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Baltica 23 Baltica ON THE SIGNIFICANCE AND RESEARCH POTENTIAL OF THE GREBIETEN BURIAL GROUND: A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PREWAR STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND THE PROSPECTS FOR MODERN RESEARCH 23 BALTICA JAROSLAW A. PRASSOLOW, KONSTANTIN N. SKVORTSOV ARCHAEOLOGIA Abstract The Grebieten burial ground, situated in the former Kreis Fischhausen of the German Empire’s province of East Prussia, (currently in the Zelenogradskii district of the Kaliningrad oblast’, Russian Federation), represents a reference monument of Sambian-Natangian culture, and at the same time is one of its best investigated archaeological sites. However, a recent comparative analysis of the available sources of information showed that the modern state of knowledge is incomplete, while the research potential of the monument is far from being exhausted. This article gives an overview of the state of research, as well as of the open questions and gaps in our knowledge. Along with a description of the currently available sources of information and their limitations, the publication informs readers about recently conducted archaeological studies, performed both on the partially preserved prewar archaeological material and on the monument. Besides the actual reintroduction of Grebieten into scientific research, the authors point out its role and its significance in the much more complex archaeological context. The results of recent research suggest strongly that the Grebieten burial ground is part of a much larger complex of archaeological monuments situated along the western coast of the Sambian Peninsula, in the close vicinity of amber collect- ing areas. This settlement complex played an important role in the collection and trade in amber, which defined the nature of Sambian-Natangian culture in the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. Further multilateral investigations of the Grebieten burial ground should lead to a clearer view of the settlement system, the social structure, everyday life and contacts of the population of Sambia in the Roman Iron Age. Key words: Grebieten, Sambian-Natangian culture, burial ground, amber trade, settlement system, Königsberg’s Prussia Museum. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ab.v23i0.1298 Introduction derstanding the principal socio-historical tendencies of the development of Sambian-Natangian culture. In the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period, the In the Late Roman Iron Age and Migration Period, the modern Kaliningrad oblast’of Russia, the central part collection and trade in amber were some of the most of the former German province of East Prussia, was important factors which determined the formation and the area of Sambian-Natangian culture, also known as development of Sambian-Natangian culture, and its in- Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture. Archaeological research in teraction with other archaeological cultures in the Bal- the area has a complicated history: the investigations in tic Sea basin and with more remote regions of Europe. the material culture which went on in the 19th and the The amber trade also determined the main contacts of first half of the 20th century slowed down significantly Sambian-Natangian culture, and, as a result, the cul- in the period from the end of the Second World War to tural influences it experienced (Skvortsov 2012, 171ff., the 1990s. The current renewal of interest in Sambian- 2013b, 360ff.). The amber trade with the Roman Em- Natangian culture and its archaeological heritage calls pire and the Germanic neighbours underpinned the for a possibly full reconstruction of the prewar state of prosperity of Sambian-Natangian culture, which is re- research, and its subsequent accomplishment through flected in the richness and the composition of the grave the archaeological results of recent decades. That said, inventories of the above-mentioned historical periods. a detailed analysis of prewar material often reveals that its current state of documentation and publication dojes A large number of burial grounds from the Roman Iron not meet modern scientific research requirements, and Age and Migration Period, which contain Roman im- thus its additional reinvestigation and reassessment ports and grave goods of high social status, are located are necessary. This tendency results in readdressing in the western part of the Sambian Peninsula. In full research topics which play a fundamental role in un- agreement with this, the west (and north) coast of the peninsula is known as an area where large amounts of 81 amber can be collected without substantial effort, es- that is, of the chronological system developed by Otto pecially after storms. It is natural to assume that an- Tischler (Tischler 1879; Tischler, Kemke 1902), which cient centres (whatever form they could have taken), soon after its appearance revealed itself to be of great which mediated the amber trade between Sambia and importance, not only in the local East Prussian context, one of the centres of Wiebark culture on the Elbling but also in the northern and Central European context. Upland (Okulicz-Kozaryn 1992, 104ff.; Natuniewicz- However, while the burial ground at Dollkeim even Sekuła, Okulicz-Kozaryn 2008, 227; Skvortsov 2012, gave its name to the archaeological culture described, 175, 2013a, 36ff.), were also located in this part of the which is often referred to in the West European litera- On the Significance and On the Significance and Research Potential of the A Grebieten Burial Ground: Reconstruction of the Prewar State of Knowledge and the Prospects for Modern Research peninsula. Preliminary results of a modern analysis of ture as Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture, the burial ground at the existing archaeological data imply that the biggest Grebieten has up to now, to a certain extent, stood in and most significant of the four assumed centres of ad- its shadow, and is currently much less well known to ministration and power which are believed to exist on modern researchers and scholars of prehistory. Sambia in the period discussed was probably situated JAROSLAW A. A. JAROSLAW PRASSOLOW, KONSTANTIN SKVORTSOV N. A further difference between Grebieten and Dollkeim near the burial ground at Grebieten, Kreis Fischhausen concerns the modern state of their preservation. Ar- (today Okunevo, Zelenogradskii district) (Skvortsov chaeological investigations of the burial ground at 2014; Efremov, Skvortsov 2017, forthcoming).1 That Dollkeim continued in the Russian research period said, it should be mentioned that the main goal of this (Kulakov 2007, 2009a). Unfortunately, at approxi- article is not to make a detailed report on recent re- mately the same time, the burial ground started to be search, but to reintroduce the Grebieten burial ground destroyed by the rapidly growing modern cemetery. into the scientific research, give a general overview of Also, the speed and the rate of its plunder by ‘poacher- the prewar research results and the currently existing archaeologists’ in the last 20 to 25 years have been ex- research potential of the monument, and to present the tremely high. These two factors resulted in the current main directions for its future investigation in a broad high degree of destruction of this archaeological monu- archaeological context. ment. The burial ground at Grebieten, fortunately, suf- fered to a much lesser extent. No further investigations The significance of Grebieten were performed on the monument until recently (see in the local archaeological context below). While in Soviet times it was a ploughed field, nowadays it is wasteland. Although numerous traces The Grebieten burial ground is believed to be one of the of illegal excavations have been detected on the monu- most investigated and best-documented archaeological ment in recent years, its overall state of preservation is monuments in the area of Sambian-Natangian culture. fundamentally better than that at Dollkeim, so that the While this is true, if we compare Grebieten with most burial ground at Grebieten preserves its great research archaeological monuments of Sambian-Natangian cul- importance and potential. Another important consid- ture, the actual state of research of the monument is, as eration is the state of preservation of the collection of is shown below, very incomplete. prewar finds from the burial grounds of Dollkeim and Grebieten. While only a few artefacts from the burial The importance of Grebieten in the local context of ground at Dollkeim survived in the remnants of the Sambian-Natangian culture can only be compared with Prussia collection in Berlin (stored in the Museum of that of the contemporary burial ground at Dollkeim, Ancient and Early History, MVF SMB PK2), in Ka- Kreis Fischhausen (today Kovrovo, Zelenogradskii liningrad (the Kaliningrad Regional Museum of His- district). Both monuments share common characteris- tory and Art, KOIHM) and in Olsztyn (the Museum of tics, such as the large area, the high number of burials, Warmia and Masuria, Olsztyn, [MWM]), at least 1,241 and often rich grave inventories with numerous grave artefacts from Grebieten are still in the Berlin part of goods. These burial fields were in use for a long period the collection, MVF). Further prewar finds from Gre- of time (approximately 1,000 years or longer) (Ku- bieten are preserved in the mentioned Olsztyn and Ka- lakov 2007, 83ff.; Skvortsov 2014), and thus have a liningrad museums. Thus, it is obvious that Grebieten crucial importance for an understanding of the general represents an archaeological monument with primary tendencies in the development of Sambian-Natangian research significance,
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