1 Edward 1 Monument 4 St Giles’ 7 St John The Evangelist Burgh Marsh Great Orton CA5 6NB Newton Arlosh CA7 5ET King Edward I of Skinburness , who was (or Grune as it known as ‘the Hammer was then of the Scots’ for his known) was a repeated attempts to growing town conquer that country, and port which died at Burgh Marsh, serviced the Solway Moss on 7 July ships of King 1307. Parliament was Edward 1 in his held in from late campaign against January until March 1307 the Scots. In but being in poor health gratitude and recognition, Edward granted Grune ‘Free Borough’ status prompting the King remained at the Bishop of Carlisle to grant a charter to the Abbot of Holme until Cultram in 1301 to build a church. 12 March. He arrived in Carlisle for the Parliament and remained there for 15 weeks. Edward left the city on horseback on 26 June However, violent storms and high seas breached the sea dyke and reaching Kirkandrews-on-Eden on 2 July but struggled on until three swept away the town. The survivors moved further inland to the St. Giles’ Church was founded in 1098 and is thought to be the first region of Arlosh and built a new town there – Newton Arlosh, days later he arrived at Burgh by Sands, where he finally breathed his church built in following the Norman Conquest. The last. Erected in 1803, the present red sandstone monument which meaning “New Town on the Marsh”. In 1304 the Bishop again builders used sandstone from Hadrian’s Wall and traces of the granted a charter for the building of a church here and by 1305 the rises from Burgh Marsh marks the spot where Edward I died. masons’ marks are still evident on the exterior walls. The dedication original liberties and privileges of Grune were transferred as well. is to St. Giles, a French saint and martyr, and the Patron Saint of 2 St Michael’s cripples and the lame. It has been suggested that wounded soldiers The church was fortified during the time of the border raids and a Pele from Carlisle were brought to Great Orton to recuperate. tower was built in the C14. A narrow entrance of only 3 1” with inner Burgh by Sands CA5 6AW and outer doors is designed to make forced entry very difficult. The Due to the frequent destructive raids by throughout walls of both nave and tower are massive with the windows placed the Middle Ages, it is not surprising that the church was partially high up – too small to climb through yet large enough for an archer to destroyed by fire. Two of the beams above the Chancel may be use. The tower has a narrow stairway and was guarded by a heavy original, having survived these frequent incursions, as have the two iron strap and oak door. With restless livestock in the nave, and well Norman windows on each side of the Sanctuary. The original village, armed and desperate defenders in the tower, attacking a building like m

a clustered around the church, was at one time surrounded by a . r

F St John’s would have been a daunting prospect.

n The northern approach known as Barras had chains across the o D entrance to protect the inhabitants, buildings and livestock from As a result of this lawlessness and the Dissolution of the Monasteries ©

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a ruin. By 1580 it was reported as “in decay, the door stood open and S y

b Special Features: Grade II* listed. Ornately carved font cover. sheep lay in it”. In 1843 a benefactor, Miss Sarah Losh and others h g

r Looking down the aisle, the walls appear to lean out in a ‘navis’ restored and extended the church in the original Anglo-Norman style. u B

s design representing ‘the Ark’ ’ l Special Features: The font is early C13 and came from Holme e a h c

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t 5 St Andrew’s S f o Aikton CA7 0HP e g a m I 8 St Bride’s The church dates from the late C12 and was built on the site of the Kirkbride CA7 5HY Roman Fort , almost entirely of stones taken from Hadrian’s Wall. It occupies the site of one of the central buildings of the fort, probably either the headquarters or the granary. When Edward I died nearby, on Burgh Marsh, his body was brought into St Michael’s church to lie in state and for ten days events at the heart of the life of the nation were centred on Burgh church. Many members of the Court came to pay their respects, including the King’s heir. Indeed his son was proclaimed King Edward II in Carlisle the day following his visit to Burgh. The area then became increasingly lawless. The church’s C14 Pele tower was built as a fortress and place of refuge for villagers, whose animals were driven into the church for safety during the raids of the Border Reivers. The church is probably the earliest of the surviving The church of St Andrew stands high in a lovely rural setting fortified churches in , with the others being St John the commanding fine views of Skiddaw and the Northen Fells. It is Evangelist (Newton Arlosh) and St Cuthbert’s (Great Salkeld). The approached through a novel kissing gate made from two large slabs of heavy gate at the tower entrance is called a yett which is a Norse stone, supported by a stone post. A fine example of Norman Standing on a hill at the northern end of the village, the church word dating from the Viking invasion and is still used today for the architecture, this light, airy and uncluttered church has a nave and occupies an important place in the locality, on the site of a Roman fort word ‘gate’ in Cumbrian dialect. chancel from the original C12 building. The south aisle was added in at the west end of the Stanegate, linked by road to Hadrian’s Wall itself. This site has yielded many artefacts including a Roman Altar, coins and Special Features: Grade I listed. The carved Celtic head on the 1869. The original roof timbers, exposed only in 1869, are a feature of the church. In the porch is a C13 coffin lid, with a sword carved into it, pottery. The church is dedicated to St Bride, an Irish Missionary, who east wall is likely to have come from the Roman civil settlement, died in 523. adjacent to the Fort. Saxon carvings of animals in the tower are from known as the de Morville grave slab. The square bowl of the font is the early C12 church, which preceded the present church building. late C12, and each of the four sides of the font has a different design. The earliest record of a church on the site is in 1189, but the existing Stained glass windows in the north aisle depict King Edward I and In Victorian times the graveyard was visited by the ‘Resurrection Men’ Norman building, fashioned from stones largely recycled from the those Celtic Saints who nurtured Christianity in Northern England – – a term applied to those who engaged in the practice of body- Roman fort, probably replaced an earlier structure. The square font is St Cuthbert, St Ninian, St Kentigern and St Aidan. snatching and then selling the corpses to medical schools for dissection carved in the early English style, and behind this are traces of the north and research. door or “Devil’s Door” and the outlines of two Norman windows. The chancel arch is typical early Norman, although there have been St Mary’s Special Features: Grade I listed. The church is built of stone from suggestions that it is of an even earlier, Saxon date. In common with 3 Hadrian’s Wall. some other churches in the area, it was in a ruinous condition by the Beaumont CA5 6EF early 1700s. In 1703 Bishop Nicholson of Carlisle remarked that “it 6 Holme Cultram Abbey (St Mary’s) looks more like a pigsty than the house of God”. This neglect evidently Abbeytown CA7 4SD continued, as by 1880 the villagers were wondering whether the walls would fall inwards or outwards! The present church was substantially rebuilt in 1899, when the porch was added. Special Features: Grade II* listed. Medieval carved coffin lids let into the walls. The bell is said to come from Melrose Abbey and bears the date 1512.

9 St Michael’s Bowness on Solway CA7 5AF St Michael’s Church is not an ancient church Beaumont means ‘beautiful hill’, which building. Little may refer to the Norman motte and bailie remains of the castle that was erected here in the C12 on original Norman the site of an earlier Roman milecastle – Holme Cultram Abbey was founded in 1150 by Cistercian monks church, but both built to guard the ford over the River from Melrose Abbey in the Scottish Borders. Prince Henry, son of there are visible Eden. The castle consisted of a man-made King David of Scotland, granted the foundation charter as at this time clues showing the Solway area belonged to Scotland. The Abbey is the daughter of mound, the ‘motte’ which had the fort on the likelihood of Melrose Abbey and the grand daughter of Rievaulx Abbey. top, and an enclosed surrounding area, the ‘bailie’, where the a church on this community lived. Later the three waths (crossing places) over the The new Abbey flourished. After draining the nearby marsh it site since Roman river also made for centuries of border raids and wars between the amassed vast amounts of land, used for the farming of sheep and pigs times. Walkers of Scots and the English. and the planting of orchards. The monks also had their own salt pans the Hadrian’s and fishing. By the time this area was part of England, and because of Wall Trail may be disappointed that there are very few signs of the wall The church of St Mary was built on top of the mound using stones its proximity to ‘the borders’ it was in constant danger from the left in Bowness but they will be rewarded by a visit to the church from the Wall – the line of which runs directly under the church. Border Reivers. In 1538 with the Dissolution of the Monasteries the where, although it was extensively restored in the late C19, they will Little remains of the original church although the single chamber land passed to the Crown, and the monks were dispersed. see that many stones used in the building were recycled from the interior is still mostly of the earlier period, notably the south doorway The centre of the Abbey has survived as the Parish Church, with the Roman Wall. and three east windows. The windows, the porch and the vestry are rest of the Abbey falling into disrepair. In the church you see today, six The font is Norman and is a wonderful piece of carving that C19 restorations but with original window-arches having been built of the nine bays of the nave of the original Abbey are the result of symbolically illustrates the nature and effect of Baptism. The old bells into the stonework in the vestry wall. The roof dates from the C15. restoration begun in 1703, with further work being done in 1883 and have a story attached relating to a Scottish raid and the subsequent Special Features: Grade II* listed. Two early medieval grave slabs 1913. Following an arson attack in 2006, the Abbey has undergone a retaliation of local men dating back to 1626. The stained glass were discovered during a series of Victorian restorations and are major re-building programme which still continues. windows are all very different and individually each is a fine example of now built into the west wall behind the font. The earliest recorded Special Features: Entrance to the Abbey is through a superb its time. All reflect the changing face of the parish of Bowness but also Rector was Sir Elias de Thirwall in 1296 and in 1996, to celebrate the Norman Archway; Robert the Bruce’s father, Robert de Bruce Earl of the constancy of faith in the lives of the parishioners. church’s 700th anniversary a set of kneelers was made Carrick, is buried here. The ‘innards’ of Edward I are also buried in Special Features: The churchyard includes a smuggler’s grave, an commemorating Rectors from each century. the Abbey. ancient sundial and a Hearse House.

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10 St Peter’s CA5 6JB

Royalty, Reivers, Religion and Rural Life

The church was founded in 1174 and is still very much as it was built but with the Victorian additions of porch and vestry. A carved Norman doorway leads into the church and the Norman chancel archway has wonderful Church Information: carving with the face of a green All churches are open daily throughout the year and each provides man on the left. During restoration work in the 1870s the plaster information on local facilities and on footpaths and cycle-ways linking was removed from the chancel stonework and a Roman carved each church. For enquiries telephone 01228 576324 or 016973 6 1246. stone was revealed (probably taken from Hadrian’s wall a mile away). Links to each church can be found from the church directory To the left in the sanctuary there are two features, one a ‘lepers page of www.ctfc.org.uk squint’ or dole window where people could see the priest Tourist Information: celebrating communion, and also an aumbry – a wall safe for locking Discover a cluster of unique churches, built from the stones For more detailed information about the area, and to help you plan away the valuable church plate. On the right of the altar there is a of Hadrian’s Wall in the years following the Norman your trip, contact Conquest (1098 – 1190). Places of peace and spirituality restored piscina for washing out the communion vessels. Carlisle Tourist Information Centre Old Town Hall, Green Market, Carlisle, CA3 8JE. fashioned from the building blocks of conflict. 6

Two bells that were cast in 1705 are still in use. The organ was a gift 5 0

Tel: 01228 625 600 0 5 from a former Rector in the late 1800s and the windows are also late 8 )

or visit 4 Understand the role of these churches during the time of 2

Victorian given as memorials to local people. It is a witness of local 5 1

www.visitcumbria.com 0

( the Border Reivers – 300 years of conflict between the people that the church has seen continuous worship for over 800 E P Y 13th and 17th centuries – and their importance as T

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years, and it is still a very important part of the community. A B

: bringing a whole new meaning to the term t n i r Special Features: Grade II* listed. The Roman stone in the south p ‘sanctuary’. & n g i wall - no doubt brought from Hadrian’s Wall, has an inscription that s e d t e l reads VEX, LEG P.F.FEC meaning ‘The troops of the 6th Legion, the f Find out why Burgh by Sands was briefly the centre of a e victorious, pious & faithful did this work’. L government thanks to its links with Edward I during his FRONT COVER – ORIGINAL PAINTING BY JOHN ROGERS conflict with Robert Bruce and the Scots.