VOLUNTEERING BOP RESEARCH PROJECT WSOMM399-21A Supervisor: Dr Jonathan Scott

Davies, Cara Student ID: 1051487

Disclaimer of Liability and Statement of Restriction

This investigation is not the work of a practising professional. Consequently, consultation with appropriate professionals should be sought before taking any action arising from this investigation. The undersigned disclaims liability for any loss or damages that may result from using the results of this investigation. Nor does the University of Waikato take any responsibility or accountability for this investigation's content or any actions arising, and it disclaims any liability. This report is confidential and may only be shared with others with the written permission of the undersigned.

Signed: Date: 24/06/2021

i

Executive Summary

Volunteering Bay of Plenty (Volbop) is a not-for-profit organisation focused on providing volunteering resources, consulting services and information to individuals and organisations. Volbop actively engage volunteers through the creation of volunteering opportunities and quality experiences, alongside helping organisations to recruit and retain volunteers. To ensure value is being delivered to their stakeholders and the districts within the Bay of Plenty, Volbop have requested an in-depth investigation into the social needs and issues prevalent within the Bay’s seven districts. This information will also be useful in gaining funding for volunteering initiatives and creating strategies to encourage volunteering throughout the Bay of Plenty.

The methods used within the investigation involved a desk study focused on relevant literature and information collected using thematic methods and qualitative analysis. Primary data was retrieved via interviews with open ended interview questions intended to spark discussions, alongside email correspondence, and online Zoom calls.

Academic literature focusing on defining volunteering, identifying who the volunteers are, and how they are motivated was analysed to provide foundational information and direction for the report, alongside literature regarding businesses practices in not-for-profit organisations to better reach and retain volunteers.

The main findings indicated that all seven districts experience similar social issues but at varying levels. Issues found rampant throughout the Bay of Plenty include drug and alcohol abuse, higher than national levels of social deprivation, high cost of living, mental health, violence and abuse, gangs, environmental destruction caused by littering, and a general fear of resuming life as normal due to Covid-19. Akin to the social issues uncovered throughout the districts, common themes were identified regarding societal needs required by each district. The main needs include a stronger focus on youth development programmes, support, and activities, as well as an increase in community and family-oriented events that promote each districts culture and encourage community spirit.

From these findings’ recommendations were created that focused on four key areas and included suggested strategies to assist Volbop in providing added value for their stakeholders and the Bay of Plenty’s districts. The four key areas highlighted within recommendations included: Youth Focus, Community and Family Events, Training and Cultural Packages, and Marketing Campaigns.

ii

Table of Contents

Disclaimer of Liability and Statement of Restriction ...... i Executive Summary ...... ii List of Figures ...... v List of Tables ...... v Chapter 1. Introduction...... 1 1.1 Company Background ...... 1 1.2 Background to the Investigation ...... 2 1.3 Purposes and Objectives...... 2 1.4 Scope of the Study...... 3 1.5 Research Method ...... 3 1.6 Overview of the Report ...... 3 Chapter 2. Literature Review ...... 5 Chapter 3. Research Method ...... 8 Primary Data Collection ...... 8 Secondary Data Collection ...... 9 Chapter 4. Findings ...... 11 Tauranga ...... 11 Western Bay of Plenty...... 11 Whakatane ...... 12 Rotorua ...... 13 Opotiki ...... 14 Taupo ...... 15 Kawerau ...... 15 Chapter 5. Discussion of Results...... 17 Chapter 6. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 24 Recommendations ...... 24 References ...... 28 Appendix A ...... 36 Appendix B ...... 37 Appendix C ...... 38 Appendix D ...... 39 Appendix E ...... 40 Appendix F ...... 42

iii

Appendix G ...... 43 Appendix H ...... 45 Appendix I ...... 46 Appendix J ...... 48 Appendix K ...... 50 Appendix L ...... 51 Appendix M ...... 53 Appendix N ...... 54 Appendix O ...... 56

iv

List of Figures Figure Page Figure 1.1 Volbop Strategic Framework………………………………………………………1

Figure 2.1 Quantitative and qualitative methods……………………………………………….3

Figure 3 Bay of Plenty Regional Map...………………………………………………………36

Figure 4 Territorial Authorities within the Bay of Plenty Region……………………………37

List of Tables Table Page

Table 1.1 Research questions………………………………………………………………….2

Table 3.1 Research Methods…………………………………………………………………..7

Table 3.2 Sample questions……………………………………………………………………8

Table 4.1 Tauranga key demographics………………………………………………………..10

Table 4.2 Tauranga’s key issues and needs…………………………………………………..10

Table 4.3 Western Bay of Plenty Demographics Summary…………………………………..11

Table 4.4 Western Bay of Plenty Issues and Needs…………………………………………..11

Table 4.5 Whakatane Summary Demographics……………………………………………...11

Table 4.6 Whakatane Issues and Needs……………………………………………………...12

Table 4.7 Rotorua Demographics Summary…………………………………………………12

Table 4.8 Rotorua Issues and Needs……………………………………………………….…12

Table 4.9 Opotiki Demographics Summary………………………………………………….13

Table 4.10 Opotiki Issues and Needs…………………………………………………….…...13

Table 4.11 Taupo Demographics Summary…………………………………………………..14

Table 4.12 Taupo Issues and Needs……………………………………………………..……14

Table 4.13 Kawerau Demographics Summary………………………………………………..15

Table 4.14 Kawerau Issues and Needs………………………………………………………..15

v

Table 6.1 Youth Focused Strategies………………………………………………………….23

Table 6.2 Community & Family Event Strategies……………………………………………24

Table 6.3 Training & Cultural Packages……………………………………………………...24

Table 6.4 Marketing Campaign………………………………………………………………25

Table 7 BOP Population Demographics……………………………………………………...37

Table 8 BOP Districts Ethnicity Comparison Table…………………………………………..38

Table 9 BOP Districts Languages Spoken……………………………………………………39

Table 10 BOP Districts Work & Labour Force……………………………………………….41

Table 11 BOP Districts Education……………………………………………………………42

Table 12 BOP Districts Access to Amenities…………………………………………………44

Table 13 Tauranga Social Issues and Needs………………………………………………….45

Table 14 Western Bay Social Issues and Needs………………………………………………47

Table 15 Whakatane Social Issues and Needs………………………………………………..49

Table 16 Rotorua Social Issues and Needs……………………………………………………50

Table 17 Opotiki Social Issues and Needs…………………………………………………….52

Table 18 Taupo Social Issues and Needs……………………………………………………..53

Table 19 Kawerau Social Issues and Needs…………………………………………………..55

vi

Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Company Background Volunteering Bay of Plenty (Volbop) is a registered charity established in 2001. One of eighteen volunteer centres found across New Zealand and a member of Volunteering New Zealand, Volbop is headquartered in Bethlehem, Tauranga and serves the Bay of Plenty (BOP) region. Volbop strives to nurture and elevate volunteering throughout the BOP through extensive collaborations with individuals, not-for-profit organisations, and businesses to create connected communities and encourage active engagement within the volunteering sector (Volunteering Bay of Plenty, n.d.). Volbop’s purpose is to empower organisations to create quality and engaging volunteering experiences through collaboration, advocacy, and events, along with providing organisations with consulting and training services (Volunteering Bay of Plenty, n.d.).

Their strategic framework as displayed in Figure 1.1 is founded on the principals of Connect, Advocate, Protect, and Educate; or CAPE because “Every volunteer is a superhero. Every superhero needs a CAPE” (Volunteering Bay of Plenty, n.d., para 5). These principals guide Volbop and ensure that their current and future strategies align with their values, and purpose.

Figure 1.1 Volbop Strategic Framework (Volunteering BOP, n.d.). Volbop’s values are: Authenticity: Honesty and mutual respect underpin everything we do. Inclusivity: Everyone, regardless of background, status or ability can make a valuable contribution. Understanding first: We listen as we seek to understand how each situation is different. Collaboration: We work closely with our clients and partners to build strong communities together. Growth Mindset: We constantly seek ways to improve and extend our reach and impact (Volunteering Bay of Plenty, n.d.).

1

1.2 Background to the Investigation The BOP’s seven highly diverse districts each have their own culture, demographics, and specific social needs and issues. However, volunteering packages considered as a ‘one size fits all’ approach may not meet the needs of all the districts. Therefore, Volbop have requested an in-depth investigation into each district to understand the volunteering activities required and shape Volbop’s strategies effectively to reach each district and pinpoint areas needing more focus. Falling volunteer numbers and a distinct lack of involvement from youth have created further concerns for Volbop partly due to the Covid 19 pandemic as many, especially older volunteers are still afraid to venture too far from home. Youth can be harder to motivate in the volunteering sector than other age groups. A thorough investigation of academic literature, volunteering studies and reports will provide recommendations to combat these issues, and once combined with the findings from each district shall help shape strategies that assist Volbop in providing value to each BOP district.

1.3 Purposes and Objectives The report aims to investigate and identify BOP’s individual districts social issues and volunteering needs to ensure that Volunteering BOP’s current strategies are in alignment with them. The goal for this report is to investigate and suggest future strategies that will increase active volunteering within these districts and ensure their individual needs are being met to (1) assist Volunteering BOP in funding applications and (2) provide the best value and service they can for the BOP.

The following research questions have been formulated based on the above needs (Table 1.1).

TABLE 1.1 Research questions 1. How is volunteering defined? 2. Who are the volunteers and what motivates them? 3. What is the current state of the volunteering sector and how has Covid 19 impacted it? 4. Volunteering in organisations, what do social business models look like? 5. What are the demographics for each district? 6. What social and voluntary needs are particular to each district? 7. What social issues and needs are particular to each district?

2

1.4 Scope of the Study This study is essential for Volbop to understand each district and explore alternative strategies to recruiting and retaining volunteers and for the above purposes. The formulation of the research objectives for this report are quite broad which will limit the amount of information able to be collected within the timeframe. Further limitations to this research project include a lack of previous studies within the BOP’s volunteering sector, and a lack of up-to-date studies regarding the social welfare of each district. The large scope of the investigation regarding the seven districts is also a severe limitation as each district is highly diverse and complex, future recommendations would be to tackle each district individually for a more detailed overview of what each districts social needs and issues entail.

1.5 Research Method The investigation involves a desk study using qualitative analysis (See figure 1), focusing on academic literature that is current, relevant to the investigation, and retrieved from various sources alongside primary data from BOP’s districts using a thematic method, including the information gathered from regional councils, government, and official websites.

Each regional district was contacted via email for interview requests. One interview was carried out in phone conversation whereas all other contacts opted to respond through email. Discussions with Volbop’s CEO were held through Zoom and email correspondence. Figure 2.1 Quantitative and qualitative methods (O’Leary, 2017). 1.6 Overview of the Report Chapter 1 Introduces the company, the background to the investigation, its objectives, and a description of the research method.

Chapter 2 Provides a review of the academic literature pertinent to this investigation alongside a discussion of how the literature contributes to it.

Chapter 3 Provides further detail on the reports research method including all its advantages, disadvantages, and limitations.

3

Chapter 4 Analyses all findings regarding BOP’s seven districts alongside summary demographic tables with links to more substantial demographic tables found within the appendices and regarding youth participation within the sector.

Chapter 5 Detailed summary discussions of the overall findings and alternative courses of action based on these findings.

Chapter 6 Concludes the report and provides recommendations for Volbop’s consideration.

4

Chapter 2. Literature Review There is no set definition for volunteers within academic literature due mainly to the fact that there is no standard practice within volunteering, and those who do volunteer are active in an array of volunteering contexts making it difficult to properly define (Bussell & Forbes, 2020). Volunteering is a form of civic engagement and participation (Kaun & Uldam, 2018) where citizens participate in civic life through practical activities that contribute to the infrastructure of social life within their society (Dahlgren, 2009). This form of civic participation differs from political participation in that it does not refer to voting or political campaign activities, however the two do often intersect and it has been argued that those who volunteer are more positively engaged with politics than those who feel negatively towards politics and governmental institutions (Putman, 2000). A simple definition from Smith (1994) describes volunteer work as contributions of citizen’s time that has been given without coercion or remuneration, this however has been argued to be too simplistic as volunteer roles are too diverse for this definition to truly encompass its meaning. Cnaan et al. (1996) have improved on this definition by stating that remuneration can range from none to a low pay, they feel that to define what a volunteer is one must first assess the benefits and costs to that volunteer, “The greater the net costs to the volunteer, the purer the volunteering activity and hence the more the person is a real volunteer” (Cnaan et al., 1996, p. 373). Smith et al., (2016) has expanded upon this, stating that volunteering can be defined as any activity carried out by an individual or group performed without coercion that directly or indirectly attempts to improve the quality of life for others not within their family or household and with little to no remuneration.

Many different motives have been attributed to those who volunteer, Okun and Eisenburg (1992) found there to be a social-adjustive motive, that people will mainly volunteer because they have been asked to do so by someone they respect and value. It was also found that volunteers were more likely to enlist if they had a family member or a friend already within the organisation (Bussell & Forbes, 2020). Smith et al. (2016) grouped volunteers into distinct groups to analyse volunteer’s motivations and hesitations when entering this sector, the two of relevance to this report regard youth or adolescents aged between 12 and 22, and elderly individuals aged 50 and up.

Motivations for youths to enter volunteer work have been found to be linked to parents, friends, religion (Sundeen & Raskoff, 2000), and through school programs that attempt to instil lifelong habits of volunteering in students and actively encourage them to contribute to their communities. The motivations behind youth volunteers have been found to be linked to

5 relationship concerns (Omoto et al., 2000) including peer pressure and the aspect of socialising. Further motivations for youth include preparing for the future, whether it be for work experience or providing value to their resume’s (Haski-Leventhal et al., 2008) and to promote feelings of wellbeing within themselves. Although there is a wealth of literature regarding the motivations behind youths entering volunteer roles, there is a lack of research regarding the barriers and hesitations youths face when debating volunteer work. One study found that social anxiety was a large barrier for youths (Haski-Leventhal et al., 2008), alongside misperceptions of what volunteering entails, and the worry about how they will be perceived by their peers for volunteering. A large barrier may also be down to the problem that organisations do not directly target the youth for volunteer work in ways in which they would find engaging, however as the literature on this topic is rather scarce a more comprehensive study is needed to further define youth’s hesitations in entering the volunteering sector.

The second group of volunteers as discussed by Smith et al. (2016) involves seniors, who were found to be motivated to volunteer to help them find new meaning in life as their work and personal commitments lesson and their free time is increased. There is a mixed opinion within the literature regarding whether there are more elderly volunteers than others due to them having an increase of free time (Herzog & Morgan, 1992), or whether elderly volunteer levels are falling compared to other age groups who are entering the sector (Independent Sector, 2001). However, one thing that has been determined is that senior volunteers invest more hours than other groups, and that religious volunteering has been found to be the most popular and a driving motivation behind seniors entering the volunteering sector (Van Willigen, 2000). Further motivations attributed to this group of volunteers includes a social motive (Low et al., 2007) whereby older volunteers seek out the society of others through volunteering activities which also provides them a sense of usefulness and fulfilment as these activities fill their lives with productivity. The barriers to volunteering for this group involve issues particular to aging citizens such as illnesses or disabilities, some were even reported to just feel too old to be able to volunteer at all (Low et al., 2007) and further studies have found that a lack of social contacts within this seniors can prevent them from learning about volunteering activities (Ethers et al., 2011) and can hinder their confidence or belief that they may be physically able to partake in such activities.

Comparisons between different groups and age groups of volunteers indicates that, “as people move through the life course, they attach different meanings to the volunteer role, and that these meanings are directly related to the agendas they pursue through volunteerism” (Omoto

6 et al., 2000, p. 182). This is extremely important to understand to successfully recruit and retain volunteers as each age group has specific motivations and barriers to volunteering, such as the youth who are motivated by the work experience aspect of volunteering in comparison to the social aspect that motivates senior volunteers, and the fact that younger volunteers suffer more from social anxiety than older volunteers.

Although a wealth of literature has been produced regarding the many aspects of volunteering and the volunteers individually; voluntary and non-profit associations themselves have been largely ignored within academic literature (Smith et al., 2016). However, there are theorists who have focused on adopting human resource management tools developed within the private sector to be used within non-profit organisations to manage volunteers (Saksida et al., 2017). One of the greatest challenges within non-profit voluntary organisations is that volunteers are unpaid which makes it easier for volunteers to leave the organisation compared to employees in a paid role (Pearce, 1993). Non-profit organisations do not possess the ability to motivate their volunteers through extrinsic rewards, but rather must rely on individual volunteers’ satisfaction and the intrinsic motivations they each derive from volunteering. To combat these challenges studies have found that implementing human resource management practices such as specific role training and facilitating regular interactions between paid employees and volunteers can ensure an increase in volunteers’ confidence both in their role and within the organisation leading to a higher retention of volunteers (Delery & Shaw, 2001; Lepak et al., 2006). Overall, these theorists and literature calls for human resources managers to take a more active role in the management of volunteers to ensure that volunteers feel valued by the organisation and to foster their commitment and retention.

This wealth of literature has assisted in forming the foundation of the study and provided detailed mechanics of a not-for-profit business model. These social model strategies have provided further basis for strategic recommendations to increase the value offered by Volbop towards their different segments and identify industry best practices. Additionally, this literature has highlighted the main types of volunteers and their motivations, creating an in- depth understanding of this sector and how best to reach and retain future volunteers.

7

Chapter 3. Research Method Primary Data Collection The chosen method for the collection of primary data was through interviews as this was the most effective and efficient manner to collect this information within the time allocated. Table 3.1 outlines the advantages and disadvantages to this method and compares it to two other research methods: surveying and observation studies.

TABLE 3.1 Research Methods Interviewing Surveying Observation Studies (Chosen Method) Advantages Promote Discussions. Able to reach many Allows for the Ability to provide in- respondents. collection of in-depth depth qualitative data. Represent large qualitative data, and This method creates populations. quantifiable data. rapport with Able to generate Provides a more interviewees. quantifiable and holistic and realistic Flexible as able to be qualitative data. view of the field being carried out through a Confidential. researched. range of mediums such as face-to-face, email, and phone calls. Inexpensive. Provide the ability to explore tangents and gather more detail. Disadvantages Can lead to Time consuming. Requires prolonged misunderstandings and High costs involved engagement. misinterpretations. with travel expenses. High travel expenses. Respondents may Difficult to create a Inherent biases can unintentionally provide survey that generates provide false readings false data. credible data. of the data and Respondents may not Does not always observations. wish to be interviewed capture the data The data collected is or forget to respond. required for the project. highly subjected to the Data gathered is often researchers’ opinions not in-depth. and beliefs.

The respondents targeted for the interview process were members of each district council within the BOP as they are the best situated to understand their districts social needs and issues. Any biases that may result from this choice of respondent’s stem from the respondents own pride connected with their district and the possibility that due to this they will be unwilling to discuss any shortcomings. The questions generated were open-ended to encourage detailed responses and spark conversations without influencing the respondent’s answers. The

8 questions focused on the district’s social needs, issues, and volunteering demands as Table 3.2 indicates.

TABLE 3.2 Sample questions Each district within the Bay of Plenty has different social and voluntary needs. What social and 1. voluntary needs are particular to your district/region? Please explain in as much detail as possible. Are these needs being served by current voluntary systems and companies? If not please 2. explain in detail and provide examples if possible. How could voluntary services best serve your region or improve on their services to suit your 3. needs? 4. What are the basic demographics of your region?

Secondary Data Collection The company sources accessed for this report included Volbop’s annual report 2019-2020, Volbop’s business strategy 2021-2023, and their business planning thought process documents. These documents provided detail on the organisation’s current business strategies and goals which will ensure that the recommendations within this report are novel and compliment strategies already in existence, avoiding repetition of strategies Volbop already underway.

Documents sourced regarding the volunteering sector included the State of Volunteering Report New Zealand (Volunteering New Zealand, 2020), Social Sector Orientation package (Social Link, n.d.), NZ Volunteer Coordination in Civil Defence Emergency Management (Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management, 2013). These reports and analysis documents have provided a foundational understanding to the volunteering sector in New Zealand and the current state this sector is in.

Finally, an array of social impact reports created by district councils, charity organisations and research agencies were collected alongside annual reports from each district council, vital signs reports and each district councils long-term strategic plan and community strategies. The council and social impact reports have provided foundational information regarding the districts and have assisted the formulation of the district’s summaries within this report.

The overall limitations of the chosen research methods for this report include a lack of response from district councils, either due to them not responding, or responding after the due date for the report. Not all the responses to the interviews were helpful or provided detailed information regarding the social welfare and happiness of their district. Some councils (such as Whakatane) had detailed information within their reports that clearly outline and define any social issues or

9 needs that they are aware of. Others do not have as much information making it hard to clearly assess their social issues and volunteering needs. Finally, the scope of the investigation itself was very broad. The seven districts within the BOP are highly diverse and complex, future recommendations would be to tackle each district individually for a more comprehensive view.

10

Chapter 4. Findings The BOP consists of seven districts: Tauranga, Western Bay, Whakatane, Rotorua, Opotiki, Taupo, and Kawerau as displayed in Appendix A. Five of the districts are entirely contained within the BOP region, whereas Taupo and Rotorua are only partially within this region as indicated within the map in Appendix B.

Tauranga Tauranga, a metropolitan hub, is the largest and fastest growing city in the BOP. Home to one of the world’s best shipping ports and New Zealand’s biggest, Tauranga has seen enormous growth over the years with no signs of slowing down (Tauranga NZ, n.d.). With beautiful beaches and costal vista’s Tauranga attracts many tourists, particularly in Mount Maunganui and Papamoa beach.

Table 4.1 highlights Tauranga’s demographics, for more detail see Appendix C – H.

TABLE 4.1 Tauranga key demographics Population Median Age Males Females Number of Maori Count Maori Median Age 136,713 40.4 years 65,868 70,845 24,912 24.9 years

Table 4.2 summaries Tauranga’s needs and issues, see Appendix I for more detail.

TABLE 4.2 Tauranga’s key issues and needs Issues Needs Homelessness Litter & stream clean-up’s, environmental effort High cost of living Housing, and alternative options Transport & roading networks Mental health Gang’s & violence Family friendly, affordable community events Drug & alcohol abuse Autism friendly spaces/events (sensory shelters)

Western Bay of Plenty The Western Bay is one of New Zealand’s fastest growing districts covering 212,000 hectares of coastal, rural, and urban land (Western Bay of Plenty District Council, n.d.) that surrounds Tauranga City. Locations within the Western Bay include Katikati, Maketu, Matakana Island, Omokora, Oropi, Paengaroa, Pongakawa, Pukehina, Te Puke, Te Puna, Upper Pyes Pa, and Waihi Beach. The Western Bay has become an increasingly popular place for people from

11 other regions to move to for retirement, family, and business purposes adding to this district’s rapid growth.

Table 4.3 highlights Western Bay’s demographics, for more detail see Appendix C – H.

TABLE 4.3 Western Bay of Plenty Demographics Summary Population Median Age Males Females Number of Maori Count Maori Median Age 51,321 45.2 years 25,647 25,677 9,876 28 years

Table 4.4 summaries Western Bay’s needs and issues, see Appendix J for more detail.

TABLE 4.4 Western Bay of Plenty Issues and Needs Issues Needs Family harm Mental health support & youth mentors Drug & alcohol abuse Employment opportunities Gangs & violence Creation of youth hubs Underage & irresponsible drinking Rural community support & neighbour watch Mental Illness Community & family events & connections Poverty Environments safe from feeling of fear produced by Covid-19

Whakatane Crowned the Niwa Sunshine Capital of 2020 making Whakatane the sunniest place in New Zealand they are also the Kiwi Capital of the World thanks to the large number of wild kiwis found close to urban centres (Whakatane District, n.d.). The Whakatane district encompassing Ohope famous for its stunning coastal vistas has long since been a huge attraction for tourists and kiwi’s looking for a fun day in the sun.

Table 4.5 highlights Whakatane’s demographics, for more detail see Appendix C – H.

TABLE 4.5 Whakatane Summary Demographics Population Median Age Males Females Number of Maori Count Maori Median Age 35,700 39.8 years 17,442 18,258 16,722 27.3 years

Table 4.6 summaries Whakatane’s needs and issues, see Appendix K for more detail.

12

TABLE 4.6 Whakatane Issues and Needs Issues Needs Aging population Training and work opportunities Ethnic disparities Youth development programmes and facilities High proportion of population on low income Community support Gang related issues Create community spirit and celebrate success Drug & alcohol abuse Open spaces creation & maintenance Family violence Litter collection & coastal clean-up’s Destruction of property Affordable family & community events General poor health of district Youth mentoring

Rotorua Rotorua is an international tourism icon and renown as the heartland of Maori culture, a place where people can gain a true experience of the unique Maori culture from both the past and the present, Rotorua captures the spirit of manaakitanga (hospitality) (100% Pure New Zealand, n.d.). Alongside Rotorua’s rich culture their geothermic parks and hot pools have long been a strong tourist attraction for both international and local visitors with Rotorua boasting 10,000 daily visitors and over 3 million visitors per annum (Rotorua Lakes Council, n.d.).

Table 4.7 highlights Rotorua’s demographics, for more detail see Appendix C – H.

TABLE 4.7 Rotorua Demographics Summary Population Median Age Males Females Number of Maori Count Maori Median Age 71,877 36.4 years 35,148 36,729 28,839 26.3 years

Table 4.8 summaries Rotorua’s needs and issues, see Appendix L for more detail.

TABLE 4.8 Rotorua Issues and Needs Issues Needs Obesity rates Volunteer wellbeing support Unemployment & crime among youth Safe volunteer activities for the elderly Homeless solo parents Higher access to mental health services Drug & alcohol abuse More community events High living costs Multicultural support High unemployment, homelessness, Sports coaches & mentors overcrowding, & poverty

13

Low job availability Healthy living campaigns Mental health & access to services Volunteer training packages Gambling Volunteers to sit on committee boards

Opotiki The Opotiki district encompasses 50 percent of the BOP’s coastline and contains 11,200 hectares of native bush attracting many visitors in the summer months. The districts main economy driver is agriculture with farms accounting for over 75,660 hectares of land. With just over half of the population living outside Opotiki town in smaller outlying communities the Opotiki District boasts several strong rural communities with 20 Marae in the district posing as the focal point for local communities (Opotiki District Council, n.d.).

Table 4.9 highlights Opotiki’s demographics, for more detail see Appendix C – H.

TABLE 4.9 Opotiki Demographics Summary Population Median Age Males Females Number of Maori Count Maori Median Age 9,276 40.6 years 4,563 4,713 5,910 30 years

Table 4.10 summaries Opotiki’s needs and issues, see Appendix M for more detail.

TABLE 4.10 Opotiki Issues and Needs Issues Needs Cemetery maintenance Community development initiatives that embody Opotiki’s history and community spirit. Violence & domestic violence Community support activities

Desensitization of children towards killing Animal Welfare through the encouragement of hunting Gangs Providing access to facilities and services to smaller remote communities within the district Unemployment Youth support Crime Events that encourage community spirit Reputation for homicides

14

Taupo The Taupo District is located at the very centre of the North Island and is home to the largest fresh-water lake in Australasia. This district also boasts a dual World Heritage national park that plays host to the Tongariro Alpine Crossing and the mighty Huka Falls, one of the most visited natural attractions (Taupo District Council, n.d.). Taupo is a well-known tourist destination for both winter and summer outdoor activities from geothermal attractions to adrenaline pumping activities such as white river rafting.

Table 4.11 highlights Taupo’s demographics, for more detail see Appendix C – H.

TABLE 4.11 Taupo Demographics Summary Population Median Age Males Females Number of Maori Count Maori Median Age 37,203 41.3 years 18,522 18,681 11,118 27.4 years

Table 4.12 summaries Taupo’s needs and issues, see Appendix N for more detail.

TABLE 4.12 Taupo Issues and Needs Issues Needs Job availability ‘Get to know your neighbour’ programmes Cost of living Youth support programmes and activities Drug & alcohol abuse Increased opportunities to get involved in community activities Violence and domestic abuse Turangi area lacking in facilities. Supporting young adults Improved access to affordable, quality childcare Lack of community engagement or activities in Trade’s training centres Turangi area Environment care Age friendly events and activities

Kawerau Kawerau is a small community and one of the youngest towns in New Zealand founded in 1953. They are a well-established wood processing centre with access to energy from geothermal fields found within the district contributing towards the success of the wood processing industry in Kawerau (Kawerau NZ, n.d.). They also pride themselves on being the site for sustainable industrial development with the ability to deliver effective and efficient solutions to companies wishing to become more environmentally friendly.

15

Table 4.13 highlights Kawerau’s demographics, for more detail see Appendix C – H.

TABLE 4.13 Kawerau Demographics Summary Population Median Age Males Females Number of Maori Count Maori Median Age 7,146 38.2 years 3,540 3,606 4,407 26.3 years

Table 4.14 summaries Kawerau’s needs and issues, see Appendix O for more detail.

TABLE 4.14 Kawerau Issues and Needs Issues Needs High Cost of living Rehabilitation centres Unemployment Mental health services & better access Few job opportunities Social and mental health workers in schools Drug and alcohol abuse Youth development and activities Gangs Strong volunteering marketing campaign Physical abuse & violence Skilled volunteers for emergency response roles Overcrowding Youth hub Housing & emergency housing shortages Community activities & events

16

Chapter 5. Discussion of Results Tauranga Tauranga suffers greatly from a lack of affordable housing and a high cost of living. The largest and fastest growing city in the BOP, Tauranga has grown so quickly the infrastructure can barely support its current citizens let alone the flood of people moving to the city. This high influx of people alongside low employment opportunities (Vital Update, 2020) has increased the number of people living on the street, within vehicles, and living in overcrowded spaces (Tauranga City Council, n.d.) putting a huge strain on foodbanks and social services as the rise in homelessness continues. A huge cry for alternative housing has been uncovered (Vital Signs, 2020) as individuals and families struggle to afford rents including suggestions for designated parking areas for those living out of their cars, or short-term freedom camping areas within city limits. Unfortunately, these types of solutions also add to other problems Tauranga is facing such as the rise in littering. Of course, littering is not caused purely by those living rough but by bad habits that have been ingrained in people often from a young age, unfortunately Tauranga appears to be particularly bad when it comes to this habit and there is a definite need for more environmental clean-up activities (Tauranga City Council, n.d.) and general education around the destruction caused by littering. Other solutions regard the placement of more rubbish bins in carparks and scenic pull-over areas to prevent people from throwing their rubbish into the bush if there are bins around.

Family violence and abuse is another huge concern in Tauranga having received the highest number of family violence notifications in 2017 that New Zealand has seen, which was a 26% rise in notifications from 2013 (Socialink, 2019) indicating that this issue is not only rampant in Tauranga but that previous work to combat or reduce family violence has been unsuccessful. The rise in gangs and gang violence poses a great threat to the social wellbeing of Tauranga (Crawford, 2020), and the influx of Australian gangs into Tauranga are escalating the situation (Newshub, 2018). Although there is a call for more police and government intervention (Sun Live, 2021) other social solutions targeting youth and adolescents may help prevent future adults from joining gangs and reduce the power gangs hold over the community. Services such as youth mentoring, higher availability to mental health services, even creating safe spaces and events for youth may help build more of a sense of community and provide them with a sense of belonging (Stuart et al., 2020), potentially mitigating their need to join a gang to fulfil their sense of purpose.

17

Western Bay of Plenty The Western Bay is one of the fastest growing provincial districts in New Zealand which is putting enormous pressure on resources and services within the social sector as the district struggles to keep up with the increase in population (Socialink, 2019). Although this is a concern for the entire district, not all communities within the Western Bay are equally disadvantaged, in fact the social deprivation index of the entire Western Bay indicates they experience less social deprivation than compared to the entire country (EHINZ, 2018). The two highest levels of deprivation are found within Te Puke and Maketu, with the lowest level of deprivation in Omokoroa. Although the Western Bay has lower levels of social deprivation than other areas in the BOP, it is still subject to a range of social issues such as family violence, drug and alcohol addiction, violence and abuse, poverty, mental illness, and underaged drinking (SociaLink, 2019; Crawford, 2020; Western Bay of Plenty, n.d.). Community reports (Community Matters, 2021; SociaLink, 2019; Western Bay Bristrict Council, 2021) have found that more effort is needed towards supporting young adults and creating healthy environments for them to foster a sense of belonging (Grey & Stevenson, 2019) and guide them towards healthy life choices that discourage underage drinking and drug abuse. Connections to mentors or guidance councillors to support mental health would add further feelings of wellbeing among youth and young adults, and combat isolation and loneliness concerns that have heightened due to the global pandemic.

The Western Bay is divided into three wards: the Kaimai Community, Katikati/Wahi Beach community, and Te Puke/ Maketu community, with each reporting different community’s needs (Western Bay District Council, 2021). The Kaimai ward reported the need for an increase in rural community support including the establishment and operation of local voluntary neighbourhood watch groups to support and connect locals while simultaneously providing a sense of security to the community. Lastly, it was found that citizens were concerned that more work is needed alongside walking and cycleway safety groups as the roading within the Western Bay can be very dangerous due to the high-speed zones and narrowness of rural roads. Calls have been made for more signs and awareness campaigns to help educate citizens on the dangers and protocols of walking or cycling near roads.

The Katikati/ Waihi Beach ward reported the need for more support for youth and young adults (Western Bay District Council, 2021), particularly in the form of a youth hub, a space for youth and locals to partake in community events. An area where youth can gather safely and engage in sports, dance, or even art activities, fostering healthy relationships and connecting young

18 adults to members of the community that will create pathways to employment and promote a sense of pride in their local community. Creating networks and schemes for adolescents and young adults to connect to local businesses was also found to be of high importance to these communities.

The Te Puke/ Maketu ward reported similar needs regarding a youth hub. It is strongly felt that young people need support and encouragement to make healthy choices in life and that one way in which to do this is to create spaces and activities purely for youth to connect with each other and the community. These strategies will also enable mentors to better find and connect with youths in need of guidance and promote feelings of wellbeing as it proves to the youth that they have not been forgotten and are important enough to deserve a space just for themselves. Lastly, this ward reported the need for support and facilities for community-led food security initiatives.

Whakatane The Whakatane district was found to have a higher-than-average social deprivation score in comparison to the rest of the country putting added stress on their citizens (.id, n.d.). This coupled with relatively low levels of growth, general poor health of the district, and lower- than-average levels of income (Whakatane District Council, n.d.) have created huge ethnic disparities and a general lack of community spirit (Whakatane District Council, 2011). Further social issues this district faces includes a high level of criminal offenders, alcohol and drug abuse, family violence, destruction of property, and littering along coastal areas and around the salt marsh (Whakatane District Council, 2021). Studies undergone by the district council have indicated a distinct lack of programmes or facilities for at risk youth and young adults with the youth reporting they wanted more wellbeing support, larger range of activities outside of schools, and development programs to assist them with future employment pathways (Whakatane District Council, 2011). Adolescents and young adults are looking for opportunities they can be involved in that make them feel they are contributing towards something important and inspire a sense of belonging, which volunteering can accomplish as discussed by Stuart et al. (2020). Whakatane, according to their 2009-2019 district council strategy (2019) do not have much going on in their community halls which could be an opportunity to host some volunteer led activities, events, youth mentoring initiatives, and community enhancing projects. Especially as most reports indicate the need to create community spirit and actively encourage connections between all ethnic and age groups within the district. Last, it has been discovered that there is a need for the transformation of outdoor,

19 shared spaces, and the creation of edible food growing spaces to help support those in need and bringing a stronger sense of community.

Rotorua The Rotorua district was hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic due to their dependence on the tourism industry, which in 2019 accounted for 23% of the districts employment (Infometrics, 2020) adding additional strain to Rotorua’s already high unemployment rates (Rotorua Daily Post, 2018). Further social issues Rotorua struggles with include obesity, drug and alcohol abuse, mental health, access to mental health services, youth development, and gambling (Arthur-Worsop, 2017; Rotorua Daily Post, 2018; Salvation Army, 2020). Although this district suffers from an array of social problems Rotorua appears more concerned with the way in which volunteers are managed than needing volunteer roles filled. The district receives strong support from local Iwi’s within the volunteering sector and reports no shortages of volunteers for events and community activities other than a lack of willing sports coaches which they struggle to find. However, Rotorua reports that more effort needs to be put into enhancing the wellbeing of the volunteers themselves rather than the volunteering opportunities, and that extensive training packages are provided. Feedback from the district insists that while a one-size-fits all volunteering approach to all districts within BOP may be effective in capturing value for each of them regarding their social needs, the same may not be necessary regarding training. Individualized training packages dedicated towards different types of volunteers alongside hands on management would ensure that the volunteers are confident in their roles and feel appreciated by the organisation they are working with (Saksida et al.). This will encourage repeat volunteers and retain them for longer periods of time, while simultaneously providing security and feelings of safety to older generations of volunteers who are still nervous about Covid-19. Rotorua has a unique culture which, if incorporated into volunteering and training packages will provide added value for the district by proving that their needs are understood and that their values have been captured and provided for within the volunteering packages.

Opotiki The Opotiki district consists of a small township surrounded by remote rural communities which can be difficult to reach, creating challenges in providing these communities with access to basic services and facilities (Opotiki District Council, 2020). This district also has the disadvantageous reputation of being the homicide capital of New Zealand, with reports of 1.25 homicides for every 1,000 people between 2004 and 2019, the highest homicide rates in the

20 country (Biddle, 2019). This coupled with issues such as violence, crime, domestic abuse, drug and alcohol abuse, and high gang involvement form a rather dreary picture for Opotiki. This picture is further confirmed by their social deprivation index in which they scored a ten, the highest deprivation level there is (New Zealand Parliament, 2017), and the concerns are not just centred around people, animal welfare, in particular dog control was also found to be an issue for those living in the district. Lastly, an interesting issue that was uncovered regarded the state and upkeep of cemeteries throughout the district, which have reportedly not been maintained to a high standard to the disappointment of the community. To combat some of these issues Opotiki reported the need for community development initiatives and support activities that create community spirit and celebrate their rich history. Family oriented community events, and youth development programs would assist in creating community pride, wholesome fun activities, and provide healthy guidance for youth.

Taupo Taupo, like Rotorua, has suffered greatly from the impact of Covid-19 due to their reliance on the tourism industry, which has exasperated pre-existing issues such as unemployment and mental health problems, however their impressive array of strategies found within their annual report (Taupo District Council, 2020) indicates that they are well on their way to recovery. Taupo township and its surrounding district was found to have varying levels of social deprivation with Putaruru, Tokoroa, Mangakino, and Turangi falling within the highest level of deprivation (New Zealand Parliament, 2017). Areas of concern uncovered throughout the investigation include high levels of drug and alcohol abuse, violence and domestic abuse, high costs of living, and environmental care (Geyser Community Foundation, 2018). Further concerns for this district regard their aging population and the rise of people over the age of 65 years old. 17.2% of the district’s population is over the age of 65 and is estimated to rise to 29.8% of the population by 2033 (Taupo District Council, n.d.). To support this growing demographic, events and activities tailored for their interests are required to encourage social participation, inclusion, and provide employment for retirees. As discussed by Smith et al., (2016) and Stuart et al., (2020), older citizens gain great satisfaction from volunteering activities, therefore creating volunteering packages and activities tailored towards this age group will not only help support the community but also provide access to a mass of potential volunteers. Engaging this group in think-tanks and discussions will also provide more personalised services and volunteering approaches. The final concern unearthed within the investigation was a lack of youth development programs and opportunities, a common theme

21 that has been found throughout the BOP’s districts, proving that this is an area that requires severe consideration.

Kawerau The Kawerau district is quite unique compared to the rest of the BOP owing to the large Maori population, making up just over 60% of the districts demographic profile (Stats NZ, 2018). The community in general is classed as low socio-economic with the New Zealand social deprivation index indicating the highest levels of deprivation found to be prevalent throughout the district (NZ Parliament, 2017). Kawerau also suffers from the highest rates of unemployment within the BOP (Environment Bay of Plenty, 2009) with multi-generational unemployment having been reported as a serious issue. Over the last ten years Kawerau has experienced the greatest surge in house prices in New Zealand due to its increasing popularity as a retirement destination creating huge housing problems including overcrowding, emergency housing shortages, and a rise in illegal rentals (Braae, 2021). Further social issues uncovered include drug and alcohol abuse, gangs, physical abuse, child deprivation, mental health, a lack of rehabilitation centres and drug and alcohol councillors (Savage, 2019; Eastern Bay Community Foundation, 2018). There is a strong focus on youth development within Kawerau district council who are constantly seeking events and community activities for youth engagement. The council also contains a very proactive Youth Council who have a long-standing reputation for providing opportunities for youth development and are continuously looking for opportunities to become engaged in. This group would be an excellent resource and point of contact for the development of volunteering activities specific to their needs and skill sets. Kawerau also has a large aging population that are very active in the community who would be willing to contribute to volunteering activities and share their wealth of experiences, a brilliant group to be targeted regarding mentoring services. Additionally, Kawerau reported the need for a safe space or hub for youth to gather in a healthy, proactive environment such as a club or a café that is managed by skilled volunteers who could offer mentoring, general life advice, guidance, and introduce them to volunteering activities that teach them basic skills while helping the community. This may potentially start to mitigate the multi-generational unemployment and if the volunteering activities had pathways to employment or career opportunities it may help mitigate unemployment issues in the long run. The Eastern Bay of Plenty is a hotbed for natural disasters therefore there is a need for volunteers willing to upskill to be in emergency response operations such as Civil Defence Centres, Marae, and Neighbourhood Support. The Kawerau

22

Maori Wardens and Community Patrol also struggle to find volunteers with the training or skills for the job and these groups do not have the finance to run recruitment campaigns. Lastly Kawerau reported the need for a strong marketing campaign that highlights the benefits of volunteering to individuals, such as the increase of wellbeing and the pathways to employment opportunities that volunteering offers.

23

Chapter 6. Conclusions and Recommendations The BOP is a beautiful place filled with white sandy beaches, acres of native bushland, and plenty of features. Among so much beauty it is difficult to imagine any hardships involved with living in this stunning area, unfortunately this report has uncovered the harsh reality that many live in. For starters, the BOP experiences higher than national levels of deprivation particularly within employment, income, access to education, health, and overall socioeconomic deprivation (EHINZ, 2018). Drug and alcohol problems have been identified with the BOP reaching higher rates of hazardous drinking than the national average and more than 30% of youth within the BOP have been reported to be hazardous drinkers. Furthermore 30% of people living in the area were reported to be addicted to methamphetamine (Socialink, 2019). Further issues rampant throughout the BOP region were found to be high costs of living and unaffordable housing, gang violence, family violence, mental illness, and environmental destruction due to littering. Lastly, a huge issue relevant to all districts is the fear of Covid-19. Although New Zealand has done exceptionally with the management of the pandemic, many people living in the BOP, particularly elderly people, are still restricting their lives due to the fear of another outbreak. These concerns were found throughout the Bay’s seven districts yet at varying degrees, like the findings on the need for more affordable community events and youth engagement or development programmes, it seems that each district, although diverse, have common themes in both their issues and their perceived societal needs.

Recommendations

1. Youth Focus All districts within the BOP were found in need of youth development programmes, engagement opportunities, hubs, mentors, and healthy activities that provide upskilling opportunities. Volunteering activities and engaging youth to work within this sector would provide many opportunities to address these needs. Recommended strategies to address this are contained within Table 6.1.

TABLE 6.1 Youth Focused Strategies 1. Connect with schools to get youth involved and engaged with volunteering activities. Encourage both parents and children through schools, form partnerships with schools to actively engage children and their parents, creating lifelong trends, providing work experience, education, and a sense of purpose. Will also help bring together the community. 2. Work together with schools to create activities such as litter-clean up days, food collections, and help your neighbour programmes. Create volunteering day out- similar to how children have

24

cross-country events and days at school, except this would be a volunteering day out and about giving back to the community. 3. Fund raising days where children collect unwanted items from home and put together a flea market – make it part of a school event where children organise stalls and items to sell (donated from family and friends) put on a sausage sizzle, put up a bouncing castle and invite the community to come along, spend some coins towards a good cause, and have some fun. 4. Instagram page specifically for youth- ‘How Do You Improve the World’ encourage youth to upload their own stories and pictures of how they have helped the community, or how the community has helped them. 5. Advertising in schools, community halls, noticeboards, and websites. Make use of social media platforms and local ‘influencers’ to promote volunteering and create excitement. 6. Investigate mentoring programmes for youth, potentially taking advantage of the wealth of experience found within the BOP’s aging population. Harness this ever-growing demographic to help guide youth and young adults towards a better future, while simultaneously providing older generations with a sense of purpose and feelings of value. 7. Investigate new & emerging technologies such as Virtual Reality with the help of youth. Make a virtual friend programmes- connect youth to elderly that are unable or unwilling to venture out of doors, keeping the elderly happy and healthy by connecting them to people through the internet- bringing people together from the safety of our homes.

2. Community & Family Events Community and family-oriented events were found to be lacking throughout the BOP, with many districts reporting the need for more community spirit building activities to help overcome the fears of Covid-19, create community pride, and help overcome the loneliness that more people are coping with. Celebrating each districts culture and history through community events will create healthy connections and be an opportunity to promote volunteering activities like Volfest, an event already hosted by Volbop, but more tailored to each districts culture and heritage. Strategies found within Table 6.2.

TABLE 6.2 Community & Family Event Strategies 1. Investigate festivals akin to Cotopaxi’s ‘Questival’ (Cotopaxi, n.d.). They have created a 24- hour scavenger race where individuals team up to complete community-oriented challenges that encourage them to get out and give back to their communities to complete sections of the ‘race’, challenges such as litter picked up, food donations collected and others, attendees then take pictures of themselves and their team for social media to fulfil the objectives and be in to win

25

the race! Also provides an excellent promotional day for volunteering activities and their benefits. 2. Even including simple, fun events such as three-legged races, tug of war, and other festival like games at events will bring communities together and build stronger connections and family bonds. 3. Areas with issues with obesity such as Rotorua, start fitness sessions, groups, or even videos targeted at all ages. Healthy eating and healthy living events, and campaigns run by volunteers would educate and entertain citizens. A lets’ get active day of fun in the sun! Get youth and families excited about healthy and active living. 4. Potentially use these events to connect the youth and the elderly, get everyone involved, active and having fun – introduce Virtual Reality through these types of events have a hands-on booth where people can see just how easy this type of technology is to use. 5. Use these events as an opportunity to connect youth and older citizens for the benefit of both, youth can be encouraged to help with new technologies such as Virtual Reality and older people can be encouraged to share their stories and provide guidance to those who need it.

3. Training & Culture Packages Another area of concern regards the need for specific volunteer role training packages and volunteering packages that are culturally tailored to individual district. There is concern that there are not enough skilled volunteers to fulfil roles or training that supports volunteer’s wellbeing. Training packages would encourage the retention of volunteers and ensure those in need of volunteers are receiving quality service and valuable interactions. This also has the advantage of providing individuals with upskilling opportunities and provide pathways to employment. Strategies found within Table 6.3.

TABLE 6.3 Training & Cultural Packages 1. Investigate segmenting the different types of volunteers themselves: i.e., sports, social needs (homeless, elderly), at risk youth, mentoring, event volunteers, just plain bodies for litter clean ups, etc. Define their volunteering types and the expertise needed for each segment, can make tailor made training strategies for each group to better target them and the needs they have. 2. Potentially define each district through their cultures not such much by their issues, this will provide value to each district by proving that they are understood, and their needs have been considered. Offers a more personalised service. Investigate separating volunteering packages into urban and rural ones as they required vastly different approaches and incorporate this into the training packages.

26

3. Make use of human resource management practices from corporate industries to train and manage volunteers.

4. Marketing Campaign Last, it was discovered that not many people understand the true value of volunteering or how easy it is to get involved with the local community. A strong marketing campaign to educate individuals about the benefits of volunteering and the opportunities volunteering can provide would combat this and encourage more to get involved with giving back to their communities. Suggestions detailed within Table 6.4.

TABLE 6.4 Marketing Campaign 1. Make use of Traditional marketing and advertising methods, alongside social media, school websites, school bulletins and newsletters, community noticeboards and websites. 2. Investigate the creation of a local Facebook or social media pages where communities can put up requests for simple things such as shopping during lockdowns, lawns needing maintenance, reading to the elderly, etc, and locals can respond, e.g., ‘there are two people in need of help in your area’ – similar to neighbourly (Neighbourly, n.d.). 3. Set up accounts that celebrate ‘people helping people’ and ‘communities coming together, include success and human-interest stories on social media not just volunteering requests and updates. Use this to create an online community and encourage participation through comments and discussions. 4. Encourage user generated marketing media where individuals take photos, videos, and creative content that promotes volunteering (about the benefits/fun they received from volunteering or how volunteers have helped them individually), can be done through competitions, events (such as the Questival example), or through social media influencers.

27

References

.id (informed decisions). (n.d.). National demographic indicators for territorial authorities, 2018. https://demographic-indicators.idnz.co.nz/?es=6

100% Pure New Zealand. (n.d.). Maori Culture in Rotorua. https://www.newzealand.com/au/maori-culture-rotorua/

Arthur-Worsop, S. (2017, August 11). Local Group to Tackle Rotorua’s Social Issues. Rotorua Daily Post. https://www.evolverotorua.co.nz/

Biddle, D-L. (2019, May 20). The struggle for Opotiki, the homicide capital of New Zealand. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111129704/the-struggle-for-opotiki-the- homicide-capital-of-new-zealand

Braae, A. (2021, January 25). NZ’s biggest house price surge? Kawerau. Here’s what it means for the town. The Spin Off. https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/25-01-2021/nzs- biggest-house-price-surge-kawerau-heres-what-it-means-for-the-town/

Bussell, H., and Forbes, D. (2002). Understanding the volunteer market: The What, Where, Who and Why of Volunteering. Journal of Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 7(3), 244-257. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/nvsm.183

Cnaan, R. A., Handy, F., & Wadsworth, M. (1996). Defining Who is a Volunteer: Conceptual and Empirical Considerations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 25(3), 364– 383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764096253006

Community Matters. (2021). What is the impact of COVID-19 on the Tauranga/Western Bay of Plenty Sector? New Zealand Government Internal Affairs. https://www.communitymatters.govt.nz/ask-us/view/1661

Cotopaxi. (n.d.). Questival Adventure Race. https://www.cotopaxi.com/products/cotopaxi-x- hoka-questival-2021

Crawford, R. L. (2020, February 21). Solving the social needs that lead to gangs. Sun Live. https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/235108-solving-social-needs-that-lead-to-gangs.html

Dahlgren, P. (2009). Media and Political Engagement: Citizens, Communication and Democracy. Cambridge University Press.

28

Delery, J. E., & Shaw, J. D. (2001). The strategic management of people in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and extension. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, (20), 165–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742- 7301(01)20003-6

Eastern Bay Community Foundation. (2018). Eastern Bay of Plenty’s Vital Signs 2018. https://www.easternbaycommunityfoundation.nz/sites/www.easternbaycommunityfou ndation.nz/files/docs/vital-signs-2018-report-ebop.pdf

Ehlers, A., Naegele, G., and Reichert, M. (2011). Volunteering by Older People in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union.

Environment Bay of Plenty. (2009). A Socio-economic Profile of the People of the Bay of Plenty region. https://cdn.boprc.govt.nz/media/33481/Report-090723-Profile2009.pdf

Environmental Health Indicators New Zealand (EHINZ). (2018). Socioeconomic deprivation profile. https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/population-vulnerability/socioeconomic- deprivation-profile/

Geyser Community Foundation. (2018). Rotorua District Vital Signs 2018. http://geysercf.org.nz/pdfs/vital-signs-rotorua-web.pdf

Geyser Community Foundation. (2018). Taupo District Vital Signs 2018. http://www.geysercf.org.nz/pdfs/vital-signs-taupo-web.pdf

Gray, D., & Stevenson, C. (2019). How can ‘we’ help? Exploring the role of shared social identity in the experiences and benefits of volunteering, Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 30(4), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2448

Haski-Leventhal, D., Ronel, N., York, A. S., & Ben-David, B. M. (2008). Youth volunteering for youth: Who are they serving? How are they being served? Children and Youth Services Review, 30(7), 834–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.12.011

Herzog, A. R., & Morgan, J. N. (1992). Age and Gender Differences in the Value of Productive Activities: Four Different Approaches. Research on Aging, 14(2), 169– 198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027592142002

Independent Sector. (2001). Giving and Volunteering in the United States. Independent Sector.

29

Infometrics. (2020). Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on the Rotorua Economy –Early Estimates for Rotorua Lakes District Council. https://www.rotorualakescouncil.nz/our-council/council- publications/surveysandReports/Documents/Infometrics-impact-Covid-19-Rotorua- Economy-Report---Early-estimates-April-2020.pdf

Kaun, A., & Uldam, J. (2018). ‘Volunteering is like any other business’: Civil participation and social media. Sage, 20(6), 2186-2207. https://journals-sagepub- com.ezproxy.waikato.ac.nz/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444817731920 Kawerau NZ. (n.d.). About Kawerau District. https://www.kaweraudc.govt.nz/residents/about-kawerau-district

Lepak, D. P., Liao, H., Chung, Y., & Harden, E. E. (2006). A conceptual review of human resource management systems in strategic human resource management research. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, (25), 217–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(06)25006-0

Low, N., S. Butt, A., Paine, E., and Smith, J. D. (2007). Helping Out: A National Survey of Volunteering and Charitable Giving. Cabinet Office.

Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management. (2013). Volunteer Coordination in Civil Defence Emergence Management Groups. https://www.civildefence.govt.nz

Neighbourly. (n.d.). Discover Your Neighbourhood. https://www.neighbourly.co.nz/

New Zealand Parliament. (2017). East Coast Households. https://www.parliament.nz/en/mps- and-electorates/historical-electorate-profiles/electorate-profiles- data/document/DBHOH_Lib_EP_East_Coast_Households/east-coast-households

New Zealand Parliament. (2017). East Coast: Households. https://www.parliament.nz/en/mps-and-electorates/historical-electorate- profiles/electorate-profiles- data/document/DBHOH_Lib_EP_East_Coast_Households/east-coast-households

New Zealand Parliament. (2017). Taupo: Households. https://www.parliament.nz/en/mps- and-electorates/historical-electorate-profiles/electorate-profiles- data/document/DBHOH_Lib_EP_Taup%c5%8d_Households/taup%c5%8d- households

30

Newshub. (2018, March 13). Organised Aussie gangs target Tauranga. https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2018/03/organised-aussie-gangs- target-tauranga.html

NZ Chambers of Commerce. (n.d.). Report Highlights Tauranga and Western Bay of Plenty Issues. https://www.tauranga.org.nz/news-and-updates/vital-signs-report-highlights- tauranga-western-bay-plenty-issues/

O’Leary, Z. (2017). The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage. [PDF].

Okun, M. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1992). Motives and intent to continue organizational volunteering among residents of a retirement community area. Journal of Community Psychology, 20(3), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520- 6629(199207)20:3<183::AID-JCOP2290200302>3.0.CO;2-O

Olivier, C., Neilson, M., Conchie, S. (2020, February 14). Tauranga Residents Living in Fear as Gang Turf Wars Continue. New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/tauranga-residents-living-in-fear-as-gang-turf-wars- continue/ASVUNRUWEWLKTUBFYMHPQ5K3PU/

Omoto, A. M., Snyder, M., & Martino, S. C. (2000). Volunteerism and the Life Course: Investigating Age-Related Agendas for Action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22(3), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2203_6

Omoto, A. M., Snyder, M., & Martino, S. C. (2000). Volunteerism and the Life Course: Investigating Age-Related Agendas for Action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22(3), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2203_6

Opotiki District Council. (2020). 2019/20 Annual Report (Opotiki District Council report #1173-184). https://www.odc.govt.nz/repository/libraries/id:2bpcqtp1b1cxby3k9b0b/hierarchy/site collectiondocuments/our- council/Reports%20%26%20Studies/Reports/Annual%20Reports/2019- 20%20Opotiki%20District%20Council%20Annual%20Report

Opotiki District Council. (n.d.). About Our District. https://www.odc.govt.nz/our- district/about-our-district

Pearce, J. L. (1993). Volunteers: The organizational behaviour of unpaid workers. Routledge.

31

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster.

Rotorua Daily Post. (2018, February 22). Drug and Alcohol abuse seen as Rotorua’s biggest issue-new research. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/drug-and- alcohol-abuse-seen-as-rotoruas-biggest-issue-new- research/V2YTSJ6B6FYZIHVCZG7Z7ICQ3Y/

Rotorua Lakes Council. (n.d.). Overview of our District. https://www.rotorualakescouncil.nz/our-city/about- rotorua/overviewofourdistrict/Pages/default.aspx

Saksida, T., Alfes, K., & Shantz, A. (2017). Volunteer role mastery and commitment: can HRM make a difference? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(14), 2062–2084. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1126335

Salvation Army. (2020). State of our Communities report 2020. https://www.salvationarmy.org.nz/sites/default/files/files/%5Bfile_field%3Atype%5D /tsa_thestateofourcommunities_2020_v3_0.pdf

Savage, J. (2019, May 14). Fighting the Demon: Flash ute a symbol of everything wrong in Kawerau. New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/fighting-the-demon- flash-ute-a-symbol-of-everything-wrong-in- kawerau/27SPFNNC7PIGY2NJD3NHQDOTKA/

Smith, D. H. (1994). Determinants of Voluntary Association Participation and Volunteering: A Literature Review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 23(3), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/089976409402300305

Smith, D. H., Stebbins, R. A., and Grotz, J. (2016). The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations. Palgrave Handbook.

SociaLink. (2019). The Real Life of Us Western Bay of Plenty. Social Report. Social Link Tauranga Moana. http://www.communityresearch.org.nz/research/the-real-life-of-us- western-bay-of-plenty-social-report/

SociaLink. (n.d.). Getting to know the Western Bay of Plenty Social Sector Orientation Package. [PDF].

32

Stats NZ. (2018). Bay of Plenty Region. https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-place- summaries/bay-of-plenty-region

Sun Live. (2021, February 25). National: Gang numbers on the rise in the BOP. https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/263017-national-gang-numbers-of-rise-bop.html

Sun Media. (2021, March 14). Elders Living in Fear of Covid-19. Sun Live. https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/264244-elders-living-fear-of-covid19.html

Sundeen, R. A., & Raskoff, S. A. (2000). Ports of Entry and Obstacles: Teenagers’ Access to Volunteer Activities. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 11(2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.11204

Taupo District Council. (2020). Annual Report 2019/20. https://www.taupodc.govt.nz/repository/libraries/id:25026fn3317q9slqygym/hierarch y/our-council/reports/2019-20%20TDC%20Annual%20Report%20Low%20Res.pdf

Taupo District Council. (n.d.). About Our District. https://www.taupodc.govt.nz/community/about-our-district

Taupo District Council. (n.d.). Age-Friendly Taupo District. https://www.taupodc.govt.nz/community/age-friendly-district

Tauranga City Council. (n.d.). Background Information for the Community Wellbeing Strategic Plan 2018-2021. https://www.tauranga.govt.nz/Portals/0/data/future/strategic_planning/strategic_focus/ files/cwsp_background_information.pdf

Tauranga City Council. (n.d.). Homelessness. https://www.tauranga.govt.nz/community/community-services/homelessness

Tauranga City Council. (n.d.). Litter and Stream Clean Ups. https://www.tauranga.govt.nz/living/rubbish-and-recycling/minimising- waste/community-waste-programmes/litter-and-stream-clean-ups

Tauranga NZ. (n.d.). Haere Mai Ki Tauranga. https://www.tauranganz.info/

Tulloch, L. (2020, March 3). The McDonaldification of Hunting: Training Children to Kill in Opotiki. Scoop. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2003/S00027/the- mcdonaldification-of-hunting-training-children-to-kill-in-opotiki.htm

33

Van Willigen, M. (2000). Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55(5), S308–S318. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.5.S308

Vital Update. (2020). Whakahou Taketake Vital Update Tauranga 2020 Main Report. https://www.tauranga.govt.nz/Portals/0/data/community/vital-update/files/vital- update-tauranga-2020.pdf

Volunteering New Zealand. (2020). State of Volunteering Report. [PDF].

Western Bay District Council. (2021). Wellbeing Plan: Supporting Information for the Long- Term Plan 2021-2931 Consultation Document. https://www.westernbay.govt.nz/repository/libraries/id:25p4fe6mo17q9stw0v5w/hier archy/council/plans-and-strategies/Longtermplan2021- 2031/CD%20Supporting%20Information/Informing_Our_Planning/Wellbeing%20Pla n.pdf

Western Bay of Plenty District Council. (2020, April 30). Recovery plan focused on providing long-term support for District. https://www.westernbay.govt.nz/council/news-and- updates/news?item=id:29v4gdd6217q9s6eyrca

Western Bay of Plenty District Council. (n.d.). Safer Communities. https://www.westernbay.govt.nz/community/safer-communities

Western Bay of Plenty District Council. (n.d.). Snapshot of the Western Bay. https://www.westernbay.govt.nz/community/about-the-western-bay/snapshot-of-the- western-bay

Whakatane District Council (2009). Key Issues (Whakatane District Council Long Term Community Plan report 2009-2019). https://www.whakatane.govt.nz/sites/www.whakatane.govt.nz/files/documents/docum ents-section/council-plans/long-term-plan/ltccp-2009- 19/LTCCP_Vol1_ServiceDelivery_KeyIssues.pdf

Whakatane District Council. (2011). Strategy for Young People in the Whakatane District 2011-2016. https://www.whakatane.govt.nz/sites/www.whakatane.govt.nz/files/documents/docum

34

ents-section/policies-and- bylaws/policies/Strategy%20for%20Youth%202011%20Web.pdf

Whakatane District Council. (2011, May 20). Community Strategy 2011 – 2016 (Whakatane District Council report #2.1.20). https://www.whakatane.govt.nz/sites/www.whakatane.govt.nz/files/documents/docum ents-section/council-plans/council-strategies/community- strategy/Community%20Strategy%202011%20-%202016.pdf

Whakatane District Council. (2021). Annual Report 2019/20 (Whakatane District Council annual report #2019/20). https://www.whakatane.govt.nz/sites/www.whakatane.govt.nz/files/documents/annual -report-2019-20-final.pdf

Whakatane District Council. (n.d.). Care Out There. https://www.whakatane.govt.nz/about- council/council-volunteers/care-out-there

Whakatane District. (n.d.). Whakatane- the sunniest place in NZ! https://www.whakatane.com/sunniest-place

35

Appendix A Bay of Plenty Region Map

Figure 2. Bay of Plenty Regional Map (Environment Bay of Plenty, 2019).

36

Appendix B Territorial Authorities within the Bay of Plenty

Figure 3. Territorial Authorities within the Bay of Plenty Region (Environment Bay of Plenty, 2019).

37

Appendix C Bay of Plenty’s Districts Population Demographics

TABLE 7 BOP Population Demographics

Tauranga Western BOP Whakatane Rotorua Opotiki Taupo Kawerau

Summary:

Population Count 136,713 51,321 35,700 71,877 9,276 37,203 7146

Median Age 40.4 years 45.2 years 39.8 years 36.4 years 40.6 years 41.3 years 38.2 years

Males 65,868 25,647 17,442 35,148 4,563 18,522 3,540

Females 70,845 25,677 18,258 36,729 4,713 18,681 3,606

Number of Maori 24,912 9,876 16,722 28,839 5,910 11,118 4,407

Maori Median Age 24.9 years 28 years 27.3 years 26.3 years 30 years 27.4 years 26.3 years

Note. Adapted from Stats NZ (2018).

38

Appendix D Bay of Plenty districts ethnicity comparison table

TABLE 8 BOP Districts Ethnicity Comparison Table Tauranga Western BOP Whakatane Rotorua Opotiki Taupo Kawerau

2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%)

European 81.7 81.4 63.2 63.3 50.5 76.4 52.3

Maori 18.2 19.2 46.8 40.1 63.7 29.9 61.7

Pacific Peoples 2.9 2.7 3 5.4 3.5 3.2 4.6

Asian 7.6 6.5 3.4 9.5 2.8 4.9 3

Middle Eastern/ Latin American/ 1 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 African

Other 1.1 1.2 1 1 0.7 1.2 0.8

Note. Adapted from Stats NZ (2018).

39

Appendix E Bay of Plenty Districts Languages Spoken

TABLE 9 BOP Districts Languages Spoken Tauranga Western BOP Whakatane 2018 Rotorua Opotiki Taupo 2018 Kawerau New Zealand

2018 (%) 2018 (%) (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) (%) 2018 (%) (%)

Maori 4.1 4.9 17.6 12.1 23.9 7.7 18.7 4

Samoan 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 2.2

Northern 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 0 2 Chinese

Hindi 0.7 0.6 0.2 1 0.2 0.4 0.1 1.5

French 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.3 1.2

Yue 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.1

Sinitic 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0 0.1 0 1.1

Tagalog 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.9

German 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.9

Spanish 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.8

Afrikaans 1 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.8

40

Tongan 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.8

Panjabi 0.3 2.3 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.7

NZ Sign 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Language

Other 4.2 2.9 2.2 4.5 1.4 3.2 2 7.4

None 2.1 1.7 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2

Note. Adapted from Stats NZ (2018).

41

Appendix F Bay of Plenty Districts Work and Labour Force Statistics

TABLE 10 BOP Districts Work & Labour Force Tauranga Western BOP Whakatane Rotorua Opotiki Taupo Kawerau

2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%)

Employed Full-Time 47.3 47.6 44.4 48.6 43.3 48.7 34.2

Employed Part-Time 14.9 17 15.9 15.3 14.5 16.4 12.6

Unemployed 3.4 2.9 5.7 6.1 7.3 3.3 10.1

Not in the Labour Force 34.4 32.6 34 30 34.9 31.6 43.1

Note. Adapted from Stats NZ (2018).

42

Appendix G Bay of Plenty Districts Education

TABLE 11 BOP Districts Education Tauranga Western BOP Whakatane Rotorua Opotiki Taupo Kawerau

2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%)

No Qualification 18.5 20.4 23.1 20.2 30 20.8 30.9

Level 1 Certificate 12.7 13.9 13.3 12.4 13.7 13.9 13.4

Level 2 Certificate 10.4 11.1 11.1 10.5 10 11.8 10.8

Level 3 Certificate 10 9.6 11.4 11.2 11.6 10.4 12.8

Level 4 Certificate 10.6 11.3 12.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 13.1

Level 5 Certificate 5.3 5.5 5.2 6.2 4.7 6.3 4.9

Level 6 Certificate 6.2 6.3 4.7 4.7 4.4 5.3 3.3

Bachelor's Degree & 13.1 11 10.2 11.6 8.6 9.8 5.7 Level 7 Post-Graduate & 5.1 4 3.5 4.6 2.1 3.8 1.4 Honours Degrees

Master's Degree 2.5 1.9 1.8 2.4 1.2 1.8 0.7

43

Doctorate Degree 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 0

Overseas Secondary 5.2 4.6 2.7 4 1.8 4 2.8 School Qualification Note. Adapted from Stats NZ (2018).

44

Appendix H Bay of Plenty Districts Access to Amenities

TABLE 12 BOP Districts Access to Amenities Tauranga Western BOP Whakatane Rotorua Opotiki Taupo Kawerau

2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) 2018 (%) No Basic 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 Amenities

1 Amenity 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0

2 Amenities 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0

3 Amenities 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0

4 Amenities 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1

5 Amenities 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.4 0.8 0.6

6 Amenities 3.8 4.2 5.2 4.8 7.5 4.5 4.1

Access to all 95 94.5 93.1 93.2 89.8 94 94.9 Basic Amenities Note. Adapted from Stats NZ (2018).

45

Appendix I Tauranga Social Issues and Needs

TABLE 13 Tauranga Social Issues and Needs

District Social Needs & Social Issues Reference

Tauranga City Litter & Stream Clean Up, Homelessness, affordable housing Council (n.d.). NZ Chambers of Cost of living, transport & roading networks Commerce. (n.d.). Crawford (2020), Newshub (2018), Gangs, gang violence, drug, and alcohol abuse Sun Live (2021), Olivier et al. (2020). Family harm, drug and alcohol addiction, violence and abuse, poverty, mental illness, housing shortages Tauranga has had the highest number of family violence and abuse SociaLink (2019). notifications in 2017 in New Zealand and has seen a 26% increase in family violence from 2013-2017 Needs: • More events/facilities for youth, more cultural, community and arts events to revive Tauranga’s culture, • The need for free, or cheap events and family events • employment opportunities, • environmental impact and change management, • alternative housing options • Autism friendly events/areas with sensory shelters Issues: Vital Update (2020). • Affordable housing, homelessness, • Lack of a culture or strong communities, • Inclusivity, tolerance, and racism • 34% of Tauranga reported feeling alone, this is higher than the national average, the main groups affected are the youth, disabled people, and ethnic communities particularly Asian, Latin American, Middle Eastern, and African. • Lack of public transport, and litter

46

Elderly are still too afraid to leave their homes and are limiting their lives due to the fear of Covid-19. While they felt safe during lockdown, they are Sun Media (2021). struggling to reconnect with the community and their old lifestyles. Tauranga City Council (n.d.), Seven suburbs identified in the NZ Social Deprivation Index as being a 9 or Environmental 10 on the deprivation scale (with 10 being the most deprived) including Health Indicators Tauranga South, Matapihi, and Arataki New Zealand (2018).

47

Appendix J Western Bay Social Issues and Needs

TABLE 14 Western Bay Social Issues and Needs

District’s Needs & Social Issues Reference

• Family harm, drug and alcohol addiction, violence and abuse, poverty, and mental illness. • Rapid growth within this area has put enormous pressure on resources and services within the social sector. • 35% of the Western Bay live in the two most deprived quintiles indicating this district is less deprived than New Zealand as a whole. • Te Puke and Maketu indicate the highest levels of deprivation within the SociaLink (2019). Western Bay. • Reports that the community feels more effort is required towards supporting young adults, health and wellness, safety, reducing inequality, and housing. • Overall report indicates a general feeling of wellbeing and happiness among those living in this area. Gangs, gang violence, drug, and alcohol abuse Crawford (2020). Western Bay of Underage and irresponsible drinking Plenty District Council (n.d.). Western Bay of Community events and connections needed to help overcome Covid-19 and Plenty District help citizens regain their confidence, family events and affordable Council (2020) Main areas of concern were found to be Covid-19 concerns, Community Matters isolation/loneliness, mental health, and financial issues (2021). Needs: • Creating environments and connections for older people to feel valued and participate without fear, Western Bay District • Providing access to technology and resources to bridge the ‘digital Council (2021), divide’, Western Bay District • Create environments and connections to provide young people with a Council contact sense of belonging and pathways to employment, Kaimai Community Needs:

48

• Rural community support & support of the establishment of local neighbourhood watch groups • Work alongside walking/cycleway safety groups Katikati/ Waihi Beach Community Needs: • Creation of a youth hub- potentially using Katikati Action Centre. Create a space for locals to drop in and partake in community activities or impromptu dance or sports activities, • Create network of local mentors for youth to connect them to local businesses (similar to the Youth 2 Work scheme in Porirua), Te Puke/ Maketu Community Needs: • Support and facilities for community-led food security initiatives • The development of a youth hub

49

Appendix K Whakatane Social Issues and Needs

TABLE 15 Whakatane Social Issues and Needs

District’s Needs & Social Issues Reference • loss of younger members of the labour force due to lack of training/work Whakatane District opportunities, Council (2011) • ageing population with specific needs • high proportions of population with low income, associated issues with affordable housing, • deprived rural communities, • ethnic disparities, high proportion of Māori generally have lower incomes, higher unemployment rates and lower levels of qualifications, • general poor health of the district, including low life expectancy, high smoking, and alcohol consumption, • high levels of criminal offences relating to burglary, family violence and destruction of property, • lack of programmes and facilities for youth, especially youth at risk, • gang related issues, • lack of support for communities to find their own answers and solutions, • lack of support for business, employment, and training opportunities, • The need to create community spirit and celebrate success within the community. Job creation and training pathways needed. Coastal clean-up’s, Whakatane District transforming outdoor spaces, and litter clean up around the saltmarsh. Council, (2021). Relatively low levels of growth and a lower-than-average level of income. Whakatane District Three community halls not well used Council, (2009). Youth wanted more wellbeing support, larger range of activities outside of Whakatane District school, and development programs. Council, (2011). Looking for more opportunities they could be involved in that made them feel they were contributing towards something important. High alcohol consumption an issue. Open Spaces maintenance, providing edible food growing spaces, litter Whakatane District collection Council, (n.d.). Higher than national average of Social Deprivation .id (n.d.).

50

Appendix L Rotorua Social Issues and Needs

TABLE 16 Rotorua Social Issues and Needs

District’s Needs & Social Issues Reference

• Obesity rates Arthur-Worsop • Unemployment among youth (2017). • Homeless solo parents • Crime among youth • Drug & alcohol abuse Rotorua Daily Post • Lack of support towards youth/ young adults (2018). • High living costs • Low levels of employment- poverty & homelessness • Job availability • Housing problems including unaffordability, overcrowding, and Salvation Army homelessness. (2020). • Covid has had a heavy impact due to their reliance on tourism. • Mental health and access to mental health services. • Gangs, drug addictions, unemployment, and poverty. • Significance and need of local iwi Te Arawa and Maori-led initiatives. • Need for Maori -led solutions to complex issues such as housing, homelessness, and unemployment. • Gambling • Lack of tourism had a heavy impact as it accounted for 23% of Infometrics (2020). employment in 2019. The forestry sector facing supply and demand constraints. • Large international education sector impacted by Covid. • Large loss of jobs forecasted. • Supporting young adults identified as an area needing development. Geyser Community • More community events. Foundation (2018). • Break down barriers between cultural groups through community projects. • More multicultural support needed. • Drug and alcohol abuse. • Lack of volunteer coaches & sports mentors. Rotorua Council

51

• Need for safe activities for elderly in covid era. • Already great support from local Iwis. • Need to ensure volunteers are being looked after and manged well- their well-being is being taken into account. • Want packages tailored towards different types of volunteers rather than each district, and training packages to reflect this, • Big issues is that approx. 50% of children in Rotorua live in poverty • Large aging population, • Finding it difficult to encourage people to sit in on and become members of volunteer and community boards, • Significant culture difference between Rotorua & the rest of the Bay of Plenty • Strong Iwi influence and support within the volunteering community

52

Appendix M Opotiki Social Issues and Needs

TABLE 17 Opotiki Social Issues and Needs

District’s Needs & Social Issues Reference

• Need for community development initiatives that embody Opotiki’s Opotiki District history and community spirit. Council (2020). • Community support activities needed. • Animal welfare, dog control. • Providing access to facilities and services to smaller remote communities within the district- cost prohibitive. • Cemeteries not being maintained to a high standard. • Violence, drug & alcohol abuse, crime, domestic violence, and a Tulloch (2020). reputation for murder • Desensitization of children towards killing through the encouragement of hunting • With a population at the last census (2013) of 8780, it had 1.25 Biddle (2019). homicides for every 1000 people between 2004 and 2019 – the highest rate in the country. • Gangs, crime & unemployment New Zealand • Social deprivation index of 10 (Highest level of social deprivation) Parliament (2017).

53

Appendix N Taupo Social Issues and Needs

TABLE 18 Taupo Social Issues and Needs

District’s Needs & Social Issues Reference

Issues: Geyser Community • Job availability Foundation (2018). • Cost of living • Drug & alcohol abuse • Violence and domestic abuse • Environment care • Supporting young adults • Lack of community engagement or activities in Turangi area. Need: • ‘Get to know your neighbour’ programmes and initiatives. • Youth support programmes and activities. • Free community events. • Increased opportunities to get involved in community activities- some actively aimed towards those not NZ European or Maori who feel left out of the community. • Turangi area lacking in facilities. • Improved access to affordable, quality childcare • Trades training centres. • Putaruru, Tokoroa, Mangakino, Turangi highest levels of New Zealand Parliament social deprivation, (2017). • Taupo township indicating mixed levels of social deprivation. • 17.2 percent of the population in the Taupo District is over Taupo District Council (n.d.). 65years- estimated to rise to 29.8% of the population by 2033, • Need more age-friendly activities, events etc, Eight areas identified as influencing the health and quality of life for older people: • Outdoor spaces and buildings • Transportation • Housing • Social Participation

54

• Respect and social inclusion • Civic participation and employment • Communication and information • Community support and health services

55

Appendix O Kawerau Social Issues and Needs

TABLE 19 Kawerau Social Issues and Needs

District’s Needs & Social Issues Reference

• High cost of living Eastern Bay Community • Unemployment Foundation (2018). • Fewer job opportunities • Drug and alcohol abuse • Despite these issues the report highlighted Kawerau’s positive feedback and attitudes towards their social and cultural wellbeing compared to other Eastern Bay of Plenty districts. Calls for more community events. • Drug abuse, Savage (2019). • Gangs, • Physical abuse, • Deprivation of children due to drugs, • Lack of rehabilitation centres, and drug and alcohol councillors, • Mental health services needed, • Investment in social and mental health workers in schools, • Community groups that help people out of addiction and into employment, • Kawerau has experienced the greatest house price surge in NZ Braae (2021). over the decade, • Led to overcrowding, • Housing shortages, • Emergency housing shortages, • Rise in illegal rentals, Environment Bay of Plenty • Highest rates of unemployment within the BOP (2009). New Zealand Parliament • Social Deprivation score of 10 – highest level (2017). • The district has a Maori population of approximately 60% making Kawerau District Council the district unique in comparison to others,

56

• Community in general classed as low-socio-economic with high unemployment rates, and multi-generational unemployment. • The council has a very proactive Youth Council with a long- standing reputation for providing opportunities for youth development- this a strong focus for the council who are constantly seeking events or community activities to engage youth. There is a willing sector of youth looking for opportunities. • A large aging population who are very active in the community and are willing to contribute and share their wealth of experience. • There is a proactive community organisation called Kawerau Life Konnect who provide space in their venue for different interest groups. Needs: • A strong marketing campaign that highlights the benefits of volunteering, • A safe space or hub for youth to gather such as a club or café that is managed by skilled volunteers. This would potentially start to mitigate the multi-generational unemployment and if the voluntary had pathways to employment or career opportunities it may start to solve unemployment issues. • The Eastern Bay of Plenty is a hotbed for natural disasters therefore there is a need for volunteers willing to upskill to be in emergency response operations such as Civil Defence Centres, Marae, and Neighbourhood Support – would also help strengthen resilience within the community, • FENZ and ST Johns continuously struggle to find willing volunteers, alongside the Kawerau Maori Wardens and Community Patrol- main issue with these two volunteer groups is that many volunteers do not have the training or skill set to do the job and these groups do not have the finance to run recruitment campaigns. Issues: • Very few voluntary systems active within the district, • Not many volunteer opportunities available or offered by companies in Kawerau, • Unemployment, and multi-generational unemployment,

57

58