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FICHA PAÍS Japón Japón OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Japón Japón La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. JUNIO 2021 Otras ciudades: Yokohama (3,7 mill.), Osaka (2,7 mill.), Nagoya (2,3 mill.), Japón Sapporo (1,9 mill.), Kobe (1,5 millones), Kioto (1,5 millones). Idioma oficial: japonés. Religiones principales: sintoísmo 70%, budismo 70% (muchos pertenecen a ambas religiones), cristianos 1,5%. Moneda: Yen Forma de Estado: monarquía parlamentaria CHINA División administrativa: 47 prefecturas. RUSIA 1.2. Geografía Sapporo Hokaido El archipiélago japonés está situado en la confluencia de dos placas tectóni- cas oceánicas (la del Pacífico y la Filipina) y dos continentales (Euroasiática COREA DEL NORTE y Norteamericana). Eso ha generado un relieve físico escarpado con zonas montañosas y colinas que ocupan tres cuartas partes de su superficie. Las Honshu Mar de Japón cadenas montañosas principales se encuentran en el norte (sierra de Ishikari en Hokkaido) y el centro/este de Honshu (Alpes japoneses). El pico más alto es el volcán Fuji con 3.776 m de altura, situado en el centro/oeste de Honshu. La población se concentra en menos de una cuarta parte del territorio, especial- mente en las llanuras de Kanto (Tokio) y Kansai (Osaka, Nagoya, Kobe, Kioto). COREA DEL SUR Tokio 1.3. Indicadores Sociales Yokohama Hiroshima Kyoto Nagoya Osaka Densidad de población: 347 hab. por Km2 Fukuoka Océano Pacífico Renta per cápita: 39,142 US$ Kyushu Shikoku Coeficiente Gini: 0,329 (IDH posición 19) Tasa de analfabetismo: 1% Tasa de natalidad: 1,37 hijos/mujer 1.4. Estructura del Producto Interior Bruto © Ocina de Información Diplomática. Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. PIB % Agricultura 1% 1. DATOS BÁSICOS Industria 21% Servicios 78% Fuente: Gobierno de Japón 1.1. Características generales 1.5. Coyuntura económica Nombre oficial: Japón (Nippon / Nihon). Superficie: 377.915 km2 INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Límites: archipiélago formado por 6.852 islas, de las que unas 400 están ha- PIB nominal (millardos US$ a precios corrientes) bitadas. Las principales son: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu y Okinawa. 5.100 5.182 5.211 5.259 5.051 Sin fronteras terrestres, Japón se encuentra entre el océano Pacífico y el mar PIB % crecimiento real* 0,8 1,7 0,6 0,3 -4,8 de Japón, al este de China, Rusia y la península coreana. Tasa de inflación % (media anual) -0,1 0,5 0,9 0,5 0 Población: 125.669.000 habitantes. Tasa de paro % sobre población activa 3,1 2,8 2,4 2,4 2,9 Número de residentes españoles inscritos: 3.963 Exportaciones de bienes (en millardos US$) Capital: Tokio (14 mill). Región metropolitana Tokio: 37,4 mill. 643,7 698 738,1 705,8 641,4 2 FICHA PAÍS JAPÓN Importaciones de bienes (en millardos US$) Los flujos netos de entrada de Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) ascendieron 607 672,1 749,09 720,9 634,5 en 2020 a 68.309 millones de US$ (resultado provisional), un aumento de Saldo balanza comercial (en millardos US$) más de 80% desde 2019 (36.279 millones de US$). A pesar de ser la tercera 37 25,9 -10,9 -15,1 6,9 economía del mundo, el saldo de Japón de inversión extranjera no supera el Saldo balanza cuenta corriente (en millardos US$) 5% del PIB, siendo más bajo que el de otros países desarrollados. 200 213 183 181 164 Total reservas internacionales (US$ millardos) 1.7. Distribución de comercio por países 1.217 1.264 1.271 1.323 1.394 Tipo de cambio medio anual por yen = US$ EXPORTACIONES POR PAÍSES (PRINCIPALES CLIENTES) 121,1 112,1 110,4 109 106,7 PRINCIPALES PAÍSES CLIENTES (DATOS EN MILLARDOS DE YENES) Tipo de cambio medio anual por yen = € 2017 % DEL 2018 % DEL 2019 % DEL 2020 % DEL 134,4 126,7 130,2 122,1 121,8 TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL Fuente: Gobierno de Japón China 14.890 19% 15.901 20% 14.684 19% 15.110 22% EE.UU. 15.149 19% 15.527 19% 15.310 20% 12.681 19% La economía japonesa vivió dos décadas de estanflación durante el período Corea del Sur 5.975 8% 5.793 7% 5.045 7% 4.769 7% 1990-2009. Tras sufrir una fuerte caída del PIB en 2009, hubo un repunte Taiwán 4.558 6% 4.680 6% 4.688 6% 4.741 7% de crecimiento, que se frenó por el desastre del terremoto de 2011. Este Hong Kong 3.974 5% 3.833 5% 3.666 5% 3.417 5% sumió al país en una nueva recesión, de la que comenzó a recuperarse de Tailandia 3.301 4% 3.563 4% 3.291 4% 2.724 4% manera intermitente en 2012. Singapur 2.541 3% 2.584 3% 2.199 3% 1.887 3% Alemania 2.125 3% 2.306 3% 2.205 3% 1.878 3% Desde el 2013 Japón ha experimentado un crecimiento sostenido apoyado Vietnam 1.688 2% 1.814 2% 1.797 2% 1.828 3% en la agenda de revitalización económica conocida como “Abenomics”. La Malasia 1.431 2% 1.539 2% 1.449 2% 1.344 2% misma se articula en las llamadas “tres flechas”: flexibilización monetaria, Otros 22.656 29% 23.946 29% 22.599 29% 18.073 26% estímulos fiscales y reformas estructurales. Japón ha salido de la deflación TOTAL 78.288 100% 81.487 100% 76.932 100% 68.452 100% aunque se encuentra lejos del objetivo de inflación del 2%. También se han apreciado beneficios sólidos en el sector privado. Sin embargo, el declive IMPORTACIONES POR PAÍSES (PRINCIPALES PROVEDORES) demográfico plantea un gran desafío a largo plazo. PRINCIPALES PAÍSES PROVEDORES (DATOS EN MILLARDOS DE YENES) 2017 % DEL 2018 % DEL 2019 % DEL 2020 % DEL El crecimiento se interrumpió en 2020 debido a la pandemia, que provocó un TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL descenso del 3,8% del PIB, además de un aumento de la deuda pública, ya China 18.460 24% 19.188 23% 18.446 23% 17.499,03 26% elevada con anterioridad, que representa el 251% del PIB. Para incrementar EE.UU. 8.297 11% 9.236 11% 8.857 11% 7.645,15 11% los ingresos fiscales, Japón ha ido aumentando gradualmente el impuesto al Australia 4.365 6% 5.049 6% 4.955 6% 3.801,36 6% consumo. No obstante, debido a la crisis causada por el coronavirus, el gobier- Taiwán 2.848 4% 2.995 4% 2.928 4% 2.855,71 4% no ha recurrido a la emisión masiva de bonos para la reactivación económica. Corea del Sur 3.153 4% 3.549 4% 3.229 4% 2.836,68 4% Arabia Saudita 3.115 4% 3.733 5% 3.015 4% 1.965,71 3% Las perspectivas a largo plazo apuntan a un crecimiento moderado debido al Vietnam 2.079 3% 2.334 3% 2.450 3% 2.353,32 3% elevado nivel de endeudamiento y al envejecimiento de la población. Alemania 2.627 3% 2.869 3% 2.718 3% 2.263,91 3% E.A.U. 2.329 3% 3.048 4% 2.855 4% 1.742,70 3% 1.6. Comercio exterior Otros 25.558 34% 27.923 34% 26.363 34% 22.219 33% TOTAL 75.381 100% 82.694 100% 78.580 100% 67.719,21 100% Las exportaciones de bienes cayeron un -9,3% en 2020 respecto a 2019. Las importaciones, por su parte, bajaron un 6,59%. La balanza por cuenta 1.8. Distribución del comercio por producto corriente descendió por tercer año consecutivo, aunque se mantiene un su- perávit del 3,25% del PIB. Japón es un país con un bajo nivel de captación de inversión extranjera di- recta en relación a su PIB. El stock de inversión extranjera fue de 282.106 El descenso de las exportaciones se produjo por la caída de ventas en las parti- millones de euros en 2019 y de 294.173 millones de euros en 2020, alre- das de vehículos (-18,32%), sobre todo a Europa y Estados Unidos, y de otros dedor del 5,6% del PIB. productos industriales. Por su parte, las importaciones cayeron un -12,16% arrastradas por la debilidad en los precios energéticos. El resultado es que Aun así, dicho stock ha crecido un 81,90% desde 2013. En 2019 fue un Japón registró en 2020 el primer superávit comercial en tres años. 11,66% superior al de 2018. Uno de los factores que explican este aumento fue el lanzamiento en 2013 de la Política de Revitalización (ratificada en En 2020 las ventas de Japón a sus principales socios comerciales se reduje- 2016) que pretendía duplicar el stock de inversión extranjera del año 2012 ron considerablemente salvo en el caso de China (22,1% de cuota, +4,9%), (186.843 millones de euros). EE. UU. (18,4% de cuota, -15.6%) y Corea del Sur (7% de cuota, -3,6%). Los principales productos exportados fueron: vehículos automóviles (21,13%), El 43,4% del stock de IED proviene de Europa: Francia (11,6%), Países máquinas y aparatos mecánicos (19,21%), aparatos y materiales eléctricos Bajos (11,53%), Reino Unido (7,73%) y Suiza (4,35%). El resto procede (18,75%) y aparatos ópticos y de medición (13,76%).
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