial buildings using the U.S. -
CEILING SYSTEMS Mold Is Receiving More Attention Within the Construction Industry Than Ever Before
CEILING SYSTEMS Mold is receiving more attention within the construction industry than ever before. One reason is that it is becoming an increasingly visible subject in the media. Another is an increased awareness of mold by a building’s occupants. Regardless of the reason, it is important that everyone involved in the construction industry, from architects and designers to contractors, building owners and facility managers, now be familiar with the implications of mold in creating structurally sound and aesthetically pleasing spaces. Because mold can grow on virtually any building material if necessary conditions are present, architects, designers, contractors, building owners and facility managers all have a role in identifying and preventing the conditions that permit the possibility of mold growth during the various stages of the construction process. Fortunately, while mold can grow on virtually any surface, the use of proper building design, construction and maintenance practices can mitigate the possibility of excessive mold growth. The relationship between mold exposure in buildings and human health is currently the subject of medical study. Exposure to most kinds of mold usually has no effect on healthy individuals. However, exposure to certain kinds of molds may cause discomfort, cause or aggravate allergies and asthmatic conditions, and increase the risk of respiratory illness or infections in susceptible or allergic individuals. Because of this, conditions that foster mold growth in an indoor environment should not be allowed to develop or persist.1 1 Mold, Mildew, Fungi – Fungi are microorganisms usually classified as a member What’s the Difference? of the plant kingdom, and include mold and mildew.