DOCSLIB.ORG

Leafless Inflorescence Produces More Female Flowers and Fruit Yield

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Leafless Inflorescence Produces More Female Flowers and Fruit Yield HORTSCIENCE 54(3):487–491. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13785-18 inflorescence primordium shrivel or abscise after sensing adequate cool temperature, resulting in generation of leafless inflores- Leafless Inflorescence Produces More cences. In contrast, rising temperatures dur- ing the initiation period of inflorescence Female Flowers and Fruit Yield Than primordium development will produce a leafy inflorescence with both rudimentary Leafy Inflorescence in ‘Yu Her Pau’ leaves and lateral inflorescences at the same node along the main inflorescence axis. In some instances, a vegetative/generative tran- Litchi sit shoot will be produced if low temperatures Yu-Chi Lee and Jer-Chia Chang1 followed by warm temperatures occur at the Department of Horticulture, National Chung-Hsing University, No.145, later stages of the inflorescence development (Chang, 1999; Chen, 1994; Chen et al., 2009; Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China Lin, 1987; McConchie and Batten, 1991; Additional index words. flowering shoot, generative shoot, flush, cluster, fruit set, fruit quality Olesen et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2008). The leafy flowering shoot has been the main leafy Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the total number and inflorescence type in Taiwan (Chang, 2017; percentage of female flowers and fruit yield were influenced by the type of inflorescence, Chang et al., 2009). i.e., leafless or leafy inflorescences in ‘Yu Her Pau’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Four 10- The leafy inflorescence in citrus has been year-old field-grown plants in Chunghua, Taiwan, were assessed between March and well recognized to produce better fruit set and June 2013. In total, 24 inflorescences comprising 12 each of leafless and leafy in- quality at harvest than the leafless inflores- florescences were investigated. Leaves of the leafy inflorescence, defined as the fourth cence (Goldschmidt, 2013; Hansen, 1969; successive flush, attained maturity before female flower anthesis on 16 Mar. 2013. Shoot Hass, 1949; Moss, 1970); however, little is diameter and leaf number on the flowering (fruiting) shoot, total number of flowers, and known about the subsequent performance of total and percentage of female flowers were recorded. Fruit number, fruit set rate, cluster leafy inflorescence in terms of fruit set in yield, and fruit quality were also determined at harvest between the two inflorescence litchi. It is generally assumed that the fruit set types. The two inflorescence types had similar shoot diameters and total leaf number on a on leafless inflorescences is better than on flowering shoot. The total number of flowers, female flowers, and the percentage female leafy inflorescences (Chang et al., 2009; flowers in leafless inflorescences were 3741, 563, and 16.2%, respectively; these values Davenport and Stern, 2005; Lee, 2008). were 1.3- to 1.7-fold higher (P £ 0.05) than those in leafy inflorescences, which were 2779, Leaves and lateral inflorescences synchro- 326, and 12.2%, respectively. Leafless inflorescences had significantly higher fruit nize their development within leafy inflores- numbers and fruit yield per cluster at harvest (10.2 and 321.5 g, respectively), although cence (Huang, 2005; Lee, 2014). These there was no difference (P > 0.05) in fruit set rate between the two inflorescence types. No young leaves have no net carbon assimilation fruit quality trait, such as fruit, pericarp, aril, seed weight, aril proportion, and total ability at the initial growth stage of the soluble solid concentration of aril, was significant (P > 0.05) between the two inflorescence inflorescence (Wang, 2014). In addition, the types. We concluded that leafless and leafy inflorescences of ‘Yu Her Pau’ had similar red and soft new leaves of the leafy inflores- carbon assimilation supply potential; however, leafless inflorescence had greater cence inhibit the differentiation of lateral performance in terms of female flower number and thus fruit yield, presumably due to inflorescences (Chen, 1990, 1994; Davenport, the absence of assimilate competition brought by synchronous development of lateral 2000), resulting in a decrease in the total inflorescence and immature leaves of panicle. number of flowers and female flowers, sub- sequently reducing fruit yield. Few studies have been carefully employed Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an im- proportion of leafy inflorescences in ‘Yu Her on the relationship between fruit set and portant fruit cultivated in the subtropical Pau’ has occurred frequently, and the manual inflorescence types in litchi. Litchi has three regions. ‘Yu Her Pau’, the main commercial removal of leaves from leafy inflorescences types of flower: male flower (M1), hermaph- cultivar of litchi worldwide, is well known has become a standard commercial practice, rodite flower functioning as female (female for its shriveled seed and high-quality taste, although it increases the costs of orchard flower, F), and hermaphrodite flower func- although it has an uneven fruit set from year management, while its benefits still need tioning as male (M2) (Chu et al., 2015; Wu to year (Chang and Lin, 2003, 2006; Chang confirmation (Chang et al., 2009). Therefore, et al., 2017). Kumar (2013) preliminarily et al., 2009; Jiang et al., 2012). Poor pollina- management of the leafy inflorescence has indicated that neither female flower percent- tion and fertilization as well as undesirable become the new issue of the litchi industry age nor fruit set rate was influenced by the photo-assimilate supply–demand between (Chang, 2017). appearance of leafy inflorescence in ‘Shahi’ the sink and source organs result in high Vegetative and flowering shoots are ho- litchi; however, in comparison with the leaf- physiological fruit drop in litchi (Menzel, mologous organs (Li, 2008). The litchi shoot less inflorescence, the 40% to 60% decrease 1984; Mustard, 1960; Roe et al., 1997; Sauco apical meristem initiates inflorescence pri- in the total number of flowers and female and Menini, 1989; Yuan and Huang, 1988). mordia, comprising leaf and floral primordia flowers resulted in an 50% decrease in yield In response to recent climate change, as a result of cool-temperature induction of the leafy inflorescence. In contrast, Chen particularly global warming, the increasing (Batten and McConchie, 1995; Li, 2008). et al. (2014) reported that the percentage of The flowering shoot of litchi has a character- leafy inflorescence and number of fruit set istic of flush cycles, and the process of of ‘Yu Her Pau’ litchi increased when 100 –1 inflorescence initiation and flower develop- mg·L GA3 was sprayed onto the foliage Received for publication 3 Dec. 2018. Accepted for ment in a flowering shoot is sensitive to during quiescence period; however, the per- publication 5 Jan. 2019. temperature (Stern and Gazit, 2003), which centage of female flowers, cluster yield, fruit Dr. Huey-Lin Lin and Dr. Cheng-Chin Chen are may form two types of flowering shoots set rate, and the residual effects of GA3 on gratefully acknowledged for their comments on an subsequently in terms of leafless (generative) the leafy inflorescences and fruit were not earlier version of this manuscript. This study was and leafy inflorescences. The latter, by their partially supported by a grant from Ministry of documented in this study. Whether leafy Science and Technology, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, leaves and inflorescence relative position, inflorescences impose a major burden or Republic of China (to Jer-Chia Chang). can be sorted into leafy and vegetative/ reduction of the subsequent fruit set and fruit 1Corresponding author. E-mail: changjerchia@ generative transit shoots (Davenport and development normally in litchi was inconsis- yahoo.com.tw. Stern, 2005). Rudimentary leaves within the tent from their results. HORTSCIENCE VOL. 54(3) MARCH 2019 487 The purpose of this study was to deter- number of leaves of flowering shoots of two Flower number and type in the inflorescence. mine whether the different inflorescence inflorescence types were measured to dem- M1 has a rudimentary pistil surrounded by types affect flowering and fruiting perfor- onstrate whether the carbon assimilation stamens with hair-like filaments, and the ovary mance in terms of flower and fruit number, supply potential was consistent. Next, the contains two ovules with no embryo sac. Con- yield, and quality at harvest in field-grown inflorescence quality was assessed in terms of versely, M2 has a pistil with a style and ovary ‘Yu Her Pau’ litchi plants. The diameter and the total number of flowers and female surrounded by stamens with filaments. However, flowers and percentage female flowers within the lobes of the stigma do not open for each inflorescence. Finally, to understand the pollination at anthesis. Both M1 and M2 have influence of the leafy inflorescences on fruit anthers that open at anthesis. In contrast, F has a production, the fruit number, fruit set rate, fully developed pistil with a functional stigma cluster yield, and fruit quality at harvest were with fruiting potential at anthesis (Mustard also calculated. The results from our research et al., 1953; Robbertse et al., 1995). In addition may prompt changes in the management to the three types of flowers mentioned, flower strategy of litchi orchards with regard to buds for which the sex could not be confirmed flowering and fruit production and thus pro- were counted as ‘‘others.’’ vide information on defoliation of leafy in- The sequence of flower opening on ‘Yu florescences in the future. Her Pau’ litchi inflorescence in this study was in the order of F, M1, and M2 in 2013. To Materials and Methods collect all the flowers, the experimental in- florescences were enclosed by meshed silk Plant materials and inflorescence sampling. bags (35 · 35 · 70 cm3,20· 30 mesh/inch2) The experiments were conducted at a 10- from the beginning of blooming of female year-old ‘Yu Her Pau’ litchi orchard flowers on 16 Mar. 2013 (Chang and Lin, (lat. 24°01#N, long. 120°64#E) in Chunghua 2003; McConchie and Batten, 1991). How- County, central Taiwan, between March and ever, the meshed silk bags were removed June 2013.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inflorescences
    Inflorescences - Floral Displays Inflorescences - Floral Displays A shift from widely The vast majority of flowering plants spaced single flowers to an inflorescence required possess flowers in clusters called an condensation of shoots inflorescence. and the loss of the intervening leaves. These clusters facilitate pollination via a prominent visual display and more The simplest efficient pollen uptake and deposition. inflorescence type would thus be indeterminate with the oldest flowers at the base and the younger flowers progressively closer to the apical meristem of the shoot. = a raceme Raceme (Prunus or cherry) One modification of the basic raceme is to make it compound The panicle is essentially compound a series of attached racemes with the oldest racemes at the base and the youngest at the apex of the inflorescence. Panicle (Zigadenus or white camass) Raceme Panicle 1 A second modification of the basic raceme is to lose its pedicels The spike is usually associated with congested reduced flowers and often, but not always, with wind Pedicel loss pollination. wind pollinated Spike (Plantago or plantain) Raceme Spike A third modification of the basic raceme is to lose its internodes The spike is usually associated with congested reduced flowers and often, animal pollinated but not always, with wind Internode loss pollination. Umbel Spike (Combretum - Brent’s plants) Raceme 2 The umbel characterizes specific families (carrot and The umbel is found scattered in many other families ginseng families for example). as well. These families typically show a compound umbel - smaller umbellets on a larger umbel. Umbel Umbel (Cicuta or water hemlock) (Zizia or golden alexander) (Eriogonum or false buckwheat - family Polygonaceae) - Ben’s plants A fourth modification of the basic raceme is for the stem axis to form a head The head or capitulum characterizes specific families - most notably the Compositae or Asteraceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society Guide to Common Cactus and Succulents of Tucson
    Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society Guide to Common Cactus and Succulents of Tucson http://www.tucsoncactus.org/c-s_database/index.html Item ID: 1 Item ID: 2 Family: Cactaceae Family: Cactaceae Genus: Ferocactus Genus: Echinocactus Species: wislizenii Species: grusonii Common Name: Fishhook Barrel Common Name: Golden Barrel Habitat: Various soil types from 1,000 Cactus to 6,000 feet elevation from grasslands Habitat: Located on rolling hills to rocky mountainous areas. and cliffs. Range: Arizona, southwestern New Range: Limited to small areas in Mexico, limited extremes of western Queretaro, Mexico. The popula- Texas, Sonora, northwest Chihuahua tion had become very low in num- and northern Sinaloa, Mexico bers over the years but is just Care: An extremely easy plant to grow now beginning to increase due to in and around the Tucson area. It re- protective laws and the fact that Photo Courtesy of Vonn Watkins quires little attention or special care as this plant is now in mass cultiva- ©1999 it is perfectly at home in almost any tion all over the world. garden setting. It is very tolerant of ex- Photo Courtesy of American Desert Care: The Golden Barrel has slow- Description treme heat as well as cold. Cold hardi- Plants ly become one of the most pur- This popular barrel cactus is noted ness tolerance is at around 10 degrees chased plants for home landscape for the beautiful golden yellow farenheit. Description in Tucson. It is an easy plant to spines that thickly surround the Propagation: Propagation of this cac- This plant is most recognized by the grow and takes no special care.
    [Show full text]
  • Inflorescence Architecture and Floral Morphology of Aratitiyopea Lopezii (Xyridaceae) Lisa M
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 23 | Issue 1 Article 17 2007 Inflorescence Architecture and Floral Morphology of Aratitiyopea lopezii (Xyridaceae) Lisa M. Campbell New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Dennis Wm. Stevenson New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Campbell, Lisa M. and Stevenson, Dennis Wm. (2007) "Inflorescence Architecture and Floral Morphology of Aratitiyopea lopezii (Xyridaceae)," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 23: Iss. 1, Article 17. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol23/iss1/17 Aliso 23, pp. 227–233 ᭧ 2007, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden INFLORESCENCE ARCHITECTURE AND FLORAL MORPHOLOGY OF ARATITIYOPEA LOPEZII (XYRIDACEAE) LISA M. CAMPBELL1, 2 AND DENNIS WM.STEVENSON1 1The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458, USA 2Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Aratitiyopea lopezii is a robust perennial species of Xyridaceae from seasonally saturated, mid- to high-elevation, sandstone and granite sites in northern South America. The species lacks the scapose inflorescence characteristic of Xyridaceae and, having the gestalt of a rhizomatous bromeliad, it is seemingly aberrant in the family. However, closer examination confirms features consistent with the family and the previously noted morphological similarities to Orectanthe. Details of inflorescence structure and floral morphology are presented and compared to other genera of Xyridaceae. Key words: Aratitiyopea, Bromeliaceae, gynoecium appendage, inflorescence, Navia, nectary, Orec- tanthe, osmophore, pollen, Xyridaceae. INTRODUCTION florescence, and the few exceptions to this growth form (i.e., some Abolboda species, Achlyphila, and Aratitiyopea) have Aratitiyopea (Xyridaceae) is a monospecific genus of her- not been critically evaluated.
    [Show full text]
  • Inflorescence • the Complete Flower Head of a Plant Including Stems, Stalks, Bracts, and Flowers
    Inflorescence • the complete flower head of a plant including stems, stalks, bracts, and flowers. • the arrangement of the flowers on a plant. Racemose or Indefinite or Indeterminate Type of Inflorescence: • The arrangement in which the youngest flower is present near the apex and older towards the base, i.e., in acropetal succession • the growing point does not stop the growth and forms continuously the lateral flowers. • Raceme: • When peduncle bears many pedicellate flowers in an acropetal manner, e.g., Delphinium ajacis, Veronica, etc. • Spike: • A raceme with sessile flowers, e.g., Adhatoda vasica, Callistemon, etc. • Spikelet: • Small spikes arranged in a spike, raceme or panicle manner. Each flower consists of an awned bract, three stamens and an ovary with two feathery stigmas, e.g., Triticum. • Panicle: • Branched raceme, e.g., Delonix regia. • Catkin: • Pendant spike with unisexual flowers, e.g., Morus alba, Salix, etc. • Spadix • Spike with a fleshy axis, enclosed by one or more large bracts called spathes, e.g., Musa, Pistia, etc. • Corymb: • Raceme, in which all the flowers reach the same level due to more elongation of the pedicel of older flowers, e.g., Iberis amara. • 8. Umbel: • When pedicellate flowers arise from a common point as in members of Umbelliferae or Apiaceae. • Capitulum or Head: • When numerous, small, sessile flowers are aggregated to form a dense inflorescence as in members of Compositae or Asteraceae. • Cymose or Definite or Determinate Type of Inflorescence: • When the apical growth of the floral axis is checked by the formation of a flower, it is called cymose inflorescence. Flowers are arranged in basipetalous manner, i.e., the terminal flower is oldest and young flowers are present on lower side.
    [Show full text]
  • DAY-LENGTH CONTROL of INFLORESCENCE INITIATION in the GRASS ROTTBOELLIA EXALTATA L.F
    DAY-LENGTH CONTROL OF INFLORESCENCE INITIATION IN THE GRASS ROTTBOELLIA EXALTATA L.f. By L. T. EVANS* l .'11 anu8cript received November 17, 1961 J Summary R. exaltata is a strict short·day plant with a critical photoperiod of about 13 hr. The number of short days required for inflorescence initiation varies with age, being 6 with plants 5 weeks old. Exposure to additional short days increases the rate of inflorescence development. The expanding leaf is the one most sensitive to short.day induction and removal of the leaves below it accelerates inflorescence development. Short.day exposures given to different leaves can, in some cases, be as effective for induction as when the short days are all given to the same leaves. Long days interpolated between the first two short days of an inductive sequence, or given to the lower leaves early in the inductive sequence while the uppermost leaf blade is exposed to short days, accelerate inflorescence development, while those interpolated or given simultaneously later in the sequence are inhibitory. It is concluded that short· day leaves produce a stimulus to inflorescence initiation which is translocated from them rapidly after each long night, while long·day leaves produce a transmissible substance which may either accelerate or inhibit inflorescence development depending on the progress toward induction. I. INTRODUCTION Much recent work on flowering in short-day plants has been concerned with the sequence of partial processes leading to the production, in leaves exposed to short days, of a stable transmissible stimulus to inflorescence initiation. Apart from effects they might have on the movement of this stimulus to the shoot apex, leaves in long days have usually been accorded a neutral role, although several authors (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Inflorescences
    1/30/10 Inflorescences - Floral Displays! The shift from widely The vast majority of flowering plants possess spaced single flowers to flowers in clusters called an inflorescence. an inflorescence required condensation of shoots and the loss of the These clusters facilitate pollination via a intervening leaves. prominent visual display and and more efficient pollen uptake and deposition than with single flowers widely spaced. The simplest inflorescence type would thus be indeterminate with the oldest flowers at the base and the younger flowers progressively closer to the apical meristem of the shoot. = a raceme Raceme (Prunus or cherry) One modification of the basic raceme is to make it compound The panicle is compound essentially a series of attached racemes with the oldest racemes at the base and the youngest at the apex of the inflorescence. Panicle (Zigadenus or white camass) Raceme Panicle 1 1/30/10 A second modification of the basic raceme is to lose its pedicels The spike is usually associated with congested reduced flowers and often, but not always, with wind Pedicel loss pollination. wind pollinated insect pollinated Spike (Plantago or plantain) (Verbena or vervain) Raceme Spike A third modification of the basic raceme is to lose its internodes The umbel characterizes specific families (carrot and ginseng families for example). Internode loss These families typically show a compound umbel - smaller umbellets on a larger umbel. Umbel Umbel (Cicuta or water hemlock) (Zizia or golden alexander) Raceme 2 1/30/10 A fourth modification of the basic raceme is for the stem axis to form a head The head or capitulum characterizes specific families - most notably the Compositae or Asteraceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Flower Arrangement on Floral Axis: Inflorescence Inflorescence
    FLOWER ARRANGEMENT ON FLORAL AXIS: INFLORESCENCE INFLORESCENCE • Many trees do not bear their flowers separately but in groups closely together. These groups of flowers and their associated stems are called inflorescences. • The stem that bears a single flower or an inflorescence is called the peduncle. The peduncle of an inflorescence may have smaller stems called pedicels • The pedicels may bear the flowers as in the example on the left, or they may have further small branches which bear the flowers, in which case the inflorescence is said to be compound. A diagram of a generalised inflorescence Types of Inflorescence Racemose Type: The main axis grows indefinitely giving rise to younger flowers in an acropetal order. Cymose Type: The apical bud is a flower. The younger flowers are borne below it, in a basipetal manner. Special Inflorescence Capitulum Racemose Umbel Corymb Inflorescence Pedicillate Flowers Sessile Flowers Raceme Panicle Spike Catkin Spadix Spikelet Capitulum Corymb Umbel Pedicillate Flowers Sessile Flowers Raceme Panicle Spike Catkin Spadix Spikelet Solitary Cymose Dichasial Polychasial Inflorescence Monochasial Scorpoid Helicoid Solitary cyme Cymose Inflorescence Dichasial cyme Polychasial cyme Monochasial cyme Scorpoid Helicoid Special Inflorescence Cyathium Verticillaster Hypanthodium Raceme Stalked flowers are borne acropetally on an elongated rachis. e.g. Mustard, Radish. PANICLE Alfalfa Flowers borne not directly on the axis but on its branches. e.g. Alfalfa Panicle inflorescence of alfalfa SPIKE Simple Spike- Compound Spike- Achyranthes aspera Amaranthus spinosus Like a raceme but flowers are without stalk.e.g. Achyranthes SPADIX Musa indica Rachis is thick and fleshy and the flowers are covered by one or more spathy bracts e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interplay Between Inflorescence Development and Function As the Crucible of Architectural Diversity
    Annals of Botany Page 1 of 17 doi:10.1093/aob/mcs252, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org REVIEW: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON INFLORESCENCES The interplay between inflorescence development and function as the crucible of architectural diversity Lawrence D. Harder1,* and Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz2 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 and 2Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 * For correspondence. Email [email protected] Received: 27 July 2012 Returned for revision: 13 September 2012 Accepted: 17 October 2012 † Background Most angiosperms present flowers in inflorescences, which play roles in reproduction, primarily Downloaded from related to pollination, beyond those served by individual flowers alone. An inflorescence’s overall reproductive contribution depends primarily on the three-dimensional arrangement of the floral canopy and its dynamics during its flowering period. These features depend in turn on characteristics of the underlying branching structure (scaffold) that supports and supplies water and nutrients to the floral canopy. This scaffold is produced by devel- opmental algorithms that are genetically specified and hormonally mediated. Thus, the extensive inflorescence diversity evident among angiosperms evolves through changes in the developmental programmes that specify http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ scaffold characteristics, which in turn modify canopy features that promote reproductive performance in a par- ticular pollination and mating environment. Nevertheless, developmental and ecological aspects of inflorescences have typically been studied independently, limiting comprehensive understanding of the relations between inflor- escence form, reproductive function, and evolution. † Scope This review fosters an integrated perspective on inflorescences by summarizing aspects of their devel- opment and pollination function that enable and guide inflorescence evolution and diversification.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 1. Vegetative and Inflorescence Morphology Station 1. Whole Plant Structure Differences Between Roots, Stems, and Leaves
    Part 1. Vegetative and Inflorescence Morphology Station 1. Whole plant structure Differences between roots, stems, and leaves: Often, the most important differences between roots, stems, and leaves are those that cannot be seen by the naked eye. They are anatomical, developmental, and functional differences. When faced with an unfamiliar plant, it is often difficult to decide what is root, what is stem, and what is leaf. Stems are the local "mode of transport" in plants. Being sessile organisms, plants cannot get up and move around. Plants explore the atmosphere with their stems and or leaves. Stems provide structural support for the leaves, and in the case of trees and vines, stems can travel a good distance from the original starting point of a plant. Within stems are tissues that transport water and nutrient throughout the plant. The places along a stem where leaves emerge are called nodes. The regions between nodes are called internodes. Unlike many roots, stems are usually colored. Leaves differ from stems in function. They are usually the main location of photosynthesis, the process where sunlight is converted to carbohydrates via the molecule chlorophyll (the green pigment in plants). However, there are colorless underground leaves (on rhizomes) or leaves that are modified into spines that do not photosynthesize. The small leaves that occur in the inflorescence (the flowering parts) are often called bracts. Often, in the angle between the leaf base and the stem (the leaf axil) there is a little protuberance called a bud. The bud consists of very young shoot tissue that may become a branch or an inflorescence (flowering branch).
    [Show full text]
  • Leaf and Inflorescence Evidence for Near-Basal Araceae and an Unexpected Diversity of Other Monocots from the Late Early Cretaceous of Spain
    Journal of Systematic Palaeontology ISSN: 1477-2019 (Print) 1478-0941 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjsp20 Leaf and inflorescence evidence for near-basal Araceae and an unexpected diversity of other monocots from the late Early Cretaceous of Spain Luis Miguel Sender, James A. Doyle, Garland R. Upchurch Jr, Uxue Villanueva- Amadoz & José B. Diez To cite this article: Luis Miguel Sender, James A. Doyle, Garland R. Upchurch Jr, Uxue Villanueva-Amadoz & José B. Diez (2018): Leaf and inflorescence evidence for near-basal Araceae and an unexpected diversity of other monocots from the late Early Cretaceous of Spain, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2018.1528999 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1528999 View supplementary material Published online: 09 Nov 2018. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjsp20 Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2018 Vol. 0, No. 0, 1–34, http://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1528999 Leaf and inflorescence evidence for near-basal Araceae and an unexpected diversity of other monocots from the late Early Cretaceous of Spain aà b c d e Luis Miguel Sender , James A. Doyle , Garland R. Upchurch Jr , Uxue Villanueva-Amadoz and Jose B. Diez aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; bDepartment of Evolution and Ecology,
    [Show full text]
  • REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY of FLOWERING PLANTS Flowers
    REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Flowers represent the reproductive organ of flowering plants, and are very important in identification because they typically provide characters that are consistently expressed within a taxon (either at the family, genus, or species level). This is because floral characters are under strong genetic control and generally are not affected by changing environments. Certain floral characters may remain the same throughout a family or genus, while other characters are more variable and are used only to differentiate species. For example, floral symmetry, ovary position, type of placentation, and kind of fruit, usually are used to differentiate families or genera, while petal color or shape and size of floral parts are more commonly used to distinguish species. Flowers arise from the apical portion of a stem in a region called the receptacle. They may be borne directly on a main stem axis or rachis (sessile) or on a slender stalk or stem called a pedicel. They usually consist of four whorls of parts that develop in the following series, from the outer whorl to the inner: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. These whorls of parts may develop in discrete cycles, or be more or less continuous and spirally arranged. If all four whorls of floral parts are present, the flower is complete; if one or more whorls is missing, the flower is incomplete. The symmetry of flowers usually can be defined as radial (actinomorphic) or bilateral (zygomorphic). In a few groups the flowers are termed irregular (asymmetric) when the petals or sepals are dissimilar in form or orientation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Taxonomic Study Of.Succulents, Exclusive of Cacti, Occuring Native Or Cultivated
    A taxonomic study of succulents, exclusive of cacti, occuring native or cultivated in southwestern gardens Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Murray, Mary Aileen, 1914- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 09:16:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551794 A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF.SUCCULENTS, EXCLUSIVE OF CACTI, OCCURING NATIVE OR CULTIVATED ' IN SOUTHWESTERN GARDENS : - b y t , r . - - Mary .Aileen Murray A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department .of .Botany in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master-of Science-- in the Graduate College University of Arizona 1938. Approved: Major Professor ! ?" Date. ' - .L l i t k A K ' i <£?979/ / 9 3 d’ Y/l Contents. Introduction........... .1. Family studies. Commelinaceae.................................... 3. Liliaceae........... ... ........... .7. Amayllidaceae................................•..29. Al’zoaceae.................37. Portulacaceae...................................50. Crassulaceae................................. .53. Euphorbiaceae ....... ...78. Asclepidaceae................88. Fouquieriaceae.................................94. Compositae........ ...........................95. Summary.....................................
    [Show full text]