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Bioactive Compounds, Health Benefits and Utilization of Rhododendron: A Kumar et al. Agric & Food Secur (2019) 8:6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-019-0251-3 Agriculture & Food Security REVIEW Open Access Bioactive compounds, health benefts and utilization of Rhododendron: a comprehensive review Vikas Kumar* , Sheenam Suri, Rasane Prasad, Yogesh Gat, Chesi Sangma, Heena Jakhu and Manjri Sharma Abstract The Rhododendron distributed throughout the world is a small evergreen tree with deep red or pale pink fowers, belongs to the family Ericaceae and is known for its spectacular fowers. The species is widely distributed between the latitudes 80°N and 20°S with high socioeconomic reverence and has been designated as the national fower of Nepal and state fower of Himachal Pradesh (India). In addition to its immense horticultural importance, it is commonly used as an ornamental plant for gardens, plantations in the streets or vessels for its aesthetic value. Because of its numerous phytochemical potential, it is being utilized as a traditional remedy for diferent diseases. Flowers of this plant are tra- ditionally utilized by the people residing in the mountainous region to make pickle, juice, jam, syrup, honey, squash, etc., and to treat various ailments like diarrhea, headache, infammation, bacterial and fungal infections. The present review highlights the medicinal, nutritional and potential properties of Rhododendron by making value-added prod- ucts to improve the livelihood for sustainable development of the rural tribal population with more job opportunities. Keywords: Rhododendron, Ericaceae, Ornamental, Infammation, Nutritive value Background in some regions of Bhutan. Te aesthetic beauty of the Nature provides us an access to a diverse group of plants fully blossomed fowers in the fowering season attracts with numerous usages including decoration, medici- the attention of the visitors [2]. Due to these reasons, the nal, fowering and fruiting. Nowadays, the cultivation of fower has been entitled as the national fower of Nepal plants for medicinal as well as commercial purposes is of and state fower of Himachal Pradesh (India). extreme antiquity, and the researchers are exploring the India has been considered as a treasure house of underutilized plants which are being utilized for difer- medicinal and aromatic plant species. According to ent purposes traditionally. India is known for its vast bio- WHO (2000), 65% of the world’s population integrate the logical diversity and rich traditional systems of medicine medicinal plant for treatment and 80% of the Indian pop- (Ayurveda), which forms a strong base for the explora- ulation used plant product for treating many diseases [3]. tion of various plants for general health care. Rhododen- Rhododendron is one of the naturally occurring plants dron is one such plant that is acquiring a special place in which possess various health benefts, such as prevention the cultural as well as economic life of the people. Rho- and treatment of diseases associated with heart, dysen- dodendron is derived from Greek word: “rhodo” means tery, diarrhea, detoxifcation, infammation, fever, con- “rose” and “dendron” means “tree.” It belongs to the fam- stipation, bronchitis and asthma [4]. Te leaves possess ily, Ericaceae, and was frst described by Carl Linnaeus efective antioxidant activity. Te young leaves are used in 1837 [1]. Rhododendron was originated in the valley to alleviate headache. Te wood of this plant can be used of Himalayas, Kashmir, Assam, Manipur in India and for making khukri handles, packsaddles, gift boxes, gun- stocks and posts [5]. Due to the limited availability of the fower, researchers and processors in food and pharma- *Correspondence: [email protected] Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional ceutical sectors, with few exceptions, did not yet exploit University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India it. Tis review focuses on the classifcation, locality, area © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/licen​ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/ publi​cdoma​in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Kumar et al. Agric & Food Secur (2019) 8:6 Page 2 of 7 and production, composition, distribution, medicinal cofactors found in the structure of certain enzymes properties, utilization and future prospective of the Rho- and are indispensable in numerous biochemical path- dodendron with the aim of dispersing the facts related to ways. Sodium is important in maintaining the osmotic it. balance between cells and interstitial fuid [10]. A brief composition of the Rhododendron fower is given in Classifcation and distribution Table 2. Taxonomists have made diferent classifcations based Table 3 depicts the phytochemical potential of difer- on morphological data, i.e., fowers, leaves, hair, etc., ent parts of the Rhododendron plant which indicates that due to diferent species of its kind. Rhododendron, the the whole plant is a “mine of phytochemical,” which is a largest genus of the Ericaceae family, includes 1200 spe- non-nutritive plant chemical possessing protective or cies which is distributed throughout the Northeast Asia disease preventive properties [11]. Te plant contains and Eurasia, Western Europe and North America [6]. large amount of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, Approximately, more than 70% of 500 Rhododendron favonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids and species are endemic in China. Rhododendron species, R. phlobatannins [4]. Secondary metabolites are critical protistum var. giganteum, was frst named and identifed component for plant survival and play a signifcant role by George Forrest in 1919, which is one of the tallest and in human health. most ancient Rhododendron trees [7], therefore honored as the “King of Rhododendron” [8]. Among all the Rho- dodendron species, Rhododendron arboreum is widely distributed, and most commonly found subspecies of the Table 2 Composition of Rhododendron fower and its juice same are presented in Table 1 [2]. Sr. no. Attributes Amount References Rhododendron, a most famous horticulture plant, has become one of the most popular plants in the gardens 1. Moisture (%) 79.40 [5, 12] and as avenue trees [9] and has also been widely culti- 2. Ash (%) 2.30 vated in diferent parts of the world due to its ethnical 3. Crude fat (%) 1.52 uses, commercial and medicinal values. It covers a vast 4. Crude fber (%) 2.90 section of Southeastern Asia between the Northwestern 5. Total nitrogen (%) 0.58 Himalaya through Nepal, Sikkim, Eastern Tibet, Bhu- 6. Total proteins (%) 1.68 tan, Arunachal Pradesh, and Upper Burma, Western and 7. Carbohydrates (%) 12.20 Central China. All these places account for more than 8. Organic matter (%) 97.70 90% of the world’s natural population of Rhododendrons. 9. Insoluble ash (%) 1.29 10. Soluble ash (%) 1.15 Composition of Rhododendron arboreum 11. Ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml) 11.5 Rhododendron contains minerals such as manganese, 12. Total carotenoids (μg/100 ml) 2685.0 iron, zinc, copper, sodium, chromium, cobalt, cadmium, 13. Flavanols (mg/100 ml) 288.7 molybdenum, nickel, lead and arsenic. Minerals play a 14. Total favonoids (mg/100 ml) 1276.5 vital role in maintaining certain physicochemical pro- 15. Total anthocyanins (mg/L) 154.8 cesses which are essential for life. Manganese, copper, 16. Total phenols (mg/100 ml) 956.5 selenium, zinc, iron and molybdenum are important 17. Total antioxidant capacity {mM 70.4 Trolox equivalent (TE)/L} Mineral content (ppm) 18. Manganese 50.2 [5] Table 1 Subspecies of Rhododendron arboreum 19. Iron 405 Subspecies Characteristics and distribution 20. Zinc 32 21. Copper 26 Rhododendron arboreum spp. Red fower, found in Western Arboreum Himalayas 22. Sodium 385 Rhododendron arboreum spp. Cin- White, pink or red fower, found in 23. Chromium 08 namomeum Central Himachal 24. Cobalt < 0.5 Rhododendron arboreum spp. Red fower, found in Eastern 25. Cadmium < 1 Delavayii Himalayas 26. Molybdenum < 0.5 Rhododendron arboreum spp. Red fowers, found in Nilgiri 27. Nickel 2 Nilagiricum 28. Lead 3 Rhododendron arboreum spp. Orange red fowers, found in Sri Zeylancium Lanka 29. Arsenic < 0.5 Kumar et al. Agric & Food Secur (2019) 8:6 Page 3 of 7 Table 3 Phytochemicals present in Rhododendron in the market. Few scientifc researches have been done arboreum plant for the utilization of this fower, which could be due to Sr. no. Part of plant Compound References its limited availability in limited places or the perishable nature of the fower. Some of the possible products which 1. Bark Triterpenoids [13] can be prepared from the Rhododendron fower are sug- Ursolic acid acetate gested here in this review which will open a new door for Betulinic acid the researchers and processors to utilize this fower com- Leuco-pelargonidin mercially for value addition. 2. Leaves Glucoside [14] Rhododendron fower juice besides being a refreshing Ericolin drink is also believed to impart great medicinal value. Ursolic acid Extraction of Rhododendron juice can be done by two Quercetin methods, i.e., cold-pressing method and hot-pressing Hyperoside method. Traditionally, hot-pressing method
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