DOCSLIB.ORG

Exploring the Diversity of Gentrification and the Role of Gender in Hong Kong, 1986 to 2006

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exploring the Diversity of Gentrification and the Role of Gender in Hong Kong, 1986 to 2006 EXPLORING THE DIVERSITY OF GENTRIFICATION AND THE ROLE OF GENDER IN HONG KONG, 1986 TO 2006 By Minting Ye A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Geography –Doctor of Philosophy 2014 ABSTRACT EXPLORING THE DIVERSITY OF GENTRIFICATION AND THE ROLE OF GENDER IN HONG KONG, 1986 TO 2006 By Minting Ye Gentrification is restructuring the geography of cities all over the world (Clark, 2005; Hackworth and Smith, 2001; Lees, 2000; Smith and Defilippis, 1999; Wyly and Hammel, 1999). As a global city, Hong Kong experienced a transformation from an th industrial to a specialized services and high-tech economy in the late 20 century (Ho, 1992; Lo, 1997; 2005). Accompanying this shift, there has been a notable drive for urban redevelopment that has fundamentally altered the physical and social characteristics of Hong Kong’s neighborhoods. Despite the economic and built environment transformations in Hong Kong, not much attention has been given to neighborhood displacement of the poor, including women. With a focus on gentrification, I examine the various types of physical and social upgrading processes in Hong Kong from 1986 to 2006 and explore how women were involved in or affected by these redevelopment processes. This research answers the following four major questions: 1) How extensive have gentrification processes been within Hong Kong between the years 1986 and 2006? 2) What is the degree of displacement that has resulted from gentrification in Hong Kong during these years? 3) Have redevelopment efforts in Hong Kong resulted in a diversity of gentrification processes and what are some of their basic characteristics? 4) What is the role of women in Hong Kong’s gentrification? Principal component analysis and K-means clustering are used to identify areas within Hong Kong that are experiencing physical and social upgrading. From the quantitative analysis, three neighborhoods—Tiu Keng Leng, Kennedy Town, and Yuen Long—are selected for a qualitative study of neighborhood change, and an examination into the complexity and the diversity of capital reinvestment, social conflict, and displacement. These three neighborhoods are also used to show the diversity in the role of women in gentrification. Results shows that in different parts of Hong Kong, gentrification is driven by different agents and diverse redevelopment processes that have resulted in a range of displaced income groups. The case study of Hong Kong reaffirms the importance of the extra-ordinary powers of the state in driving gentrification. It also reveals the increasing importance of the private sector initiating large-scale redevelopment and displacement. In addition, women are involved in or affected by gentrification in different ways in different parts of the city. Besides being an agent of gentrification, women are also the prominent segment of the urban population who are most vulnerable to displacement. The scale of gentrification and displacement is extensive in Hong Kong. The criticism by some researchers that gentrification is a highly limited process within small areas of the inner city is challenged by this research. This study of gentrification across an entire city shows that capital reinvestment and displacement is extensive and affects large areas of the city. Key words: Hong Kong gentrification PCA and cluster analysis qualitative analysis redevelopment displacement ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During my PhD years I have received support and encouragement from a number of people. Without their help, this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Igor Vojnovic. Dr. Vojnovic has been a mentor, role model and a good friend. I would like to thank him for his advice on academic and professional development. I also appreciate his inspiration, patience and caring. His excellent guidance has made my PhD years a thoughtful and rewarding journey. Heartfelt thanks goes out to my dissertation committee, consisting of Dr. Guo Chen, Dr. Peilei Fan, Dr. Joseph Messina, and Dr. Bruce Pigozzi for their valuable advice on the dissertation and in other areas of professional growth. I would also like to thank Dr. Laura Reese for facilitating funding at different stages of my PhD program. She also provided important personal and professional guidance. I owe the greatest debt to the Department of Geography, the Social Science Dean’s Office and the Graduate School for the research awards and financial support; without them I would not have been able to conduct this research. I am forever indebted to my family. This dissertation would have never become possible if it were not for the unconditional love and support of my parents, sisters and brother. I owe them more gratitude than words can capture. Special thanks goes to my husband Xiaoyi Mu who was always there with support and encouragement. He stood by me through the good times and the bad. This dissertation is dedicated to my newborn daughter Lansing Mu who came to my life on December 19th, 2013 and shares with me the joy of this long, yet wonderful journey. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Statement of problem ............................................................................................. 4 1.3. The general hypothesis .......................................................................................... 6 1.4. Research methods and dissertation outline ............................................................ 7 1.4.1. Research methods ............................................................................................ 7 1.4.2. Outline of the dissertation ............................................................................. 10 Chapter 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................. 13 2.1. The definition and causes of gentrification ......................................................... 13 2.2. Diversity of gentrification .................................................................................... 18 2.2.1. Diversity in the nature of capital reinvestment ............................................. 19 2.2.1.1. Refurbishment ....................................................................................... 20 2.2.1.2. Private-sector blockbusting ................................................................... 21 2.2.1.3. Urban renewal ....................................................................................... 22 2.2.1.4. Rural gentrification ............................................................................... 23 2.2.2. The diverse nature of actors in gentrification ................................................ 26 2.2.2.1. Super-gentrification .............................................................................. 26 2.2.2.2. Studentification ..................................................................................... 28 2.2.2.3. Gayification........................................................................................... 29 2.2.3. Commentary .................................................................................................. 30 2.3. Gentrification and displacement .......................................................................... 31 2.4. The gender dimensions of gentrification ............................................................. 33 2.5. Gentrification in the Chinese context .................................................................. 37 2.5.1. Gentrification in Mainland China ................................................................. 39 2.5.2. Gentrification in Hong Kong ......................................................................... 42 2.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 3 The research area: Hong Kong ......................................................................... 56 3.1. Location and brief introduction ........................................................................... 56 3.2. Urban development in Hong Kong ...................................................................... 62 3.2.1. The development during colonial period: before 1980 ................................. 62 3.2.2. Urban development in transition: from 1980 to 1997 ................................... 64 3.2.3. Postcolonial development: from 1997 to present .......................................... 65 3.3. Economic restructuring in Hong Kong ................................................................ 68 3.4. Urban redevelopment initiatives and policies in Hong Kong .............................. 70 3.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 79 v Chapter 4 Quantitative Analysis ....................................................................................... 81 4.1. Data selection ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • T and Analysis of Walkability in Hong Kong
    Measurement and Analysis of Walkability in Hong Kong By: Michael Audi, Kathryn Byorkman, Alison Couture, Suzanne Najem ZRH006 Measurement and Analysis of Walkability in Hong Kong An Interactive Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the faculty of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Degree of Bachelor of Science In cooperation with Designing Kong Hong, Ltd. and The Harbour Business Forum On March 4, 2010 Submitted by: Submitted to: Michael Audi Paul Zimmerman Kathryn Byorkman Margaret Brooke Alison Couture Dr. Sujata Govada Suzanne Najem Roger Nissim Professor Robert Kinicki Professor Zhikun Hou ii | P a g e Abstract Though Hong Kong’s Victoria Harbour is world-renowned, the harbor front districts are far from walkable. The WPI team surveyed 16 waterfront districts, four in-depth, assessing their walkability using a tool created by the research team and conducted preference surveys to understand the perceptions of Hong Kong pedestrians. Because pedestrians value the shortest, safest, least-crowded, and easiest to navigate routes, this study found that confusing routes, unsafe or indirect connections, and a lack of amenities detract from the walkability in Hong Kong. This report provides new data concerning the walkability in harbor front districts and a tool to measure it, along with recommendations for potential improvements. iii | P a g e Acknowledgements Our team would like to thank the many people that helped us over the course of this project. First, we would like to thank our sponsors Paul Zimmerman, Dr. Sujata Govada, Margaret Brooke, and Roger Nissim for their help and dedication throughout our project and for providing all of the resources and contacts that we required.
    [Show full text]
  • (Translation) Minutes of the 23 Meeting of the 4 Wan Chai District
    (Translation) Minutes of the 23rd Meeting of the 4th Wan Chai District Council Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Date: 7 July 2015 (Tuesday) Time: 2:30 p.m. Venue: District Council Conference Room, Wan Chai District Office, 21/F Southorn Centre, 130 Hennessy Road, Wan Chai, H.K. Present Chairperson Mr SUEN Kai-cheong, SBS, MH, JP Vice-Chairperson Mr Stephen NG, BBS, MH, JP Members Ms Pamela PECK Ms Yolanda NG, MH Ms Kenny LEE Ms Peggy LEE Mr Ivan WONG, MH Mr David WONG Mr CHENG Ki-kin Dr Anna TANG, BBS, MH Ms Jacqueline CHUNG Dr Jeffrey PONG 1 23 DCMIN Representatives of Core Government Departments Ms Angela LUK, JP District Officer (Wan Chai), Home Affairs Department Ms Renie LAI Assistant District Officer (Wan Chai), Home Affairs Department Ms Daphne CHAN Senior Liaison Officer (Community Affairs), Home Affairs Department Mr CHAN Chung-chi District Environmental Hygiene Superintendent (Wan Chai), Food and Environmental Hygiene Department Mr Nelson CHENG District Commander (Wan Chai), Hong Kong Police Force Ms Dorothy NIEH Police Community Relation Officer (Wan Chai District), Hong Kong Police Force Mr FUNG Ching-kwong Assistant District Social Welfare Officer (Eastern/Wan Chai)1, Social Welfare Department Mr Nelson CHAN Chief Transport Officer/Hong Kong, Transport Department Mr Franklin TSE Senior Engineer 5 (HK Island Div 2), Civil Engineering and Development Department Mr Simon LIU Chief Leisure Manager (Hong Kong East), Leisure and Cultural Services Department Ms Brenda YEUNG District Leisure Manager (Wan Chai), Leisure and
    [Show full text]
  • Hong Kong Final Report
    Urban Displacement Project Hong Kong Final Report Meg Heisler, Colleen Monahan, Luke Zhang, and Yuquan Zhou Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 Research Questions 5 Outline 5 Key Findings 6 Final Thoughts 7 Introduction 8 Research Questions 8 Outline 8 Background 10 Figure 1: Map of Hong Kong 10 Figure 2: Birthplaces of Hong Kong residents, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 11 Land Governance and Taxation 11 Economic Conditions and Entrenched Inequality 12 Figure 3: Median monthly domestic household income at LSBG level, 2016 13 Figure 4: Median rent to income ratio at LSBG level, 2016 13 Planning Agencies 14 Housing Policy, Types, and Conditions 15 Figure 5: Occupied quarters by type, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 16 Figure 6: Domestic households by housing tenure, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 16 Public Housing 17 Figure 7: Change in public rental housing at TPU level, 2001-2016 18 Private Housing 18 Figure 8: Change in private housing at TPU level, 2001-2016 19 Informal Housing 19 Figure 9: Rooftop housing, subdivided housing and cage housing in Hong Kong 20 The Gentrification Debate 20 Methodology 22 Urban Displacement Project: Hong Kong​ | ​1 Quantitative Analysis 22 Data Sources 22 Table 1: List of Data Sources 22 Typologies 23 Table 2: Typologies, 2001-2016 24 Sensitivity Analysis 24 Figures 10 and 11: 75% and 25% Criteria Thresholds vs. 70% and 30% Thresholds 25 Interviews 25 Quantitative Findings 26 Figure 12: Population change at TPU level, 2001-2016 26 Figure 13: Change in low-income households at TPU Level, 2001-2016 27 Typologies 27 Figure 14: Map of Typologies, 2001-2016 28 Table 3: Table of Draft Typologies, 2001-2016 28 Typology Limitations 29 Interview Findings 30 The Gentrification Debate 30 Land Scarcity 31 Figures 15 and 16: Google Earth Images of Wan Chai, Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • The Guangzhou-Hongkong Strike, 1925-1926
    The Guangzhou-Hongkong Strike, 1925-1926 Hongkong Workers in an Anti-Imperialist Movement Robert JamesHorrocks Submitted in accordancewith the requirementsfor the degreeof PhD The University of Leeds Departmentof East Asian Studies October 1994 The candidateconfirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where referencehas been made to the work of others. 11 Abstract In this thesis, I study the Guangzhou-Hongkong strike of 1925-1926. My analysis differs from past studies' suggestions that the strike was a libertarian eruption of mass protest against British imperialism and the Hongkong Government, which, according to these studies, exploited and oppressed Chinese in Guangdong and Hongkong. I argue that a political party, the CCP, led, organised, and nurtured the strike. It centralised political power in its hands and tried to impose its revolutionary visions on those under its control. First, I describe how foreign trade enriched many people outside the state. I go on to describe how Chinese-run institutions governed Hongkong's increasingly settled non-elite Chinese population. I reject ideas that Hongkong's mixed-class unions exploited workers and suggest that revolutionaries failed to transform Hongkong society either before or during the strike. My thesis shows that the strike bureaucracy was an authoritarian power structure; the strike's unprecedented political demands reflected the CCP's revolutionary political platform, which was sometimes incompatible with the interests of Hongkong's unions. I suggestthat the revolutionary elite's goals were not identical to those of the unions it claimed to represent: Hongkong unions preserved their autonomy in the face of revolutionaries' attempts to control Hongkong workers.
    [Show full text]
  • Hong Kong's Pro-Democracy Protests
    Protests & Democracy: Hong Kong’s Pro-Democracy Protests Jennifer Yi Advisor: Professor Tsung Chi Politics Senior Comprehensive Project Candidate for Honors consideration April 10, 2015 2 Abstract Protests that occur in the public sphere shed light on the different types of democracy that exist in a region. A protester’s reason for participation demonstrates what type of democracy is missing, while a protest itself demonstrates what type of democracy exists in the region. This Politics Senior Comprehensive Project hypothesizes that the recent pro-democracy protests in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (“Hong Kong”), dubbed the Umbrella Movement, demonstrate an effective democracy due to active citizen engagement within the public sphere. Data is collected through personal interviews of Umbrella Movement participants that demonstrate what type of democracy currently exists in Hong Kong, what type of democracy protesters are looking for, and what type of democracy exists as a result of the recent protests. The interviews show that a true representative and substantive democracy do not exist in Hong Kong as citizens are not provided the democratic rights that define these types of democracy. However, the Umbrella Movement demonstrates an effective democracy in the region as citizens actively engage with one another within the public sphere for the purpose of achieving a representative and substantive democracy in Hong Kong. 3 I. Introduction After spending most of my junior year studying in Hong Kong, I have become very interested in the region and its politics. I am specifically interested in the different types of democracy that exist in Hong Kong as it is a special administrative region of the People’s Republic of China (“China”).
    [Show full text]
  • (Site D1) Kennedy Town
    Kennedy Town (Site D1) Area (Plan D1) : “R(E) ” Zone 2014^ (in ha) (about) 0.15 No. of Private Industrial Buildings : 2014^ Occupied 2 Wholly vacant - Under renovation - Tot al 2 ^ Survey undertaken in May 2014. Details of Private Industrial Buildings Total No. of Private Industrial Buildings : 2 Total No. of Units Involved : 152 Total GFA* Involved (about) : 20,537m2 No. of Units Successfully Surveyed : 130 (85.5%) Total GFA * Successfully Surveyed (about) : 18,028m2 (87.8%) No. of Buildings Wholly Under Occupied Tot al vacant renovation No. of Storeys 1 - 7 storeys - - - - 8 - 19 storeys - - - - 20 storeys or above 2 - - 2 Land Ownership (as at end June 2014) Single - - - - Multiple 2 - - 2 Building Age (as at end March 2014) < 15 years - - - - 15 – 29 years 2 - - 2 30 years or above - - - - Building Condition Good - - - - Fair - - - - Poor 2 - - 2 Surrounding Land Uses : Residential developments, industrial buildings in Kennedy Town “I” area and adjoining pier, underground refuse transfer station, government, institution and community uses (including public mortuary and salt water pumping station), open spaces, petrol filling station, bus terminus, temporary uses (including works site for West Island Line) and green belt zone. * Conversion factor from internal floor area to gross floor area is 1.3333. Kennedy Town “R(E)” Area 1 Vacancy Rate (based on GFA*) PlanD’s Area Assessments “R(E)” Zone Survey in 2013-14 Territorial 6.0% Hong Kong Island 4.6% Kennedy Town 2.1%# # Survey undertaken in May 2014. Derived from R&VD’s Raw Data “R(E)” Zone 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Territorial 4.2% 4.7% 4.3% 4.2% 4.6% 2.9% Hong Kong Island 5.0% 1.0% 4.7% 2.1% 1.0% 1.7% Kennedy Town 2.2% 1.8% - 1.7% 1.8% - Tak e-up (derived from R&VD’s raw data and based on BD’s Monthly Digests) “R(E)” Zone 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Territorial (m2)* -5,044 -4,826 -11,792 -19,690 25,287 Hong Kong Island (m2)* 7,764 -7,343 5,153 2,190 -1,286 Kennedy Town (m2)* 73 339 -318 -22 339 Subdivision of Units Types of Units Units GFA* No.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Recognized Villages Under the New Territories Small House Policy
    LIST OF RECOGNIZED VILLAGES UNDER THE NEW TERRITORIES SMALL HOUSE POLICY Islands North Sai Kung Sha Tin Tuen Mun Tai Po Tsuen Wan Kwai Tsing Yuen Long Village Improvement Section Lands Department September 2009 Edition 1 RECOGNIZED VILLAGES IN ISLANDS DISTRICT Village Name District 1 KO LONG LAMMA NORTH 2 LO TIK WAN LAMMA NORTH 3 PAK KOK KAU TSUEN LAMMA NORTH 4 PAK KOK SAN TSUEN LAMMA NORTH 5 SHA PO LAMMA NORTH 6 TAI PENG LAMMA NORTH 7 TAI WAN KAU TSUEN LAMMA NORTH 8 TAI WAN SAN TSUEN LAMMA NORTH 9 TAI YUEN LAMMA NORTH 10 WANG LONG LAMMA NORTH 11 YUNG SHUE LONG LAMMA NORTH 12 YUNG SHUE WAN LAMMA NORTH 13 LO SO SHING LAMMA SOUTH 14 LUK CHAU LAMMA SOUTH 15 MO TAT LAMMA SOUTH 16 MO TAT WAN LAMMA SOUTH 17 PO TOI LAMMA SOUTH 18 SOK KWU WAN LAMMA SOUTH 19 TUNG O LAMMA SOUTH 20 YUNG SHUE HA LAMMA SOUTH 21 CHUNG HAU MUI WO 2 22 LUK TEI TONG MUI WO 23 MAN KOK TSUI MUI WO 24 MANG TONG MUI WO 25 MUI WO KAU TSUEN MUI WO 26 NGAU KWU LONG MUI WO 27 PAK MONG MUI WO 28 PAK NGAN HEUNG MUI WO 29 TAI HO MUI WO 30 TAI TEI TONG MUI WO 31 TUNG WAN TAU MUI WO 32 WONG FUNG TIN MUI WO 33 CHEUNG SHA LOWER VILLAGE SOUTH LANTAU 34 CHEUNG SHA UPPER VILLAGE SOUTH LANTAU 35 HAM TIN SOUTH LANTAU 36 LO UK SOUTH LANTAU 37 MONG TUNG WAN SOUTH LANTAU 38 PUI O KAU TSUEN (LO WAI) SOUTH LANTAU 39 PUI O SAN TSUEN (SAN WAI) SOUTH LANTAU 40 SHAN SHEK WAN SOUTH LANTAU 41 SHAP LONG SOUTH LANTAU 42 SHUI HAU SOUTH LANTAU 43 SIU A CHAU SOUTH LANTAU 44 TAI A CHAU SOUTH LANTAU 3 45 TAI LONG SOUTH LANTAU 46 TONG FUK SOUTH LANTAU 47 FAN LAU TAI O 48 KEUNG SHAN, LOWER TAI O 49 KEUNG SHAN,
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral Affairs Commission Report
    i ABBREVIATIONS Amendment Regulation to Electoral Affairs Commission (Electoral Procedure) Cap 541F (District Councils) (Amendment) Regulation 2007 Amendment Regulation to Particulars Relating to Candidates on Ballot Papers Cap 541M (Legislative Council) (Amendment) Regulation 2007 Amendment Regulation to Electoral Affairs Commission (Financial Assistance for Cap 541N Legislative Council Elections) (Application and Payment Procedure) (Amendment) Regulation 2007 APIs announcements in public interest APRO, APROs Assistant Presiding Officer, Assistant Presiding Officers ARO, AROs Assistant Returning Officer, Assistant Returning Officers Cap, Caps Chapter of the Laws of Hong Kong, Chapters of the Laws of Hong Kong CAS Civil Aid Service CC Complaints Centre CCC Central Command Centre CCm Complaints Committee CE Chief Executive CEO Chief Electoral Officer CMAB Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau (the former Constitutional and Affairs Bureau) D of J Department of Justice DC, DCs District Council, District Councils DCCA, DCCAs DC constituency area, DC constituency areas DCO District Councils Ordinance (Cap 547) ii DO, DOs District Officer, District Officers DPRO, DPROs Deputy Presiding Officer, Deputy Presiding Officers EAC or the Commission Electoral Affairs Commission EAC (EP) (DC) Reg Electoral Affairs Commission (Electoral Procedure) (District Councils) Regulation (Cap 541F) EAC (FA) (APP) Reg Electoral Affairs Commission (Financial Assistance for Legislative Council Elections and District Council Elections) (Application and Payment
    [Show full text]
  • Lady General Hua Mulan (1964)
    Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2016, 4, 55-61 Published Online April 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jss http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.44008 Praises of Household Happiness in Social Turmoil: Lady General Hua Mulan (1964) Yuan Tian Department of General Education, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China Received 17 March 2016; accepted 16 April 2016; published 19 April 2016 Copyright © 2016 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The relationship between film and culture can be seen from the adaptations that historical fiction films make on these original ancient stories or literary works under the influence of concurrent cultural contexts. In other words, these films are always used to reflect and react on the times in which they are made, instead of the past in which they are set. Therefore film makers add abun- dant up-to-date elements into traditional stories and constantly explore new ways of narration, an effort that turns their productions into live records of certain social and historical periods, com- bining macro and micro approaches to cultural backgrounds, both audible and visual. Pinning on this new angle of reviewing the old days, this paper aims to uncover the identity crisis of Hong Kong residents under the mutual influence of nostalgia and rebellious ideas in the 1960s recon- structed in the Huangmei Opera film Lady General Hua Mulan (1964) together with the analysis of the social historical reasons hidden behind.
    [Show full text]
  • Agreement No. TD 50/2007 Traffic Study for Mid-Levels Area
    Agreement No. TD 50/2007 Traffic Study for Mid-Levels Area Executive Summary 半山區發展限制範圍 研究範圍 August 2010 Agreement No. TD 50/2007 Executive Summary Traffic Study for Mid-Levels Area TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Study Objectives 2 1.3 Study Approach and Process 3 1.4 Structure of this Executive Summary 3 2. EXISTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS 4 2.1 Review of Available Transport Data 4 2.2 Supplementary Traffic Surveys 4 2.3 Existing Traffic Situation 5 3. REDEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN MID-LEVELS 8 3.1 Identification of Potential Redevelopment Sites 8 3.2 Maximum Permissible GFA of the Potential Redevelopment Sites 9 3.3 Establishment of Redevelopment Scenarios 10 4. TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENTS 13 4.1 Transport Model Development 13 4.2 Redevelopment Traffic Generation 14 4.3 Junction Performance Assessments 15 4.4 Effects of West Island Line 17 5. TRAFFIC IMPROVEMENT PROPOSALS 18 5.1 Overview 18 5.2 Proposed Improvement Measures 18 5.3 Measures Considered But Not Pursued 20 6. REVIEW OF THE MID-LEVELS MORATORIUM 22 6.1 Overview 22 6.2 Lifting the MM 22 6.3 Strengthening the MM 23 6.4 Alternative Means of Planning Control 23 6.5 Retaining the MM 24 7. CONCLUSION 25 7.1 Recommendations 25 7.2 Way Forward 26 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Summary of Surveys Undertaken 4 Table 2.2 Comparison of Key Demographic and General Traffic Characteristics in Mid-Levels, Happy Valley and Braemar Hill 6/7 Table 3.1 Potential Redevelopment Sites by Type of Lease and Land Use Zoning 8 Table 3.2 Maximum Permissible GFA of the Potential Redevelopment Sites 9 Table 3.3 Summary of Redevelopment Scenarios 10 i Agreement No.
    [Show full text]
  • District Profiles 地區概覽
    Table 1: Selected Characteristics of District Council Districts, 2016 Highest Second Highest Third Highest Lowest 1. Population Sha Tin District Kwun Tong District Yuen Long District Islands District 659 794 648 541 614 178 156 801 2. Proportion of population of Chinese ethnicity (%) Wong Tai Sin District North District Kwun Tong District Wan Chai District 96.6 96.2 96.1 77.9 3. Proportion of never married population aged 15 and over (%) Central and Western Wan Chai District Wong Tai Sin District North District District 33.7 32.4 32.2 28.1 4. Median age Wan Chai District Wong Tai Sin District Sha Tin District Yuen Long District 44.9 44.6 44.2 42.1 5. Proportion of population aged 15 and over having attained post-secondary Central and Western Wan Chai District Eastern District Kwai Tsing District education (%) District 49.5 49.4 38.4 25.3 6. Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational Tuen Mun District Sham Shui Po District Tai Po District Yuen Long District institutions in Hong Kong with place of study in same district of residence 74.5 59.2 58.0 45.3 (1) (%) 7. Labour force participation rate (%) Wan Chai District Central and Western Sai Kung District North District District 67.4 65.5 62.8 58.1 8. Median monthly income from main employment of working population Central and Western Wan Chai District Sai Kung District Kwai Tsing District excluding unpaid family workers and foreign domestic helpers (HK$) District 20,800 20,000 18,000 14,000 9.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of Modernity on Family Structure and Function : a Study Among Beijing, Hong Kong and Yunnan Families
    Lingnan University Digital Commons @ Lingnan University Theses & Dissertations Department of Sociology and Social Policy 1-1-2012 The impacts of modernity on family structure and function : a study among Beijing, Hong Kong and Yunnan families Ting CAO Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/soc_etd Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons Recommended Citation Cao, T. (2012). The impacts of modernity on family structure and function: A study among Beijing, Hong Kong and Yunnan families (Doctoral dissertation, Lingnan University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.14793/soc_etd.29 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology and Social Policy at Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. Terms of Use The copyright of this thesis is owned by its author. Any reproduction, adaptation, distribution or dissemination of this thesis without express authorization is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved. THE IMPACTS OF MODERNITY ON FAMILY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: A STUDY AMONG BEIJING, HONG KONG AND YUNNAN FAMILIES CAO TING PHD LINGNAN UNIVERSITY 2012 THE IMPACTS OF MODERNITY ON FAMILY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: A STUDY AMONG BEIJING, HONG KONG AND YUNNAN FAMILIES by CAO Ting A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Sciences (Sociology) LINGNAN UNIVERSITY 2012 ABSTRACT The Impacts of Modernity on Family Structure and Function: a Study among Beijing, Hong Kong, and Yunnan Families by CAO Ting Doctor of Philosophy For a generation in many sociological literatures, China has provided the example of traditional family with good intra-familial relationship, filial piety and extended family support which is unusually stable and substantially unchanged.
    [Show full text]