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Folder Bursztyn / Amber (3.94 MB PAŃSTWOWA SŁUŻBA GEOLOGICZNA O SUROWCACH MINERALNYCH POLSKI MINERAL RESOURCES OF POLAND AS SEEN BY POLISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BURSZTYN AMBER PAŃSTWOWY INSTYTUT GEOLOGICZNY PAŃSTWOWY INSTYTUT BADAWCZY POLISH GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE BURSZTYN / AMBER Fot./ PHOTO BY: Dariusz iwański Na świecie rozpoznano dotychczas ponad 100 rodzajów ży- More than 100 fossil resin types that are called amber have wic kopalnych nazywanych bursztynem. Najliczniej są one been so far identified across the world. They are most com- spotykane w osadach kredowych, paleogeńskich i czwarto- mon in Cretaceous, Palaeogene and Quaternary sedi- rzędowych, rzadziej w neogeńskich. Miejscami bursztyn wy- ments, and less common in Neogene ones. amber some- stępuje w utworach jury i triasu, a najstarszą żywicę kopalną times appears in Jurassic and Triassic formations, and the znaleziono w skałach karbońskich (sprzed 300 milionów lat). oldest fossil resin was found in the Carboniferous rocks (300 million years ago). wiele żywic kopalnych o udokumentowanym pochodzeniu, po szczegółowym zbadaniu uzyskuje własne nazwy mineralogicz- On a detailed examination, fossil resins of proven origin are ne, np. cedaryt, gedanit, glessyt, rumenit, sukcynit, stantienit. given their own mineralogical names, e.g. cedarite, gedan- ite, glessite, rumenite, succinite, stantienite. sukcynit zajmuje szczególne miejsce wśród żywic kopalnych. Jest najwcześniej i najlepiej poznanym rodzajem bursztynu. succinite holds a special place among fossil resins. it is the Już w czasach starożytnych uznawano, że „bursztyn jest earliest and best studied type of amber. already in ancient sokiem (succus) drzewnym” i nazwano go „succinum”. Do times it was believed that "amber is a wood juice (succus)" wykazów mineralogicznych nazwa „sukcynit” została wpro- hence it was called "succinum". The name "succinite" was wadzona w 1820 roku przez augusta Breithaupta, profesora added to the mineralogical lists in 1820 by august Breit- mineralogii w akademii Górniczej we Freibergu. haupt, Professor of Mineralogy at the university of Mining in Freiberg. używane są również regionalne nazwy sukcynitu związane z miejscem jego występowania na terenie środkowej Europy. The regional names of succinite, linked to their location in Powszechnie stosowana jest nazwa bursztyn bałtycki, a ma- Central Europe, are also used. The name Baltic amber is jący podobną genezę bursztyn występujący na ukrainie commonly used, although amber that occurs in ukraine is nazywany jest także bursztynem ukraińskim, natomiast zna- also known as ukrainian amber and the one from central- ny z terenu środkowo-wschodnich Niemiec – bursztynem eastern Germany as Bitterfeld amber (after Bitterfeld in bitterfeldzkim (od miejscowości Bitterfeld w saksonii). saxony). BURSZTYN / AMBER FOT./PhOTO By: Dariusz iwański O bursztynie about baltic bałtyckim amber Bursztyn bałtycki (sukcynit) jest mineraloidem pochodzenia Baltic amber (succinite) is a mineraloid of organic origin. organicznego. Odznacza się niską twardością 2–2,5 w skali Mohs hardness of amber is equal to 2–2.5 and its low den- Mohsa oraz niewielką gęstością (0,9–1,1g/cm3), podobną do sity (0.9–1.1g/cm3)is similar to that of water. its fracture is gęstości wody. Ma muszlowy przełam i tłusty połysk. wykazu- conchoidal and the lustre is resinous. amber displays elec- je właściwości elektrostatyczne. Przy pocieraniu elektryzuje trostatic properties: when rubbed, it is negatively charged się ujemnie, przyciągając drobne, lekkie okruchy (np. papier). and attracts small light objects (e.g. paper flakes). if rubbed Przy silnym pocieraniu lub podgrzaniu wydziela przyjemny vigorously or heated, it exudes a pleasant resinous smell. żywiczny zapach. Pali się jasnym kopcącym płomieniem, stąd amber burns with spitting pale flame, hence its German jego niemiecka nazwa Bernstein – kamień, który się pali. name Bernstein – the stone that burns. sukcynit jest opisywany ogólnym wzorem C10h16O. Poszczególne succinite is described by the general formula C10h16O. pierwiastki występują w zmiennych stosunkach procentowych: The individual elements occur in variable percentage ratios: 61– 81% stanowi węgiel, 8,5–11% wodór, a dopełnienie do 100% 61-81% of carbon, 8.5-11% of hydrogen and the rest is oxy- – tlen. Pierwiastkom tym towarzyszy niewielka ilość siarki. gen. These elements are accompanied by a small amount of sulphur. szczególną cechą wyróżniającą sukcynit spośród żywic ko- palnych jest zawartość kwasu bursztynowego – związku or- a special feature that distinguishes succinite from fossil res- ganicznego z grupy kwasów dikarboksylowych – wynosząca ins is its content of succinic acid - an organic compound od 3 do 8%. w innych żywicach kopalnych nie stwierdzono of the group of dicarboxylic acids - which ranges from 3 to tego kwasu, albo jedynie poniżej 3%. 8%. Other fossil resins contain only up to 3% of that acid, if any at all. Ponadto bursztyn bałtycki charakteryzuje się niespotykaną u innych żywic różnorodnością odmian, wynikającą ze zróż- Furthermore, unlike other fossil resins, there are several va- nicowania stopnia przezroczystości i barw. zazwyczaj ma rieties of Baltic amber that differ in terms of transparency barwę żółtawą, w różnych odcieniach. Bywa też mleczno- and colour. Various shades of the yellowish colour prevail, biały, czerwonawy lub brunatny, rzadziej niebieskawy lub but milk white, reddish, brownish or - infrequently – bluish zielonawy. w zależności od ilości zawartych w nim pęcherzy- or greenish varieties are also encountered. amber can be ków gazu może być przezroczysty, przeświecający lub mętny. transparent, translucent or opaque, depending on the Na barwę bursztynu wpływa wiele czynników, przede wszyst- number of entrapped gas bubbles. among the many fac- kim: struktura wewnętrzna, stopień zanieczyszczenia substan- tors that affect amber colour the most important are: inter- cją organiczną, a także wielkość i rozmieszczenie pęcherzy- nal structure, organic matter admixtures and gas bubble ków gazu. size and distribution. w bursztynie bałtyckim (jak również w innych żywicach ko- Like other fossil resins, Baltic amber occasionally contains palnych) spotyka się szczątki dawnych roślin i zwierząt, szcze- remnants of ancient plant and animals, in particular various gólnie różne gatunki muchówek, mrówek, chrząszczy, a tak- species of Diptera, ants and beetles, as well as plants leaves że liście i łodygi roślin, tworzące tzw. inkluzje. Pozwalają one and stems (the so-called inclusions). They help to establish na określenie środowiska przyrodniczego, w którym bursztyn the natural environment of amber formation. a piece of powstawał. wyjątkową inkluzję w bryłce bursztynu bałtyc- amber found in Gdansk-stogi (now on display at amber kiego stanowi okaz jaszczurki znaleziony w Gdańsku-stogach, Museum in Gdansk) contains an exceptional inclusion of obecnie eksponowany w Muzeum Bursztynu w Gdańsku. a lizard. sukcynit można jednoznacznie zidentyfikować i odróżnić od succinite can be unequivocally identified and differenti- innych żywic kopalnych dzięki badaniu metodą spektrosko- ated from other fossil resins by means of infrared spectros- pii absorpcyjnej w podczerwieni (IRS). copy (IRS). INKLUZjA ZWIERZęCA TZW. „jASZCZURKI GIERŁOWSKIEj” SUCCINILACERTA SUCCINEA (BOULENGER, 1917) aNiMaL iNCLusiON, ThE sO-CaLLED ”GiErłOwska LizarD” suCCiNiLaCErTa suCCiNEa (BOuLENGEr, 1917) Fot./ PHOTO BY: GaBriELa GiErłOwska Bryłka zawierająca jaszczurkę znaleziona w 1997 roku w gdań- This spherule with a lizard trapped inside it, found in 1997 skiej dzielnicy stogi jest unikatem na skalę światową – jest to at stogi, a Gdansk neighbourhood, is worldwide unique pierwsza po ponad stu latach znaleziona jaszczurka w bał- as the first lizard found after 100 years in the Baltic amber. tyckim bursztynie. w bryłce znajdują się także detrytus (szcząt- in addition to the animal, the spherule contains detritus ki roślinne) i włoski gwiaździste dębu. Bursztyn bałtycki, w któ- (plant remains) and oak’s spiral bristles. The amber with rym znajduje się okaz, datowany jest na ponad czterdzieści the animal inside it was formed more than forty million milionów lat. wyjątkowa inkluzja nazwana została nazwiskiem years ago. This exceptional inclusion was named after its znalazczyni, gdańskiej bursztynniczki, Gabrieli Gierłowskiej. discoverer Gabriela Gierłowska, a Gdansk-based amber wcześniej jaszczurkę uwięzioną w bursztynie znalazł w roku artist. Before her, richard klebs found an amber-trapped 1875 richard klebs. lizard in 1875. Geneza Origin Bursztyn bałtycki powstał z przeobrażonej żywicy drzew Baltic amber was created from the transformed resin of iglastych, porastających w środkowym paleogenie, przed coniferous trees growing in Middle Eocene, about 40 million około 40 mln lat, północne i wschodnie wybrzeża epikon- years ago, on the northern and eastern shores of the epi- tynentalnego morza wypełniającego wschodnią część continental sea that filled the eastern part of the North sea basenu Morza Północnego. Żywica drzew bursztynodajnych basin. The resin of amber-giving trees was transported to była transportowana do morza przez sieć rzeczną i spływy the sea through a network of rivers and surface runoff, and powierzchniowe i w środowisku morskim uległa zaawanso- in the marine environment it was subjected to extensive wanej diagenezie, przede wszystkim polimeryzacji. Proce- diagenesis, mainly polymerization. These processes led to sy te doprowadziły do zmian cech fizykochemicznych ży- changes in the physicochemical
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