351 Genus Acraea Fabricius

AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 31 July 2021

Genus Acraea Fabricius, 1807 Acraeas

In: Illiger, K., Magazin für Insektenkunde 6: 284 (277-289). Type-species: Papilio horta Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 101 (91-293).).

= Solenites Mabille, 1887 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1885-92. Exotische Schmetterlinge 2: 82 (282 pp.). Bayern. Type-species: Acraea igati Boisduval, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935. Stylops 4: 2 (1-3).).

= Phanopeltis Mabille, 1887 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1885-92. Exotische Schmetterlinge 2: 84 (282 pp.). Bayern. Type-species: Acraea ranavalona Boisduval, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935. Stylops 4: 2 (1-3).).

= Aphanopeltis Mabille, 1887 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1885-92. Exotische Schmetterlinge 2: 85 (282 pp.). Bayern. Type-species: Papilio horta Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935. Stylops 4: 2 (1-3).). [Invalid: junior objective synonym of Acraea Fabricius, 1807.]

= Miyana Fruhstorfer, 1914. Type species: Papilio moluccana Cramer, by original designation.

= Bematistes Hemming, 1935. In: Carpenter, 1935. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 83: 374 (313-447). Type species: Papilio epaea Felder, 1779. Selected subsequently by Scudder, 1875.

= Rubraea Henning, 1992. Metamorphosis 3 (3): 106 (100-114). Type species: Papilio egina Cramer, by original designation.

= Stephenia Henning, 1992. Metamorphosis 3 (3): 106 (100-114). Type species: Papilio caecilia Fabricius, 1781 by original designation.

Synonyms based on extralimital type-species: Pareba Doubleday, Miyana Fruhstorfer. Note: Pareba is an “Actinote” – this is also Boisduval, 1848 and I am not sure whether it would take priority over Hyalites. The type species of Pareba is vesta – now issoria (see Hemming) (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007).

The genus Acraea belongs to the Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815; Subfamily Heliconiinae Swainson, 1822; Tribe Acraeini Boisduval, 1833; Subtribe Acraeina Boisduval, 1833. There are no 1 other genera in the Subtribe Acraeina in the Afrotropical Region.

Acraea (Acraeas) is a predominantly Afrotropical genus with 138 Afrotropical species. I have largely accepted the alpha taxonomy given in Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. However, I have retained Acraea and Telchinia as distinct genera (Silva-Brandao, et al, 2008) neither of which is subdivided into subgenera.

Relevant literature: Pierre & Bernaud, 2014 [Synonomic checklist]. Williams & Henning, 2020 [Taxonomy of the ceras group]. Henning, G. & Williams, 2010 [Classification]. Silva-Brandao et al., 2008 [Phylogeny of Acraeini]. Pierre, 2004c [Cladistics and systematics]. Pierre et al., 2003 [Checklist for Ghana]. De Vries, 2002 [Differential wing toughness]. Jiggins et al., 2002 [Infection with Wolbachia].

Classification of Acraea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. cerasa group Acraea chambezi Acraea acara Acraea tellus Acraea cerasa Acraea nohara Acraea barberi Acraea schubotzi Acraea unimaculata Acraea punctellata Acraea oscari Acraea adrasta Acraea kraka Acraea pseudatolmis Acraea chilo Acraea formosa rogersi group natalica group Acraea hypoleuca Acraea dewitzi Acraea rogersi Acraea aglaonice neobule group Acraea obliqua egina group Acraea miranda Acraea machequena Acraea kivuensis Acraea peetseri Acraea mirabilis Acraea ranavalona Acraea poggei Acraea medea Acraea axina Acraea hova Acraea leopoldina Acraea niobe Acraea pudorella Acraea endoscota Acraea elongata Acraea egina Acraea atergatis Acraea punctimarginea Acraea persanguinea Acraea periphanes Acraea atatis Acraea leucographa Acraea epiprotea Acraea lualabae Acraea equatorialis Acraea kinduana Acraea alcinoe Acraea annonae Acraea oncaea Acraea admatha Acraea umbra Acraea chaeribula Acraea ella Acraea kappa Acraea macaria Acraea loranae Acraea stenobea Acraea boopis Acraea aganice Acraea manca Acraea lygus Acraea quirina Acraea scalivittata Acraea utengulensis Acraea lyci Acraea kia Acraea quadricolor Acraea eltringhamiana Acraea caecilia Acraea eugenia Acraea consanguinea Acraea acrita Acraea asboloplintha Acraea igati Acraea excisa Acraea bellona Acraea pseudegina Acraea dammii Acraea indentata Acraea pudorina Acraea natalica Acraea cuva Acraea pseudeuryta Acraea guluensis Acraea caldarena Acraea insignis Acraea bana Acraea asema Acraea leucopyga Acraea eltringhami Acraea lequeuxi Acraea violarum Acraea intermediodes Acraea hamata Acraea macarista Acraea omrora Acraea rhodesiana Acraea horta Acraea ducarmei Acraea overlaeti Acraea zoumi Acraea brainei Acraea vestalis Acraea buettneri Acraea doubledayi Acraea neobule Acraea abdera Acraea sykesi Acraea mahela Acraea petraea Acraea regalis Acraea matuapa Acraea rohlfsi Acraea braesia Acraea camaena Acraea cepheus zetes group Acraea turlini Acraea atolmis Acraea zonata Acraea terpsichore2 Acraea mansya Acraea rabbaiae Acraea andromacha2

2 Acraea onerata Acraea satis Acraea moluccana2 Acraea diogenes Acraea anemosa Acraea meyeri2 Acraea guillemei Acraea welwitschii epaea group Acraea bailundensis Acraea pseudolycia Acraea epitellus Acraea lapidorum Acraea turna Acraea epaea Acraea lofua Acraea zetes Acraea parageum

2 = Extralimital species.

cerasa species-group

*Acraea cerasa Hewitson, [1861]# Tree-top Wizard

Acraea cerasa Hewitson, [1861] in Hewitson, [1857-61]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 2: 40 ([124] pp.). London. Acraea cerasa Hewitson, 1861. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea cerasa Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea cerasa Hewitson, 1861. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Hyalites (Hyalites) cerasa (Hewitson, 1861). Pringle et al., 1994: 76. Telchinia (Telchinia) cerasa (Hewitson, 1861). Henning & Williams, 2010: 25. Acraea cerasa Hewitson, 1861. Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. Acraea cerasa Hewitson, 1861. Williams & Henning, 2020. comb. n.

Acraea cerasa cerasa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. 27 March, 1960. W. Teare. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea cerasa cerasa. Male aberration (Wingspan 35 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umdoni Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 10 August 2007. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea cerasa cerasa. Female (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umdoni Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 30 December 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: None given. Distribution: Uganda, Rwanda (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014), Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Forest. Not in temperate forest in southern Africa (Pringle et al., 1994). Subspecies kiellandi flies in forest at elevations of between 1 200 and 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species that tends to fly high up in the forest canopy (Van Son, 1963), as its vernacular name suggests, but it does occasionally come down to lower levels. Individuals have been seen on cow-pats and also mudpuddle, especially early in the morning (Larsen, 1991c). It is known to have periodic population explosions (Larsen, 1991c; Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: All year (Van Son, 1963). September to April (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 139 [as Acraea cerasa Hewitson; Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal]. “Larva. Above livid-purplish; a central dorsal dull-greenish streak, edged on both sides by a linear series of small white marks, which on the anterior segments (two to five) are developed into thin transverse striae; a similar series of minute white spots bounds lower edge of livid-purple on each side; below this, each side is olive-greenish; under side and pro-legs light green; head black, shining, striped frontally, superiorly and laterally with white; legs pale greenish, yellowish terminally. Dorsal spines on third to sixth segments considerably longer than the rest, erect, nearly straight, rather thick, with only a terminal bristle, dull greyish; other spines throughout yellowish or greenish white, set with a few whitish bristles; the dorsal ones inclining backward from the ninth to the anal segment. Length 1,25 inches. The very young larvae, according to Colonel Bowker, advance in a regular row, side by side, from the base of a leaf, eating away the parenchyma as they proceed. Pupa. Pale orange-yellow. Two dorsal rows of bright orange black- ringed acute tuberculate spots, and on each side a row of similar (but not tuberculated) spots, mark the abdominal segments, some of the incisions of which are dorsally thinly defined with black. Neuration of wings, and a median stripe along back of thorax, and head black. Rather more curved than usual in Acraea pupae; back of thorax very prominent; cephalic tubercles rather acutely pointed. Length 0,5 inches.”

Eltringham, 1912.

Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 120. “The eggs of this species are laid in a bunch in most irregular fashion, very often one on top of another, three to four deep, on the underside of a single leaf of Rawsonia usambarensis (Bixaceae). When the female has selected a suitable leaf, she will take up her position on the underside and deposit ten to fifteen eggs in succession and then rest for a while, completing the deposition in the space of an hour or so. She does not leave the leaf until the full complement has been laid. In shape these eggs are barrel-like with indications of longitudinal and transverse grooves. Their surface is highly glazed. The colour is at first creamy, rapidly becoming orange, then greyish. The young larva is brownish, changing at the second moult to a parti-colour dull brownish and black. The first four-and-a-half segments are purply brown, the remainder with the exception of the last two, ochre. The hind segments are coloured as the anterior. A white interrupted line runs the length of the body from the second to the anal segments, just above the level of the legs. The undersurface of the body is yellowish to olive. A mid-dorsal white line extends from the first to the tenth segment. The anterior legs are yellowish with black tips, the hind legs olive. The branched spines on the sixth to anal segments are brownish and short, those anterior to these are very long and black. When disturbed, the larva has 4 the curious habit of arching the front segments and throwing forward the long spines into a bunch over the head. The head is jet black with an inverted white ‘V’ just above the mouth parts. Fine white hairs cover the lateral lobes. The pupa is rather peculiar, being rather squat and somewhat curved. It is ochreous-brown in colour, and is decorated with fine black lines on the wing-cases. Each abdominal segment is ornamented with raised yellowish spots, two dorsally, one ventrolaterally. The base of each spine is finely encircled in black. The newly emerged butterfly has the tips of the wings opaque greyish.”

Larval food: Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae) [S.C. Collins, vide Larsen, 1991c: 371]. Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Flacourtiaceae) [Green, vide Platt, 1921; KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa]. Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Flacourtiaceae) [Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 120; as Rawsonia usambarensis]. Rinorea convallarioides (Baker f.) Eyles ssp. occidentalis Grey-Wilson (Violaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323;as Rinorea convallarifolia Brandt].

Acraea cerasa cerasa Hewitson, [1861]# Tree-top Wizard

Acraea cerasa Hewitson, [1861] in Hewitson, [1857-61]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 2: 40 ([124] pp.). London. Acraea cerasa Hewitson, 1861. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea cerasa Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea cerasa Hewitson, 1861. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Hyalites (Hyalites) cerasa (Hewitson, 1861). Pringle et al., 1994: 76. Telchinia (Telchinia) cerasa (Hewitson, 1861). Henning & Williams, 2010: 25. Acraea cerasa cerasa Hewitson, 1861. Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. Acraea cerasa cerasa Hewitson, 1861. Williams & Henning, 2020. comb. n.

Acraea cerasa cerasa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. 27 March, 1960. W. Teare. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: None given. Distribution: Kenya (east of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (south), Malawi (south) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014), Mozambique, Zimbabwe (eastern border), South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 22 quarter degree squares (387 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Kijabe (Larsen, 1991c); Nyambeni (Larsen, 1991c); Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c). Malawi – Zomba Plateau (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Dzalanyama Forest Reserve (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Tanzania – Mkomazi Game Reserve (Van Noort & Stone, 2000: 77). Mozambique – Maronga Forest (Kroon and Pennington); Musapa River Forest (Pinhey); Mt Mecula [- 12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Honde Valley (D. Plowes, vide Van Son, 1963); Burma Valley (Paré); Chirinda Forest (Pinhey). KwaZulu-Natal – Pinetown (Trimen & Bowker, 1887); Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); forest below the Karkloof Falls (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Umzinto (Van Son, 1963); Dukuduku Forest (Van Son, 1963); Nkandla Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Ngoye Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Mtunzini district (Engelbrecht). Eastern Cape Province – Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963).

Acraea cerasa cerita Sharpe, 1906 Cherry Tree-top Wizard

Acraea cerita Sharpe, 1906. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 18: 75 (75-76). Acraea cerasa cerita Sharpe, 1906. Bernaud & Ducarme, 2008: 46. Telchinia cerasa cerita (Sharpe, 1906). Henning & Williams, 2010: 25. Telchinia (Telchinia) cerasa cerita (Sharpe, 1906). Henning & Williams, 2010: 25. comb. n. Acraea cerasa cerita Sharpe, 1906. Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. Acraea cerasa cerita Sharpe, 1906. Williams & Henning, 2020. comb. n. Synonym of Acraea cerasa Hewitson, [1861]. Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. Acraea cerasa cerita Sharpe, 1906. Bernaud, et al., 2019: 438.

Acraea cerasa cerita. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 47mm. Kalinzu For. 16-18 Jun 93. S.C. Collins. (Henning collection – H118).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Entebbe”. Distribution: Uganda, Rwanda (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Democratic Republic of Congo? (east), Tanzania, Malawi (north) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014), Zambia. Specific localities: Uganda – Entebbe (TL); Jinja (Van Someren & Rogers, 1925); Kayonza, Kigezi (Howarth, 1960); Kalinzu Forest (Howarth, 1960); Fort Portal (Carcasson, 1961); Bugoma (Davenport teste Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kagombe (Davenport teste Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kashoya-Kitomi (Davenport teste Bernaud, et al., 2019). Tanzania – Wanzizi (TL of kiellandi); Lubalizi Valley (Kielland, 1990d); Ntakatta (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mughese Forest (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Zambia – Riverine vegetation on the banks of Mufulira Stream and North Mutundu Stream, both near Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002).

kigezia Howarth, 1959 (as ssp. of Acraea cerasa). Entomologist 92: 134 (133-136). Uganda: “Kayonza, Kigezi”. Treated, incorrectly, as a synonym of Acraea cerasa cerasa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

kiellandi Carcasson, 1964 (as ssp. of Acraea cerasa). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society & Coryndon Museum 24 (4): 70 (67-72). Type locality: Tanzania: “Wanzizi, Mpanda District”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea cerasa cerasa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea unimaculata Grose-Smith, 1898 One-mark Tree-top Wizard

Acraea unimaculata Grose-Smith, 1898. Novitates Zoologicae 5: 350 (350-358). Acraea cerasa unimaculata Grose-Smith, 1898. Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea unimaculata Grose-Smith, 1898. Bernaud & Ducarme, 2008: 47. Telchinia (Telchinia) unimaculata (Grose-Smith, 1898). Henning & Williams, 2010: 25. comb. n. Acraea unimaculata Grose-Smith, 1898. Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. Acraea unimaculata Grose-Smith, 1898. Williams & Henning, 2020. comb. n.

Acraea unimaculata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kasugho, Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. April 2008. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kabras, Uganda Protectorate”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (highlands west of the Rift Valley). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Kasugho (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Uganda – Agoro-Agu (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Fort Portal (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Kenya – Kabras (TL); Rau (Eltringham, 1912); Yala River, North Kavirondo (Eltringham, 1912). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note 1: Kielland (1990: 154) notes that the populations in Magombera Forest, Turiani, and East Usambara are intermediate between cerasa and unimaculata. He describes them as follows: “F.w. clear area heavily bordered on all sides with blackish dusting; without black spots; h.w. with a wide black-dusted border; black spots almost lacking, or a few spots close to base (in the Magombera specimen there is a faint indication of median dots); dots are indicated on the underside.” Note 2: Treated as a subspecies of Acraea cerasa by Bernaud, 2009 (even though he and Ducarme had raised it to species level in 2008! – MCW).

*Acraea kraka Aurivillius, 1893 Kraka Glassy Wizard

Acraea kraka Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 272 (257-292). Telchinia (Telchinia) kraka (Aurivillius, 1893). Henning & Williams, 2010: 25. comb. n. Acraea kraka Aurivillius, 1893. Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. Acraea kraka Aurivillius, 1893. Williams & Henning, 2020. comb. n.

Acraea kraka. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Rumpi Hills, Cameroon. April 1993. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Bibundi, Bonge”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/k). Distribution: Ghana, Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea(Bioko), Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Uganda (west). Specific localities: Ghana – Kibi (Usher, 1986); Tana Ofin (ABRI). Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Bibundi, Bonge (TL); Rumpi Hills (Bernaud, vide Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Mount Belinga (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda – Bwamba Pass (Carpenter, 1932); Kayonza (Carcasson, 1961); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); Itwara (Bernard & Ducarme, 2008). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Habitat: Upland forest in Ghana (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Localized and uncommon at most times but it is known to have periodic population explosions (Larsen, 2005a). Adults tend to keep to the forest canopy and fly mainly in the rainy season (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Early stages:

Bernaud, 1993a.

Bernaud, et al., 2019. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Caloncoba species (Flacoutiaceae) [Bernaud, 1993].

pallida Carpenter, 1932 (as var. of Acraea kraka). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 6: 76 (76-77). Type locality: Uganda: “Bwamba Pass, Mt. Ruwenzori”. Synonymized with Acraea kraka Aurivillius, 1893 by Bernaud & Ducarme, 2008. Treated as a form of Acraea kraka by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

kibi Usher, 1986 (as ssp. of Acraea kraka). Systematic Entomology 11: 111 (111-115). Type locality: Ghana: “Atewa Range Forest Reserve, Kibi”. Synonymized with Acraea kraka Aurivillius, 1893 by Bernaud & Ducarme, 2008. Treated as a synonym of Acraea kraka by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

rogersi species-group

*Acraea rogersi Hewitson, 1873 Elongate Acraea

Acraea rogersi Hewitson, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 57 (57-58). Acraea (Stephenia) rogersi Hewitson, 1873. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea rogersi. Male (Wingspan 69 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea rogersi. Female (Wingspan 72 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea rogersi. Female (Wingspan 69 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 23 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea rogersi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ndoki, Congo. 19 September 1997. Z. Macintosh. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection. 10

Alternative common name: Rogers’ Acraea. Type locality: Angola. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2016), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda, Kenya (west). Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a); Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Lagos (Eltringham, 1912); Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Mount Bana (Bernaud, vide Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Quango, Mukenge (Dewitz, 1889); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Bugishu, west of Mt. Elgon (TL); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017); Bwamba (Carcasson, 1961); Fort Portal (Carcasson, 1961); Kayonza (Carcasson, 1961); Mabira (Davenport vide Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kalinzu (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Elgon (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Forest; only occasionally in open areas (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Populations of this butterfly are localized but it may be common where it occurs (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is relatively powerful (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Eltringham, 1912. (larva, pupa).

Bernaud, 1993b.

Bernaud, et al., 2019:450. (larva, pupa; Cameroon).

Larval food: Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Lamborn in Eltringham, 1912 (Lagos, Nigeria); Owen, 1971 (Sierra Leone); Bernaud, 1993 (Cameroon)]. Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) [Smith, 1969; Ghana].

salambo Grose-Smith, 1887 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 19: 62? (62-66). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea rogersi rogersi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

ehmckei Dewitz, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 15: 103 (101-110). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Quango, Mukenge”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea rogersi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

lamborni Eltringham, 1912 (as ssp. of Acraea rogersi). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 63 (1-374). Nigeria: “Lagos”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea rogersi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

lankesteri Carpenter, 1941 (as ssp. of Acraea rogersi). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 10: 216 (216-217). Type locality: Uganda: “Bugishu, west of Mt. Elgon”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea rogersi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

egina species-group

*Acraea peetersi Pierre, 1992 Rounded Acraea

Acraea peetersi Pierre, 1992. Lambillionea 94 (2): 309 (308-310). Acraea (Rubraea) peetersi Pierre, 1992. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea peetersi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bamingui, Central African Republic. December 2004. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea peetersi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bamingui, Central African Republic. December 2004. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: Central African Republic: “Nord RCA (République Centrafricaine), réserve de la Sangba, III.1992 (J. Peeters).” Holotype (female) in M.N.H.N., Paris. [First description of male by Pierre, 2000 (Lambillionea 100 (4) (Supplement): 22).] Distribution: Central African Republic. Specific localities: Central African Republic – Sangba Reserve (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea medea (Cramer, [1775]) Medea Acraea

Papilio medea Cramer, [1775] in Cramer, [1775-6]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa 12 en America 1: 128 (16 + 155 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Acraea (Rubraea) medea (Cramer, [1775]). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Sao Tome and Principe]: “Côte de Guinea”. Distribution: Sao Tome and Principe (island of Principe). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

pasiphae Fabricius, 1781 (as sp. of Papilio). Species Insectorum 2: 33 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii. [Sao Tome and Principe]: “Guinea”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea medea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

saronis Hübner, 1819 in Hübner, [1816-[1826]] (as sp. of Telchinia). Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 27 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. [Sao Tome and Principe]: “Côte de Guinea”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea medea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea niobe Sharpe, 1893 Sao Tome Acraea

Acraea niobe Sharpe, 1893. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 554 (553-558). Acraea (Rubraea) niobe Sharpe, 1893. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Sao Tome and Principe: “St Thomas”. Distribution: Sao Tome and Principe (island of Sao Tome). Specific localities: Sao Tome – St Thomas (TL). Early stages:

Pierre, Bernaud & Oremans, 2002.

Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea egina (Cramer, [1775]) Elegant Acraea

Left: Elegant Acraea (Acraea egina) upperside. Yangambi, DRC. Image courtesy Bart Wursten. Right: Elegant Acraea (Acraea egina) under side. Ebogo, Cameroon. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Papilio egina Cramer, [1775] in Cramer, [1775-6]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa 13 en America 1: 64 (16 + 155 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Acraea (Rubraea) egina (Cramer, 1775). Pringle et al., 1994: 81. Acraea (Rubraea) egina (Cramer, [1775]). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea egina egina. Male (Wingspan 68 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea egina egina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bomponi, Burma Valley, Zimbabwe. 9 May 1999. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea egina egina. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Jozani Forest, Zanzibar, Tanzania. 3 January 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea egina egina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 30 November, 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea egina egina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Pungwe, Zimbabwe. 9 April 1995. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Aurivillius, 1906: 2. “The larva is light-coloured (probably red or yellowish), with black spines, a broad black lateral line and a blackish brown longitudinal line above the legs. Head deep black. The pupa is light, with five longitudinal rows of fine black markings and with black veins on the wing-covers.”

Eltringham, 1912: 111. Final instar larva: “Length about 34 mm. Dorsal area pale yellow, the junctions of the segments marked by fine black lines, in front of which the yellow is deepened to an orange tint. The rows of spines arise from rather broad black transverse lines. The yellow area is bordered by a rather broad dark brown line beneath which is a lateral line of

15 pale yellow broken up into spots followed by a brown sublateral line. Head black with a bifurcated pale line. True legs black. Prolegs dark brown segmented with yellowish. Spines rather stout, black, with fine black bristles. The bases of the spines slaty blue.”

Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 135. “The eggs are creamy white and are laid in batches on the leaves of a plant called “Magungwa”. Young larvae are sepia, while the fully fed larva is as follows: dorsum yellowish with transverse black and orange lines; sides blackish or brownish with a body line of broken linear spots; undersurface of body, yellowish. Forelegs blackish, hind yellowish, black-tipped. Spines long and black. Pupa elongate with the usual black markings, but central spots white, not orange.”

Bernaud, 1998 [(Cameroon)].

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 105. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 455. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Larval food: "Magungwa" [Van Someren & Rogers, 1925]. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Owen, 1971 (Sierra Leone); Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast); Bernaud, 1998 (Cameroon)]. Rawsonia species (Flacourtiaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 372].

Acraea egina egina (Cramer, [1775]) Elegant Acraea

Papilio egina Cramer, [1775] in Cramer, [1775-6]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 1: 64 (16 + 155 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Acraea (Rubraea) egina egina (Cramer, [1775]). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea egina egina. Male (Wingspan 68 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea egina egina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bomponi, Burma Valley, Zimbabwe. 9 May 1999. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea egina egina. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Jozani Forest, Zanzibar, Tanzania. 3 January 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea egina egina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 30 November, 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

17 Acraea egina egina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Pungwe, Zimbabwe. 9 April 1995. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [West Africa]. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya (west, central), Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia (north), Mozambique, Zimbabwe (eastern border), South Africa (Limpopo Province). Specific localities: Gambia – Fajara, Bijilo, Abuko, Pirang, Brufut, Farasutu, Tanji (Jon Baker, pers. comm., May 2020). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Sierra Leone – Freetown (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Lambarene (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998); Bangui. Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Sesse Islands (Eltringham, 1913); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015); 45 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Ethiopia – Ghrotole (Carcasson, 1961); Giarso Road (Carcasson, 1961). Kenya – East Surrey Estates (Stoneham, 1937); Nyangori (TL of harrisoni); near Mombasa (Grose-Smith, 1889). Kakamega (male illustrated above). Tanzania – Tukuyu to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018).; Bagamayo (TL of areca); from Rondo in south to Usambaras and Northern Highlands in north (Kielland, 1990d); Ngezi Forest, Pemba Island (TL of pembanus). Malawi – Throughout (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); 22 localities given by Bernaud & Murphy (2014). Zambia – Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Lake Bangweulu (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002); Lufubu River (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Maronga Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Amatongas (Pringle et al., 1994); Dondo Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Mount Selinda (Jones and Kroon); Bulawayo (M. Gardiner; single female). Limpopo Province – Vivo (Swanepoel; single female).

rudolphina Herbst, 1792 (as sp. of Papilio). Natursystem aller bekannten in- und ausländischen Insekten. Der Schmetterlinge 5: 7 (231 pp.). Berlin. [West Africa]: “America”. [False locality.] Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

persephone Fabricius, 1793 (as sp. of Papilio). Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 174 (488 pp.). [West Africa.] Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014 and spelt as persiphone.

zidora Godart, 1819 in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Acraea). Encyclopédie Méthodique.

18 Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 237 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. Sierra Leone. Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

areca Mabille, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 8: 169 (169-170). Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Bagamayo (Zanzibar)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Pierre, 1988.

khara Grose-Smith, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 128 (121-137). Kenya: “In the neighbourhood of Mombasa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

harrisoni Sharpe, 1904 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist 37: 132 (131-134). Type locality: Kenya: “Nyangori”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

contraria Grünberg, 1910 (as ab. of Acraea egina). Societas Entomologica 24: 145 (145-148). Tanzania: “Kissenje am Kiwu-See”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

kiwuensis Grünberg, 1910 (as ab. of Acraea egina). Societas Entomologica 24: ? (145-148). Nomen nudum according to Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

alba Eltringham, 1913 (as female f. of Acraea egina). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1913: 412 (407-413). Uganda: “Sesse I”. Treated as a female form of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

intensa Stoneham, 1937 (as ssp. of Acraea egina). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (32): [2] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “East Surrey Estates, Kenya Colony”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

tenuimarginatus Stoneham, 1937 (as f. of Acraea egina). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (32): [2] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “East Surrey Estates, Kenya Colony”. Treated as a form of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

rubristriatus Stoneham, 1937 (as f. of Acraea egina). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (32): [3] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “East Surrey Estates, Kenya Colony”. Treated as a form of Acraea egina egina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

pembanus Kielland, 1990 (as ssp. of Acraea egina). Butterflies of Tanzania 155 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: “N. Pemba I., Ngezi Forest, 3-XII-1983, J. Kielland”. Holotype and allotype in the Natural History Museum, London. Description:“Male. Closest to ssp. harrisoni with a greatly extended greyish- black area of the f.w.; differs in the more irregular placed black spots proximad of the subapical pale band; the spots are often merging with, or in others almost touching the spot situated at the end of cell (this feature is similar to that of ssp. areca). Black spots of both wings large; h.w. black spots larger than in areca, and marginal black band wider, also wider than in harrisoni. Underside much more heavily marked than in the other two races; f.w. apical half black-dusted as on the upperside; h.w. marginal black border with pale spots greatly reduced; there is no indication of a submarginal ochre band as in other races. Length of f.w. 34.5-38 mm. Female. Upperside of both wings grey; a subapical whitish band in the f.w.; h.w. discal area pale brownish, slightly yellowish in some specimens, but without the ochre colour as in the other races; marginal band very wide, with indications of pale internervular spots; underside slightly less heavily marked than in the male, but more heavily than in other races; without an ochre submarginal band; black dusting extending along the veins, and with a black streak in between them. Length of f.w. 36.2-40 mm.” Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Pierre, 1988.

Acraea egina bellehui Carcasson, 1961

Acraea egina bellehui Carcasson, 1961. Occasional Papers. Coryndon Memorial Museum, Nairobi 7: 11 (1-23). Acraea egina bellehui Carcasson, 1961. Bernaud, et al., 2019: 455.

19 Type locality: Ethiopia: “Ghrotole, Giarso Road, south-west Ethiopia”. Distribution: Ethiopia. Specific localities: Ethiopia – Ghrotole, Giarso Road (TL).

*Acraea periphanes Oberthür, 1893 Woodland Acraea

Acraea periphanes Oberthür, 1893. Études d’Entomologie 17: 20 (17-36). Acraea (Rubraea) periphanes Oberthür, 1893. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea periphanes. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chiwoma, Zambia. 24 March 1977. S. Fisher. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea periphanes. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 95 km east of Solwezi, Zambia. 14 October 2000. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea periphanes. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mundwiji Plain, Zambia. 25 December 2002. A. Gardiner. 20 Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea periphanes. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 10 km east of Solwezi, Zambia. 23 December 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: “Lac Tanganika”. Distribution: Tanzania (south and west), Malawi, Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani, Lualaba, Haut-Shaba), Zambia (north), Angola, Mozambique (Congdon & Baylis, 2013). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ufipa, Mpanda and Kigoma in the west (Kielland, 1990d); Madaba in Songea Region (Kielland, 1990d); Kigonsera (Wichgraf, 1918). Malawi – Throughout but mainly in the north (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); 14 localities given by Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Zambia – Lower Chambeshi River, near Lake Bangweulu (Eltringham, 1911); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Luanshya (Heath et al., 2002); Kanona (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokoso (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Isoka (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (males and female illustrated above). Angola – Bihe (Le Doux, 1923). Mozambique – Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Habitat: Woodland savanna (Kielland, 1990d). Marshy grassland (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania at altitudes between 800 and 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A locally common species (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

beni Bethune-Baker, 1908 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1908: 110 (110-126). Angola. Treated as a synonym of Acraea periphanes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

21 umida Wichgraf, 1909 (as female f. of Acraea onerata). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 246 (240- 247). [Zambia]: “Rhodesia”. Treated as a female form of Acraea periphanes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

melaina Eltringham, 1911 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 152 (149-153). Zambia: “Lower Chambesi, L. Bangweolo”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

acritoides Eltringham, 1911 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 152 (149-153). Zambia: “Chinsali District, Lower Chambesi, L. Bangweolo”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

marginata Eltringham, 1911 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 153 (149-153). Zambia: “Lower Chambesi, L. Bangweolo”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

interposita Wichgraf, 1918 (as ssp. of Acraea periphanes). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 12: 29 (26-30). Tanzania: “Kigonsera, D. O. Afrika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea periphanes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

seitzi Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 312 (297-316). Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika (Kigonsera)”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

bihensis Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 220 (207- 226). Angola: “Bihé”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea lualabae Neave, 1910 Lualaba Acraea

Acraea lualabae Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 18 (2-86). Acraea (Rubraea) lualabae Neave, 1910. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Lualaba River”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lualaba River (TL); Kanonga (Overlaet, 1955). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

kanonga Overlaet, 1955 (as f. of Acraea lualabae). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 77 (1- 106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kanonga”. Treated as a form of Acraea lualabae by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea annonae Pierre, 1987 Annona Acraea

Acraea annonae Pierre, 1987. Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie (N.S.) 4: 15 (5-27). Acraea (Rubraea) annonae Pierre, 1987. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga (Biano)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba). Recorded, apparently in error, from Zambia by Ackery et al., 1995 (Heath et al., 2002). The error may have arisen because the map in Pierre’s original paper mistakenly shows the type locality of Kapiri (D.R.C.) as Kapiri Mposhi (Zambia) (Heath et al., 2002: 121). Specific localities:

22 Democratic Republic of Congo – Biano, Katanga (TL); Kapiri (Schouteden, 1927). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

kapiriensis Schouteden, 1927 (as f. of Acraea lualabae). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 14: 307 (283-309). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapiri”. Treated as a form of Acraea annonae by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea chaeribula Oberthür, 1893 Black-tipped Fiery Acraea

Acraea chaeribula Oberthür, 1893. Études d’Entomologie 17: 19 (17-36). Acraea (Rubraea) chaeribula Oberthür, 1893. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea chaeribula. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 24 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea chaeribula. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: “Lac Tanganika”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, Haut-Shaba), Tanzania (south), Zambia. Records for Malawi are erroneous (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Specific localities: Tanzania – Sibwesa, Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Wanzizi, Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); southern parts (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira

23 (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Kabwe (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland (Heath et al., 2002) and savanna (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes between 1 100 to 1 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: An uncommon and local species (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea loranae Pierre, 1987 Large Fiery Acraea

Acraea loranae Pierre, 1987. Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie (N.S.) 4: 15 (5-27). Acraea (Rubraea) loranae Pierre, 1987. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “E. Luvua valley, Escarpment 5 days N.E. of L. Mweru, 4000-5000ft”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – East Luvua valley (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea manca Thurau, 1904 Manca Fiery Acraea

Acraea guillemei var. manca Thurau, 1904. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 305 (301-314). Acraea manca Thurau, 1904. Kielland, 1990d. Acraea (Rubraea) manca Thurau, 1904. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea manca. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. May 2013. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Irangi, Mowa, Meri, Iraku”. Distribution: Tanzania (central and north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Irangi (TL); Mowa (Thurau, 1904); Meri (Thurau, 1904); Iraku (Thurau, 1904); Mbulu Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kwaraha Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Kiboriani Mountains at

24 Mpwapwa and Kondoa (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Montane grassland, from 1 600 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea utengulensis Thurau, 1903 Utengule Fiery Acraea

Acraea acrita var. utengulensis Thurau, 1903. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 130 (117-143). Acraea (Rubraea) utengulensis Thurau, 1903. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea utengulensis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mbuyuni, Tanzania. 1 April 1995. A. and M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea utengulensis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mbuyuni, Tanzania. 1 April 1995. A. and M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Utengule”. Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania (north and central), Zambia. Specific localities: Kenya – Taveta area (Larsen, 1991c; single male); Teita Lodge (D.A. Trembath, vide Larsen, 1991c; single female); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c; single female). Tanzania – Utengule (TL); Tabora (Le Doux, 1931); Ruaha Game Reserve (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma District (Kielland, 1990d); Mwanza (Kielland, 1990d); Iringa District (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Usambaras (Kielland, 1990d); Pangani, Tanga (Cordeiro, vide Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Zambia – Mbala (male illustrated above); Lunzua Falls (female illustrated above). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland and savanna, from 600 to 2 000 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). 25 Habits: A common species (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

taborensis Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Acraea (acrita) manca). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 51 (49-59). Tanzania: “Tabora, D.-O.-Afrika”. Treated as a form of Acraea utengulensis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

albomaculosa Le Doux, 1931 (as female f. of Acraea acrita acrita). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 53 (49-59). Tanzania: “D.-O.-Afrika (ohne nähere Angabe)”. Treated as a form of Acraea utengulensis AND Acraea eltringhamiana AND as a female ab. of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea eltringhamiana Le Doux, 1932 Orange Fiery Acraea

Acraea acrita eltringhamiana Le Doux, 1932. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 18: 197 (172-225). Acraea (Rubraea) eltringhamiana Le Doux, 1932. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea eltringhamiana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 93 km east of Mwinilunga, Zambia. 25 April 2001. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea eltringhamiana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Western Province, Zambia. 29 January 2005. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea eltringhamiana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zambezi Rapids, Zambia. 8 April 2012. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea eltringhamiana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mundwiji Plains, Zambia. 5 October 2006. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “NO-Rhodesia; Bangweolo-See, Luwingu; Mweru-See”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “Belg. Congo; Lualaba Fluss”. Distribution: Zamibia (north – near Lake Bangweolo), Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east). Specific localities: Zambia – Lake Bangweulu, Luwingu (TL); Lake Mweru (Le Doux, 1932); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Kasumbalesa (Heath et al., 2002); Chililabombwe (Heath et al., 2002); Kalamgu [Kalambo] Falls (male illustrated above). Democratic Republic of Congo – Lualaba River (Le Doux, 1932). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea acrita Hewitson, [1865]# Fiery Acraea

Left: Male Fiery Acraea (Acraea acrita) feeding on flowers of Deinbollia oblongifolia in Manguzi Forest. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte. Right: Male Fiery Acraea, Manguzi Forest, Zululand. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea acrita Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 16 (124 pp.). London. Acraea acrita Hewitson. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Acraea acrita Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea acrita Hewitson, 1865. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) acrita Hewitson, 1865. Pringle et al., 1994: 79. Acraea (Rubraea) acrita Hewitson, 1865. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea acrita. Male (Wingspan 49 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 17 May 2009. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea acrita. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chakankulu, 20 km n.e. of Lusaka, Zambia. 7 March 1999. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea acrita. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Manguzi Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 12 May 2009. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea acrita. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 5 November 1985. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea acrita. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 20 km north of Kabwe, Zambia. 7 March 1999. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: “Zambesi”. Distribution: Kenya (south), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Angola (south), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north), South Africa (Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal – north). Recorded, in error, from Uganda by Van Son, 1963 and Davenport (1996) (MCW). Specific localities: Kenya – Taveta (Van Son, 1963); southern Masai (Larsen, 1991c); Diani (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – South-eastern, eastern and north-eastern parts, inland to the Rubeho Mountains and central parts (Kielland, 1990d); Unyika-Mbose (Thurau, 1903); Mandera (Strand, 1911); Msamwia (Strand, 1911); Lindi (Strand, 1911); Usaramo (Strand, 1911); Dar-es-Salaam (Strand, 1911); Angabe (Le Doux, 1931); Mahenge (Le Doux, 1932). Malawi – Throughout (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Lower Shire Valley (Le Doux, 1932); Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); 26 localities given in Bernaud & Murphy (2014). 29 Zambia – Mid Luangwa Valley (Le Doux, 1932); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Katambora Rapids (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Choma (Heath et al., 2002); Chipata (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Angola – Hartebeest Pans, Kunene (Weymer, 1901); Kuito (Weymer, 1901). Mozambique – Maputo (Eltringham, 1912); Rikatla (Le Doux, 1932); Bopira (Busi River) (Van Son, 1963); Macequece (Van Son, 1963); Inhaca Island (Van Son, 1963); Amatongas (male illustrated above); Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Mutare (Le Doux, 1932); Shamva (Van Son, 1963); Lomagundi District (Van Son, 1963); Vumba (Van Son, 1963); Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963); Darwin (Van Son, 1963); Harare (Van Son, 1963). Botswana – Confluence of the Chobe and Zambezi Rivers (F. Selous vide Trimen, 1891). Namibia – Ehanda, Okavango River (TL of ambigua); Ovamboland (Van Son, 1963). Mpumalanga – Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pennington); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); Emanguzi Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Lake Sibayi (Swanepoel, 1953); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Van Son, 1963); Maputa (Van Son, 1963); Makane’s Drift (Pringle et al., 1994); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Black Rock, 10 km NW of Manguzi (male and female illustrated above). Habitat: Savanna and heavy woodland. Mainly in Brachystegia woodland in Malawi (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). In Tanzania it is found from near sea-level to altitudes of up to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Specimens fly over open ground on the edges of bush, with a fairly rapid fluttering flight (Van Son, 1963). They settle frequently, on grass or other low vegetation, particularly the upper branches of shrubs (Van Son, 1963). Both sexes are attracted to flowers (Van Son, 1963). It is very alert and wary (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323].

ambigua Trimen, 1891 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 70 (59- 107). Type locality: [Namibia]: “Ehanda, Okavango River”. Given as a synonym of Acraea acrita ambigua Trimen, 1891 by Van Son, 1963: 70. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

bella Weymer, 1901 (as var. of Acraea acrita). Entomologische Zeitschrift. Frankfurt a.M 15: 61 (61-64, 65- 67, 69-70). Angola: “Kunene bei Hartebeestpfanne und am Onshingue unweit des Kuito”. Given as a synonym of Acraea acrita ambigua Trimen, 1891 by Van Son, 1963: 70. Treated as a form of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

pauperata Thurau, 1903 (as ab. of Acraea acrita). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 129 (117-143). No locality given. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

aquilia Thurau, 1903 (as ab. of Acraea acrita). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 129 (117-143). Tanzania: “Unyika-Mbose”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

chaeribulula Strand, 1911 (as f. of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 281 (275-304). “Ost-Afrika”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

aquilina Strand, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 281 (275-304). Tanzania: “Mandera, Ost-Afrika”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

msamwiae Strand, 1911 (as f. of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 282 (275-304). Tanzania: “S. Tanganyika, Msamwia”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

30 lindica Strand, 1911 (as [form] of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 282 (275-304). Tanzania: “Lindi in Deutsch-Ostafrika”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

usaramensis Strand, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 282 (275-304). Tanzania: “Usaramo (Deutsch-Ostafrika); Dar-es-Salam”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

nyassicola Strand, 1911 (as [form] of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 282 (275-304). “N. Nyassa-See”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

littoralis Eltringham, 1912 (as ssp. of Acraea acrita). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 149 (1-374). “East Coast as far as Delagoa Bay”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acrita by Van Son, 1963: 68. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acrita acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

megaspila Le Cerf, 1927 (as f. of Acraea acrita). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 52 (44- 58). Mozambique: “Lourenco-Marques”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

fusca Le Doux, 1932 (as female f. of Acraea acrita acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 18: 199 (172-225). Malawi: “Deutsch-O-Afrika, Nyassaland, Lower Shire Valley”; Zambia: “NO- Rhodesia, Mid Luangwa Vally”; Zimbabwe: “Süd O-Rhodesia, Umtali”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea acrita by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

nigromarginata Le Doux, 1932 (as f. of Acraea acrita acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 18: 199 (172-225). Tanzania: “Deutsch O.-Afrika, Mahenge”; Mozambique: “Portug. O.-Afrika, Rikatla”; South Africa: “Transvaal”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita AND Acraea pudorina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea bellona Weymer, 1908 Large-spotted Fiery Acraea

Acraea acrita bellona Weymer, 1908. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1908: 728 (728-735). Acraea (Rubraea) bellona Weymer, 1908. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Angola: “Benguella”. [Benguela, Benguela Province]. Distribution: Angola. Specific localities: Angola – Benguella (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea pudorina Staudinger, [1885] Kenyan Fiery Acraea

Acraea pudorina Staudinger, [1885] in Staudinger & Schatz, [1884-8]. Exotischer Schmetterlinge 1: 84 (333 pp.). Bayern. Acraea acrita pudorina Staudinger, 1885. D’Abrera, 1980. Acraea pudorina Staudinger, 1885. Pierre, 1987. Acraea (Rubraea) pudorina Staudinger, 1885. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea pudorina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Simba Hill, Tanzania. 9 April 1996. K. Fergusson. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Insel Zanzibar”. Kielland (1990) maintains that Zanzibar is probably not the type locality but rather was the place from which the type specimens were posted. Distribution: ?Uganda (north-east), Kenya (central and south), Tanzania (north and north-east). Specific localities: Uganda – ?Timu Forest (Davenport, vide Bernaud, et al., 2019). Kenya – Embu (Gaede, 1915); Kibwezi (Le Doux, 1923); north slope of Mt. Kenya (Le Doux, 1932); Embu- Meru Road (Le Doux, 1932); Bondoni (Le Doux, 1932); Ukambani (Larsen, 1991c); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Marabere (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Nairobi (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Tanzania – Zanzibar (TL; false – see above); in the vicinity of Mount Kilmanjaro and the Pare Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mkomazi Game Reserve (Van Noort & Stone, 2000: 77); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018). Habitat: Savanna (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: Occurs in relatively numerically small colonies (Larsen, 1991c). Males have a swooping flight when patrolling their territories, which they do by describing wide circles (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

emboensis Gaede, 1915 (as var. of Acraea acrita). Entomologische Rundschau 32: 51 (50-52). Kenya: “S. Embo”. Treated as an aberration Acraea pudorina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

rubida Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea acrita pudorina). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 216 (207-226). Kenya: “Kibwezi (Britisch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea pudorina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

mancamorpha Le Doux, 1932 (as f. of Acraea acrita pudorina). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 3: 4 (4-7). Kenya: “Brit.-O.-Afrika, North slope of Kenya, on Embu-Meru Road; Bondoni”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea pudorina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea guluensis Le Doux, 1932 Gulu Acraea

Acraea manca guluensis Le Doux, 1932. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 18: 199 (172-225). Acraea guluensis Le Doux, 1932. Pierre, 1987. 32 Acraea (Rubraea) guluensis Le Doux, 1932. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Uganda: “Gulu Fatiko [Patiko]”. The holotype (male) is in the Berlin Museum (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Allotype (female) in the OXford Museum, Oxford. Distribution: Sudan (south), Uganda (north). Specific localities: Sudan – Attiak (Oxford Museum, vide Bernaud, et al., 2019). Uganda – Patiko (TL);; Mount Rom (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: This is a rarely encountered species (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

ruber Bernaud, et al., 2019 (as female f. of Acraea guluensis). Acraeinae of Uganda: 462. Mount Rom, Uganda. A red form of the female – the allotype female is whitish.

*Acraea asema Hewitson, 1877 Speckled Orange Acraea

Acraea asema Hewitson, 1877. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 52 (51-52). Acraea asema Hewitson, 1877. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) asema Hewitson, 1877. Pringle et al., 1994: 85. Acraea (Rubraea) asema Hewitson, 1877. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea asema. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kundalila Falls, Zambia. July 1975. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea asema. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Selinda, Zimbabwe. April 1968.

33 Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: “Lake Nyassa”. Diagnosis: Differs from A. violarum in the greatly reduced hindwing basal suffusion and clearer spots of the hindwing marginal band (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Tanzania (south), Malawi, Zambia (central and south-east), Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Specific localities: Tanzania – Ubena-Langenburg (Le Doux, 1922); Lake Rukwa (Le Doux, 1922); Masagati Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Throughout (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Zomba Mountain (Butler, 1894); 20 localities given by Bernaud & Murphy (2014). Zambia – Broken Hill (Le Doux, 1922); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Chisamba (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Chirundu (Heath et al., 2002); the Luangwa Valley corridor (Heath et al., 2002); Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Amatongas (male illustrated above); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Harare (Le Doux, 1922); Bamboo Creek (Le Doux, 1922). Habitat: Dry deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 300 to 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies rather feebly, close to the ground (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 78 – host-plant and larva.

Larval food: Tricliceras species (Turneraceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 37]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Bernaud & Murphy, 2014; Malawi].

empusa Butler, 1894 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 656 (643- 684). Malawi: “Zomba”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea asema by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

despecta Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea asema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 306 (297-316). Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika (Ubena-Langenburg und Rukwa-See)”. Treated as a form of Acraea asema by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

angustifasciata Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea asema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 307 (297- 316). Zimbabwe: “Salisbury”. Treated as a form of Acraea asema by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

aspectasemoides Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea asema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 308 (297-316). Zimbabwe: “Bamboo Creek”. Treated as a form of Acraea asema by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

dissimiloides Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea asema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 308 (297- 316). Zambia: “N.W. Rhodesia (Broken Hill)”. Treated as a form of Acraea asema by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea violarum Boisduval, 1847# Speckled Red Acraea

Male upper- and underside of the Speckled Red Acraea (Acraea violarum), Cliffvale, KwaZulu-Natal. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea violarum Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 591 (585-602). Acraea violarum Boisduval. Trimen, 1862c. Acraea violarum Boisduval, 1847. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea violarum Boisduval. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea violarum Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) violarum De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 84. Acraea (Rubraea) violarum Boisduval, 1847. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea violarum violarum. Male (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; 7 January, 2012. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams collection.

Acraea violarum violarum. Female (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mountainlands, Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 25 November 2001. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea violarum violarum. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Above Shiylangubo Forest, near Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 31 October 2015. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port-Natal”. Distribution: Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu- Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 76 quarter degree squares (466 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Habitat: Grassland and savanna. Habits: Flies weakly, just above ground level, in grassy meadows. Settles frequently, on vegetation or on flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year in the warmer parts of its distribution (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Clark in Van Son, 1963: 119. [nominate subspecies] The larvae and foodplant of this species were discovered by Mr Trevor Schofield of Pietermaritzburg. “Egg. The eggs are laid in small clusters on the surface of a leaf. They are 0.7 mm in diameter by 0.9 mm high, with 15 to 17 longitudinal ribs which all reach the edge of the dome where they break into a netting pattern round the micropyle; there are some 16 cross-braces; the colour is pale purple-brown when laid, changing to pale dull salmon, then nearly black before hatching which takes place after 8 days. Larva. The young larvae eat their way out near the top and after a short rest devour the discarded shells. They are pale olive at first, with black spines on brown patches and a black head, but gradually change to pale dull salmon. As the larvae pass from one instar to the next, the colour becomes more salmon, and a subdorsal line develops which is faint at first, but later darkens to purplish brown. The upper portions of the body are covered with small fur-like setae. As in many other Acraeas, there are several instar groups, the present species having 5, 6 or 7 instars. The development is shown in the following table.

Instar 5 instars 6 instars 7 instars size in mm days size in mm days size in mm days 1 2-4 7 1.75-3.5 7 1.75-3.25 7 2 -8 5 -7 5 -5 5 3 -14 5 -11 6-11 -8 5 4 -22 4 -18 6-11 -12 5 5 -36 12-20 -24 6-11 -17 6 6 -36 20 -24 9 7 -36 20 Total 33-41 50-65 57

Pupa. 18 mm long; pupal period 18 days.”

Larval food: Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Schofield, in Van Son, 1963: 119; as Tryphostemma sandersoni Harv.].

36 Acraea violarum violarum Boisduval, 1847 Speckled Red Acraea

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port-Natal”. 37 Distribution: Mozambique (south), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 76 quarter degree squares (466 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Mozambique – Delagoa Bay (Le Doux, 1922). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Haenertsburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Houtbosdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoekmekaar (Swanepoel, 1953); Elim (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953; male and female illustrated above); Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Sabie (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Port Natal [Durban] (TL); Umhlanga (Swanepoel, 1953); Verulam (Swanepoel, 1953); Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Biggarsberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Hermansburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Great Noodsberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – North Pondoland – Tojo’s country (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).

Acraea violarum gracilis Wichgraf, 1909

Acraea violarum gracilis Wichgraf, 1909. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 243 (240-247).

Acraea violarum gracilis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Juliasdale, Zimbabwe. 20 May 1970. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Zimbabwe: “Mashunaland”. Distribution: Zimbabwe. Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Que Que River (Le Doux, 1922); Umgemi River (Le Doux, 1922); Bambezi (Le Doux, 1922).

nataliensis Angas, 1849 (as sp. of Acraea). The Kafirs illustrated in a series of drawings taken among the Amazulu, Amaponda, and Amakosa tribes; [etc.] : pl. 30 ([52] pp.). London. South Africa: “near D’Urban”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea violarum gracilis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

dissimilis Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violarum). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 304 (297-

38 316). Zimbabwe: “Rhodesia”; Mozambique: “Delagoa-Bay”. Treated as a form of Acraea violarum gracilis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

aspectasema Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violarum). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 305 (297- 316). Zimbabwe: “Que Que River, Umgemi River, Bambezi”. Treated as a form of Acraea violarum gracilis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

assimiliora Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violarum). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 303 (297- 316). Angola: “Baillundo”. Treated as a form of Acraea violarum gracilis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

assimilis Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violarum). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 303 (297- 316). Angola: “Baillundo”. Treated as a form of Acraea violarum gracilis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea violarum anchietai Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa, 2017 Angola Speckled Red Acraea

Acraea violarum anchietai Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa, 2017. SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología 45 (178): 231 (227-236).

Type locality: Angola: HUAMBO, Cuíma, XII-2015, 1 1, (BS-34931, Holotype (male) in the MUHNAC, Portugal). Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies in the triangular rather than round white markings on the margin of the hindwing underside (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2017). Distribution: Angola. Specific localities: Angola – Cuima (TL); Bihé (Eltringham, 1912); Calweha (Eltringham, 1912); Caconda (Eltringham, 1912); Cubal R. (Eltringham, 1912); Cambo (Eltringham, 1912); Caquenje (Eltringham, 1912); Benguella (Eltringham, 1912); Baillundo [Bailundo] (Le Doux, 1922); Kalukembé (Monard, 1956); Sangevé (Monard, 1956); Tiytunda (Monard, 1956); Bimbi (Monard, 1956); Chimporo(Monard, 1956); Chianga (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2017); Nova Lisboa (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2017); Sacaala, Nova Lisboa (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2017).

*Acraea omrora Trimen, 1894 Omrora Acraea

Acraea omrora Trimen, 1894. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1894: 24 (14-82). Acraea omrora Trimen, 1894. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) omrora Trimen, 1894. Pringle et al., 1994: 85. Acraea (Rubraea) omrora Trimen, 1894. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea omrora umbraetae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 39 Mutinondo, Zambia.19 October 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Angola]: “Omrora, Ehanda, Humbe, Otiembora”. Diagnosis: Can be differentiated from A. violarum and A. asema by the wide (2,5 mm), unspotted, not sharply defined marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing and the strong, black basal suffusion on the upperside of both wings; the submarginal spot in area 5 of the forewing is always absent (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo. Erroneously recorded from Namibia by Dickson & Kroon, 1978 (MCW). Flight period: Recorded from August to December (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Adenia goetzei Harms (Passifloraceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Mutinondo, Zambia]. Basananthe reticulata (Baker f.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003; ssp. umbraetae; Mutinondo, Zambia].

Acraea omrora omrora Trimen, 1894 Omrora Acraea

Acraea omrora Trimen, 1894. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1894: 24 (14-82). Acraea (Rubraea) omrora omrora Trimen, 1894. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Angola]: “Omrora, Ehanda, Humbe, Otiembora”. Distribution: Angola (south). Specific localities: Angola – Omrora (TL); Ehanda (Trimen, 1894); Humbe (Trimen, 1894); Otiembora (Trimen, 1894).

Acraea omrora umbraetae Pierre, 1988 Brown Omrora Acraea

Acraea omrora umbraetae Pierre, 1988. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 24: 272 (263-287). Acraea (Rubraea) omrora umbraetae Pierre, 1988. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea omrora umbraetae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside.

40 Mutinondo, Zambia.19 October 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia?]: “Rhodesia”. Distribution: Zambia (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (south – Lualaba, Haut-Lomani). Specific localities: Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Miengwe (Heath et al., 2002); Luanshya (Heath et al., 2002); Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Lumangwe Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokoso (Heath et al., 2002); Kasama (Heath et al., 2002); Kambole (Heath et al., 2002); Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002); Isoka (Heath et al., 2002); Mutinondo (Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003); Abercorn [Mbala] (male illustrated above).

umbrata Wichgraf, 1909 (as ssp. of Acraea violarum). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 242 (240- 247). [Zambia?]: “Rhodesia”. Invalid; junior primary homonym of Acraea natalica umbrata Suffert, 1904 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea omrora umbraetae by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea overlaeti Pierre, 1988 Speckled Acraea

Acraea overlaeti Pierre, 1988. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 24: 272 (263-287). Acraea (Rubraea) overlaeti Pierre, 1988. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Lulua, Tshibalaka”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Tshibalaka, Lulua (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea buettneri Rogenhofer, 1890 Red Forest Acraea

Acraea buettneri Rogenhofer, 1890. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 4: 553 (547-554). Acraea buettneri Rogenhofer, 1889. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. [date of authorship erroneous] Acraea (Stephenia) buettneri Rogenhofer, 1889. Pringle et al., 1994: 84. [date of authorship erroneous] Acraea (Stephenia) buettneri Rogenhofer, 1890. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea buettneri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 10 km east of Solwezi, Zambia. 23 December 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea buettneri. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kalene Hill, Ikelenge, Zambia. 12 April 2000. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Fallstation des oberen Congo”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (no image available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Distribution: Namibia, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (north- west), Zambia (north-west and Copperbelt). Specific localities: Namibia – Okavango River (Trimen, 1891); Omrora (Trimen, 1891); Otiembora (Trimen, 1891). Angola – Humbe, Cunene River (Trimen, 1891). Central African Republic – Bamingui – Bangoran Park (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Democratic Republic of Congo – Fallstation des oberen Congo (TL); kilometre 219 de Kindu (Schouteden, 1919); Kimuenza (Le Doux, 1923); Mabwe, 585 m., Upemba (Overlaet, 1955); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Metu Forest, Otzi (Davenport, vide Bernaud, et al., 2019; Kei (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Kanshanshi (Heath et al., 2002); near the Kafue River 12 km north of Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Hippo Pools, Chingola (male illustrated above). Habitat: Woodland. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages:

Bernaud, 2000. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 466. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Oncoba glauca (P.Beauv.) Planch. (Flacourtiaceae) [Bernaud, 2000; Central African Republic; as Caloncoba glauca].

felina Trimen, 1891 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 65 (59-107). Angola: “Humbe, Cunenè River”; Namibia: “Okavango River; Omrora, Otiembora”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea buettneri by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

parapetraea Schouteden, 1919 (as ssp. of Acraea buettneri). Revue Zoologique Africaine 6: 152 (145-162). Democratic Republic of Congo: “kilometre 219 de Kindu”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea buettneri by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

contracta Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea buettneri). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 216 (207-226). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kimuenza (Belgisch-Kongo)”. Treated as a female form of Acraea buettneri by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

42 nigroapicalis Overlaet, 1955 (as f. of Acraea buettneri). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 81 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mabwe, 585 m., Upemba”. Treated as a form of Acraea buettneri by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea abdera Hewitson, [1852] Abdera Acraea

Left – Male Abdera Acraea (Acraea abdera). Right – mating pair. Metu Hills, Uganda. Images courtesy Dominique Bernaud.

Acraea abdera Hewitson, [1852], in Hewitson, [1851-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 57 ([124] pp.). London. Acraea abdera Hewitson, 1852. Pierre, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) abdera Hewitson, 1852. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea abdera abdera male. Left – upperside; right – underside Metu Hills, Uganda. D. Bernaud. Images courtesy Dominique Bernaud ex Bernaud Collection.

Acraea abdera abdera female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mt Bana, Cameroon. D. Bernaud. Images courtesy Dominique Bernaud ex Bernaud Collection. 43

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda. Habitat: Forest edges (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A localized, rare species, which has occasional population irruptions (Larsen, 2005a). Males patrol territories about four metres long on forest paths, flying quite fast, about a metre above the ground. Males also defend territories on tree-tops (Larsen, 2005a). Mudpuddling by both sexes is seen in hot, dry weather (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Bernaud, 2000b

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 471. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Acraea abdera larva, Metu Forest, Uganda. Image courtesy Dominique Bernaud.

Larval food: Oncoba crepiniana De Wild. & T. Durand (Flacourtiaceae) [Bernaud, pers. comm., 2016; Metu Forest, Uganda; as Caloncoba crepiniana]. Oncoba gilgiana Sprague (Flacourtiaceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast); as Caloncoba gilgiana]. Oncoba glauca (P.Beauv.) Planch. (Flacourtiaceae) [Bernaud, 2000 (Central African Republic); as Caloncoba glauca]. Oncoba spinosa Forssk.) (Flacourtiaceae) [Larsen, 2005a (Aburi, Ghana)].

Larval host plant, Oncoba crepiniana. Image courtesy Dominique Bernaud.

Acraea abdera abdera Hewitson, [1852] Abdera Acraea

Acraea abdera Hewitson, [1852] in Hewitson, [1851-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 57 ([124] pp.). London. Acraea abdera Hewitson, 1852. Pierre, 1978. 44 Acraea (Rubraea) abdera abdera Hewitson, 1852. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea abdera abdera male. Left – upperside; right – underside Metu Hills, Uganda. D. Bernaud. Images courtesy Dominique Bernaud ex Bernaud Collection.

Acraea abdera abdera female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mt Bana, Cameroon. D. Bernaud. Images courtesy Dominique Bernaud ex Bernaud Collection.

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda. Specific localities: Cameroon – Bafang (Bernaud, 1995b); Mount Bana (Bernaud, 1995b); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998); Bamingui (Bernaud, 2000b); Bangoran (Bernaud, 2000b); Bohou River (Bernaud, 2000b); Koumbala (Bernaud, 2000b); Ndele (Bernaud, 2000b); Sangba Park (Bernaud, 2000b). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Lake Victoria (Pierre & Bernaud, 2014 – erroneous); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015); Budongo Forest (Bernaud, pers. comm., 2016); Bugoma Forest (Bernaud, pers. comm., 2016); Kei Mt. (Bernaud, pers. comm., 2016); Metu Forest (Bernaud, pers. comm., 2016); Kisubi (Bernaud et al., 2019); Rwoho (Bernaud et al., 2019).

Acraea abdera eginopsis Aurivillius, [1899] Western Abdera Acraea

Acraea cepheus var. eginopsis Aurivillius, [1899] in Aurivillius, [1898-9]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31

45 (5): 93 (1-561). Acraea Abdera eginopsis Hewitson, 1852. Pierre, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) abdera eginopsis Aurivillius, 1899. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea abdera eginopsis male upperside. Toumodi, Ivory Coast. D. Bernaud. Image courtesy Dominique Bernaud ex Bernaud Collection.

Type locality: Sierra Leone?: “wahrscheinlich Sierra Leona”; Togo. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south), Nigeria (west). Specific localities: Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Sierra Leone – Kenema (C. Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ivory Coast – Tai (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Likpe (Maessen, vide Larsen, 2005a); Aburi (Larsen, 2005a); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen, 2005a). Benin – see Coache et al., 2017.

nigrescens Eltringham, 1912 (as female f. of Acraea cepheus). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 114 (1-374). Sierra Leone. Treated as a female form of Acraea abdera eginopsis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea petraea Boisduval, 1847# Blood-red Acraea

Male Blood-red Acraea (Acraea petraea), Ngoye Forest, KwaZulu-Natal. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Female forms of the Blood-red Acraea (Acraea petraea). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea petraea Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 589 (585-602). Acraea petraea Boisduval. Trimen, 1862c. Acraea petraea Boisduval, 1847. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea petraea Boisduval. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea petraea Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) petraea De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 84. Acraea (Rubraea) petraea Boisduval, 1847. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea petraea. Male (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Manguzi Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 27 March 2005. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea petraea. Female (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Black Rock, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 18 June 2002. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Blood Acraea. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port Natal”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania, Malawi (south), Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal). In South Africa its distribution covers 51 quarter degree squares (931 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. 47 Specific localities: Kenya – coastal forests (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Tabora (Suffert, 1904); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Rondo Plateau near Lindi (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mzeze (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). KwaZulu-Natal – Port Natal [Durban] (TL); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Habitat: Coastal forest and bush. In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A generally uncommon species (Larsen, 1991c). Flies slowly, a few metres from the ground, often in the vicinity of its larval host-plant. Males establish and defend territories in glades and clearings in the bush, perching a few metres above the ground (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Harford (larva) and Trimen (pupa), in Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 145 [as Acraea Petraea Boisduval; KwaZulu-Natal]. “Larva. Back yellowish-brown, with transverse blackish streaks; dorsal stripe and sides purplish-black, the latter much lighter about spiracles; lateral inflation edged with light-yellow, almost white. Under side – Light bluish- green; ventral claspers and pro-legs yellowish. Head black and polished, larger than second segment; mouth and bifid mark on forehead white; in some specimens also two small white streaks on summit of head. Spines steely-black, largest on third, fourth, and fifth segments; a suffusion of white at the base of all excepting those on the second, third, fourth, and fifth segments. About ⅞-inch in length.” – H.C. Harford, in litt. Of the younger larvae Mr. Harford remarks that they have very few black markings, and no dorsal or lateral stripes, but that these gradually appear and grow more distinct with the development of the insect. He further observes that the larvae feed on a tree in great numbers together, and that, when the bough upon which they are so congregated is shaken with any violence, they lower themselves to the ground by a silken thread, and there, lying still, are with great difficulty to be detected among the dead leaves and debris. Pupa. Pale-grey anteriorly; the outlines of the head and limbs and the nervures of the wings finely defined with black. Abdominal region of a browner tint; spots of the usual rows ochreous-yellow in black rings, separate from each other. Described from a drawing of Mr. Harford’s, giving a lateral view.

Fawcett, 1901: 294. “Larva. Ground-colour pale golden brown, with dorsal and lateral black lines, and a black transverse line on each segment bearing two largish white spots and six long branched black spines, those on 3 rd, 4th and 5th segments being longer than the remainder. Head large proportionately to body, black with a white bifid mark on front. Thoracic legs and claspers yellowish. The young larvae reared were all blackish in colour, and fed in companies on Oncoba Kraussiana (Planch). Pupa appears to be dichromatic, some being pale brown and others ferruginous; in both forms the fine black lines and spots peculiar to Acraea pupae are much reduced. The pupal stage lasted 15 days in January.”

Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 113. “Egg. Eggs are laid in clusters; pale watery yellow at first, changing to pale dull yellow-brown with a touch of purple; 0.65 mm in diameter by 0.7 mm high, with 15-17 longitudinal ribs connected by some 18-21 cross-braces. The egg-stage lasts 8-12 days. Larva. The young larva eats its way out near the top and after a rest eats the shell, then feeds on the upper or under surface between veins of young leaves, the leaf being generally covered with silk. Sometimes the moles bearing spines are set on whitish patches. 2 nd instar mostly brown with dark brown, black-tipped protuberances and black shields on pro-legs. 3rd instar: The skin is redder brown covered with minute spine-like fur. 4th instar: The fur extends to the protuberances. Dorsal protuberances longest on 3 rd to 5th segments, those on 6th to 10th segments are a little shorter. Final instar: Some are entirely black with a small white patch in front of and behind the dorsal protuberances at the base; some have a broad dull yellow dorsal stripe from the 6 th to the 12th segments and duller on the 1st and 2nd. This dorsal stripe is interrupted on the 4 th and 5th segments, and with the longer protuberances gives the larva a humped appearance. The number of instars varies from 5 to 7, and the development proceeds as shown in the following table.

5 instars 6 instars 7 instars Instar Size in mm Days Size in mm days Size in mm days

48 1 2-3.5 7 1.75-3.25 7 1.5-3 5 2 -6 5 -5 5 -4.75 5 3 -9 5 -8 5 -7 5 4 -17 5 -13 4-5 -10 6 5 -30-31 9 -18 5-6 -16 6 6 -30-31 9 -20 9 7 -30-31 9 Total 31 35-37 45

The larvae are gregarious till the penultimate instar of each group, when they begin to separate. In addition to feeding on young shoots, the larvae will feed on flower buds. They do not seem keen on older leaves, and when young shoots are not available, they go into partial hibernation. Pupa. 20-22 mm long, variable in colour, being either white, pale dull yellow or yellowish salmon; all with two rows of salmon spots edged with black, which in some resolves into a netting pattern. Some larvae (of all shades) have a grey dorsum. Veins of wing-cases generally picked out in black.

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 152 – image of larva.

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Eggs and first instar larvae of the Blood-red Acraea (Acraea petraea). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Fifth instar and pupa of the Blood-red Acraea (Acraea petraea). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Larval food: Oncoba tettensis (Klotzsch) Gilg (Achariaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Mkwaga, Tanzania]. Xylotheca kraussiana Hochst. (Flacourtiaceae) [Fawcett, 1901; as Oncoba Kraussiana]. Xylotheca kraussiana Hochst. (Flacourtiaceae) [Van Son, 1963: 114; as Xylotheca kotzei Phillips].

49 petrina Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea petraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 25 (12-107). No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea petraea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

taborana Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea petraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 26 (12- 107). Tanzania: “Umgegend von Tabora”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea petraea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

pseudacontias Wichgraf, 1914 (as ab. of Acraea petraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 348 (345- 353). No locality given. Treated as a form of Acraea petraea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

grisea Neustetter, 1916 (as ab. of Acraea petraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 97 (95-108). No locality given. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea petraea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea rohlfsi Suffert, 1904 Blood-red Speckled Acraea

Acraea rohlfsi Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 124 (124-132). Acraea (Rubraea) rohlfi Suffert, 1904. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Ukerewe”. Kielland doubts that the type locality is correctly given. Distribution: Tanzania (north). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ukerewe Island, Lake Victoria (TL); Ambangulu, west Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mazumbai, west Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest, at altitudes between 1 100 and 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea cepheus (Linnaeus, 1758) Cepheus Acraea

Papilio cepheus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 478 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Acraea (Rubraea) cepheus (Linnaeus, 1758). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea cepheus cepheus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lobeke (Central), Cameroon. 6 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea cepheus cepheus. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ebogo, Cameroon. 28 April 2019. J. Dobson. Images M. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 98. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa; ssp. bergeriana).

Congdon et al., 2017 (final instar larva; ssp. bergeriana).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 476. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa; nominate ssp.)

Larval food: Oncoba sp. (Achariaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Lulanda, Tanzania; ssp bergeriana; as Caloncoba]. Oncoba crepiniana De Wild. & T. Durand (Flacourtiaceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019; as Caloncoba crepiniana; for the nominate ssp.]. Oncoba dentata Oliv. (Flacourtiaceae) [Larsen, 2005a; as Lindaeckeria dentata]. Oncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) (Flacourtiaceae) [Pierre, 1979; Bampton et al., 1991 (Congo); Bernaud, 1995 (Cameroon); as Caloncoba welwitschii]. Oncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) (Flacourtiaceae) [Bernaud & Murphy, 2014; for ssp. bergeriana; as Caloncoba welwitschii].

Acraea cepheus cepheus Linnaeus, 1758 Cepheus Acraea

Papilio cepheus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 478 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Acraea (Rubraea) cepheus (Linnaeus, 1758). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea cepheus cepheus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lobeke (Central), Cameroon. 6 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea cepheus cepheus. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ebogo, Cameroon. 28 April 2019. J. Dobson. Images M. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [West Africa]: “Indiis”. [False locality.] Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan (south), Uganda, Zambia. Misattributed to the Madagascar fauna by Mabille [1887] (Lees et al., 2003). Specific localities: Nigeria – Awka (Larsen, 2005a); Abak (Larsen, 2005a); Calabar (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Bipundi (Strand, 1914); Korup (Larsen, 2005a); Ebogo (female illustrated above). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Okondja (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Isiro (male illustrated above); Leopoldville [Kinshasha] (Rogenhofer, 1890); Stanley Falls [Boyomo Falls] (Rogenhofer, 1890); Mukenge (Suffert, 1904); Quango (Suffert, 1904); Longatchimo, à 85 km. de Tshikapa, Kasai (Dufrane, 1945); Gombe (Dufrane, 1945); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Ara (Carcasson, 1961); Bugoma Forest (Carcasson, 1961); Bwamba (Carcasson, 1961); Metu (Carcasson, 1961); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017); Bwindi (Davenport, vide Bernaud et al., 2019); Kei (Davenport, vide Bernaud et al., 2019); Kitechura (Davenport, vide Bernaud et al., 2019); Otzi (Davenport, vide Bernaud et al., 2019); Katera (Bernaud et al., 2019); Patiko (Bernaud et al., 2019). Zambia – Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Kaoma (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002).

zosteria Godart, 1819 in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Acraea). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 232 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. Angola: “la Côte d’Angole”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea cepheus cepheus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

baumanni Rogenhofer, 1890 (as sp. of Acraea [Gnesia]). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien. 4: 551 (547-554). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Leopoldville und den Stanley-Fällen”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea cepheus cepheus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

pheusaca Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea cepheus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 25 (12- 107). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge und dessen Umgegend”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea cepheus cepheus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. 52

sucepha Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea cepheus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 25 (12-107). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge und Quango”. Treated as an synonym of Acraea cepheus cepheus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

cepheana Strand, 1914 (as f. of Acraea cepheus). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.12.): 98 (97-144). Cameroon: “Bipundi”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea cepheus cepheus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

disjuncta Dufrane, 1945 (as ab. of Acraea cepheus cepheus). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 110 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Longatchimo, à 85 km. de Tshikapa, Kasai”. Treated as an aberration Acraea cepheus cepheus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

addenda Dufrane, 1945 (as ab. of Acraea cepheus cepheus). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 110 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga, Congo belge”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea cepheus cepheus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

deficiens Dufrane, 1945 (as ab. of Acraea cepheus cepheus). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 110 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “region de Gombé, Congo belge”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea cepheus cepheus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea cepheus bergeriana Pierre, 1979 Red Acraea

Acraea cepheus bergeriana Pierre, 1979. Compte Rendu des Séances de la Société de Biogéographie 481: 79 (73-79). Acraea bergeriana Pierre, 1979. Henning, G., 1993: 14. Acraea (Rubraea) bergeriana Pierre, 1979. Henning & Williams, 2010. Acraea cepheus bergeriana Pierre, 1979. Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea cepheus bergeriana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mugesse, Malawi. June 1974. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Mts Uluguru, Kinola”. Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kinola in the Uluguru Mountains (TL); Bondwa Mountain in the Ulugurus, at 2 140 m (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa [Udzungwa] Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Masagati Forest south of Ifakara (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mughese Forest (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Habitat: Forest, from 350 to 2 140 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Attracted to flowers (Kielland, 1990d).

bergeri Pierre, 1976 (as female f. of Acraea cepheus). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 90: 355 (354-356).

53 Tanzania: “Mts Uluguru, Kinola”. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Acraea bergeri Gaede, 1915 [Acraeinae].] Treated as a synonym of Acraea cepheus bergeriana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea atolmis Westwood, 1881 Scarlet Acraea

Male Scarlet Acraea (Acraea atolmis), Chambeshi, Zambia. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea atolmis Westwood, 1881. In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 343 (331-365). London. Acraea atolmis Westwood, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) atolmis Westwood, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 81. Acraea (Rubraea) atolmis Westwood, 1881. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea atolmis. Male. Wet-season form (Wingspan 43 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Western Zambia. 7 January 2003. N. Owen-Johnston. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea atolmis. Male. Dry-season form. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lupane, Zimbabwe. 4 March 1970. A. and M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection. 54

Acraea atolmis. Male WSF Aberration. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Zambia, N.W. Province, Kamapanda, 12°00'S; 24°03'E, 1500 m. 19.XII.1999. F.M. Kayombo (Newport Collection).

Acraea atolmis. Female. Wet-season form. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 4 March 1999. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea atolmis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. 5 August 1971. M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea atolmis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. 18 August 1967. M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: “Victoria Falls”. Distribution: Angola, Zambia (mainly west); Democratic Republic of Congo (south and west), Zimbabwe (west), Botswana, Namibia (north). Specific localities: Angola – Loanda (Rogenhofer, 1890); Kuebe (Weymer, 1901); Kulei (Weymer, 1901). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002); Kapiri Mposhi (Heath et al., 2002); Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (TL); lower Chambeshi Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Kamapanda (male aberration illustrated above). Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (TL); Harare (Pringle et al. 1994; probably strays); Bulawayo (Pringle et al. 1994; probably strays); Shangani (R. Terblanche, pers. comm, 2016); Kwe Kwe (M. Lunderstedt, pers. comm., 2016). Botswana – Kabulabula, Chobe River (van Son, 1963); Kasane (van Son, 1963; male illustrated above); Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l); 150 km north of Nata (Larsen, 1991l); Mabele (Larsen, 1991l). Namibia – Rundu (Pennington). Habitat: Deciduous woodland (savanna). Habits: Flies low and relatively fast (Pringle et al. 1994). Flight period: All year, with slightly different seasonal forms (Pringle et al. 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Triumfetta species (Tiliaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 37].

acontias Westwood, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 345 (331-365). London. “Victoria Falls”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea atolmis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

luxi Rogenhofer, 1890 (as sp. of Acraea (Telchinia)). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien. 4: 550 (547-554). Angola: “Loanda”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea atolmis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014 and spelt as luxii.

decora Weymer, 1901 (as ab. of Acraea acontias). Entomologische Zeitschrift. Frankfurt a.M 15: 62 (61-64, 65-67, 69-70). Angola: “Kuebe und Kulei”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea atolmis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

nigra Neustetter, 1916 (as ab. of Acraea atolmis). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 98 (95-108). “Natal”. [False locality.] Treated as a female aberration of Acraea atolmis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

westwoodi van Son, 1963 [Given in Ackery et al., 1995: 232 as “1936b”] (as f. of Acraea atolmis). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 124 (130 pp.). Botswana: “Kabulabula, Chobe River; Kasana”; “Victoria Falls”. Treated as a form of Acraea atolmis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea mansya Eltringham, 1911 Small Orange Acraea

Acraea mansya ? Angola. Image courtesy David Goyder.

Acraea mansya Eltringham, 1911. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 153 (149-153). Acraea (Rubraea) mansya Eltringham, 1911. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea mansya. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Liuwa Plains, Katoyana, Zambia. 13 November 2017. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea mansya. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ikelenge Vlei, Zambia. 14 September 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “L. Young [now Lake Ishiba Ng’andu], N.E. Rhodesia”. Diagnosis: Close to Acraea chambezi. In mansya the spot in area 3 of the hindwing is in the middle of the space between the end of the cell and the inner edge of the marginal black, but in chambezi this spot is close to the end of the cell (Eltringham, 1911). The genitalia of each species are distinctive (Eltringham, 1911). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani), Zambia, Angola. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Upempa National Park, Lusinga (Overlaet, 1955). Zambia – Lake Young (TL) [now Lake Ishiba Ng’andu at Shiwa Ngandu]; Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002; male illustrated above). ?Angola – Confluence of Cuanavale River with its first tributary c. 3.5 km S of source lake, c. 115 km SSE of Munhango [13 07 27S 18 54E; 1349 m] (David Goyder, in Huntley et al., 2019: 87; image of live specimen). Habitat: Open sandy grassland above a marsh (Goyder, pers. comm., April 22, 2019). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

janssensi Overlaet, 1955 (as ssp. of Acraea mansya). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 72 (1- 106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Nationaal Upemba Parc, Lusinga”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea mansya by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea onerata Trimen, 1891 Onerous Acraea

Acraea onerata Trimen, 1891. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 67 (59-107). Acraea onerata Trimen, 1891. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) onerata Trimen, 1891. Pringle et al., 1994: 84. Acraea (Rubraea) onerata Trimen, 1891. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Angola]: “Okavango River”. Diagnosis: Similar to A. nohara but the hindwing upperside marginal band in onerata is clearly spotted with the ground-colour of the wings (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola. Specific localities: Angola – Okavango River (TL); Bihe (Eltringham, 1911). Flight period: December appears to be the only recorded month (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

aureola Eltringham, 1911 (as sp. of Acraea). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 149 (149-153). Angola: “Bihé”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea onerata by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea diogenes Suffert, 1904 Cynic Acraea

Acraea diogenes Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 14 (12-107). Acraea (Rubraea) diogenes Suffert, 1904. Henning & Williams, 2010. 58

Acraea diogenes. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mundwiji Plain, Zambia. 28 October 2006. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea diogenes. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Luakere bridge, Mwinilunga District, Zambia. 29 October 2006. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: “Guinea infer.”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south – Haut-Lomani, Lualaba), Zambia (north-west and north-east). Specific localities: Zambia – Near Lulua, upper Lufupa river (Neave, 1910); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); 40 km east of Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

acutipennis Lathy, 1906 (as sp. of Acraea). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1906: 2 (1- 10). Zambia: “North-eastern Rhodesia”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea diogenes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

lactea Neave, 1910 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 20 (2-86). Zambia: “Near Lulua, upper Lufupa river”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea diogenes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea guillemei Oberthür, 1893 Orange Spotted Acraea

Acraea guillemei Oberthür, 1893. Études d’Entomologie 17: 19 (17-36). Acraea (Rubraea) guillemei Oberthür, 1893. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea guillemei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Jimbe, Ikelenge, Zambia. 15 September 2003. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: “Lac Tanganika”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani, Tanganika), Tanzania (west – Mpanda District), Zambia (north-west). Records for Malawi are erroneous (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Specific localities: Tanzania – Simbo (Kielland, 1990d; male illustrated above); Kaliankulukulu (Kielland, 1990d); Kabungu (Kielland, 1990d); Kapanga (Kielland, 1990d); Sibweza (Kielland, 1990d); Nkungwe (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Jimbe (Ikelenge) (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Deciduous forest (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania at altitudes from 1 000 to 1 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Also found in areas flooded during the rains (Kielland, 1990d) Habits: A rare and local species (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea bailundensis Wichgraf, 1918 Bailundo Acraea

Acraea bailundensis Wichgraf, 1918. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 12: 28 (26-30). Acraea (Rubraea) bailundensis Wichgraf, 1918. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Angola: “Bailundu”. [Bailundo, Huambo Province]. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba). Specific localities: Angola – Bailundu (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kapanga, Katanga (Overlaet, 1954). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

schoutedeni Overlaet, 1954 (as sp. of Acraea). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (N.S.) 1: 492 (490- 493). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga, Katanga”. Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Planema poggei schoutedeni Le Doux, 1937 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea bailundensis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea lapidorum Pierre, 1988 Angola Acraea

Acraea lapidorum Pierre, 1988. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 24: 282 (263-287). Acraea (Rubraea) lapidorum Pierre, 1988. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Angola: “Upper Lungwe-Bungo River, S.E. Angola”. Distribution: Angola (south-east). Known only from the holotype. Specific localities: Angola – Upper Lungwe-Bungo River (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea lofua Eltringham, 1911 Lufo River Acraea

Acraea lofua Eltringham, 1911. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 150 (149-153). Acraea (Rubraea) lofua Eltringham, 1911. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea lofua. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Musonda Hill, Zambia. 6 April 2005. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea lofua. Male (dy season form). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lumangwe Falls, Mporokoso, Zambia. 27 July 1969. Frank Schofield Images courtesy Mike Newport.

Acraea lofua. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Liuwa Plains, Katoyana, Zambia. 19 December 2016. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Lofu River, N.E. Rhodesia”. Images of the male and female syntypes can be viewed on the Oxfoed Museum of Natural History website. Diagnosis: A.lofua is similar to A.omrora in the arrangement of spots but has a number of distinct features that set it apart from A.omrora, the more striking as follows: 1. Hindwing black border upperside much broader in area Cu1. (The border of A.omrora is of equal width throughout.). 2. Hindwing black border underside dentate with triangular submarginal spots. (The border in A.omrora is smooth edged.). 3. Forewing underside black apical area extremely small, almost non existent. (In A.omrora this apical area is similar in size to the upperside and has three small, pale spots in it.) (M. Newport, pers. comm., June 2020). Distribution: Zambia (north-east). Specific localities: Zambia – Lofu [now Lufubu] River (TL); Lake Bangweulu (Heath et al., 2002); Lumangwe Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea chambezi Neave, 1910 Chambezi Acraea

Acraea nohara chambezi Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 21 (2-86). Acraea chambezi Neave, 1910. Kielland, 1990d: 154. Acraea (Rubraea) chambezi Neave, 1910. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea chambezi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 33 km north of Mpika, Zambia. 28 September 2013. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Zambia: “Chambezi [Chambeshi] Valley”. Diagnosis: Close to Acraea mansya. In mansya the spot in area 3 of the hindwing is in the middle of the space between the end of the cell and the inner edge of the marginal black, but in chambezi this spot is close to the end of the cell (Eltringham, 1911). The genitalia of each species are distinctive (Eltringham, 1911). Distribution: Tanzania (Mpanda District), Zambia (east). Records for Malawi (Gifford, 1965) are probably erroneous (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Specific localities: Tanzania – near Mount Ipumba (Kielland, 1990d); near Mount Sitebi (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Chambeshi Valley (TL); Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002); Mpika district (Heath et al., 2002); Chinsali (male illustrated above). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland (Heath et al., 2002). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea nohara Boisduval, 1847# Light-red Acraea

Males of the Light Red Acraea (Acraea nohara). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea nohara Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 590 (585-602). Acraea nohara Boisduval. Trimen, 1862c. Acraea nohara Boisduval, 1847. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea nohara Boisduval. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea nohara Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) nohara De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 83. Acraea (Rubraea) nohara Boisduval, 1847. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea nohara nohara. Male (Wingspan 44 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. 63 Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 23 September 2006. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea nohara nohara. Female (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mountainlands, Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 25 November 2001. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port-Natal”. Distribution: Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Grassland. Habits: Flutters weakly, just above the level of the grass. It settles frequently, on low vegetation or grass stems (Pringle et al. 1994). Flight period: October to March for the nominate subspecies and all year for ssp. halali (Pringle et al. 1994). Early stages:

Fountaine, 1911: 60 [nominate subspecies; Macequece, Mozambique]. “This larva feeds, like several others of this same genus, on Wormskioldia longepedunculata, a small wayside flower, salmon-pink in colour, which grew abundantly in and about Macequece, a village in Portuguese E. Africa. The larva is most difficult to describe, longitudinally streaked with pale and dark ochreous-yellow, finely outlined with thin black lines, the spines are also black; they feed by preference on the flower itself of their food-plant, the salmon-pink colour of which is almost identical in tone with the salmon- pink colour of the freshly emerged butterflies. The pupa which is suspended, is very long and thin in shape, wing cases pale slate-grey, veined with black, and the abdomen cream colour with rows of ochreous-yellow dots, encircled with black.”

Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 108 [nominate subspecies]. “Egg. The eggs are laid singly, they are pale yellow at first, darkening to almost black before hatching. They are 0.65 mm in diameter by 0.8 mm high, and have 15 longitudinal ribs braced by 15-16 cross-ribs. The larvae hatch in about 8 days. Larva. The young larva eats its way out near the top and devours the discarded shell. It is a very pale greenish yellow with black spines on brown patches. The centre of the middle segments is touched with brown. The head is black. The larva at first feeds on the surface of the leaf. It is 1.75 to 2 mm long on hatching and grows to 3.5 – 4 mm in some 7 days. Like all species of Acraea, after the first instar, the larva develops three rows of spined protuberances. In the 2nd instar these are black at the top but shade down to brown at the base. The body is pale yellow with a faint brown subdorsal line and a white lateral ridge. The head is black. The instar lasts some 4 days, the larva growing to 7.5 – 9 mm. The colour deepens as the larva grows through the remaining instars and becomes a more pale salmon, the subdorsal line and the ventral portion darken to chocolate. There are either 6 or 7 instars. The further instars of the 6-instar group are 16, 21 and 32 mm long respectively, taking 4 to 5 days each except the final which takes nearly double that period, while in the 7-instar group the respective sizes are 12, 18, 24 and 32 mm and take 5 days each except the last which takes nearly 10. When disturbed by handling with a forceps, some protuberances exude a sticky yellow liquid, especially in the 3 rd and 4th instars. Pupa. The pupa is suspended by cremastral hooks only, and is 19 mm long. The imago emerges after about two weeks.”

Final instar larva and pupa of Acraea nohara. Haenertsburg, Limpopo Province. Images courtesy Andre Coetzer.

Larval food: Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921; as Tryphostemma sandersonii?; nominate subspecies]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. (Turneraceae) [Fountaine, 1911: 60; as Wormskioldia longipedunculata; nominate subspecies; Macequece, Mozambique].

Acraea nohara nohara Boisduval, 1847# Light-red Acraea

Acraea nohara Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 590 (585-602). Acraea nohara nohara Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) nohara nohara De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 83. Acraea (Rubraea) nohara nohara Boisduval, 1847. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea nohara nohara. Male (Wingspan 44 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 23 September 2006. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port-Natal”. Distribution: Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Records for Malawi (Congdon et al., 2010) are erroneous (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). In South Africa its distribution covers 77 quarter degree squares (553 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Mozambique – Macequece (Fountaine, 1911); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Botswana – Gaborone (Pinhey, 1968-74; requires confirmation according to Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Haenertsburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Houtbosdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoekmekaar (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953; male and female illustrated above); White River (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Port Natal [now Durban] (TL); Verulam (Swanepoel, 1953); Tongaat River (Swanepoel, 1953); Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Hermansburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Little Noodsberg (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – Port St Johns (Pringle et al., 1994). Swaziland – Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).

actiaca Hewitson, 1852 in Hewitson, 1851-6 (as sp. of Acraea). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 57 ([124] pp.). London. South Africa: “Natal”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea nohara nohara by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea nohara halali Marshall, 1896 Halali Light-red Acraea

Acraea halali Marshall, 1896. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1896: 555 (551-565). Acraea nohara halali Marshall, 1896. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) nohara halali Marshall, 1896. Pringle et al., 1994: 83. Acraea (Rubraea) nohara halali Marshall, 1896. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea nohara halali. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Rusito Forest, Zimbabwe. 6 May 1996. 66 Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea nohara halali. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Rusito Forest, Zimbabwe. 6 May 1996. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

fType locality: [Zimbabwe]: “On the Manini and Vanduzi rivers, between Umtali and Chimiro; about Salisbury”. Distribution: Zimbabwe (highlands). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Manini River (TL); Vanduzi River (Marshall, 1896).

Acraea nohara dondoensis Stevenson, 1934

Acraea nohara dondoensis Stevenson, 1934. Occasional Papers of the Rhodesia Museum 1 (3): 12 (10-17). Acraea dondoensis Stevenson, 1934. Henning, G. 1993: 13. Acraea (Rubraea) dondoensis Stevenson, 1934. Pringle et al., 1994: 84. Acraea (Rubraea) dondoensis Stevenson, 1934. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea nohara dondoensis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Savanne Forest, Mozambique. 14 August 1998. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea nohara dondoensis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Savanne Forest, Mozambique. 14 August 1998. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Mozambique]: “Dondo, P. E. Africa”. Distribution: Mozambique (inland from Beira). Specific localities: Mozambique – Dondo Forest (TL); near Beira (Pringle et al., 1994).

junodi Oberthür, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea actiaca). Études de Lépidoptérologie Comparée 5: 324 (324). South Africa: “Nord du Transvaal”. [False locality?] Treated as an aberration of Acraea nohara dondoensis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

junodi d’Abrera, 1980 (as ssp. of Acraea nohara). Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 146 (593 pp.). Melbourne. “Beira in central Mozambique and into Kenya”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea nohara dondoensis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea punctellata Eltringham, 1912 Spotted Acraea

Acraea nohara punctellata Eltringham, 1912. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 131 (1-374). Acraea punctellata Eltringham, 1912. Kielland, 1990d. Acraea (Rubraea) punctellata Eltringham, 1912. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Dedza Mt., Central Angoniland”. Distribution: Tanzania (south), Malawi. Recorded, apparently in error, from Zambia by Kielland (1990d) and Ackery et al. (1995) (Heath et al., 2002). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kigonsera, west of Songea (Le Doux, 1923). Malawi – Central and south (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Dedza Mountain (TL); 12 localities given by Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Habitat: Brachystegia woodland? (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Bernaud & Murphy, 2014; needs confirmation].

noharoides Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea nohara). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 218 (207- 226). Tanzania: “Kigonsera (Deutsch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea punctellata by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea pseudatolmis Eltringham, 1912 False Scarlet Acraea

Acraea nohara pseudatolmis Eltringham, 1912. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 130 (1-374). Acraea pseudatolmis Eltringham, 1912. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) pseudatolmis Eltringham, 1912. Pringle et al., 1994: 84. Acraea (Rubraea) pseudatolmis Eltringham, 1912. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea pseudatolmis. Male (Wingspan 38 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Chimanimani Mountains, Zimbabwe. 6 October 2012. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea pseudatolmis. Female (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Chimanimani Mountains, Zimbabwe. 6 October 2012. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea pseudatolmis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Nyangani, Zimbabwe. 10 October 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea pseudatolmis. Female aberration (Wingspan 37 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Chimanimani Mountains, Zimbabwe. 6 October 2012. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “S.E. Rhodesia; Mahakata R.”. Distribution: Zimbabwe (eastern border). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Mahakata River (TL); Nyanga massif (Pringle et al., 1994); Vumba Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994); Chimanimani Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994); Odzi River (Pringle et al., 1994; probably strays); Lower Pungwe River [Gorge] (Pringle et al., 1994; probably strays); Musapa Gap (Pinhey; probably strays); Rundu River (Van Son; single specimen); Chipinge (Paré). Habitat: Montane grassland. Habits: The same as those of A. nohara (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. (Turneraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978]. Relevant literature: Pinhey, E.C.G. 1975. Arnoldia, Rhodesia 7 (30): 1-3.

natalica species-group

*Acraea aglaonice Westwood, 1881# Clear-spotted Acraea

Left: Male Clear-spotted Acraea (Acraea aglaonice), Mandawe, KwaZulu-Natal. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Right: Female Clear-spotted Acraea. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Acraea aglaonice Westwood, 1881. In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 346 (331-365). London. Acraea aglaonice Westwood, 1881. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea aglaonice Westwood. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea aglaonice Westwood, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) aglaonice Westwood, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 81. Acraea (Stephenia) aglaonice Westwood, 1881. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea aglaonice. Male (wet season form) (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. December 2005. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea aglaonice. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Manoutsa Park, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 13 July 1998. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea aglaonice. Female (Wingspan 51 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Magaliesberg Mountains, Gauteng, South Africa. 14 February 2008. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea aglaonice. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. December 2005. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Alternative common name: Clear-spotted Acraea. Type locality: [Botswana]: “Tati”. Distribution: Angola (Gardiner, 2004), Zambia, Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe, Botswana (east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal – north), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 127 quarter degree squares (615 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Zambia – Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Delagoa Bay (Trimen, 1881). Zimbabwe – Laurenceville, Vumba (male illustrated above). Botswana – Tati River (TL); Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Letlhakeng (Larsen, 1991l); Maun (Larsen, 1991l); Kubu Island in Sua Pan (Larsen, 1991l); Shashe (G. Bailey vide Larsen, 1991l); Stevensford, Tuli Block (Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Acornhoek (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Alldays (Swanepoel, 1953); Wyliespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Gravelotte (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Lydenburg district (Trimen, 1881); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Groblersdal (Swanepoel, 1953); Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop (van Son, 1963). North West Province – Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009) Gauteng – Johannesburg (Wichgraf, 1914); Krugersdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Pretoria – Montana (Williams); Buffelsdrif Conservancy (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Savanna. Habits: Males are often found hilltopping during the warmer hours of the day. Here it hovers about the grass and low shrubs. Specimens are often observed feeding from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al. 1994). Early stages: Nothing published.

Acraea aglaonice final instar larva and pupa. Images courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Larval food:

72 Adenia glauca Schinz (Passifloraceae) [Williams, unpublished 2003; larvae found near Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng.] Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Swynnerton, vide Platt, 1921]. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) [Swynnerton, vide Platt, 1921].

fenestrata Trimen, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1881: 435 (433-445). South Africa: “Transvaal; Leydenburg district”; Mozambique: “Delagoa Bay”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aglaonice by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

albofasciata Aurivillius, 1913 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as ab. of Acraea aglaonice). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 270 (614 pp.). Mozambique: “Manicaland”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea aglaonice by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

leucaspis Wichgraf, 1914 (as female f. of Acraea aglaonice). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 348 (345-353). South Africa: “Johannesburg”. Treated as a female form of Acraea aglaonice by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

latimarginata van Son, 1963 (as f. of Acraea aglaonice). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 88 (130 pp.). South Africa: “Mariepskop, Transvaal”. Treated as a form of Acraea aglaonice by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea miranda Riley, 1920 Semi-desert Acraea

Acraea miranda Riley, 1920. Entomologist 53: 74 (73-75). Acraea (Stephenia) miranda Riley, 1920. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea miranda. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sera Conservancy, north-east Kenya. 13 January 2015. S. Collins. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Lawrence Collection.

Alternative common name: Desert Acraea. Type locality: Somalia: “More than 80 miles south of Berbera, Somaliland”. Distribution: Somalia, Ethiopia (south-east), Kenya (north). Specific localities: Somalia - >80 miles south of Berbera (TL). Kenya – Between Lake Baringo and Lorian Swamp (Riley, 1920); Tana River (Larsen, 1991c); Archer’s Post (Larsen, 1991c); Garbatula (Larsen, 1991c); Merille (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Very dry savanna (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: In June, 1989 S.C. Collins found hundreds of individuals on the upper Tana River. They were avidly feeding from the flowers of their larval foodplant (Larsen, 1991c). It is generally localized and the flight is low but quite fast (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published.

73 Larval food: Loewia tanaensis Urb. (Turneraceae) [S.C. Collins, vide Larsen, 1991c: 378].

selousi Riley, 1920 (as female f. of Acraea miranda). Entomologist 53: 75 (73-75). [Kenya]: “E. Africa, Namanga; but most probably obtained between Lake Baringo and Lorian Swamp, British East Africa”. Treated as a female form of Acraea miranda by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea mirabilis Butler, 1886 Arab Acraea

Acraea mirabilis Butler, 1886. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 760 (756-776). Acraea (Stephenia) mirabilis Butler, 1886. Henning & Williams, 2010.

From a painting of the type in the original publication (Butler, 1886)

Type locality: Somalia: “Bunder Maria”. Original description: Distribution: Somalia, Ethiopia (south-east), ?Kenya (north-east) (D’Abrera, 1980). Specific localities: Somalia – Bunder Maria (TL). Habitat: Very dry savanna. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea axina Westwood, 1881# Little Acraea

74 Male Little Acraea (Acraea axina), upperside. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Female Little Acraea (Acraea axina), upper- and underside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea axina Westwood, 1881. In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 344 (331-365). London. Acraea axina Westwood. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea axina Westwood, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) axina Westwood, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 81. Acraea (Stephenia) axina Westwood, 1881. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea axina. Male (Wingspan 38 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Loding, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 3 February 2012. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea axina. Female (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Loding, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 5 December 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [Botswana]: “Tati et Gwailo fluv.”. Distribution: Malawi, Zambia (south), Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal – north), Swaziland.

75 In South Africa its distribution covers 114 quarter degree squares (457 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Malawi – Widespread but rare (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Eight localities given by Bernaud & Murphy (2014). Zambia – Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Kalomo (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Chipata (Heath et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Harare (Cottrell). Botswana – Tati and Gwailo Rivers (TL); Kgaligadi Transfrontier Park (Larsen, 1991l); Francistown (Larsen, 1991l); Orapa (Larsen, 1991l); Maun (Larsen, 1991l); south of Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Gabane (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Rita (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Wyliespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Van Son, 1963); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Naboomspruit (Badham; male illustrated above); Lapalala Wilderness (Williams); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Kaap Muiden (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg District (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c). North West Province – Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2010). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953). Free State Province – Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe district (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Manzini (Pennington); Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Savanna. Habits: A weak, slow flying species, which usually keeps close to the ground. Cottrell noted that males at Harare, in Zimbabwe, may fly around the top of the canopy of trees near the peaks of hills (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year. Early stages: Nothing published.

Egg of Acraea axina. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Larval food: Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. var. longepedunculatum (Turneraceae) [Larsen, 1991l; Kasane, Botswana; as Wormskioldia longipedunculata].

illuminata van Son, 1963 (as female f. of Acraea axina). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 86 (130 pp.). South Africa: “Loius Trichardt, Transvaal”. Treated as a female form of Acraea axina by Pierre & Bernaud, 76 2014.

*Acraea pudorella Aurivillius, [1899] Pallid Acraea

Acraea caldarena var. pudorella Aurivillius, [1899] in Aurivillius, [1898-9]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 99 (1-561). Acraea pudorella Aurivillius, 1899. Eltringham, 1912. Acraea (Stephenia) pudorella Aurivillius, 1899. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea pudorella pudorella. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sibwezi, Mpanda, Tanzania. June 1971. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea pudorella detecta. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Namwera, Malawi. 1 January 2004. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

77 Acraea pudorella pudorella. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 40 mm. Ambangulu, E Usambara, Tanzania. 4/92 3500H ex IB/PW. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

reducta Wichgraf, 1918 (as ssp. of Acraea pudorella). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 12: 29 (26- 30). Tanzania: “Kigonsera, D. O. Afrika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pudorella by Bernaud, 2009.

heringi Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea pudorella). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 223 (207- 226). Kenya: “Kibwezi (Britisch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea pudorella by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea pudorella pudorella Aurivillius, [1899] Pallid Acraea

Acraea pudorella pudorella. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sibwezi, Mpanda, Tanzania. June 1971. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea pudorella pudorella. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 40 mm. Ambangulu, E Usambara, Tanzania. 4/92 3500H ex IB/PW. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: Namibia?: “Damara; Khama’s Land; Transvaal”; Zimbabwe: “Matabeleland; Mashuna”; Mozambique: “Manica”; Malawi: “Nyassaland”; Kenya: “Britisch Ost-Africa”; Zambia?: “Mero See”; Tanzania?: “Deutsch Ost-Afrika”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/p). Distribution: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Specific localities: Uganda – Kokilokit, Mount Moroto (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Kenya – Kibwezi (Le Doux, 1923); Coast (Larsen, 1991c); Embu (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Kisii (Larsen, 1991c); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Teita (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Tanzania – Kigonsera (Wichgraf, 1918); Sadani (Kielland, 1990d); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mahenge (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest at Kisiju (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Oldeani in the Arusha (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d); Tabora (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006); Ambangulu (female illustrated above); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018).

Acraea pudorella detecta Neave, 1910

Acraea detecta Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 24 (2-86). [Synonym of Acraea pudorella Aurivillius, [1899]. Heath et al., 2002: vii, 38]. Acraea pudorella detecta Neave, 1910. Bernaud, et al., 2019: 480.

Acraea pudorella detecta. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Namwera, Malawi. 1 January 2004. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Zambia: “Luangwa Valley”. Distribution: Malawi, Zambia. Specific localities: Malawi – North and south (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); 10 localities are given in Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Zambia – Luangwa Valley (TL); Upper and Lower Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002).

*Acraea atergatis Westwood, 1881 Bright Woodland Acraea

Acraea atergatis male underside, Katanga, DRC. Image courtesy Bertie Brink.

Acraea atergatis Westwood, 1881. In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 342 (331-365). London. Acraea atergatis Westwood, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) atergatis Westwood, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 80. Acraea (Stephenia) atergatis Westwood, 1881. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea atergatis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea atergatis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Lupane, Zimbabwe. 13 July 1990. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea atergatis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lupane, Zimbabwe. 4 March 1970. A. and M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea atergatis. Female (aberrant). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 57mm. Zambia, Kalulushi. 25.IV.1976 (det. Pierre). (Newport Collection).

Type locality: “Victoria Falls”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani, Cataractes, Kinshasa), ?Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe (north-west), Botswana (north), Namibia (north – Ovamboland). Records for Malawi (Dowsett, 2004) are possibly erroneous (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Specific localities: Malawi – Extreme south (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Lengwe National Park (Dowsett, 2004); Mwabvi Game Reserve (Dowsett, vide Bernaud & Murphy (2014). 81 Zambia – Victoria Falls (TL); Livingstone (van Son, 1963); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Chisimba Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Kasama (Heath et al., 2002); Chinsali (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Kalulushi (Heath et al., 2002; female illustrated above). Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (TL; Van Son, 1963; male illustrated above); Wankie (Van Son, 1963); Sawmills (Van Son, 1963); Mutare (Van Son, 1963); Harare (Pringle et al., 1994). Botswana – Kasane, Chobe River (Van Son, 1963); Tsotsoroga Pan (Larsen, 1991l); Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l); 50 km south of Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Kachekawbe (Larsen, 1991l); Zweizwe River (Larsen, 1991l); Orapa (M. Lunderstedt vide Larsen, 1991l); Nata (M. Lunderstedt vide Larsen, 1991l); Serowe (P. Forchhammer; single male vide Larsen, 1991l). Namibia – Ovamboland (Van Son, 1963). Habitat: Open areas (Van Son, 1963) in deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). Habits: The flight is relatively fast but quite close to the ground (Van Son, 1963). It often flies together with Acraea atolmis, a species that it somewhat resembles (Van Son, 1963). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published.

Final instar larva of Acraea atergatis; dorsal view (left) & lateral view (right). Images courtesy Bertie Brink.

Pupa of Acraea atergatis). Image courtesy Bertie Brink.

Larval food: Paropsia brazzaeana Baill. (Passifloraceae) [Bertie Brink (facebook post 21 Feb. 2017); Katanga, DRC].

82 eichleri van Son, 1963 (as f. of Acraea atergatis). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 75 (130 pp.). Zambia: “Livingstone”. This is the wet season form of the species (Van Son, 1963). Treated as a form of Acraea atergatis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea atatis Pierre, 2004 Central African Acraea

Acraea atatis Pierre, 2004. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 109 (1): 73 (73-76). Acraea (Stephenia) atatis Pierre, 2004. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Central African Republic. Distribution: Central African Republic. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea equatorialis Neave, 1904 Equatorial Acraea

Acraea doubledayi equatorialis Neave, 1904. Novitates Zoologicae 11: 327 (323-363). Acraea equatorialis Neave, 1904. Eltringham, 1912. Acraea (Stephenia) equatorialis Neave, 1904. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: “Victoria Nyanza”. Distribution: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Savanna. In Tanzania ssp. anaemia occurs at altitudes from sea-level to 1 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Both sexes are attracted to flowers low down (Kielland, 1990d). Communal roosting, overnight, in this species was noted by Van Someren & Rogers (1926). Early stages:

Van Someren & Rogers, 1926.

Larval food: Malva verticillata L. (Malvaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323].

Acraea equatorialis equatorialis Neave, 1904 Equatorial Acraea

Acraea doubledayi equatorialis Neave, 1904. Novitates Zoologicae 11: 327 (323-363). Acraea equatorialis Neave, 1904. Eltringham, 1912. Acraea (Stephenia) equatorialis equatorialis Neave, 1904. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: “Victoria Nyanza”. Distribution: Uganda (east), Kenya (south-west), ?Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Kenya – South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Kisumu (Larsen, 1991c).

salmonea Le Doux, 1922 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 311 (297-316). Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika (Kirumbastrand)”. Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Actinote alcyone salmonea Jordan, 1910 [Acraeinae] [extralimital]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea equatorialis equatorialis

83 by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea equatorialis anaemia Eltringham, 1912 Pale Equatorial Acraea

Acraea equatorialis anaemia Eltringham, 1912. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 179 (1-374). Acraea (Stephenia) equatorialis anaemia Eltringham, 1912. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “German E. Africa (Kilimandjaro); Zanzibar; Pemba”; Kenya: “British E. Africa (Kikuyu Escarpment; Campi-ya-Simba; Rabai)”. Distribution: Kenya (north and east of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Campi-ya-Simba (Eltringham, 1912); Rabai (Eltringham, 1912); islands around Lamu (Larsen, 1991c); Athi River (Larsen, 1991c); north of Mt. Kenya (Larsen, 1991c); Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c); Mt. Kulal (Larsen, 1991c); West Pokot (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Zanzibar (Eltringham, 1912); Pemba (Eltringham, 1912); Dar es Salaam (Kielland, 1990d); Kisiju (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); foot of South Pare Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018).

salmonea Le Doux, 1922 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 297-316. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pudorella anaemia by Bernaud, et al., 2019: 483.

*Acraea oncaea Hopffer, 1855# Window Acraea

Left – Male Window Acraea (Acraea oncaea), Burman Bush, Durban. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Right – Female Window Acraea, Mpaphuli N.R., April 2015. Image courtesy Pteer Webb.

Acraea oncaea Hopffer, 1855. Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 640 (639-643). Acraea oncaea Hopffer. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea oncaea Hopffer, 1855. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) oncaea Hopffer, 1855. Pringle et al., 1994: 81. Acraea (Stephenia) oncaea Hopffer, 1855. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea oncaea. Male (Wingspan 44 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Tembe, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 8 November 2009. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea oncaea. Female (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Malelane, Kruger National Park, South Africa. 11 November, 1998. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Alternative common name: Rooibok Acraea. Type locality: Mozambique: “Mossambique”. Distribution: Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya (coast, south), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Malawi, Zambia (east), Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Nambia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 154 quarter degree squares (1425 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as very widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Kisumu (Larsen, 1991c); Namanga (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mhondo (Suffert, 1904); Morogoro (Suffert, 1904); Lindi (Suffert, 1904); Langenburg (Suffert, 1904); Songea-Ungoni (Suffert, 1904); Mpapua (Suffert, 1904); Usandowi (Suffert, 1904); Madibira (Le Doux, 1923); Uhehe (Le Doux, 1923); widespread (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Throughout (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010); 41 localities given by Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Zambia – Chirundu (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Lake Bangweulu (Heath et al., 2002); Nsakaluba (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Maputo (Suffert, 1904); Inhaca Island (Van Son, 1963); Bopira (Van Son, 1963); Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010) ; Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Botswana – Mokgethe Farm near Zanzibar, Tuli Block (C. Coombs vide Larsen, 1991l); Thune River near Selibe-Phikwe (C. Coombs vide Larsen, 1991l); Shashe (G. Bailey vide Larsen, 1991l); Bain’s Drift (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Mica (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953);

85 Punda Maria (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Dendron (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Magoebaskloof (Van Son, 1963); Tzaneen (Van Son, 1963); Ofcolaco (Van Son, 1963); Saltpan (Van Son, 1963); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterval Onder (Swanepoel, 1953); Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop (Van Son, 1963); Malelane (Williams; female illustrated above); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Marico River (Swanepoel, 1953); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953; male illustrated above); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Pinetown (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – Cwebe N.R. (M. Williams, J. Greyling & A. Mayer, April 2015). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Savanna, including thornveld (Van Son, 1963), and grassy patches in coastal bush (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flutters weakly, close to the ground, frequently settling on low vegetation (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Van Son, 1963). Early stages:

Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 85; plate XXIV. “Egg. The eggs are laid in clusters and are pale watery yellow at first, changing later to light chocolate. They measure 0.6 mm in diameter by 0.9 mm high and have 17 to 20 longitudinal ribs cross-braced by 15 transverse ridges. Larva. The young larvae eat their way out near the top, and after a rest eat the discarded shell. Sometimes a larva may eat a retarded egg. The larvae rest, then gather together and feed on the surface of the leaf. On hatching the larvae are 2 mm long and grow to 3.25 or 3.5 mm in 7 days. Moulting takes palce where they are feeding. The larvae are gregarious until the penultimate instar, when they begin to separate. Some larva take 6 instars, others take 7. At the end of the instars the first group are 3.5, 5.25, 8.75, 14, 22 and 32 mm long; each instar takes from 4 to 5 days, except the final instar which lasts from 7 to 10 days. In the second group, the size of each instar is 3.25, 4.5, 6.75, 11, 17.5, 25 and 32 mm; the instars last from 4 to 6 days except the final which lasts from 7 to 10 days, but in both groups cold weather increases the length of the instar and may, in prolonged cold weather, produce partial hibernation. Pupa. The pupa is suspended by cremastral hooks fastened in a silken mat, and hangs head downwards. It is 22.5 mm long. The imago emerges after some 20 days.”

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 143 – images of host-plant, egg, larva and pupa.

Acraea oncaea final instar larva (left) and pupa (right). 86 Images courtesy I. & A. Sharp.

Acraea oncaea final instar larva. Mulanje, Malawi. Images courtesy D. Bernaud.

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 85; Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Adenia venenata Forssk. (Passifloraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978; as Modecca venenata]. Oncoba routledgei Sprague (Flacourtiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 85; as Wormskioldia longepedunculata Mast.]. Tricliceras schinzii subsp. laceratum (Oberm.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Otto, 2014; South Africa vide Sharp, 2017]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Xylotheca kraussiana Hochst. (Flacourtiaceae) [Platt, 1921].

caoncius Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 27 (12-107). Tanzania: “Mhondo und Morogoro”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

alboradiata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 28 (12- 107). Tanzania: “Lindi”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

modesta Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 28 (12-107). South Africa: “Zululand”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

obscura Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 28 (12-107). Tanzania: “Langenburg; Songeo-Ungoni”; Mozambique: “Delagoa Bai”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

defasciata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 29 (12- 107). Tanzania: “Mpapua”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

liacea Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea caecilia). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 29 (12-107). Tanzania: “Usandowi, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

distincta Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 225 (207-226). Tanzania: “Madibira, Uhehe (Deutsch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea oncaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea ella Eltringham, 1911 Desert Acraea

87 Acraea ella Eltringham, 1911. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 151 (149-153). Acraea (Stephenia) ella Eltringham, 1911. Pringle et al., 1994: 81. Acraea (Stephenia) ella Eltringham, 1911. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Angola: “Bihé”. Diagnosis: Similar to A. axina, from which it can be distinguished by the very white abdomen in the male and its angular wing shape (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Namibia (north-west). Specific localities: Angola – Bihe (TL). Namibia – Etosha (Ficq); north of Okangwati (Swart, 2004). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea stenobea Wallengren, 1860# Suffused Acraea

Male Suffused Acraea (Acraea stenobea), Great Saltpan, Limpopo Province. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea stenobea Wallengren, 1860. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift 4: 35 (33-46). Acraea stenobea Wallengren, 1860. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea stenobea Wallengren. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea stenobea Wallengren, 1860. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) stenobea Wallengren, 1860. Pringle et al., 1994: 80. Acraea (Stephenia) stenobia Wallengren, 1860. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea stenobea. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 88 Waterpoort, Limpopo, South Africa. 29 March, 1986. G. Henning. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea stenobea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Oshivelo, Namibia. 14 January, 1986. C. Ficq. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: [Namibia]: “Ad Swakap Africae”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/s). Distribution: Tanzania, Zambia (south & central) (Gardiner, 2010b), Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Zimbabwe (west), Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province – west, Eastern Cape Province, Northern Cape Province). Recorded, apparently in error, from Zambia by Ackery et al., 1995 (Heath et al., 2002) but confirmed for the country by Gardiner (2010b). In South Africa its distribution covers 56 quarter degree squares (182 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Tanzania – Saadani (Weymer, 1892). Zimbabwe – Sawmills (Van Son, 1963); Bulawayo (Van Son, 1963); Nyamandhlovu (Van Son, 1963). Botswana – Widespread (Larsen, 1991l); Damara Pan (N.W. Kalahari) (Van Son, 1963); Motito (Van Son, 1963); Bamangwato Reserve (Van Son, 1963); Tati (Van Son, 1963). Namibia – Swakop River (Van Son, 1963); Okahandja (Van Son, 1963); Kalidona (Van Son, 1963); Andara (Van Son, 1963); Namutoni (Van Son, 1963); Rundu (Pennington, vide Pringle et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterberg (Swanepoel, 1953). North West Province – Vryburg (Van Son, 1963); Potchefstroom District (Van Son, 1963); Zeerust (Van Son, 1963); Groot Marico (Van Son, 1963). Gauteng – Johannesburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Pretoria North (Van Son, 1963); Krugersdorp (Van Son, 1963). Free State Province – Ladybrand (Swanepoel, 1953); Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – King William’s Town (Swanepoel, 1953). Northern Cape Province – Kimberley (Swanepoel, 1953); Colesberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Kagaligadi Transfrontier Park – Twee Rivieren (van Son, 1959); Victoria West (Pennington). Habitat: Dry Savanna (bushveld), the vegetation usually constituted by shrubs and low-growing thorn bushes (Van Son, 1963). Habits: Both sexes feed from flowers (Van Son, 1963). The flight is moderately slow (Van Son, 1963) but it is a wary insect (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: September to May (Van Son, 1963). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

acronycta Westwood, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 346 (331-365). London. No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea stenobea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. 89

albomaculata Weymer, 1892 (as sp. of Acraea). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 53: 83 (79-125). [Tanzania]: “Saadani (Ostafrika)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea stenobea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea lygus Druce, 1875# Lygus Acraea

Lygus Acraea (Acraea lygus). Left – female upperside; right – male upperside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea lygus Druce, 1875. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1875: 408 (406-417). Acraea lygus Druce, 1875. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) lygus Druce, 1875. Pringle et al., 1994: 80. Acraea (Stephenia) lygus Druce, 1875. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea lygus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Saltpan, Zoutpansberg Mountains, Limpopo. March, 1959. W. Teare. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea lygus. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Francistown, Botswana. 15 January, 1984. C. Ficq. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: Angola. Diagnosis: The female of A. lygus can be separated from that of A. stenobea by its white discal patch and broad black marginal band on the hindwing upperside (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Kenya (south), Tanzania, Zambia (southern border), Angola, Zimbabwe, Botswana (east), Namibia (central and north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Eastern Cape Province, Northern Cape Province), Lesotho. In South Africa its distribution covers 34 quarter degree squares (65 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – Taru station near Mackinnon Road (Larsen, 1991c). Zambia – Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Beit Bridge (Van Son, 1963); Bulawayo (Van Son, 1963); Sawmills (Van Son, 1963); Castle Block (Gwelo) (Van Son, 1963); Victoria Falls (Van Son, 1963). Botswana – Zweizwe (Ntwentwe) River (Van Son, 1963); Nkate (Makarikari Salt Lake) (Van Son, 1963); Selibe-Phikwe (Larsen, 1991l); Shashe (Larsen, 1991l); 120 km north of Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama-Tenga (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l); Moremi (Larsen, 1991l); Gumare (Larsen, 1991l); Sepupa (Larsen, 1991l); Tsodilo Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Gabane (Larsen, 1991l). Namibia – Okahandja (Van Son, 1963); Grootfontein (female illustrated above); Rundu (Pennington). Limpopo Province – Vivo (Swanepoel); Bloedrivier, Polokwane district (Van Son, 1963); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist). Mpumalanga – Die Berg, south-west of Lydenburg (probably a vagrant) (Pringle et al., 1994). Eastern Cape Province – King William’s Town (Van Son, 1963). Northern Cape Province – Upington (male illustrated above). Lesotho – Maseru (Van Son, 1963). Habitat: Dry savanna and deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). Often in dry river-beds in dry savanna (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: A generally scarce species (Larsen, 1991c); rare in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). The flight is slower than that of Acraea stenobea, with which it sometimes flies (Van Son, 1963). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea lyci Pierre, 2006 Pale-winged Acraea

Acraea lyci Pierre, 2006. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 111 (4): 544 (544). Acraea (Stephenia) lyci Pierre, 2006. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Tanzania: Sekenne escarpment (4° 50' S; 34° 50' E), near Singida. Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi (Pierre, 2015). Specific localities: Tanzania – near Singida (TL). Malawi – North (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); near SIfisa Hill – Chawanga (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Nyamkhowa, Nyika Plateau (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Early stages: Nothing published.

91 Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea caecilia (Fabricius, 1781) Pink Acraea

Papilio caecilia Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum 2: 34 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii. Acraea (Stephenia) caecilia (Fabricius, 1781). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea caecilia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zamaye, Cameroon. July 1993. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: “Africa aequinoctiali”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi. Specific localities: Gambia – Bijilo, Abuko, Pirang, Kotu, Tujering, Barra, Keneba, Karantaba, Basse (Jon Baker, pers. comm., May 2020). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Sierra Leone – Blana (Le Doux, 1923); Freetown (Owen & Chanter, 1972). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Nigeria – Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Sudan – Bahr el-Seraf (TL of marnois). Democratic Republic of Congo – Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – 22 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019). Kenya – Mount Kulal (TL of kulal); Mount Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Rumanyika Game Reserve, Karagwe District (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Savanna (Larsen, 1991c). In West Africa the species spreads southwards during the dry season (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania in dry thornbush and savanna country from sea-level to 1 950 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: In the West African savanna it becomes common just before the onset of the rainy season. Individuals often fly long distances with a slow, direct flight. They are often seen at flowers (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania they were noted flying low down in open grassy glades in forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages:

92 Van Someren & Rogers, 1926. (egg, larva, pupa).

Bernaud, 1994b [Cameroon].

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 485. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Acraea caecilia final instar larva. Metu Forest, Uganda. Images courtesy D. Bernaud.

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Tricliceras pilosum (Willd.) R.Fern. (Turneraceae) [Bernaud, 1994b; Cameroon; as Wormskioldia pilosa].

hypatia Drury, 1782 (as sp. of Papilio). Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 15 (76 pp.). London. Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

artemesa Stoll, 1790, in Stoll, [1787-90] (as sp. of Papilio). Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America [Supplement]: 123 ([184 pp.]) Amsterdam. Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014, and spelt as artemisa.

bendis Hübner, 1819 in Hübner, [1816-[1826]] (as sp. of Telchinia). Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 27 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

marnois Rogenhofer, 1890 (as sp. of Acraea). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 4: 552 (547-554). Type locality: Sudan: “Bahr el-Seraf”. Type in the Vienna Museum, Austria. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

varia Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea caecilia). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 217 (207- 226). Sierra Leone: “Blana”. Treated as a female form of Acraea caecilia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

kulal Van Someren, 1936 (as ssp. of Acraea caecilia). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 12: 154 (147-199). Type locality: Kenya: “Kulal”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea pudora Aurivillius, 1910

Acraea caecilia f. pudora Aurivillius, 1910. In: Sjöstedt, B. Y., Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schweidischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebeden Massaisteppen Deutsch-OstAfrikas 1905-1906. 2 (9): 4 (56 pp.). Stockholm. Acraea (Stephenia) caecilia pudora Aurivillius, 1910. Henning & Williams, 2010. Acraea caecilia pudora Aurivillius, 1910. Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. Acraea pudora Aurivillius, 1910. Bernaud, et al., 2019: 490, stat. rev.

93 Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto aus der Massaisteppe; Meru-Niederung”. Distribution: Uganda (west), Kenya (east), Tanzania (east and central), Malawi (north). Specific localities: Uganda – Mount Moroto (Davenport, vide Bernaud, et al., 2019). Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Rondo near Lindi (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Ruaha National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Tabora (Kielland, 1990d); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018). Malawi – Nyika N.P. (J. Timberlake, pers. comm., 2019).

umbrina Aurivillius, 1910 (as ab. of Acraea caecilia). In: Sjöstedt, B. Y., Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schweidischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebeden Massaisteppen Deutsch-OstAfrikas 1905-1906. 2 (9): 4 (56 pp.). Stockholm. Tanzania: “Kilimandjaro: Massaisteppe”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Treated as an aberration of Acraea caecilia pudora by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

nuda Wichgraf, 1914 (as ab. of Acraea caecilia). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 349 (345-353). Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea caecilian pudora by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea asboloplintha Karsch, 1894 Black-winged Acraea

Male Black-winged Acraea (Acraea asboloplintha). Kibale Forest, Uganda. October 2014. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea asboloplintha Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 223 (209-240). Acraea (Stephenia) asboloplintha Westwood, 1881. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea asboloplintha. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 94 Nandi Forest, Kenya. 9 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea asboloplintha. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Gatamayu Forest, Kenya. 5 May 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea asboloplintha. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nandi Forest, Kenya. 9 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea asboloplintha. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Gatamayu Forest, Kenya. 15 May 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “West Albert Njansa (bei Badjua, West Lendú)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Ituri, Kivu), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). 95 Uganda – Badjua, West Lendu (TL); Patsho (Grose-Smith, 1898); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); Kibale Forest (R. Schutte, unpublished); 20 localities are listed in Bernaud et al., 2019. Kenya – 15 miles west of Fort Hall (TL); Aberdares (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Kenya (Larsen, 1991c); Embu (Larsen, 1991c); Nyeri (Larsen, 1991c); Uplands (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Ngara District (Kielland, 1990d); Marang Forest, Mbulu (Kielland, 1990d).

Habitat: Forest and heavy woodland (Kielland, 1990d). Along the edges and in clearings in semi-montane forest (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: Males often take protracted circling flights, with the wings held still, two or three metres above the ground (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Van Someren & Rogers, 1926. (egg, larva, pupa).

Bernaud et al., 2019: 494. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud et al., 2019: 494; Uganda]. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323; as Tryphostemma zanzibaricum]. Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 377]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 377].

rubescens Trimen, 1909 (as ssp. of Acraea asboloplintha). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1909: 547 (547-557). Type locality: [Kenya]: “15 m. W. of Ft. Hall, Kikuyu Co., Weithaga”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea asboloplintha by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

dissociata Grose-Smith, 1898 (as sp. of Acraea). Novitates Zoologicae 5: 350 (350-358). Uganda: “Patsho, Nandi country”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea asboloplintha by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

albula Joicey & Talbot, 1921 (as f. of Acraea asboloplintha). Treated as a female form of Acraea asboloplintha by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea pseudegina Westwood, [1852] Abadima Acraea

Male Acraea pseudegina. Left – upperside; right – underside. Images courtesy Pamela Sai.

Acraea pseudegina Westwood, [1852] in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 531 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London.

96 Acraea pseudegina Westwood, 1852. Pierre, 1981. Acraea (Stephenia) pseudegina Westwood, 1852. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea pseudegina Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nandi Forest, Kenya. 7 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea pseudegina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zika Forest, Uganda. 12 June 2017. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: “Guinea”; Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Diagnosis: The colour of males varies from sandy yellow to vivid orange (Bernaud et al., 2019). Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Ethiopia (south), Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Senegal – Cap Vert area (Condamin, vide Larsen, 2005a). Gambia – Fajara, Bijilo, Brufut, Kotu, Tujering, Kartong, Karantaba, Keneba (Jon Baker, pers. comm., May 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Mayumba (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Brazzaville (Le Cerf, 1927). Central African Republic – Abadima (Ribbe, 1889). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Mpologoma (Le Doux, 1931); 49 localities are listed by Bernaud et al., 2019; Zika Forest (images

97 of female, above). Kenya – Tiriki Hills (Neave, 1904). Tanzania – Geita, near Lake Victoria (Kielland, 1990d); Arusha (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Savanna, and agricultural lands in the forest zone (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a common butterfly and may be abundant at times (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes fly low down and are fond of flowers, including those of Tridax (Larsen, 1991c). Occasionally large numbers of males may be found mudpuddling (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Bernaud & Pierre, 2000.

Bernaud et al., 2019: 502. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323 (in error for A. natalica); Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978; Ivory Coast]. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323 (in error for A. natalica)]. Cephalomma species (Tiliaceae) [Fontaine, 1988]. Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) [Owen, 1971 (Sierra Leone); Bernaud, 1994 (Benin)]. Tricliceras pilosum (Willd.) R.Fern. (Turneraceae) [Bernaud, 1994 (Cameroon); as Wormskioldia pilosa].

abadima Ribbe, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 2: 182 (181-182). Central African Republic: “Abadima, Niam-Niam-Gebiete”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseudegina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

clarei Neave, 1904 (as sp. of Acraea). Novitates Zoologicae 11: 327 (323-363). Kenya: “Tiriki Hills”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseudegina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

stephanophora Le Cerf, 1927 (as f. indiv. of Acraea natalica pseudegina). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 52 (44-58). Congo: “Brazzaville, Congo Francais”. Treated as a form of Acraea pseudegina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

inexpectata Le Doux, 1931 (as male f. of Acraea natalica abadima). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 54 (49-59). Uganda: “Mpologoma”. Treated as a form of Acraea pseudegina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea natalica Boisduval, 1847# Black-based Acraea

Left: Male Natal Acraea (Acraea natalica) in the Mphaphuli Cycad Reserve, Limpopo Province. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte. Middle and right: Male and female Natal Acraeas in Delville Wood, KwaZulu-Natal. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

98 Acraea natalica Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 590 (585-602). Acraea natalica Boisduval, 1847. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea natalica Boisduval. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea natalica Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) natalica De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 80. Acraea (Stephenia) natalica Boisduval, 1847. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea natalica. Male (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Blouberg Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 10 March 2012. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea natalica. Female (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Buzzard Mtn Retreat, Zoutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 21 September 2003. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea natalica. Female (Wingspan 62 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 8 April 2008. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Baie de Port Natal”. Diagnosis: A variable species with several forms, including dry- and wet-season forms. Distribution: Somalia (south) (Kielland, 1990d), Uganda (south-west), Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east), Malawi, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe,

99 Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Northern Cape Province), Swaziland. In South Africa its distribution covers 217 quarter degree squares (1750 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as very widespread. Specific localities: Uganda – Mafuga Forest (Bernaud et al., 2019). Tanzania – Throughout (Kielland, 1990d); Mikidani (Suffert, 1904); Pemba (Aurivillius, 1913); Kisonsera (Le Doux, 1923); Angabe (Le Doux, 1923); upper and lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018). Democratic Republic of Congo – Bangu (Schouteden, 1919). Malawi – Throughout (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010); 59 localities given by Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Mozambique – Maputo (Le Doux, 1923); Mt Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Njesi Plateau (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013); Mt Yao [- 12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (Van Son, 1936). Botswana – Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Tati River (Larsen, 1991l); Gaborone to Francistown road (Larsen, 1991l); Serowe (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama-Tenga (Larsen, 1991l); Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l); Okavango (Larsen, 1991l); Tuli Block (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Naboomspruit; Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015); Buzzard Mountain Retreat [- 23.012 29.765] (Williams, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c); Sterkspruit Nature Reserve (Williams); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). Gauteng – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson, unpublished checklist, 2001). Free State Province – Ladybrand (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (TL); Port Shepstone (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Estcourt (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); Mkuze (Swanepoel, 1953); Isipingo (Van Son, 1963); Verulam (Van Son, 1963); Dukuduku Forest (Van Son, 1963); St Lucia Bay (Van Son, 1963); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – Kei River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963). Northern Cape Province – Carnarvon (LepiMAP, 2020). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Status: Common and widespread (Pringle et al., 1994). Habitat: Savanna, including Brachystegia woodland (Kielland, 1990d), forest edges and anthropogenic environments. In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Boths sexes fly randomly, about one to three metres above the ground. The flight is leisurely (Pringle et al., 1994). Both sexes are much attracted by flowers and occasional specimens are seen mudpuddling (Van Son, 1963). An interesting account of pollination of a species of orchid (Platycoryne pervillei) by A. natalica in Zimbabwe has been published by Fibeck & Phiri (1998). Males sometimes select a particular small area, which they patrol, perching frequently on low shrubs or grass stems within the area (Williams, unpublished). Flight period: All year but commoner in the warmer months (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 156 [as Acraea Natalica Boisduval; KwaZulu-Natal].

100 “Larva. Light buff-yellow, with longitudinal black and white stripes. A white dorsal stripe edged with black, and a white stripe, just above legs on each side, carrying lowest row of spines. A black stripe on each side just above lateral row of spines; a broad black ventral stripe, interrupted by bases of pro-legs. On a succulent climbing plant (much affected by the Acraeinae generally), with small green flowers. The above description of the larva is from notes by Mr. W.D. Gooch. The pupa is not described; but from a pencil sketch appears to be more sharply angulated on the head and thorax than that of A. Horta. A note as to its colours and markings is given below, from two examples received from Colonel Bowker. In March 1878 Colonel Bowker sent me from Natal two living pupae of A. Natalica, attached to stems of a grass. Unfortunately the butterflies endeavoured to emerge en route in a very small box; and thus neither pupae nor imagines arrived in a useful condition. But the specimens sufficiently show that the pupa is quite of the type of that of A. Horta, Linn., being creamy-white, with the limbs and position of wing-nervures outlined in black; a triple black streak from top of head along middle of back of thorax, and a broad lateral streak varied with white spots; the abdomen bearing two dorsal, two lateral, and one median ventral, chains of black rings enclosing orange-yellow spots.”

Van Someren & Rogers, 1926 No. 25: 66.

Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 73, plate XXII. “Egg. The eggs are laid in clusters on the underside of a leaf. They are 0.8 mm in diameter by 0.7 mm high, with 16 longitudinal ribs connected by 17-19 cross-braces. The colour is pale yellow when laid, changing to salmon yellow. The eggs hatch after 6 days. Larva. The young larvae eat their way out near the top and after a rest, devour the discarded shell. Sometimes they tackle an unhatched egg and eat both the shell and the unhatched larva. After another rest, they assemble and feed on the leaf the eggs were laid on, sometimes on the surface of the stalk or stripping the stems and feeding on the pith. They are gregarious till the middle of the penultimate instar. There are two groups, one taking five instars, the other six, the development proceeding as follows: Five instar group: 1 st instar 1.5 mm, growing to 3.5 mm in 7 days; 2nd instar growing to 5 mm in 5 days; 3rd instar growing to 9-10 mm in 5 days; 4th instar growing to 17 mm in 5 days; 5th instar growing to 35-36 mm in 20 days. Six instar group: 1 st instar 1.5 mm, growing to 3 mm in 7 days; 2nd instar growing to 4.5 mm in 5 days; 3rd instar growing to 7-8 mm in 5 days; 4th instar growing to 13 mm in 5 days; 5th instar growing to 24 mm in 5 days; 6th instar growing to 35-36 mm in 27 days. Towards the end of the first instar, dull patches indicate the position of future protuberances. In the 4 th and subsequent instars the spined protuberances have a very fine fur. Pupa. The pupa is suspended by cremastral hooks only. It is 24 mm long. The pupal stage lasts about 13 days.”

Dickson, 1972.

Bernaud & Pierre, 2000.

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 136. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Acraea natalica final instar larva and pupa. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte. 101

Larval food: Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921; as Ophiocaulon gummifera Hook. f.]. Oncoba species (Flacourtiaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 159]. Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Platt, 1921]. Streptopetalum serratum Hochst (Turneraceae) [I. Sharp, 2015]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Swynnerton, in Platt, 1921]. Vitis species (Ampelidaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 159]. Wormskioldia species (Turneraceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 159].

bellua Wallengren, 1857 (as sp. of Acraea). Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 22 (55 pp.). South Africa: “Caffraria”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/b). Treated as a synonym of Acraea natalica by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

umbrata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea natalica). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 30 (12- 107). Tanzania: “Mikidani”. Treated as a form of Acraea natalica by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

albida Aurivillius, 1913 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as female ab. of Acraea natalica). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 268 (614 pp.). Tanzania: “Island of Pemba”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea natalica by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

mesoleuca Wichgraf, 1914 (as female f. of Acraea natalica). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 349 (345-353). South Africa: “Natal (Durban)”. Treated as a female form of Acraea natalica by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

dispar Schouteden, 1919 (as ab. of Acraea natalica pseudagina). Revue Zoologique Africaine 6: 154 (145- 162). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Bangu”. Treated as an aberration Acraea natalica by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

albiventris Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea natalica natalica). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 214 (207-226). Mozambique: “Delagoa Bay”; South Africa: “Natal”; “Nyasa”; “Rhodesia”; Kenya: “Britisch- Ostafrika”; Tanzania: “Kisonsera”. Treated as a form of Acraea natalica by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

albata Le Doux, 1923 (as male f. of Acraea natalica natalica). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 215 (207-226). Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika (ohne nähere Angabe)”. Treated as a form of Acraea natalica by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

oatesi van Son, 1936 (as var. of Acraea natalica). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 17: 123 (121-140). Zimbabwe: “Victoria Falls, in the Rain Forest”. Treated as a variety of Acraea natalica by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877# Black-tipped Acraea

102

Black-tipped Acraea (Acraea caldarena) male from near Munnik, Limpopo Province. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 52 (51-52). Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea caldarena Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Pringle et al., 1994: 80. Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Male (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Munnik, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 September 2006. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Male (Wingspan 46 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Munnik, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 September 2006. M.C. Williams Collection.

103

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Female (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Munnik, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 September 2006. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Female. Wet-season form. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chuniespoort, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Female aberration (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Naboomspriut, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 21 Sep 2013. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Black Tip Acraea. Type locality: “Lake Nyassa”; [South Africa]: “Transvaal”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia?, Uganda, Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (Van Son, 1963). Habitat: Dry savanna (Van Son, 1963; Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania in Brachystegia woodland and savanna, from 1 000 to 1 300 m (2 000 m on Sitebi Mt.) for the nominate subspecies and in woodland and savanna, from near sea-level to 1 200 m for subspecies neluska (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a common species but ssp. neluska appears to be considerably scarcer (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is slow and usually not more than a metre above the ground. Both sexes are fond of flowers (Van Son, 1963). Flight period: All year but commonest from August to March (Pringle et al., 1994).

104 Early stages:

Fountaine, 1911: 60. “The larva of this butterfly also feeds on the flowers and leaves of Wormskioldia longepedunculata; it is of a soft pink rose-colour, shading into yellow at the extremities, underneath it has a longitudinal white stripe between the legs, extending from head to tail; the spines are black. The pupa is not quite so elongated as that of A. nohara, the wing-cases are pale, dull drab veined and outlined with black, the abdomen is deep cream-colour, with the rows of orange spots so heavily outlined with black as to be almost coalescent. I found this larva, but not at all commonly, at Macequence.”

Van Someren & Rogers, 1925 No. 23: 142.

Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 79; plate XXIII. “Egg. The eggs are laid singly or only two or three together; 0.75 mm in diameter by 0.95 mm high, with 16 longitudinal and 16 cross-ribs; pale watery cream at first, deepening to pale dull yellow. The egg-stage lasts 8 days. Larva. 1st instar 1.5 mm long on hatching, very pale at first, with very finely barbed black spines; the colour gradually changes to pale yellowish brown. Head black. The larva grows to 3.5 mm in 7 days. It feeds on the surface of a leaf. 2nd instar: The body is covered with a very fine fur, it is pale greenish yellow with a black head. The larva feeds mostly on the edge of a leaf. The larvae gradually change to unicolorous brown in the next instars, but in the penultimate instar a white ventral line develops and is also present in the final instar. The head changes through shades of brown to pale salmon and the body protuberances change from a brownish grey to black. All have black spines. The extremities in all instars except the first are lighter than the general body colour, and in the final instar they are of a salmon tint. The larvae grow in the second instar to 6.5 mm in 7 days, in the 3 rd instar to 10 mm in 7 days, in the 4th to 18 mm in 10 days, and in the penultimate instar reach a length of 27 mm in 20 days. The maximum length in the final instar is 32 mm, reached in 22 days. Pupa. The pupa is 22 mm long and is suspended by cremastral hooks. The emergence takes place after some 17 days.”

Fountaine, 1911. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Eltringham, 1912. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Van Someren & Rogers, 1926. (egg, larva, pupa).

Clark, in Van Son, 1963. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 95. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa; Malawi).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 512. (host-plant, egg; Uganda).

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Fountaine, 1911: 60; as Wormskioldia longepedunculata; nominate subspecies; Macequece, Mozambique]. Tricliceras pilosum (Willd.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 512; Uganda].

Acraea caldarena caldarena Hewitson, 1877# Black-tipped Acraea

Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 52 (51-52). Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Pringle et al., 1994: 80. Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Henning & Williams, 2010.

105

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Male (Wingspan 46 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Munnik, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 September 2006. M.C. Williams Collection.

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Female (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Munnik, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 September 2006. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

106

Type locality: “Lake Nyassa”; [South Africa]: “Transvaal”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia?, Uganda (north), Kenya (west), Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia (except north-west), Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (east and north), Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province), Swaziland (Van Son, 1963). In South Africa its distribution covers 91 quarter degree squares (322 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Sudan – Mongalla (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Uganda – 20 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Kitale (Larsen, 1991c); West Pokot (Larsen, 1991c); Lake Baringo (Larsen, 1991c). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kabala (Joicey & Talbot, 1921); Kohambullo (Le Doux, 1923). Tanzania – Tabora (Suffert, 1904); Tukuyu (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Malawi – Throughout (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010); 38 localities given by Bernaud & Murphy (2014). Zambia – Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Kabwe (Heath et al., 2002); Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Isoka (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Macequece (Fountaine, 1911); Mineni Valley (Van Son, 1963); Dondo Forest (Pennington, vide Pringle et al., 1994); Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Njesi Plateau (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013); Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Botswana – Khamas country (Van Son, 1963); Macloutsie River (Van Son, 1963); Tati River (Van Son, 1963); Kasane (Van Son, 1963); Kabulabula (Chobe River) (Van Son, 1963); Okavango (Larsen, 1991l); Sepupa (Larsen, 1991l); Gweta (R. Vane-Wright vide Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l). Namibia – Livingstone (Le Doux, 1923); Ovamboland (Van Son, 1963). Limpopo Province – Gravelotte (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Dendron (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953; male illustrated above); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c). North West Province – Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953); Johannesburg (Swanepoel, 1953). Free State Province – Kroonstad (Van Son, 1963).

amphimalla Westwood, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 347 (331-365). London. South Africa: “Tati, et marg. fluv. Motloutsi”. Given as a synonym of A. caldarena Hewitson, 1877 by Van Son, 1963: 77. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

dircaea Westwood, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 348 (331-365). London. South Africa: “Tati, and the Motloutsi River”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

nero Butler, 1883 (as sp. of Telchinia). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 12: 102 (101-107). 107 “Victoria Nyanza”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

recaldana Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea caldarena). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 27 (12- 107). Tanzania: “Umgegend von Tabora”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

mediofasciata Neustetter, 1916 (as female ab. of Acraea caldarena). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 98 (95-108). South Africa: “Natal”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

pallida Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea caldarena caldarena). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 209 (207-226). Namibia: “Livingstone (Deutsch-Südwestafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

necessaria Le Doux, 1923 (as ssp. of Acraea caldarena). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 209 (207-226). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga (Belgisch-Kongo)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

obscuroides Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea caldarena necessaria). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 211 (207-226). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga (Belgisch-Kongo)”. Treated as a female form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

decepta Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea caldarena necessaria). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 211 (207-226). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga (Belgisch-Kongo)”. Treated as a female form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

kohambullensis Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea caldarena necessaria). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 212 (207-226). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kohambullo (Kongo)”. Treated as a female form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

marginipunctata Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Acraea caldarena intermedia). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 55 (49-59). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Region de M’Pala, Tanganyika”. Treated as a form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea caldarena neluska Oberthür, 1878 Northern Black-tipped Acraea

Acraea oncaea var. neluska Oberthür, 1878. Études d’Entomologie 3: 25 (1-48). Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena neluska Oberthür, 1878. Henning & Williams, 2010. Acraea caldarena neluska Oberthür, 1878. Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Zanzibar”. Diagnosis: Forewing black apical patch reduced; hindwing black margin without orange lunules (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast). Specific localities: Kenya – Kitale (Carcasson, 1961); coast (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Zanzibar (TL); Saadani (Weymer, 1892); coast (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Turiani in the Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d).

Note: Subspecies neluska may be specifically distinct from caldarena (see discussion in Larsen, 1991c: 377).

ombria Weymer, 1892 (as sp. of Acraea). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 53: 82 (79-125). Tanzania: “Saadani (Ostafrika)”; “Niassa-See”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena neluska by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. 108

*Acraea leucopyga Aurivillius, 1904 Milky Acraea

Acraea leucopyga Aurivillius, 1904. Entomologisk Tidskrift 25: 92 (92-96). Acraea (Stephenia) leucopyga Aurivillius, 1904. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea leucopyga. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chowe Village, Malawi. 2 January 2004. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea leucopyga. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Nyika, Malawi. 29 September 2013. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Nyassaland: Kigonsera”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/l). Distribution: Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Malawi, Zambia. Recorded, in error, from Uganda by Kielland (Bernaud, et al., 2019: 67). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ungoni (Suffert, 1904); Southern parts (Kielland, 1990d); Tunduma near Mbeya (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Democratic Republic of Congo – Upemba National Park (Overlaet, 1955); Mabwe (Overlaet, 1955). Malawi – Throughout, but rare (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Kigonsera (TL); Maiwale; 18 localities given by Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Zambia – Nsakaluba (Heath et al., 2002); Lundazi-Chinsali Road (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Dry woodland and savanna (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania at altitudes up to 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d).

109 Habits: A rare and local species in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

liszti Suffert, 1904 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 17 (12-107). Tanzania: “Ungoni”; “Nyassa See”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea leucopyga by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

propagata Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea leucopyga). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 215 (207- 226). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Katanga (Belgische-Kongo)”. Treated as a female form of Acraea leucopyga by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea intermediodes Ackery, 1995 Intermediate Acraea

Acraea (Acraea) intermediodes Ackery, 1995 in Ackery et al., 1995: 238. Replacement name for Acraea intermedia Wichgraf, 1909, which is invalid (see below). Acraea (Stephenia) intermediodes Ackery, 1995. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea intermediodes. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kalambo Falls, Zambia. July 1975. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea intermediodes. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ntumbachushi Falls, Zambia. 24 September 2005. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Rhodesia”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani, Kabinda, Lualaba), Zambia (north-east). Specific localities: Zambia – Lake Mweru (Heath et al., 2002); Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002; male illustrated above);

110 Nsakaluba (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokoso (Heath et al., 2002). Early stages:

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 128 – image of larva.

Larval food: Nothing published.

intermedia Wichgraf, 1909 (as sp. of Acraea). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 241 (240-247). [Zambia]: “Rhodesia”. Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Planema intermedia Aurivillius, 1899 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea intermediodes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

latiapicalis Joicey & Talbot, 1921 (as ssp. of Acraea leucopyga). Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 50 (40-166). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kabala, Upper Congo”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea intermediodes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

brunnea Overlaet, 1955 (as female f. of Acraea leucopyga latiapicalis). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 71 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Nationaal Upemba Park”. Treated as a female form of Acraea intermediodes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

albescens Overlaet, 1955 (as f. of Acraea leucopyga latiapicalis). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 71 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mabwe”. Treated as a female form of Acraea intermediodes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea rhodesiana Wichgraf, 1909 Rhodesian Acraea

Acraea rhodesiana Wichgraf, 1909. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 240 (240-247). Acraea (Stephenia) rhodesiana Wichgraf, 1909. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea rhodesiana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lusaka Nature Reserve, Zambia. 12 January 1952. C. B. Cottrell. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

111

Acraea rhodesiana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Musonda Hill, Zambia. 15 September 2001. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea rhodesiana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lusaka Nature Reserve, Zambia. 1 January 1962. C.B. Cottrell. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Rhodesia”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani), Tanzania (west), Zambia (central and north). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – south-east Katanga (Neave, 1910); Upemba National Park (Overlaet, 1955). Tanzania – Sibweza in Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Chala in Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kalulushi (Heath et al., 2002); Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Chilanga (Heath et al., 2002); Kafue (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Leopard’s Hill) (Heath et al., 2002); Serenje (Heath et al., 2002); Mansa (Heath et al., 2002); Lake Bangweulu (Heath et al., 2002); Nsakaluba (Heath et al., 2002); Mutinondo Wilderness Area (Congdon & Bampton, unpub., 2003); Lusaka (male illustrated above). Habitat: Deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania at altitudes between 1 100 and 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Adenia goetzei Harms (Passifloraceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Mutinondo, Zambia].

mima Neave, 1910 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 22 (2-86). Zambia: “Serenji district, N.E. Rhodesia”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “S.E. border of Katanga, Congo State”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea rhodesiana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

flaviapicalis Overlaet, 1955 (as female f. of Acraea rhodesiana). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 69 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Nationaal Upemba Park”. Treated as a female form of Acraea rhodesiana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea zoumi Pierre, 1995 Ethiopian Orange Acraea

Acraea zoumi Pierre, 1995. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 100 (3): 312 (307-314).

112 Acraea (Stephenia) zoumi Pierre, 1995. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Ethiopia: “Joma (Toma?), Abyssinia”. Distribution: ?Sudan (south), Ethiopia, Uganda (east and north), Kenya (north). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Joma (TL). Uganda – Madi-Opei (Carcasson, 1961); Mbale (Carcasson, 1961); Agoro-Agu (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Moroto (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

rileyi Eltringham, 1913 (as f. of Acraea doubledayi). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1913: 407-413. Ethiopia: “Toma, Abyssinia”. Treated as a form of Acraea zoumi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849 Dusky Acraea

Acraea doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849. In: Lefebrve, T., Voyage en Abyssinie (4) 6 (Zoologie): 378 (364-386). Acraea (Stephenia) doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Abyssinie”. Distribution: Ethiopia (south), Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Erroneously recorded from South Africa by Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Recorded, in error, from northern Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a) and Uganda (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Habitat: Dry savanna. Habits: Males patrol desert wadis while the wings are held horizontal for long periods. The white abdomen is very noticeable at this time (Larsen, 1991c). When these are available, flowers are very attractive to the species (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323].

Acraea doubledayi doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849 Dusky Acraea

Acraea doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849. In: Lefebrve, T., Voyage en Abyssinie (4) 6 (Zoologie): 378 (364-386). Acraea (Stephenia) doubledayi doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Abyssinie”. Distribution: Sudan (south-east), Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya (north). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Toma (Eltringham, 1913). Somalia – Near Laskarato (Sharpe, 1901). Kenya – Mount Karoli, Rendille country (J. Pierre, vide Larsen, 1991c).

Note: According to J. Pierre (pers. comm.) form rileyi Eltringham, 1913 (see below) is specifically distinct from doubledayi (Larsen, 1991c: 374).

doubledayi Trimen, 1887 (as sp. of Acraea). South African Butterflies I: 147. Synonym of Acraea doubledayi

113 Guerin-Meneville, 1849.

gaekwari Sharpe, 1901b (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist 34 (Supplement): 1-8. Somalia: “Near Laskarato”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea doubledayi doubledayi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea doubledayi azvaki d’Abrera, 1980 Yemen Dusky Acraea

Acraea doubledayi azvaki d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 142 (593 pp.). Melbourne. Acraea (Stephenia) doubledayi azvaki d’Abrera, 1980. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Yemen: “Southern Yemen”. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (south-west), Yemen. Specific localities: Yemen – Azvaki Ravine (Eltringham, 1912).

arabica Eltringham, 1912 (as ssp. of Acraea doubledayi). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 173 (1-374). Yemen: “S. Arabia (Azvaki Ravine)”. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Acraea arabica Rebel, 1899 [Acraeinae].] Treated as a synonym of Acraea doubledayi azvaki by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea sykesi Sharpe, 1902 Arid Acraea

Acraea sykesi Sharpe, 1902. Entomologist 35: 279 (276-280). Acraea (Stephenia) sykesi Sharpe, 1902. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Uganda: “Wadelai”. Diagnosis: Differs from A. doubledayi in the total lack of transparent areas in the forewings (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Distribution: Nigeria (north), Cameroon (north), Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east), Sudan (south-east), Uganda (north), Kenya (south-west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Maiduguri/Yola (Pierre, 1995); Sokoto (Larsen, 2005a). Central African Republic – Nyam-Nyam (Eltringham, 1912). Uganda – Wadelai (TL); Recorded, in error, from Entebbe; Ara (Carcasson, 1961); Butiaba (Carcasson, 1961); Madi-Opei (Carcasson, 1961); Metu (Carcasson, 1961); Murchison (Carcasson, 1961); Kei (Davenport, vide Bernaud, et al., 2019); Otzi (Davenport, vide Bernaud, et al., 2019); Agoro-Agu (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Labwor Bernaud, et al., 2019). Kenya – Kisumu area (Neave, 1904); South Kavirondo (Van Someren, vide Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Dry bush and thorn scrub (Kielland, 1990d). Mainly very dry riverbeds (Larsen, 2005a) in Sudan savanna in West Africa. In Tanzania at altitudes between 1 100 and 1 400 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A generally rare species throughout its range (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Bernaud, 1994a (larva, pupa; Cameroon).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 520. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323].

114 Adenia venenata Forssk. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1994; Cameroon].

mystica Neave, 1904 (as sp. of Acraea). Novitates Zoologicae 11: 327 (323-363). Kenya: “Kisumu”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea sykesi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

candida Eltringham, 1912 (as female f. of Acraea doubledayi). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 173 (1-374). Central African Republic: “Nyam-Nyam”. Treated as a female form of Acraea sykesi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea regalis Oberthür, 1893 Regal Acraea

Acraea regalis Oberthür, 1893. Études d’Entomologie 17: 20 (17-36). Acraea regalis Oberthür, 1893. Kielland, 1990d: 163. Acraea (Stephenia) regalis Oberthür, 1893. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Kilimandjaro (Afrique Orientale)”. Diagnosis: “Regarded as a form of A. braesia Godman, but position of the row of discal black spots in spaces 3,4,5,6 and the costal spot is forming a sharp angle with the costa, contrasting with the perpendicular position of that of braesia. The male genitalia differs as follows: uncus long and strongly built (in braesia short and thin); valva longer and armed with a ridge on the innerside (in braesia this ridge is lacking); aedeagus much thicker (the aedeagus in braesia is extremely thin and long) (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya (south-east), Tanzania (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Teita Hills Lodge (D.A. Trembath, vide Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Northern Highlands (Kielland, 1990d); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea braesia Godman, 1885 Bright Pink Acraea

Acraea braesia Godman, 1885. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 538 (537-541). Acraea (Stephenia) braesia Godman, 1885. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea braesia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 71 km se of Voi, Kenya. 29 April 1997. A. and M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

115

Acraea braesia. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 120 km west of Mombasa, Kenya. 25 May 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea braesia. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 100 km west of Mombasa, Kenya. 25 May 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Kilima-njaro”. Distribution: Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda (north-east), Kenya, Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Somalia – Buran (Talbot, 1932). Kenya – Kitui (Staudinger, 1885); Kisumu (Neave, 1904); Kibwezi (Le Doux, 1931); Malidi (Stoneham, 1943); Coast (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Voi (Larsen, 1991c); Chyulu Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Ngong (Larsen, 1991c); Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c); West Pokot (Larsen, 1991c); Lake Turkana (Larsen, 1991c); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Lake Baringo (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Durget Hill in Mbulu District (Kielland, 1990d); Mangola in Mbulu District (Kielland, 1990d); Same in South Pare at 1000-1300 m (Kielland, 1990d); Ngaruka below the Ngorongoro Highland (Kielland, 1990d); Foot of Mount Meru at Karamu (Cordeiro, 1995); Tarangire National Park (Cordeiro, 1995); Moshi (Cordeiro, 1995); Machame on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro (Baker, vide Cordeiro, 1995); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018). Habitat: Dry thornbush country (savanna) (Kielland, 1990d; Larsen, 1991c). Habits: This is a fairly common species that flies low down but quite rapidly (Larsen, 1991c). Numbers may congregate to feed on a patch of flowers but generally the density of populations is low (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 526. (host-plant, egg. larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia globosa Engl. (Passifloraceae) [S. Collins, vide Bernaud, et al., 2019: 526; Kenya]. Adenia venenata Forssk. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 526; Uganda].

116 Vernonia species [improbable] (Asteraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 374].

leucosoma Staudinger, 1885 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1884-8 (as sp. of Acraea). Exotischer Schmetterlinge 1: 84 (333 pp.). Bayern. Kenya: “Kitui”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea braesia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

hoehneli Holland, 1896 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 18: 746 (741- 767). “East Africa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea braesia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

ochracea Le Doux, 1931 (as ssp. of Acraea nohara). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 51 (49-59). Kenya: “Kibwezi, Brit. Ost-Afrika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea nohara dondoensis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

lucida Talbot, 1932 (as f. of Acraea bresia [sic]). Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 4: 185 (182-188). Somalia: “Buran”. Treated as a form of Acraea braesia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

leucofasciata Stoneham, 1943 (as female f. of Acraea braesia). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (45): 3 (4 pp.). Kenya: “Malindi, Kenya Coast”. Treated as a form of Acraea braesia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

zetes species-group

*Acraea zonata Hewitson, 1877 Black-lined Acraea

Acraea zonata Hewitson, 1877. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 154 (153-155). Acraea (Acraea) zonata Hewitson, 1877. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea zonata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Shimba Hills, Kenya. July 1982. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Darrasalam”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Malawi, Mozambique (Congdon et al., 2010). Specific localities: Kenya – Mombasa (Grose-Smith, 1889); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Dar es Salaam (TL); Mtwara (Kielland, 1990d); Zanzibar (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Kiono Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kanga Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Bondwa in the Ulugurus (Kielland, 1990d); Kindoroko Forest Reserve in the North Pares at 1600-1700 m (Cordeiro, 1995). Malawi – A single record from Mzeze, central Malawi (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014).

117 Habitat: Coastal forest and dense woodland (Larsen, 1991c). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 600 m; sometimes as high as 2 140 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a generally rare species, except in the Shimba Hills, where small numbers may be encountered year round (Larsen, 1991c). Usually flies high up, circling around tree tops for long periods (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is described as hovering (Kielland, 1990d). Both sexes visit flowering herbs and bushes (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

makupa Grose-Smith, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 126 (121-137). Kenya: “Mombasa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea zonata by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea rabbaiae Ward, 1873# Clear-wing Acraea

Female Clear-wing Acraeas (Acraea rabbaiae perlucida). Images courtesy Raimund Schutte (left) and Steve Woodhall (right).

Acraea rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 152 (59-60, 151-152). Acraea rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea rabbaiae Ward. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Pringle et al., 1994: 74. Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea rabbaiae rabbaiae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 15 km east of Chilenze, Tanzania. 30 March 1995. AG & MG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

118

Acraea rabbaiae rabbaiae. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya. 26 May 2002. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Ribé” [=Rabai]. Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland. Habitat: Coastal forest and bush (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A rather rare butterfly in South Africa (Van Son, 1963) but common in Kenya (Larsen, 1991c). It generally flies high in the forest canopy, occasionally descending to feed at flowers. The flight pattern is light and dancing (Larsen, 1991c). Females are usually seen fluttering on the edges of the forest, sometimes low down (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: September to April (Pringle et al., 1994). Subspecies perlucida has been recorded from September to June (Henning & Henning, 1996). Early stages:

Monteiro, 1891: 219. [subspecies perlucida]. “All the caterpillars of the Acraeas that I have seen are thickly studded with spines, that of A. rabbaiae being bright red with black spines, and make elegant suspended pupa coverings, through which the future wings can be most plainly distinguished, more so than in any other species I have seen.”

Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 116 [nominate subspecies; as Acraea rabbaiae mombasa]. “The eggs of this species are long, barrel-shaped, slightly more tapering at the upper end. There is a slight trace of longitudinal and transverse ribs. They are laid in clusters or groups on the underside of the leaves of two species of creepers (as yet unidentified). Newly laid eggs are creamy, but they rapidly turn greyish brown. When the larvae are in their first stages they are greyish brown, becoming in the third and last instar reddish brown on all the segments except the first three and last. These are dull yellowish. The spines are long and branched. Fore legs yellowish, hind black. Underside of body dull whitish. Head glossy black. The pupa is elongate, thicker in the region of the wingcases and tapeing at the tail end. The colour is variable but is generally whitish or cream, inclining to buff on the wingcases. The thorax is angled posteriorly and laterally, a black line arises from the apex of each projection and is carried inward and forward to meet in a common line on the dorsum. The wing cases are finely lined in black. The abdominal segments are decorated with two dorsal, one lateral and one ventral, rows of contiguous spots, one to each segment, each bearing a large orange spot in the centre.”

Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 30.

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Passifloraceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 163]. Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J. de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; as Tryphostemma zanzibaricum].

Acraea rabbaiae rabbaiae Ward, 1873

119 Clear-wing Acraea

Acraea rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 152 (59-60, 151-152). Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea rabbaiae rabbaiae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 15 km east of Chilenze, Tanzania. 30 March 1995. AG & MG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea rabbaiae rabbaiae. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya. 26 May 2002. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Ribé” [=Rabai]. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Mozambique (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Rabai (TL); Mombasa (Grose-Smith, 1889); Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mtwara (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Usarumu (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains near Morogoro town (Kielland, 1990d); Kiono Forest at Sadani (Kielland, 1990d).

mombasae Grose-Smith, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 127 (121- 137). Kenya: “Mombasa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea rabbaiae rabbaiae by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea rabbaiae perlucida Henning & Henning, 1996# Southern Clear-wing Acraea

Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae perlucida Henning & Henning, 1996. Metamorphosis 7 (2): 66 (65-67). Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae perlucida Henning & Henning, 1996. Henning & Williams, 2010.

120

Acraea rabbaiae perlucida. Male (Wingspan 49 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Manguzi Forest, KwaZulu-Natal. 12 May 2009. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea rabbaiae perlucida. Female (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Tembe, KwaZulu-Natal. 14 May 2009. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: South Africa: “South Africa: Tembe, KwaZulu-Natal, 20.v.1993, S.E. Woodhall.” Described from 32 males and 19 females. Holotype in the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Distribution: Malawi (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014), Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Mpumalanga, Gauteng [single specimen], KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland. In South Africa its distribution covers 19 quarter degree squares (140 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Malawi – Extreme south (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Thyolo Forest Reserve = Cholo Forest (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Mozambique – Maputo (Van Son, 1963); Dondo Forest (Pringle et al., 1994). Zimbabwe – Lundi (Van Son, 1963); Mutare district (Van Son, 1963); Vumba (Van Son, 1963); Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963); Chipinga (Van Son, 1963); Melsetter (Van Son, 1963). Mpumalanga – Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Tembe Nature Reserve (TL); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Michaelhouse, Balgowan (Pennington; single male); Balcomb’s Hill near Kranskop (Pennington; single male); False Bay (Pennington; single specimen); Eshowe Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Emanguzi Forest (Pringle et al., 1994; male and female illustrated above); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Swaziland – Singceni (Pennington; single male).

*Acraea satis Ward, 1871# East-coast Acraea

121

Male and female East-coast Acraeas (Acraea satis) in the Hlatikulu Forest, KwaZulu-Natal. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea satis Ward, 1871. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 35 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122). Acraea satis Ward. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea satis Ward, 1871. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) satis Ward, 1871. Pringle et al., 1994: 75. Acraea (Acraea) satis Ward, 1871. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea satis. Male (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Chirinda Forest, Zimbabwe. 12 December 1980. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea satis. Female (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Rusitu Forest, Zimbabwe. 28 March 1994. MG & AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Alternative common name: Coast Acraea.

122 Type locality: [Kenya]: “Ribé”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal – north), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Misattributed to the Madagascar fauna by Mabille [1887] (Lees et al., 2003). In South Africa its distribution covers 22 quarter degree squares (265 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – Rabai (TL); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Voi (Larsen, 1991c); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Zanzibar (Staudinger, 1885); Rondo Plateau (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Kiono Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Sanje at the foot of Mwanihana Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains at Kimboza (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro town (Kielland, 1990d); Turiani, Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Lusinde, Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park in Vuma Hills (Kielland, 1990d). Mozambique – 24 km south of Espungabera (Pennington); Mosenory River (Van Son, 1963); Mt Mecula [- 12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963); Melsetter (Van Son, 1963); Chipinga (Van Son, 1963). KwaZulu-Natal – Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Isipingo (Swanepoel, 1953); Gwaliweni Forest, 20 miles south of Ingwavuma, Lebombo Mountains (= Hlatikulu Forest Reserve) (Van Son, 1963); False Bay (Van Son, 1963); St Lucia (Van Son, 1963); Cecil Mack’s Pass (Van Son, 1963); Kranskop (Pennington, vide Van Son, 1963); Dukuduku Forest (Van Son, 1963); Umhlanga Rocks (Pennington; single male); Ubombo (Brauer). Habitat: Coastal and eastern lowland forest. In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 870 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species in Kenya (Larsen, 1991c). Males fly high in the tree tops, especially during the midday hours but may also be encountered gliding around clearings in the forest. Mullin noted that they defend territories from perches. Females fly low down in the forest undergrowth (Pringle et al., 1994). Van Son (1963) notes that both sexes fly low down in the semi-shade from 09:00 to 11:00, after which they ascend to the tree-tops. Both sexes are attracted to flowers (Kielland, 1990d). Van Someren & Rogers (1926) suggest that females mimic Amauris ochlea. Flight period: September to April (Pringle et al., 1994). All year; peak emergence appears to be November- December and February-April (Van Son, 1963). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Mkwaga, Tanzania]. Scepocarpus hypselodendron (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Wedd. (Urticaceae) [Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 32; as Urera hypselodendron]. Scepocarpus trinervis (Hochst.) Friis & Immelaman (Urticaceae) [Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 32; as Urera cameroonensis].

corona Staudinger, 1885 in Staudinger and Schatz, 1884-8 (as sp. of Acraea). Exotischer Schmetterlinge 1: 83 (333 pp.). Bayern. Tanzania: “Insel Zanzibar”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea satis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

donatis Woodhall, 2000 (as f. of Acraea satis). Metamorphosis 11 (1): 29 (28-32).

*Acraea anemosa Hewitson, [1865]# Broad-bordered Acraea

123

Broad-bordered Acraea (Acraea anemosa) male (left) and female (right).. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall (left) and I. & A. Sharp (right).

Acraea anemosa Hewitson, [1865], in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 15 (124 pp.). London. Acraea anemosa Hewitson, 1865. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea anemosa Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea anemosa Hewitson, 1865. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) anemosa Hewitson, 1865. Pringle et al., 1994: 83. Acraea (Acraea) anemosa Hewitson, 1865. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea anemosa. Male (Wingspan 53 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Loding, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 5 December 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea anemosa. Female (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Makatini Flats, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 7 November 2009. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: “Zambesi”.

124 Distribution of Acraea anemosa

Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.

Distribution: Somalia (south), Kenya (coast), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba), Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (Caprivi), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal - north), Swaziland. In South Africa its distribution covers 146 quarter degree squares (528 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Somalia – Ola Uager (Storace, 1949). Kenya – Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Kibwezi (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Sagala (Larsen, 1991c); Ukambani (Larsen, 1991c); Mrima Hill (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Common in the west (Ufipa, Mpanda, Kigoma) but scarce elsewhere (Kielland, 1990d); Mwera (Strand, 1911); Kitungulu (Strand, 1911); Urungu (Strand, 1911); Turiani in Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Malawi – North and South (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010); 15 localities given in Bernaud & Murphy (2014). Zambia – Lake Bangweolo (Eltringham, 1912); Mutema (Riley, 1921); Solwezii (Riley, 1921); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Kafue (Heath et al., 2002); Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002); Lufubu River (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); below the Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Macequece (Fountaine, 1911). Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (Pringle et al., 1994). Botswana – Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Modipane (Larsen, 1991l); Ngotwane Siding (Larsen, 1991l); Lobatse (Larsen, 1991l); Tlokweng (Larsen, 1991l); Ngotwane (Larsen, 1991l); Ranaka (Larsen, 1991l); Kanye (Larsen, 1991l); Letlhakeng (Larsen, 1991l); Takotakwane (Larsen, 1991l); Sekoma (Larsen, 1991l); Serowe (Larsen, 1991l); Zanzibar in the Tuli Block (Larsen, 1991l); Shashe (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama-Tenga (Larsen, 1991l); 50 km south of Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Gabane (Larsen, 1991l). Namibia – Katima Mulilo (Pringle et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Matlabas (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoutpansberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Acornhoek (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (Williams, Dec. 2006); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist; Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Groblersdal (Swanepoel, 1953); White River (Swanepoel, 1953); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c). North West Province – Zeerust (Swanepoel, 1953); Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoutpan (Tswaing crater) (Williams); Enoch’s Walk; Rosslyn; Muldersdrift (L. Erasmus, ABN, 2020 no. 2). 125 Free State Province – Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Nongoma (Pringle et al., 1994); Mkuze district (Pringle et al., 1994); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Savanna and open forest. In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from near sea-level to 1800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A fairly common species (Larsen, 1991c). Normally seen singly, flying some distance above the ground, between the trees, with a leisurely, fluttering flight pattern. It settles occasionally on low vegetation or the leaves of trees (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year in warmer areas; September to May in cooler localities (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Fountaine, 1911: 61. [Macequece, Mozambique]. “This very handsome, extremely active little larva occurred very commonly at Macequece, on almost every available piece of its food-plant, a creeper, identified at the Board of Agriculture at Pretoria as (most probably) Modecca abyssinica. I first discovered it, in the usual way, by watching a female laying eggs; these are laid in batches of various sizes, some with about ten eggs together, others having as many as twenty-five or even more. The larva is very easy to rear, and feeds up very rapidly, and it remains only about eight days in pupa; but where the difficulty comes in, is that the supply of its food-plant should meet the demand, as it is dark-coloured very inconspicuous little crceper, most difficult to find, and when a piece is discovered it is generally sustaining two or three or more larvae of this same species. In colour it is a bright, shiny red-russet, shaded into deep yellow at the extremities, the spines are long, furry and black. The pupa is dingy white in ground-colour, the wing-case the same, but heavily outlined and veined in black, the rows of abdominal spots are deep orange, very heavily surrounded with black.”

Van Someren and Rogers, 1925: 133. “Eggs yellowish cream, laid in clusters on a vine (unnamed). Larva first brownish, becoming yellow on the first four segments, and the last two, and red-brown on intermediate ones. Spines long and branched, those on segment 2 being the longest. Pupa white with nervular marks on the wing cases, and the usual abdominal black marks with orange spots.”

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 75 – host-plant, larva and pupa.

Acraea anemosa final instar larva (left) and pupa (right). Images courtesy I. & A. Sharp.

126

Acraea anemosa final instar larva. Vwaza Marsh, Malawi. Images courtesy D. Bernaud.

Larval food: Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Williams, 1996: 131; Gravelotte, Limpopo Province]. Adenia glauca Schinz (Passifloraceae) [Williams, 1996: 131; Pretoria, Gauteng]. Adenia venenata Forssk. (Passifloraceae) [Fountaine, 1911: 61; as Modecca abyssinica Hochst.; Macequece, Mozambique]. Grasses (Poaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 151; highly improbable]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 151].

arcticincta Butler, 1883 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 12: 103 (101-107). Kenya: “Victoria Nyanza”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

alboradiata Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, 1898-9 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Kungliga Svenska Vetnskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 91 (1-561). Namibia: “Damaraland, Zambesi”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

interrupta Thurau, 1904 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 303 (301-314). Uganda. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

mosana Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea anemosa). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 20 (12- 107). No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

dubiosa Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea anemosa). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 20 (12- 107). Tanzania: “Hinterland von Tanga”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

discoguttata Strand, 1909 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 75 (1.3.): 376 (367-386). No locality given. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

ufipana Strand, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 279 (275-304). Tanzania: “Mwera, N. Ufipa”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

urungensis Strand, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 279 (275-304). Tanzania: “Kitungulu, Urungu”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

conjuncta Niepelt, 1937 (as f. of Acraea anemosa). Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage von Professor Dr. Embrik Strand 3: 558 (556-559). Somalia: “Italienich-Somaliland”. Treated as a form of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

macrosticta Storace, 1949 (as ssp. of Acraea anemosa). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di

127 Genova) Giacomo Doria 64: 25 (12-29). Somalia: “Ola Uagèr”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea welwitschii Rogenhofer, 1893

Acraea welwitschii Rogenhofer, 1893. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 42: 573 (571-575).

Acraea welwitschii f. alboradiata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. September 1965. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea welwitschii. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo. May 1968. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea welwitschii f. welwitschii. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Livingstone, Zambia. October 1968. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: Angola: “Africa occidentalis, Angola”.

128 Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Specific localities: Angola – . Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

lobemba Eltringham, 1912 (as ssp. of Acraea welwitschii). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 99 (1-374). Zambia: “L. Bangweolo, Lualaba River”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea welwitschii by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

lutea Riley, 1921 (as ssp. of Acraea welwitschii). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 244 (234-259). Zambia: “Mutema, Lukanga Valley, Kashitu, N.W. Rhodesia”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea welwitschii by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

nivea Riley, 1921 (as ssp. of Acraea welwitschii). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 245 (234-259). Zambia: “Solwezi”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea welwitschii by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea pseudolycia Butler, 1874 Pale Acraea

Acraea pseudolycia Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 213 (209-217). Acraea pseudolycia Butler, 1874. Eltringham, 1912. Acraea (Acraea) pseudolycia Butler, 1874. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea pseudolycia pseudolycia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 65mm. Mokambo Hill, Mokambo, Zambia/Zaire border, 4600'. 6-II-1983. M.A. Newport. (Henning collection – H129).

Type locality: Angola: “Quanza”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Angola. Records for Malawi (Congdon et al., 2010) are erroneous (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Habitat: Savanna. In Tanzania at altitudes from near sea-level to 2 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively uncommon species (Larsen, 1991c). On the wing subspecies astrigera is impossible to tell apart from A. anemosa (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

129 Acraea pseudolycia pseudolycia Butler, 1874 Pale Acraea

Acraea pseudolycia Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 213 (209-217). Acraea pseudolycia Butler, 1874. Eltringham, 1912. Acraea (Acraea) pseudolycia pseudolycia Butler, 1874. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Angola: “Quanza”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Maniema), Zambia (west). Specific localities: Angola – Quanza (TL). Zambia – a single male taken at Mokambo on the Zambia-D.R.C. border by Newport (Heath et al., 2002; illustrated above).

brunnea Eltringham, 1911 (as f. of Acraea astrigera). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 151 (149-153). Angola; Uganda: “Unyoro and Masindi (Unyoro); Entebbe”. Treated as a form of Acraea psudolycia pseudolycia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea pseudolycia astrigera Butler, 1899 Orange Pale Acraea

Acraea astrigera Butler, 1899. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1899: 421 (417-427). Acraea pseudolycia astrigera Butler, 1899. Eltringham, 1912. Acraea (Acraea) pseudolycia astrigera Butler, 1899. Henning & Williams, 2010.

130

Acraea pseudolycia astrigera. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanda, Tanzania. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “On the road from Machako’s to Naugia, 4800 feet”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda (north), Kenya (central and east), Tanzania, Zambia (east). Records for Malawi (Congdon et al., 2010) are erroneous (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Lake Auasa (Gabriel, 1949). Uganda – 22 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Between Machakos and Naugia (TL); Kitui (Larsen, 1991c); Machakos (Larsen, 1991c); coast (Larsen, 1991c); Fort Hall (Larsen, 1991c); Ngong (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); southern Masai (Larsen, 1991c); Narok (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Ugogo (Weymer, 1903); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kiboriani Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Njoge Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Kimboza Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Oldeani- Ngorongoro (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Lolkisale (Kielland, 1990d); Arusha (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane- Wright, 2018); Mpanda (male illustrated above). Zambia – Mansya River (Heath et al., 2002); Isoka (Heath et al., 2002).

emini Weymer, 1903 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 16: 221 (221-235). Tanzania: “Ugogo”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseudolycia astrigera by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

auasa Gabriel, 1949 (as female f. of Acraea pseudolycia astrigera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 18: 207 (207-216). Ethiopia: “Lake Auasa”. Treated as a female form of Acraea pseudolycia astrigera by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea turna Mabille, 1877 Madagascan Mottled Acraea

Acraea turna Mabille, 1877. Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques 2: 158 (157-158). Acraea (Acraea) turna Mabille, 1877. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea turna. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Toliara, Madagascar. 18 April 2018. J. Dobson Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

131

Acraea turna. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ifaty, Madagascar. 18-19 April 2018. J. Dobson Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Madagascar. Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Mahobo (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892); Beloha (Le Cerf, 1927); Toliara (male illustrated above); Ifaty (female illustrated above). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003) [incorrect – MCW]. Dry bushveld savanna (pers. obs., April, 2018). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

marmorata Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892 in Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1887-92 (as sp. of Acraea). Rhopalocera exotica, being illustrations of new, rare and unfigured species of butterflies 1: 9 (183 pp.). London. Madagascar: “Mahobo, Madagascar”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea turna by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

lacteata Le Cerf, 1927 (as ssp. of Acraea turna). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 51 (44- 58). Madagascar. Treated as a form of Acraea turna by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

scioptera Le Cerf, 1927 (as f. of Acraea turna lacteata). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: ? (44-58). Madagascar: “Beloha, Madagascar”. Treated as a form of Acraea turna by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea zetes (Linnaeus, 1758) Large Spotted Acraea

Papilio zetes Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 487 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Acraea zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Pringle et al., 1994: 82. Acraea (Acraea) zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Henning & Williams, 2010.

132 Acraea zetes zetes. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 20 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea zetes zetes. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ubijaja, Benin. June 1955. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea zetes zetes f. menippe. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 63mm. Bwamba. Rev H. Falke. (Henning collection – H131).

Eltringham, 1912. (larva, pupa).

Van Someren & Rogers, 1925. (larva, pupa).

Darlow, 1949b.

Bernaud & Pierre, 1996. (egg, larva, pupa).

133 Larsen, 1999. (pupa).

Pierre, Bernaud & Oremans, 2002. (ssp annobona; Sao Tome and Principe).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 538. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Acraea zetes zetes final instar larva. Kisubi, Uganda. Images courtesy D. Bernaud.

Larval food: Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; Bernaud & Pierre, 1996]. Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast); as B. fistulosa; Jiggins et al., 2003 (Uganda); as Barteria acuminata ssp. fistulosa Baker]. Barteria nigritana Hook. f. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 538; as B. nigritiana]. Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast); = Tryphostemma zanzibaricum]. Deidama species (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Hydnocarpus species (Flacourtiaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 166]. Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978; Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Phyllobotryum spathulatum Müll.Arg. (Flacourtiaceae) [Lees, 1989 (Cameroon)]. Smeathmannia laevigata Sol. Ex R Br. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 538]. Tacsonia species (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) [Smith, 1965 (Ghana)].

Acraea zetes zetes (Linnaeus, 1758) Large Spotted Acraea

Papilio zetes Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 487 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Acraea zetes zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) zetes zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Pringle et al., 1994: 82. Acraea (Acraea) zetes zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Henning & Williams, 2010.

134

Acraea zetes zetes. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 20 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea zetes zetes. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ubijaja, Benin. June 1955. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea zetes zetes f. menippe. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 63mm. Bwamba. Rev H. Falke. (Henning collection – H131).

Type locality: [Africa]: “India”. [False locality.] Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, west), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Somalia, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia (north-west and Copperbelt), Mozambique (Timberlake et al., 2007), Namibia (north). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Gambia – Fajara, Bijilo, Abuko, Pirang, Keneba, Tanji, Kartong (Jon Baker, pers. comm., May 2020). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). 135 Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Ankasa N.P. (Larsen, 2005a); Shai Hills (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Nigeria – Calabar (Drury, 1782); Oban Hills N.P. (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Throughout (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); Mpanga Forest (Safian & Pyrcz, 2020); Bwamba; 54 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Mount Marsabit (TL of rudolphi); Mount Kulal (Larsen, 1991c); Turkana (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – From Ufipa to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Malawi – North (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Chisasira Forest (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Nkhata Bay (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Kaporo road (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Mughese Forest (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Kasangezhi (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); “to the south of Lake Tanganyika” (Neave vide Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Namibia – Kombat (J. Braine; probably a stray).

menippe Drury, 1782 (as sp. of Papilio). Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 16 (76 pp.). London. Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”; Senegal; Gambia; Nigeria: “Calabar”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea zetes zetes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

mycenaea Hübner, 1819 in Hübner, [1816-[1826]] (as sp. of Telchinia). Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 27 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea zetes zetes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

jalema Godart, 1819 in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Acraea). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 234 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. “Afrique”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea zetes zetes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

rudolphi Eltringham, 1929 (as ssp. of Acraea zetes). in Eltringham, et al., 1929. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 77: 490 (475-504). Type locality: [Kenya]: “Marsabit”. Treated as a form of Acraea zetes zetes by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea zetes sidamona Rothschild & Jordan, 1905 Northern Large Spotted Acraea

Acraea zetes sidamona Rothschild & Jordan, 1905. Novitates Zoologicae 12: 179 (175-191). Acraea (Acraea) zetes sidamona Rothschild & Jordan, 1905. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Alata, Sidamo; Fanole”. Distribution: Ethiopia. Specific localities: Ethiopia – Alata, Sidamo (TL); Fanole (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905).

136 Acraea zetes annobona d’Abrera, 1980 Annabon Large Spotted Acraea

Acraea zetes annobona d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 144 (593 pp.). Melbourne. Acraea (Acraea) zetes annobona d’Abrera, 1980. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Pigalu, (Annobón)”; Sao Tome and Principe: “Sao Tomé Is”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (island of Annobon), Sao Tome and Principe (island of Sao Tome). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Pigalu, Annobon (TL),

*Acraea acara Hewitson, [1865]# Acara Acraea

Acara Acraea (Acraea acara) male, upper- and underside – White Elepant Lodge, KwaZulu-Natal. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acara Acraea (Acraea acara) female, upperside. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea zetes Linnaeus. Trimen, 1862c. [Misidentification] Acraea acara Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 16 (124 pp.). London. Acraea acara Hewitson, 1865. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea zetes var. acara Hewitson. Aurivillius, 1898. Acraea zetes var. acara Hewitson. Aurivillius, 1906. Acraea zetes var. acara Hewitson. Neave, 1910. 137 Acraea zetes acara Hewitson. Eltringham, 1912. Acraea acara Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea acara Hewitson. Overlaet, 1955. Acraea zetes acara Hewitson. Carcasson, 1961. Acraea zetes acara Hewitson. Van Son, 1963. Acraea zetes acara Hewitson. Gifford, 1965. Acraea zetes acara Hewitson, 1865. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea zetes acara Hewitson. Carcasson & Ackery, 1981. Acraea zetes acara Hewitson. Larsen, 1991. Acraea acara Hewitson, 1865. Henning, G. 1993: 9. [Not seen by Ackery et al., 1995] Acraea zetes acara Hewitson, 1865. Ackery et al., 1995: 247. Acraea (Acraea) acara Hewitson, 1865. Pringle et al., 1994: 82. Acraea (Acraea) acara Hewitson, 1865. Henning & Williams, 2010. Acraea (Acraea) acara Hewitson, 1865. Bernaud & Murphy, 2014.

Acraea acara. Male (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 26 February 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea acara. Female (Wingspan 66 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Nibela Peninsula, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 20 November 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Natal”; Sudan?: “White Nile”. Diagnosis: Closest to A. zetes but rarely showing a black suffusion of scales on the upperside of the forewings and with the red area more extensive (Kielland, 1990d).

138 Distribution of Acraea acara

Ssp. acara (red) – Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland. Ssp. melanophanes (green) – Zambia, Botswana, Nambia.

Distribution: Kenya (east), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Malawi, Zambia, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 150 quarter degree squares (889 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Nyambeni Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Teita foothills (D.A. Trembath, vide Larsen, 1991c) . Tanzania – Widespread in the eastern and northern parts (Kielland, 1990d); Mhondo (Suffert, 1904); Ukerewe Island (Le Doux, 1923); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018). Malawi – Throughout. Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010); Chikwawa (16 03S 34 48E) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Chisanga falls (10 33S 33 41E) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Cholomwani Mt (16 16S 35 09E) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Dzalanyama Forest Res. (14 28S 33 38E) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Kalwe Forest (11 36S 34 15E) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Lengwe N.P. (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Liwonde N.P. (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Malawe Hills (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Mangochi Mts (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Mkuwadzi Forest (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014), Mpatamanga Forest (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Mpingwe Mts (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Mughese Forest (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Nkhata Bay (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Nkhorongo (Mzuzu) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Ruo River (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Senga Bay Forest Res. (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Soche Mts (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Thazima gate (Nyika) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Thyolo Forest Res. (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Vwaza Marsh Game Res. (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Zavo Chepolwe Forest (Nyika) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Choma Mt (11 17S 34 04E) (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Zambia – ‘Pays de Marotse’ (TL of melanophanes); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kamaila Forest Reserve (Heath et al., 2002); Chirundu (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Chiperone (Congdon et al., 2010). Botswana – Near Sepupa (E. Pinhey, 1968-74); Near Gaborone (A. Gardiner vide Larsen, 1991l). Namibia – Rundu (Pennington); Ruacana (Pringle et al., 1994); Caprivi (Pringle et al., 1994); Grootfontein (Pringle et al., 1994); Tsumeb (Pringle et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Acornhoek (Swanepoel, 1953); Mica (Swanepoel, 1953); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterpoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lapalala Wilderness (Woodhall). Mpumalanga – Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953; male illustrated above); Burgersfort (Swanepoel, 1953); Verloren Vallei Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990). 139 North West Province – Potchefstroom (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Drummond (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Mtubatuba (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Mkuze (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Forest and woodland (Pringle et al., 1994). Subspecies melanophanes occurs in Terminalia and Prunioides woodland (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from sea-level to 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flutters slowly through the bush, frequently settling on the leaves of trees. Both sexes feed from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 160 [as Acraea Acara Hewitson; KwaZulu-Natal]. “Larva. Ochreous-yellow. Each segment broadly banded transversely with purplish-red, the band occupying the middle portion. Spines long and distinctly branched, blackish, springing from tubercles situated in the purplish-red bands; the two dorsal spines on segment next head longer than the rest, erect. Head ochreous-yellow. Legs and pro- legs purplish-red.” (Plate I fig. I). Pupa. Pinkish-white. Margins of head, limbs, and wing-nervures defined with black. Abdominal rows of spots arranged as in pupae of A. Horta and A. serena, but more continuous; the spots rose- pink in wide black contiguous rings. Median line of under side of abdomen tinged with rose-pink; two spots of the same colour on median line of back of thorax, and one at base of wings. Head ochreous-yellow. (Plate I fig. Ia). This pupa appears to be rounder and blunter anteriorly than that of A. Horta, and is so much more curved that the dorsal outline is strongly convex in a lateral view. The above descriptions are made from a coloured drawing executed by the late Dr. Seaman in 1869, exhibiting a lateral view both of larva and pupa.”

Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 130. “The eggs are laid in groups on the under surface of the leaves of a creeper, as yet undetermined. They are a long barrel shape with longitudinal ridges and transverse grooves. Colour yellow. Young larvae in first stage greyish brown, changing at third moult to the following: head orange with black spots above the mandibles and along the bottom edge of the lateral lobes. Segments 1 to 3 bright yellow, 4-9 deep purply crimson, last three bright yellow. Spines long and black, each set on a raised base shiny blue-black in colour. Fore feet yellowish, black tipped, hind feet dirty yellowish with black edges. Undersurface of body yellowish with greenish tinge. The pupa is very elongate, yellow to orange, occasionally white; central dorsal black mark double, diverging at the head and reaching the tips of the head tubercles. Nervures on wing cases complete. Abdominal marks: two dorsal, one lateral and two ventral lines composed of a series of black contiguous spots, each bearing an orange dot in the centre.”

Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 99. “Egg. Eggs are laid in neat clusters, they are 0.8 mm in diameter by 0.95 mm high, yellowish changing to pale yellowish brown, then almost black before hatching. There are 19 longitudinal ribs with some 20 cross-braces, the latter mostly ill-defined. Egg stage approximately 5 days. Larva. Like most Acraea larvae, the young larva eats its way out near the top and devours the discarded shell. There are three groups, one taking five instars, another 6, and a third taking 7 instars, the last being generally in a minority. The larvae are gregarious. There is much colour variation. In the 4th instar of the 5 and 6 instar groups, some larvae are a much lighter salmon-brown than the larva illustrated, while others are a smoky salmon-brown. Heads vary from salmon to brown. Three segments at each extremity are in all cases light salmon-brown. In the 5th instar of the 6 instar group the bases of some protuberances may have a bluish tint. The development proceeds as indictaed below:

5 instar 6 instar 7 instar Instar Size in mm. Instar Size in mm. Instar Size in mm. 1 2-4 1 1.75-3.75 1 1.5-3.5 2 -7 2 -6 2 -5 3 -11 3 -9 3 -7 4 -20 4 -16 4 -11 5 -35 5 -22 5 -17

140 6 -35 6 -24 7 -35

The duration of each instar is from 3 to 6 days, except for the final instar which is about 6-7 days. Pupa. 23 to 24 mm long; suspended by cremastral hooks attached to a silken mat. The imago emerges generally after 11 days.”

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014 – images of final instar larva.

Acraea acara final instar larva. Image courtesy S. Woodhall.

Acraea acara final instar larva. Mughese, Malawi. Images courtesy D. Bernaud.

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud & Murphy, 2014]. Adenia glauca Schinz (Passifloraceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 82]. Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud & Murphy, 2014]. Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921: 99]. Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Swynnerton, vide Platt, 1921?]. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) [Swynnerton, vide Platt, 1921]. Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Dr J.E. Seaman, in Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 160; KwaZulu- Natal].

caffra Felder & Felder, 1865 in Felder & Felder, [1865-7] (as sp. of Acraea). Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 369 (549 pp.). Wien. South Africa: “Caffraria Anglica”. Treated as a form of Acraea acara by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

141 tescea Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea zetes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 19 (12-107). Tanzania: “Mhonda”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acara by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

mhondana Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea zetes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 20 (12-107). Tanzania: “Mhonda”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acara by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

ukerewensis Le Doux, 1923 (as ssp. of Acraea zetes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 223 (207- 226). Tanzania: “Insel Ukerewe, Victoria-Nyanza (Deutsch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acara by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

sufferti Le Cerf, 1927 (as replacement name for Acraea zetes mhondana Suffert). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 50 (44-58). Treated as a synonym of Acraea acara by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

melanophanes Le Cerf, 1927 (as Acraea zetes sufferti form melanophanes). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 50 (44-58). Type locality: [Zambia]: “Pays de Marotse, N.O. Rhodesia”. Treated as a form of Acraea acara by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

barberina van Son, 1963 (as f. of Acraea zetes acara). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 96 (130 pp.). South Africa: “Ngqéléni, Pondoland”. Treated as a form of Acraea acara by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea barberi Trimen, 1881# Waterberg Acraea

Barbers Acraea (Acraea barberi). Male upperside; male underside; female upperside. Specimens ex Pretoria. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea barberi Trimen, 1881. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1881: 433 (433-445). Acraea barberi Trimen, 1881. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea barberi Trimen. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea zetes barberi Trimen, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea zetes barberi Trimen, 1881. Ackery et al., 1995: 247. Acraea barberi Trimen, 1881. Henning, G. 1993: 9. [Not seen by Ackery et al., 1995] Acraea (Acraea) barberi Trimen, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 82. Acraea (Acraea) barberi Trimen, 1881. Henning & Williams, 2010.

142

Acraea barberi. Male (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 September 2004. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea barberi. Female (Wingspan 66 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 September 2004. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea barberi. Female (pale form) (Wingspan 67 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 23 October 2002. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Transvaal country”.

143 Distribution of Acraea barberi

Botswana, South Africa.

Distribution: Botswana, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng). In South Africa its distribution covers 35 quarter degree squares (206 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Botswana – Kolobeng River (Larsen, 1991l); near Ranaka (Larsen, 1991l); Selibe-Phikwe (Larsen, 1991l); Zanzibar, Tuli Block (Larsen, 1991l); Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Kanye (Larsen, 1991l); Molepolole (Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Nylstroom (Swanepoel, 1953); Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Rooiberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus – Zaaiplaats (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Lapalala Wilderness (Joannou); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Chris Willis); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c). North West Province – Groot Marico (Swanepoel, 1953). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953); Pretoria – Montana (Dobsons); Pienaars River (Pringle et al. 1994); Boekenhoutskloof on the Moloto Road (Williams, unpublished). Habitat: Savanna (bushveld). Habits: The flight is fluttering and leisurely as they weave their way between trees and bushes in open woodland. Specimens settle often, on flowers or on the leaves of trees (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: September to April but commonest in September and October (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Van Son, 1963: 101. “No complete life-history has yet been recorded, but Mr. G.C. Clark, to whom the writer has sent some young larvae, says that he could not detect any difference from larvae of acara after they have gone through four instars. He also states that he does not think the development will proceed any further, as they do not like Passiflora, the food-plant of z. acara. The full-grown larva is like that of acara from which it seems to differ in the presence of purplish black longitudinal bands just outside the bases of the legs and prolegs, and the colour of the head which is orange and has a black spot at the upper angle of the clypeus. The pupa is white, with two dorsal, one lateral and one ventral row of black-ringed adjacent ochraceous spots; veins of the wing-covers, and markings on head and thorax, black.”

144

Acraea barberi eggs and early instar larvae. Images courtesy Raimund Jeremy Dobson.

Acraea barberi final instar larva and pupa. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Larval food: Adenia glauca Schinz (Passifloraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 101].

*Acraea trimeni Aurivillius, [1899]# Kalahari Acraea

145

Male Trimen’s Acraea (Acraea trimeni). Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea barberi ab. or var. trimeni Aurivillius, [1899] in Aurivillius, [1898-9]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 91 (1-561). Acraea zetes trimeni Aurivillius, 1898. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea zetes trimeni Aurivillius, 1899. Ackery et al., 1995: 248. Acraea trimeni Aurivillius, 1899. Henning, 1993: 9. [Not seen by Ackery et al., 1995] Acraea (Acraea) trimeni Aurivillius, 1899. Pringle et al., 1994: 82. Acraea (Acraea) trimeni Aurivillius, 1899. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea trimeni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Augrabies National Park, South Africa. 6 January 1997. Gardiner collection leg. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea trimeni. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Tswalu Game Reserve, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. 28 October, 2006. G. Henning. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: [Namibia]: “Rehaboth (Deutsch S. W. Afrika)”; South Africa: “West Griqualand, Transvaal”. Distribution: Botswana (extreme south-west), Namibia (central and south), South Africa (Free State Province – south-west, Eastern Cape Province – north-east, Northern Cape Province). In South Africa its distribution covers 15 quarter degree squares (54 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as localized. Specific localities: Namibia – Rehoboth (TL); Eros Mountains near Windhoek (Le Doux, 1931); Tsumeb (Le Doux, 1931); Erongo Mountains, 160 km n.w. of Windhoek (K. Reddig, ABN, 2020 no. 2). Eastern Cape Province – Steynsburg (Pringle et al., 1994). Northern Cape Province – just north of Prieska (Pennington); Bladgrond, west of Prieska (Pennington); Griquatown (Pringle et al., 1994); Douglas (Pringle et al., 1994); Upington (Pringle et al., 1994); Barkly West (Pringle et al., 1994); Windsorten (Pringle et al., 1994). Habitat: Arid savanna. Habits: Specimens have been seen feeding from the flowers of tall thorn trees. Males hilltop, and select a 146 perch about which they hover (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: October to March. Apparently commonest in October (Pringle et al. 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Note: Pierre & Bernaud (2014: 7) treat Acraea trimeni as a form of Acraea barberi.

eros Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea zetes barberi). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 218 (207- 226). Namibia: “Eros Gebirge bei Windhoek (Deutsche-Südwestafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea barberi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

nigromacula Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Acraea zetes trimeni). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 56 (49-59). Namibia: “Tzumeb, D.-S.-W.-Afrika”. Treated as a form of Acraea barberi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea oscari Rothschild, 1902 Ethiopian Acraea

Acraea oscari Rothschild, 1902. Novitates Zoologicae 9: 595 (595-598). Acraea (Acraea) oscari Rothschild, 1902. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea oscari. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bongu, Ethiopia. July 2009. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea oscari. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bongu, Ethiopia. July 2009. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

147 Type locality: Ethiopia: “Banka, Malo”. Distribution: Ethiopia. Specific localities: Ethiopia – Banka, Malo (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea chilo Godman, 1880 Chilo Acraea

Acraea chilo Godman, 1880 in Godman & Distant, 1880. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 184 (182-185). Acraea (Acraea) chilo Godman, 1880. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea chilo. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ngong, Kenya. April 1993. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea chilo. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 71 km south-east of Voi, Kenya. 29 April 1997. AG & MG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Kalamet, Sebka Valley, Abyssinia”. Distribution: Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, Ethiopia (south), Somalia, Uganda (extreme west), Kenya (north, east), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Yemen – Usil-Hagela (TL). Ethiopia – Kalamet, Sebka Valley (TL). Uganda – Kokilokit, Mount Moroto (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Kenya – Voi River (Grose-Smith, 1890); Mount Marsabit (TL of magnifica); Mombasa (Larsen, 1991c); Kibwezi (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Kulal

148 (Larsen, 1991c); Ol Jogi Ranch, Nanyuki (Williams, 1998; unpublished).. Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (Weymer, 1903); Below Mount Oldeani (Kielland, 1990d); near Arusha (Kielland, 1990d); Same, at the foot of the South Pares (Baker, vide Cordeiro, 1995); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018). Habitat: Dry savanna, especially in river beds (Larsen, 1991c). Dry thornbush country, up to 1 300 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: An uncommon and local species in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). The flight is powerful (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes come to flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 546. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Acraea chilo final instar larva. Metu Forest, Uganda. Images courtesy D. Bernaud.

Larval food: Adenia venenata Forssk. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 546; Uganda].

crystallina Grose-Smith, 1890 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 5: 167 (167- 168). Kenya: “Voi River, interior of Mombasa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

rosina Rogenhofer, 1891 (as sp. of Acraea [Telchinia]). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 41: 565 (563-566). “Nyika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

wissmanni Weymer, 1903 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 16: 223 (221-235). Tanzania: “Kilima Ndscharo, von Ureguha und Ukami im Hinterlande von Deutsch-Ostafrika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

yemensis Le Doux, 1931 (as ssp. of Acraea chilo). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 2: 42 (42-43). Type locality: Yemen: “Usil-Hagela, Süd-West-Arabien”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

magnifica Carpenter & Jackson, 1950 (as ssp. of Acraea chilo). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 19: 105 (97-108). Type locality: [Kenya]: “Mt. Marsabit, 4000 ft.”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea hypoleuca Trimen, 1898 Namibian Acraea

149

Upper side of a male (left) and under side of a female (right) Nambian Acraea. Khan River Valley, near Arandis, Namibia. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea hypoleuca Trimen, 1898. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1898: 2 (1-16). Acraea hypoleuca Trimen, 1898. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) hypoleuca Trimen, 1898. Pringle et al., 1994: 83. Acraea (Acraea) hypoleuca Trimen, 1898. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea hypoleuca. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ogams Hills, Nambia. January 1983. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea hypoleuca. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Rossing, Nambia. April 1979. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: None given in the original description (the unique holotype label data stated only ‘Coll. Watson, 1871’). General remarks: “The first specimen of Acraea hypoleuca was a male collected in 1871 but with no recorded locality. Trimen did his description in 1898 from this specimen. The origin of that specimen was a point of contention for many years; Eltringham came to the conclusion that it could be from South West Africa [Namibia]. The closest relative of Acraea hypoleuca is Acraea chilo Godman, which occurs from

150 East Africa to Arabia. The second specimen was taken by Dr Brown at Maltahöhe in South West Africa; it was a female and was described by Dr Pinhey in 1972. This specimen is illustrated in Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa (1978) as No. 120. In 1979 I [Stephen Braine] collected a female at Rössing and in 1982 I found a male at the Ugab River. In January 1983 I collected six males at the Ogam Hills and another male at the Ugab River. All these localities are in South West Africa. This butterfly is not as rare as it was originally thought to be. It has been found at several other localities by myself. … I have recorded this butterfly from the Swakop River northwards to the Sechomib River in the central section of Kaokoland.” (Braine & Henning, 1984).

Distribution of Acraea hypoleuca

Namibia.

Distribution: Namibia. Specific localities: Namibia – Farm Mooirivier in the Maltahöhe district, on the edge of the Zaris mountains (H. Brown); Rössing (S. Braine); Ugab River (Braine); Ogams Fountain, in Kaokoland (S. Braine); Khumib Konkol (Ficq); Khan River Valley near Arandis (R. Schutte and J. Dobson, pers. comm.). Habitat: Arid savanna. Flies in gullies and on granite outcrops where its larval host-plant grows (Braine & Henning, 1984). Habits: Adults fly from 10h00 to 18h00. It has been found to feed on the flowers of two Psilocaulon species, with a marked preference for the flowers of Calicorema capitata (Braine & Henning, 1984). Flight period: December to June, with peak emergence in January and February (Braine & Henning, 1984). Early stages:

Braine & Henning, G., 1984: 6 (Metamorphosis 1(10): 6). “On the 22nd of January 1984, while scouting about the granite hills south of a place known as Ogams Fountain on a patrol in Koakoland, I came across several Acraea hypoleuca. The insects were feeding on flowers of Calicorema capitata and a few perfect specimens were captured between 11h00 and 12h30. After a short lunch break I returned to the area of granite outcrops to search for the foodplant of this “common” acraea! Luck was on my side this particular afternoon for the first specimen observed was fluttering about the large bulbous plant Adenia pechuelli of the family Passifloraceae, which grows fairly prolifically in the above-mentioned area. It seemed as if this particular insect was investigating the plant with the intention of ovipositing and on closer observation I found the ‘ultimate sight’, three large larvae peering at me from the top of the upright stems. After searching through several other plants, a few more larvae were collected. Only four of the larvae pupated and all emerged within ten days. No egg cases could be found, but small batches of newly hatched larvae of between 8 to 15 were found together on the buds and shoots of the foodplant, normally placed low down near the bulbous ‘foot’ of the plant. The final instar larvae are pale silvery grey with four large purplish black spots across each segment. The spines arise from tubercles situated on these spots. The spines are quite long with small branches and are pale ochreous brown in colour with the branches being dark brown. The head is orange with pale ochreous marks dorsally and a small brown lateral dot near the mouthparts, which are dark brown. The legs and prolegs are ochreous. The pupa is white. The abdomen has two dorsal and one lateral row of black-ringed ochreous spots connected by black marks. On the ventral surface are two closely aligned rows of black marks. The veins on the wing-covers and the markings on the thorax and head are black.”

151 Pringle et al., 1994: 83.

Acraea hypoleuca habitat, Khan River Valley (left) and host-plant in a granite outcrop (right). Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Final instar larvae of Acraea hypoleuca feeding on the epidermis of the stems of their host-plant. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Larval food: Adenia pechuelii (Engl.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Braine & Henning G., 1984: 6]. Relevant literature: Schutte, 2021 [evolution and host-plant relationship; African Butterfly News 2021 no. 2: 9]

neobule species-group

*Acraea machequena Grose-Smith, 1887# Machequena Acraea

Acraea machequena Grose-Smith, 1887. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 19: 62 (62-66). Acraea machequena HG Smith, 1887. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Acraea machequena Grose-Smith, 1953a. Acraea machequena Grose-Smith, 1887. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) machequena Grose-Smith, 1887. Pringle et al., 1994: 74. Acraea (Acraea) machequena Grose-Smith, 1887. Henning & Williams, 2010.

152

Acraea machequena. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 41mm. Giyani, Limpopo, South Africa. 16 September, 1978. A. Currie. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea machequena. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 51mm. Davide, Mozambique. 14 June 2015. M.C. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Mozambique]: “Delagoa Bay”. Diagnosis: Characterized by the dentate markings on the hindwing upperside margin (Pringle et al., 1994).

Distribution of Acraea machequena

Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa.

Distribution: Tanzania (east), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Limpopo Province, KwaZulu-Natal – 2 records for the north). In South Africa its distribution covers 14 quarter degree squares (34 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as localized. Specific localities: Tanzania – Summit of Nyumbenitu Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Dar es Salaam (Kielland, 1990d); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); Rondo Plateau (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – South (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Five localities given by

153 Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Zambia – Single record from just north of Chirundu (Gardiner) (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Delagoa Bay (TL) [Maputo]; Dondo Forest (Pennington); Xiluvo (D. Cookson; male illustrated above); Maronga Forest on the Lucitu River (Pennington); Bopira (Van Son, 1963); Busi River (Van Son, 1963). Zimbabwe – Lower Sabi River Valley (Carcasson); Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963); Butler South (Van Son, 1963); Vumba (Van Son, 1963); Mutare (Van Son, 1963); Mapembi (Van Son, 1963); Lomagundi (Van Son, 1963); Rutenga (Van Son, 1963); Harare (Van Son, 1963); Matobo Hills (Pinhey). Limpopo Province – Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953 – single record); Buffelsberg, near Munnik (Pringle et al., 1994; probably a temporary breeding population); Gundani (Coetzer’s). KwaZulu-Natal – Eshowe district (J. and A. Nagle; 2 males); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002. Habitat: Forest and thickly wooded savanna (Van Son, 1963; Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 2 340 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A comparatively rare species (Van Son, 1963; Kielland, 1990d). Specimens are usually seen gliding slowly over the tops of trees and bushes on the edges of forest. They settle as soon as the sun is obscured by clouds. Males were noted on top of a hill at Xiluvo in Mozambique from late April to early June. From 09:00 to 11:00 they were seen to feed from the yellow daisy-like flowers of a shrub, after which they were seen flying over tree-tops. Males were noted perching on leaves on the highest points of a tree, with the wings outspread. From these perches they made slow patrolling flights, chasing any other butterflies that passed by (Cookson, vide Van Son, 1963). Flight period: All year (Van Son, 1963; Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published.

Final instar larva of Acraea machequena. Davide, Mozambique. June 2015. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Larval food: Nothing published. The small tree on which the larva illustrated above was feeding could not be identified.

*Acraea ranavalona Boisduval, 1833 Red-margin Acraea

154

Male and female Acraea ranavalona from Nosy Iranje, Madagascar. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea ranavalona Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 178 (149-270). Acraea (Acraea) ranavalona Boisduval, 1833. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea ranavalona. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Antananarivo, Madagascar. 20-21 April 2018. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea ranavalona. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Antananarivo, Madagascar. 20-21 April 2018. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Madagascar: “Dans les bois, à Sainte-Marie et à le Grande-Terre”. Distribution: Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Seychelles. Specific localities: Madagascar – Sainte Marie (TL); Nosy Iranje (R. Schutte, pers. comm. April 2010); Nosy Be (R. Schutte, pers. comm. April 2010); Anjajavy Peninsula (R. Schutte, pers. comm. April 2010); Antananarivo (illustrated specimens above). Seychelles – Aldabra (Lawrence, 2014); Astove (Lawrence, 2014). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Anthropogenic environments (J. Dobson, pers. comm.).

155 Flight period: December to March in the Seychelles (Lawrence, 2014). Early stages:

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014 – image of larva; Mayotte, Comoros.

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Turneraceae [Congdon et al., 2017; Andasibe, Madagascar]. Tylophora coriacea (Apocynaceae) [Lawrence, 2014]. Passiflora foetida (Passifloraceae) [Gauhtier, vide Bernaud & Murphy, 2014; Comoros]. Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae) [Lawrence, 2014]. Notes: Reported to be abundant on Aldabra in the 1970’s but nowadays rarely seen (Gerlach, 2012).

maransetra Ward, 1872 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 9: 2 (2-3). Madagascar. Treated as a synonym of Acraea ranavalona by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

manandaza Ward, 1872 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 9: 147 (147-149). Madagascar. Treated as a synonym of Acraea ranavalona by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea hova Boisduval, 1833 Giant Acraea

Acraea hova Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 177 (149-270). Acraea (Acraea) hova Boisduval, 1833. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea hova. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ranomafana, Madagascar. 11 April 2018. J. Lawrence. Images M.C. Williams ex Lawrence Collection.

Type locality: Madagascar: “Sainte-Marie and Tamatave [Toamasina]”.

156 Distribution of Acraea hova

Madagascar.

Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Sainte-Marie (TL); Toamasina (Boisduval, 1833). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea endoscota Le Doux, 1928 Ruby Glassy Acraea

Acraea admatha endoscota Le Doux, 1928. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1928: 108 (97-115). Acraea endoscota Le Doux, 1928. Pierre, 1979. Acraea (Acraea) endoscota Le Doux, 1928. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea endoscota. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Semuliki National Park, Uganda. 4-8 June 2017. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea endoscota. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside.

157 Semuliki National Park, Uganda. 4 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Elfenbeinküste, W.-Afrika”.

Distribution of Acraea endoscota

Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania.

Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin (south), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (Mongala, Kivu, Kasai, Sankuru), Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia (south-west), Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Diagnosis: Can only be separated from A. leucographa by examining the genitalia (Bernaud, et al., 2019: 556). Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Benin – see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Democratic Republic of Congo – Albert National Park (Pierre, 1979). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015); Bwamba (Carcasson, 1961); Fort Portal (Carcasson, 1961); Katera (Carcasson, 1961); Kayonza (Carcasson, 1961); Busowe (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Itwara (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Tanzania – Mugondozi River to Kemfu and Mihumu Forests in Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to 1 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species (Larsen, 2005a). Males defend territories in sunny spots; when doing so the flight is powerful for an acraea (Larsen, 2005a). Flowers are frequently visited, considering that this is a forest acraea (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Pierre & Vuattoux,, 1978. (larva, pupa).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 553. (host-plant, larva).

Larval food: Rinorea breviracemosa Chipp (Violaceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Rinorea kibbiensis Chipp (Violaceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)].

albanis Pierre, 1979 (as morph [female] of Acraea endoscota). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 730 (719-737). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Parc national Albert, secteur nord, Bauleni, marais entre la rivière Semliki et Abia”. Treated as a morph of Acraea endoscota by Bernaud, 2009.

158

*Acraea punctimarginea Pinhey, 1956 Spotted-margin Acraea

Acraea punctimarginea Pinhey, 1956. Occasional Papers. Coryndon Memorial Museum (4): 15 (10-16). Acraea (Acraea) punctimarginea Pinhey, 1956. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Kimboza Forest, Uluguru Mountains, near Morogoro”. Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kimboza Forest (TL); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest at 200 to 350 m (Kimboza Forest) (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is feeble and hovering, in the semi-shade of dense forest (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea leucographa Ribbe, 1889 White-patch Glassy Acraea

Acraea leucographa Ribbe, 1889. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 2: 181 (181-182). Acraea leucographa Ribbe, 1889. Pierre, 1979. Acraea (Acraea) leucographa Ribbe, 1889. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea leucographa leucographa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. May 1991. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea leucographa leucographa. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 7 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

159 Type locality: Central African Republic: “Niam-Niam”.

Distribution of Acraea leucographa

Ssp. leucographa (red) – Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Ssp. jolyi (green) – Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria.

Distribution: Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Old records from Sierra Leone are erroneous (Larsen, 2005a). Diagnosis: Can only be separated from A. endoscota by examining the genitalia (Bernaud, et al., 2019: 556). Habitat: Lowland forest. Habits: In West Africa it is much scarcer than the closely related A. endoscota (Larsen, 2005a) but in the east of its range it is relatively common (Larsen, 1991c). They may fly high up but often come down from the canopy to feed from low-growing flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea species (Violaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 158].

Acraea leucographa leucographa Ribbe, 1889 White-patch Glassy Acraea

Acraea leucographa Ribbe, 1889. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 2: 181 (181-182).

Acraea leucographa leucographa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. May 1991. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

160

Acraea leucographa leucographa. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 7 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Central African Republic: “Niam-Niam”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Sudan (south), Uganda (south), Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Central African Republic – Niam-Niam (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri (Aurivillius, 1925); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); 22 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Nandi (Larsen, 1991c); Mau (Larsen, 1991c); Elgon area (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c; male illustrated above). Tanzania – Mukuyu Forest (Pierre, 1979); Kemfu Forest (Kielland, 1990d). According to Kielland (1991) both of these forests have been destroyed. Thus, leucographa may longer occur in Tanzania. Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002).

gyldenstolpei Aurivillius, 1925 (as ab. of Acraea admatha). Archiv för Zoologi 17 (A) (32): 3 (20 pp.). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ituri”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Treated as a female aberration of Acraea leucographa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

sinalba Pierre, 1979 (as morph [female] of Acraea leucographa). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 732 (719-737). Tanzania: “Kigoma, Makuyu”. Treated as a morph of Acraea leucographa by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea leucographa jolyi Pierre, 2009 Western White-patch Glassy Acraea

Acraea leucographa jolyi Pierre, 2009. Lambillionea 109 (3) (Tome 1): 247 (245-249).

Type locality: Ghana: “?”. Distribution: Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria. Old records from Sierra Leone are erroneous (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ivory Coast – Banco (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007).

161

*Acraea kinduana Pierre, 1979 Kindu Glassy Acraea

Acraea kinduana Pierre, 1979. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 732 (719-737). Acraea (Acraea) kinduana Pierre, 1979. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kindu”.

Distribution of Acraea kinduana

Democratic Republic of Congo.

Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Maniema). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kindu (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

kinduana Schouteden, 1919 (as ab. of Acraea admatha). Revue Zoologique Africaine 6: 149 (145-162). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kindu”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea kinduana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea admatha Hewitson, [1865] Large Glassy Acraea

Hewitson’s Glassy Acraea. Left – male. Right – melanic male. Ipassa, Gabon. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte. 162

Acrae [sic] admatha Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 15 (124 pp.). London. Acraea (Acraea) admatha Hewitson, 1865. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea admatha. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 19 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea admatha. Male (melanic aberration). Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 16 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea admatha. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Monogaga, near San Pedro, Ivory Coast. 23 July 1996. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”.

163 Distribution of Acraea admatha

Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia.

Distribution: Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola (north), Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (west), Zambia (north) (Gardiner, 2010b). Records from west of Nigeria refer to related taxa (Larsen, 2005a). Recorded from South Africa, in error for A. boopis, by Swanepoel (1953a) and Dickson & Kroon (1978) (MCW). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL); near Lagos (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Dalugene (Schultze, 1917); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Lope N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Forest edges, secondary forest and in agricultural lands with a full canopy (Larsen, 2005a). Riparian, close to water (Gardiner, 2010b). Habits: May be locally fairly common (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Pierre, 1979.

Larval food: Rinorea kibbiensis Chipp (Violaceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 559; Cameroon]. Rinorea species (Violaceae) [Pierre, 1979 (Gabon)].

mildbraedi Schultze, 1917 (as ab. of Acraea admatha). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 82 (A.3.): 36 (34-39). Cameroon: “Dalugene (Südostkamerun)”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea admatha by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea kappa Pierre, 1979 Kigoma Glassy Acraea

Acraea kappa Pierre, 1979. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 733 (719-737). Acraea (Acraea) kappa Pierre, 1979. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Kigoma”.

164 Distribution of Acraea kappa

Tanzania.

Distribution: Tanzania (west – Kigoma-Mpanda district). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kigoma (TL); Kemfu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Ntakatta Forest (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Lowland and submontane forest at altitudes between 800 and 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This species was common in the Kemfu Forest, but this forest has been completely destroyed by human activities (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea boopis Wichgraf, 1914# Rainforest Acraea

Rainforest Acraea (Acraea boopis). Left – male in Nkandhla Forest, KwaZulu-Natal; right – female in Woodbush Forest, Limpopo Province. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea admatha f. boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 346 (345-353). Acraea admatha Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. [Misidentification] Acraea admatha Hewitson, 1865. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. [Misidentification] Acraea boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Pierre, 1979: 719. Acraea (Acraea) boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Pringle et al., 1994: 74. Acraea (Acraea) boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Henning & Williams, 2010.

165

Acraea boopis boopis. Male (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo, South Africa. 3 January 2012. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea boopis boopis. Female (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Hlatikulu Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 7 November 2009. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: South Africa: “Urwalde bei Eshowe im Zululand”.

Distribution of Acraea boopis

Ssp. boopis (red) – Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland. Ssp. ama (green) – Kenya, Tanzania. Ssp. choloui (blue) – Malawi.

Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Forest of a drier type (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: This is a fairly common forest species (Larsen, 1991c). Males fly high up, with a floating flight, and perch frequently on the leaves of forest trees. Females mostly fly low down, generally keeping to the forest understorey (Pringle et al., 1994). Males will often swoop down from the forest canopy in order to intercept a female that is flying in the understorey (Van Son, 1963). In hot weather specimens may be seen mudpuddling (Van Son, 1963). Both sexes feed from flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: All year (Van Son, 1963). Summer months; they are especially common in December and January (Pringle et al., 1994).

166 Early stages:

Pierre & Bernaud, 2004: 485 [subspecies choloui; Malawi].

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 85. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa; Malawi).

Larval food: Gymnosporia species (Celastraceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 75; as Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. and Zeyh.) N.K.B. Robson; M. heterophylla is now four different Gymnosporia species (Botha & Botha, 2006)]. Lauridia tetragona (L.f.) R.H.Archer (Celastraceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 75; as species of Cassine]. Maytenus acuminata (L.f.) Loes. (Celastraceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 75]. Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Flacourtiaceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 75]. Rinorea convallarioides (Baker f.) Eyles (Violaceae) [Bernaud & Murphy, 2014; for ssp. choloui].

Acraea boopis boopis Wichgraf, 1914# Rainforest Acraea

Acraea admatha f. boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 346 (345-353). Acraea admatha Hewitson, 1865. Swanepoel, 1953. Acraea boopis Hewitson, 1865. Pierre, 1979: 719. Acraea (Acraea) boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Pringle et al., 1994: 74. Acraea (Acraea) boopis boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Henning & Williams, 2010.

167 Type locality: South Africa: “Urwalde bei Eshowe im Zululand”. Distribution: Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 40 quarter degree squares (522 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Mozambique – Amatongas Forest (Van Son, 1963); Dondo Forest (Van Son, 1963). Zimbabwe – Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963). Limpopo Province – Woodbush, near Haenertsburg (Swanepoel, 1953; female illustrated above); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Magoebaskloof (Van Son, 1963). Mpumalanga – Lone Creek Falls, Sabie (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Eshowe (Type locality); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Shepstone (Van Son, 1963); Kranzkop (Van Son, 1963); Durban (Van Son, 1963); Etombeni (Van Son, 1963); Balcomb’s Hill (Van Son, 1963); Gwaliweni Forest (Van Son, 1963); Ngoye Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Port Edward (male illustrated above). Eastern Cape Province – Embotyi (Van Son, 1963); Port St Johns (Van Son, 1963); Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963).

Acraea boopis ama Pierre, 1979 Montane Rainforest Acraea

Acraea boopis ama Pierre, 1979. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 734 (719-737). Acraea (Acraea) boopis ama Pierre, 1979. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Kenya: “Marsabit Réserve, 1200-1400 m”. Distribution: Kenya (east), Tanzania (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Marsabit (TL); Witu (Larsen, 1991c); Gazi (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Ngombe Crater (Larsen, 1991c); Matthew’s Range (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Nyambeni Hills (Larsen, 1991c).

Acraea boopis choloui Pierre, 1979 Malawi Rainforest Acraea

Acraea boopis choloui Pierre, 1979. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 735 (719-737). Acraea (Acraea) boopis choloui Pierre, 1979. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea boopis choloui. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Cholo, Malawi. 30 April 1972. MG. 168 Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea boopis choloui. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Cholo, Malawi. 30 April 1972. MG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Malawi: “Cholo Mts”. Distribution: Malawi (south). Specific localities: Malawi – South (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Cholo Mountains (TL); Eight localities given by Bernaud & Murphy (2014).

Note: Spelt by Bernaud, 2009 as cholui.

*Acraea quirina (Fabricius, 1781) Quirina Acraea

Male Acraea quirina. Ghana. Left – upperside; right – underside. Images courtesy Pamela Sai.

Papilio quirina Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum 2: 36 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii. Acraea (Acraea) quirina (Fabricius, 1781). Henning & Williams, 2010.

169

Acraea quirina. Male (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea quirina. Female (Wingspan 46 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea quirina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Semuliki National Park, Uganda. 4 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Africa]: “India, Madras”. [False locality.] Distribution: Senegal (south-east), Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Consciencia et al., 2008), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, north-west), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi. Specific localities: Gambia – Abuko (L. Barnett & C. Emms; H. Boersma); Pirang, Abuko, Brufut, Sanyang (Jon Baker, pers. comm., May 2020). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020).

170 Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Mikongo (Vande weghe, 2010); Ivindo N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kilometre 245 from Kindu (Schouteden, 1919); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017); 23 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Kitui, Rabai (TL of rosa); central highlands (Larsen, 1991c); coast (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Kulal (Larsen, 1991c); Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Rondo Plateau (Kielland, 1990d); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Masagati Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mahenge (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa scarp (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); lower parts of Ngorongoro Forest (1 800 m) (Kielland, 1990d); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); Northern Mpanda, north to Gombe north of Kigoma town (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – South (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Five localities given by Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Habitat: Forest, including disturbed forest. Extends into the Guinea savanna in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes between 800 and 1 400 m, while subspecies rosa is found at altitudes from sea-level to 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Not particularly common but periodic irruptions do occur (Larsen, 2005a). It flies slowly at variable elevations (Larsen, 1991c), in the semi-shade of the forest (Kielland, 1990d). Owen (1974) noted that, in Sierra Leone, females predominate in April and May, followed by male predominance in June. Males rest on leaves with opened wings and periodically join other butterflies in spiraling flights in shafts of sunlight (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes mudpuddle during very dry periods (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Van Someren & Rogers, 1925. (egg, larva, pupa).

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 167. (host-plant, larva).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 559. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Drypetes species (Euphorbiaceae) [Owen, 1971; (Sierra Leone]. Rinorea brachypetala (Turcz.) Kuntze var. brachypetala (Violaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323; as Rinorea poggei Engler]. Rinorea convallarioides (Baker f.) Eyles (Violaceae) [Bernaud & Murphy, 2014; Malawi]. Rinorea convallariiflora M.Brandt (Violaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Rinorea elliotii Engl. (Violaceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 559; Malawi]. Rinorea kibbiensis Chipp (Violaceae) [Owen, 1971; Sierra Leone]. Rinorea subintegrifolia (P.Beauv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Owen, 1971; Sierra Leone].

dice Drury, 1782 (as sp. of Papilio). Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 23 (76 pp.). London. Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea violarum by Bernaud, 2009. Treated as a synonym of Acraea quirina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. Erroneously recorded from South Africa by Trimen, 1862c (MCW).

rosa Eltringham, 1912 (as ssp. of Acraea quirina). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 60 (1-374). Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kitui, Rabai”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea quirina by Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 7.

bourgeoni Schouteden, 1919 (as f. of Acraea quirina). Revue Zoologique Africaine 6: 148 (145-162). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Du Kilomètre 245 de Kindu”. Treated as a form of Acraea quirina by Pierre 171 & Bernaud, 2014 and spelt as burgeoni.

*Acraea kia Pierre, 1990 Pale Ochre Acraea

Acraea kia Pierre, 1990. Bulletin de la Société Sciences Nat (68): 1 (4 pp.). Acraea (Acraea) kia Pierre, 1990. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Kigoma, Mukuyu”.

Distribution of Acraea kia

Tanzania.

Distribution: Tanzania (west – Kigoma Region). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mukuyu, Kigoma (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea eugenia Karsch, 1893 Small Smoky Acraea

Acraea eugenia Karsch, 1893. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 196 (1-266). Acraea (Acraea) eugenia Karsch, 1893. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea eugenia male upperside, Wli Falls, Ghana Images courtesy Torben Larsen

172

Acraea eugenia male upperside, Waak, Cameroon Image courtesy Torben Larsen

Acraea eugenia Female (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Type locality: Togo: “Am Adadia, Bismarckburg”. Distribution: Ghana (Volta Region), Togo, Nigeria (west), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Uganda. Specific localities: Ghana – Atewa Range (C. Belcastro teste Larsen, 2005a; single stray); Wli Falls (Larsen, 2005a; male illustrated above); Kyabobo (Larsen, 2005a). Togo – near Bismarckburg (TL). Nigeria – near Lagos; single stray (Larsen, 1969). Cameroon – Waak (male illustrated above); Maan (Collins & Larsen, 2008). Equatorial Guinea – Makomo (TL). Gabon – Lope N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Open bushland near forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: May be very common in some localities in the Volta Region of Ghana but elsewhere it appears to be very rare (Larsen, 2005a). They are fond of flowers but do not seem to mudpuddle (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

ochreata Grünberg, 1910 (as var. of Acreae eugenia). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1910: 470 (469-480). Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: “Spanisch-Guinea, Makomo, Ntumegebiet”. Treated as a form of Acraea eugenia by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

173 *Acraea igati Boisduval, 1833 Big-spot Acraea

Acraea igati Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 177 (149-270). Acraea (Acraea) igati Boisduval, 1833. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea igati. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Andasibe, Madagascar. 27 March 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea igati. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ranamofana, Madagascar. 10-13 April 20186. M. Williams. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Madagascar: “Sainte-Marie and Grande-Terre”.

Distribution of Acraea igati

Madagascar, Comoro Islands.

174 Distribution: Madagascar, Comoro Islands. Specific localities: Madagascar – Sainte-Marie (TL); Grande-Terre (Boisduval, 1833); Andasibe (image of male, above); Ranamofana (image of female, above). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea dammii van Vollenhoven, 1869 Eastern Ocean Island Acraea

Acraea dammii van Vollenhoven, 1869. In: Pollen, F.P.L. & Van Dam, D.C. Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar et de ses dépendances (5): 12 (7-14). Acraea (Acraea) dammii van Vollenhoven, 1869. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea dammii. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zombitse, Madagascar. 16-17 April 2018. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea dammii. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zombitse, Madagascar. 16-17 April 2018. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Madagascar: “Nossi-Bé [Nosy Be]”.

175 Distribution of Acraea dammi

Madagascar, Comoro Islands.

Distribution: Madagascar, Comoro Islands. Specific localities: Madagascar – Nosy Be (TL); Mnja, Morondava Province (Oberthür, 1925); Anjajavy Peninsula (R. Schutte, pers. comm. April 2010); Zombitse (images of specimens, above). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Habits: Found occasionally flying in dense forest and clearings, often within thick bush or trees (R. Schutte, pers. comm. April 2010). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

percussa Keferstein, 1870 (as sp. of Acraea). Jahrbuch der (Königlichen) Akademie Gemeinnütziger Wissenschaften zu Erfurt 4: 13 (13-17). No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea dammii by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

masonala Ward, 1872 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 9: 3 (2-3). Madagascar. Treated as a synonym of Acraea dammii by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

villettei Oberthür, 1925 (as sp. of Acraea). Études de Lépidoptérologie Comparée 22 (2): 63 (63-69). Madagascar: “Ouest-Madagascar (Mnja, Prov. Morondava)”. Treated as a subspecies of A. cuva by Ackery et al. (1995) but as a synonym of A. dammii by Lees et al. (2003). Treated as a synonym of Acraea dammi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea cuva Grose-Smith, 1889 Chic Acraea

An aberrant Chic Acraea (Acraea cuva). Gorongosa N.P. Image courtesy Bart Wursten.

176 Acraea cuva Grose-Smith, 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 126 (121-137). Acraea dammii cuva Grose-Smith, 1889. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) cuva Grose-Smith, 1889. Pringle et al., 1994: 75. Acraea (Acraea) cuva Grose-Smith, 1889. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea cuva. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Catapu, Mozambique. 17 April 2008. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea cuva. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Gorongosa, Mozambique. 10 August 1972. MG. Gardiner Collection. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea cuva. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Catapu, Mozambique. 29 April 2008. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Mombasa”.

177 Distribution of Acraea cuva

Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe.

Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east). Specific localities: Kenya – Mombasa (TL); coast (Larsen, 1991c); Witu (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Dar-es-Salaam (Suffert, 1904); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest, south of Dar es Salaam (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Port Herald [now Nsanje] (J.D. Handman, vide Van Son, 1963); Mzeze, 45 km from Fort Johnston (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Mozambique – Xiluvo (D. Cookson, vide Van Son, 1963; single female); Nahamatanda (Pinhey); Inhaminga (Pinhey); Salone Forest (Pinhey); Pungoè (Paré). Zimbabwe – Houghton’s Koppie at Christon Bank near Harare (Chitty; single female). Habitat: Coastal forest (eastern lowland forest). From sea-level to 500 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Generally an uncommon butterfly but periodic irruptions occur (Larsen, 1991c). Larsen (1991c) states that specimens fly high up but Pringle et al. (1994) note that specimens fly only a few metres from the ground and settle on the leaves of trees and bushes. Specimens of both sexes have been noted feeding from the flowers of Lantana (Handman, vide Van Son, 1963). Flight period: Recorded in May, July, August and September but probably occurs throughout the year (Van Son, 1963). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea elliptica (Oliv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Bart Wursten, unpub. 2006; oviposition imaged at Catapu Timber Concession, Mozambique].

nidama Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea dammii). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 19 (12-107). Tanzania: “Dar-es-Salaam”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea cuva by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea insignis Distant, 1880 Black-blotched Acraea

Acraea insignis Distant, 1880 in Godman & Distant, 1880. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 184 (182-185). Acraea (Acraea) insignis Distant, 1880. Pringle et al., 1994: 73. Acraea (Acraea) insignis Distant, 1889. Henning & Williams, 2010.

178

Acraea insignis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Amani, Tanzania. March 1972. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea insignis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Pungwe River, Zimbabwe. April 1959. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Acraea insignis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Magamba, Tanzania. March 1972. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

179 Acraea insignis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Pungwe River, Honde Valley, Zimbabwe. 2 May 1996. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Magila, East Africa”. Diagnosis: Specimens from low altitudes have the basal black markings on the hindwing reduced while those at high altitudes have more extensive, solid basal black markings (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Sudan (south), Ethiopia, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Kenya, Tanzania (east, north-east, north, south-west, extreme north-west, including Zanzibar), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – 28 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Thika (Larsen, 1991c); Kitosh (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Magila (TL); Zanzibar (Hewitson, 1877); upper and lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018); Amani (male illustrated above). Malawi – North and south (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Eight localities given by Bernaud & Murphy (2014). Zambia – Bwingi Mfumu (Heath et al., 2002); Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Gorongosa Mountain (TL of gorongosae; E.C.G. Pinhey); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Lower Pungwe Gorge on the Holdenby Reserve (H. Cookson and D. Plowes). Habitat: Forest, heavy woodland and coastal scrub (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea- level to 2 300 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A very common forest species in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Mostly found flying in clearings and along forest roads, with an exuberant flight pattern when chasing each other around (Larsen, 1991c). On the Holdenby Reserve, Zimbabwe, it flies on the edge of the riverine forest growing along the Pungwe River, disappearing as soon as the sun is obscured (Cookson, vide Van Son, 1963). Both sexes feed from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: Probably all year (Pringle et al., 1994). Type series (of subspecies gorongozae) captured in September and May (Van Son, 1963). Early stages:

Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 128. “Eggs creamy, long oval, slight striations on long axis and transversely. Young larva dark brownish moulting to orange brown at third instar; underside blackish. Spines long, the base of each reddish. Pupa: golden to orange lined with black. Wing cases lined over the base. Thorax heavily marked above and entirely black below. Two dorsal black lines on abdomen composed of contiguous diamond-shaped spots, each with an orange centre. The orange on the fifth large. Lateral line of spots with yellow centres. Two ventral rows of small black spots with no yellowish centres.”

Mullin, in Pringle et al., 1994: 73. [Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe].

Congdon et al., 2017. (final instar larva).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 563. (larva, pupa).

180

Pupa of Acraea insignis. Image courtesy Dominique Bernard.

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 157]. Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 157]. Corchorus sp. (Malvaceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 563]. Gossypium species (Malvaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 157]. Kiggelaria species (Achariaceae) [Bampton, personal communication, 1993; Tanzania]. Kiggelaria africana L. (Achariaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Mufindi, Tanzania]. Thea species (Theaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 382]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323].

buxtoni Hewitson, 1877 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 155 (153-155). Tanzania: “Zanzibar”. [Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Telchinia buxtoni Butler, 1875 [Acraeinae].] Treated as a synonym of Acraea insignis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

balbina Oberthür, 1888 (as sp. of Acraea). Études d’Entomologie 12: 6 (1-8). Tanzania: “Zanguebar”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea insignis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

siginna Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea insignis). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 19 (12-107). “Deutsch Ost. Afrikas”. This is a melanic form of the nominate subspecies (Van Son, 1963: 14). Treated as a synonym of Acraea insignis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

gorongozae van Son, 1963 (as ssp. of Acraea insignis). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 14 (130 pp.). Type locality: [Mozambique]: “Gorongoza Mountain”. The type series includes males and females from Gorongosa Mountain and the Holdenby Reserve, captured in September, 1957 and May, 1958, respectively. Holotype in the Natural History Museum, London. Treated as a synonym of Acraea insignis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea eltringhami Joicey & Talbot, 1921 Jagged-margin Blotched Acraea

Acraea eltringhami Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 47 (40-166). Acraea (Acraea) eltringhami Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Henning & Williams, 2010.

181 Acraea eltringhami. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda. 29 October 2015. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea eltringhami. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda. 30 October 2015. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Rwanda: “Kisaba Forest, E. Lake Kivu, Rwanda district”.

Distribution of Acraea eltringhami

Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Distribution: Uganda (south-west), Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Kivu). Diagnosis: Differentiated from insignis by the separate, triangular black markings on the hindwing margin. Specific localities: Uganda – Bwamba (Carcasson, 1961); Kayonza (Carcasson, 1961); Mafuga (Carcasson, 1961); Rutenga (Carcasson, 1961) Rwanda – Kisaba Forest (TL); Nyungwe Forest (images above). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Habitat: Montane forest. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

kisaba Carcasson, 1981 (as [unneccessary] replacement name for Acraea eltringhami Joicey & Talbot). Collins handguide to the butterflies of Africa 174 (188 pp.). Treated as a synonym of Acraea eltringhami by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea hamata Joicey & Talbot, 1922

182 Clear-margin Blotched Acraea

Acraea hamata Joicey & Talbot, 1922. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 340 (339-342). Acraea (Acraea) hamata Joicey & Talbot, 1922. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea hamata hamata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kitabi, Rwanda. 1 November 2015. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Rwanda]: “Rugege Forest”.

Distribution of Acraea hamata

Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda.

Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Bukavu area (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Rwanda – Rugege Forest (TL); Nyungwe Forest (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kitabe (male images above). Early stages:

Bernaud, et al., 2017. (pupa).

Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea hamata hamata Joicey & Talbot, 1922 Clear-margin Blotched Acraea

Acraea hamata Joicey & Talbot, 1922. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 340 (339-342).

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Acraea hamata hamata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kitabi, Rwanda. 1 November 2015. AG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Rwanda]: “Rugege Forest”. Distribution: Uganda (south-west – Kigezi), Rwanda. Specific localities: Uganda – Mafugu Forest (Jackson, 1956); Impenetrable Forest (Carcasson, 1961). Rwanda – Rugege Forest (TL); Nyungwe Forest (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Bigugu (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Busoro (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kitabi (male images above).

Acraea hamata batangi Bernaud, Ducarme & Pierre, 2017 Batangi Blotched Acraea

Acraea hamata batangi Bernaud, Ducarme & Pierre, 2017.

Type locality: Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lubero region (Bernaud, et al., 2017); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Bukavu area (Bernaud, et al., 2019).

*Acraea horta (Linnaeus, 1764)# Garden Acraea

Male Garden Acraeas (Acraea horta). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall (left) and Allison Sharp (right).

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Papilio horta Linnaeus, 1764. Museum Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae 234 (720 pp.). Holmiae. Acraea horta Linnaeus. Trimen, 1862c. Acraea horta (Linnaeus, 1764). Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea horta Linnaeus. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea horta (Linnaeus, 1764). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) horta (Linnaeus, 1764). Pringle et al., 1994: 73. Acraea (Acraea) horta (Linnaeus, 1764). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea horta. Male (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Golden Gate Highlands N. P., Free State, South Africa. 9-14 January, 2001. M. Williams. Images M.C.Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea horta. Female (Wingspan 51 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Platberg, Harrismith, Free State Province, South Africa. 28 January, 2012. M. Williams. Images M.C.Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Tulbagh”. [Lectotype designated by Honey & Scoble, 2001: 332]. Diagnosis: The colour of females varies from brick-red to straw-yellow. Melanic and albinistic aberrations of both sexes have been recorded (Pringle et al., 1994).

Distribution of Acraea horta

Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho.

185 Distribution: Zimbabwe (apparently an occasional migrant), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999), Lesotho (Van Son, 1963). Recorded, in error, from West Africa and Angola by Trimen & Bowker (1887). In South Africa its distribution covers 247 quarter degree squares (1630 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as very widespread. Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Chimanimani Mountains (Baseley; single record); Vumba (Barnes; single record) [Both of these records in 1931] (Pringle et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Haenertsburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoutpansberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Woodbush (Van Son, 1963). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterval Onder (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Ermelo (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Van Son, 1963); Amersfoort (Van Son, 1963); Dullstroom (Van Son, 1963); Verloren Vallei Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Sterkspruit Nature Reserve (Williams); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953); Johannesburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Hennops River (Van Son, 1963); Krugersdorp (Van Son, 1963); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson, unpublished checklist, 2001). Free State Province – Ladybrand (Swanepoel, 1953); Bethlehem (Swanepoel, 1953); Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953); Fouriesburg (Van Son, 1963); Golden Gate Highlands National Park (Williams); Platberg, Harrismith (Dobson, Williams & Schutte, unpublished, 2010); Cyferfontein [-30.3736 25.8131] (R. Griesel, unpublished). KwaZulu-Natal – Kokstad (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Shepstone (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Giant’s Castle (Swanepoel, 1953); Greytown (Van Son, 1963); Richmond (Van Son, 1963); Karkloof (Van Son, 1963); Vryheid (Van Son, 1963); Utrecht (Van Son, 1963). Eastern Cape Province – Uitenhage (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Somerset East (Swanepoel, 1953); Katberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Hogsback (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Elizabeth (Van Son, 1963); Van Stadens Pass (Van Son, 1963); King William’s Town (Van Son, 1963); Queenstown (Van Son, 1963); Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963); Lusikisiki (Van Son, 1963); Embotyi (Van Son, 1963). Western Cape Province – Tulbagh (TL); Cape Town (Swanepoel, 1953); Caledon (Swanepoel, 1953); Robertson (Swanepoel, 1953); Swellendam (Swanepoel, 1953); Oudtshoorn (Swanepoel, 1953); Knysna (Swanepoel, 1953); Grootvadersbos (Van Son, 1963); Willowmore (Van Son, 1963). Swaziland – Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Temperate forest and woodland; also in wooded kloofs in grassland. It is often seen in gardens in towns and cities, including Cape Town (Van Son, 1963). Habits: A common species in South Africa, which flies with a slow, gliding flight, usually a few metres from the ground. Specimens are most often encountered in the vicinity of their larval host-plants. Both sexes are frequently seen feeding from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Van Son (1963) states that it often defoliates specimens of its food-plant because it is not eaten by birds, being distasteful. However, Diederik cuckoos have been seen to feed avidly on the larvae in Pretoria (Williams, unpublished observations). Flight period: All year but commoner in the summer months (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 135 [as Acraea Horta (L.); Cape Town, Western Cape]. “Larva. About 1¼ in. long; with strong branched spines. Dull brownish-ochreous, closely striped with black transverse streaks: the incisions of segments and a line down the back pale-ochreous; a broad ochreous band, not crossed by the black streaks, on each side, above the legs, which are of a bright shining yellow; head shining-black. On the second segment are two, and on the last four black branched spines; on each of all the other segments, six similar spines.” Pupa. About ¾ in. long, rather slender; head blunt, hardly bifid; lateral angles at bases of wing-covers prominent and acute; back of thorax not ridged, rather blunt and rounded; abdomen considerably elongate, curved 186 inwardly towards its extremity. Pale-creamy, with a tinge of ochreous: wing-covers streaked with black along the position of the nervures; two curved black streaks from eyes to angles at bases of the wings; two black, short, longitudinal streaks on back of thorax; a transverse black streak at junction of thorax and abdomen; on each side of the back, a row of large, united, black, ochre-yellow-centered spots; each row united by thin, black lines to a row of similar spots below it, on side of abdomen; a shorter row of similar, more contiguous spots along middle of under side of abdomen. Attached to leaves and stems of plants, palings, walls, etc. The silk to which the tail is attached often covers an area of an inch in diameter. The butterfly emerged, in most instances, eight or nine days after the disclosure of the pupa.”

Clark & Dickson, 1952: 13. Egg. The eggs are laid in neat clusters on a leaf of the food-plant. They are pale yellow at first, but change to chocolate and finally to purplish brown. The largest diameter is 0.75 mm, and they are 0.75 mm high. The sides are fortified by 23 or 24 longitudinal bars cross-connected by some 25 heavy indentations. They take about nine days to hatch, when the young larva eats a hole in the shell near the top. After crawling through this it proceeds to eat the discarded shell. Larva. Normally there are six larval instars, but in warm weather a moult is skipped. The first instar generally takes seven days, the middle instars five days each and the final instar 10 days, but this varies with climatic conditions. The caterpillar is shades of brown and black, with streaks of yellow and salmon on the side and greenish underneath. There is considerable variation on the upper portion. On each side there are three rows of spined black projections normally with a bluish base, one per segment in each row. On emerging the young larva is 2 mm long, and its final length is between 29 and 34 mm. Except for the final instar, the larvae live in clusters and their presence is detected in the early stages by bleached and shrivelled leaves, which have been stripped off their surface parenchyma. Pupa. The pupa is 19 mm long, dull yellow with black markings, and is suspended head downward from the trunk of a tree, from twigs, rocks and, in towns, on walls and door posts. The butterfly takes two and a half weeks to emerge.

Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 13. Repeats the description given in Clark & Dickson, 1952.

Dickson, 1972.

Donaldson, 1991 [parasitoids].

Claassens, 1991b [parasitoids].

Egg and 4th instar larvae of Acraea horta. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

187

Final instar larva and pupa of Acraea horta. Images courtesy Allison Sharp (left) and Steve Woodhall (right).

Larval food: Ceratiosicyos laevis (Thunb.) A.Meeuse (Achariaceae) [Dahlgren & Van Wyk, 1988]. Guthriea capensis Bolus (Achariaceae) [Dahlgren & Van Wyk, 1988]. Kiggelaria africana L. (Flacourtiaceae) [Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 135; Cape Town, Western Cape]. Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 135; Cape Town, Western Cape]. Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 14; according to Raubenheimer, cited by Pringle et al., 1994: 73 it is not a foodplant of A. horta]. Passiflora manicata (Juss.) Perr. (Passifloraceae) [Dickson, in Pringle et al., 1994: 73]. Passiflora mollissima (Knuth) L.H.Bailey (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Dickson, in Pringle et al., 1994: 73]. Passiflora manicata (Juss.) Pers. (Passifloraceae) [Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 135; Cape Town, Western Cape; as Tacsonia magnifica].

Relevant literature: Claassens, 2002 [Melanistic aberrations].

conjuncta Blachier, 1912 (as ab. of Acraea horta). Bulletin de la Société Lépidoptérologique de Genève 2: 176 (173-177). No locality given. Treated as an aberration of Acraea horta by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea brainei Henning, 1986 Kaokoland Acraea

Acraea brainei Henning, 1986. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 49: 31 (29-37). Acraea (Acraea) brainei G.A. Henning, 1986. Pringle et al., 1994: 74. Acraea (Acraea) brainei Henning, 1986. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea brainei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Hartmanns Valley, Namibia. April 1984. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

188

Acraea brainei. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Hartmanns Valley, Namibia. March 1990. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: [Namibia]: “Hartmanns Valley, 44 km S. of Cunene River”. Diagnosis: Bears some resemblance to Acraea nohara but the genitalia show that it is more closely related to Acraea neobule. It can be distinguished from Acraea nohara by the following: the shape and distribution of the black spotting; the absence of heavy black spotting along the margin and outer part of the veins of the forewing; a row of spots on the marginal black border of the hindwing (Pringle et al., 1994).

Distribution of Acraea brainei

Angola, Nambia.

Distribution: Angola, Namibia (north-west). Specific localities: Angola – Iona Peak, Iona National Park [16°55'02.8"S 12°36'10.6"E] (Willis, 2009). Namibia – Hartmann’s Valley in Kaokoland, in an area extending from about 30 km south of the Kunene River to the Engo River (TL; Pringle et al., 1994); Etanga, 100 km west of Opuwo (Swart, 2004). Habitat: Dry savanna. Granite outcrops on hills and ridges (Pringle et al., 1994). Habits: Both sexes feed from the flowers of the larval host-plant (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: February to April (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Henning, G., 1986: 29 (J. Ent. Soc. Sth. Afr. 49: 29).

Larval food: Turnera oculata Story (Turneraceae) [Braine, in Henning, G., 1986?]. Relevant literature: Schutte, 2021 [evolution and host-plant relationship; African Butterfly News 2021 no. 2: 9]

189

Turnera oculata growing on Iona peak, Angola. Images courtesy Chris Willis.

*Acraea neobule Doubleday, [1847]# Wandering Donkey Acraea

Male Wandering Donkey Acraea (Acraea neobule), Senalala, KwaZulu-Natal. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea neobule Doubleday, [1847] in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: pl. 19 (1847), 140 (1848) (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London. Acraea neobule Doubleday, 1848. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea neobule Doubleday. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea terpsicore neobule Doubleday, 1848. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea neobule neobule Doubleday, 1848. Henning, G., 1986. Acraea neobule neobule Doubleday, 1848. Pringle et al., 1994: 74. Acraea (Acraea) neobule Doubleday, 1847. Henning & Williams, 2010.

190

Acraea neobule. Male (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Hartbeespoort Dam, North West Province, South Africa. 12 January 2002. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea neobule. Male (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea neobule. Female (Wingspan 53 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Onderstepoort Nature Reserve, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 October 2013. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Acraea neobule. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 April 2004. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

191

Acraea neobule. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 10 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea neobule. Female (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common names: Neobule Acraea; Wandering Donkey; Dancing Acraea (Lawrence, 2014: 55). Type locality: “Congo”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, 2005a), Guinea, Burkina-Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Ghana, Togo, Benin (throughout), Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province), Swaziland, Lesotho (Van Son, 1963), Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Socotra, Oman, Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Seychelles. In South Africa its distribution covers 285 quarter degree squares (934 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as very widespread. Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Gambia – Pirang, Abuko, Bijilo, Basse (Jon Baker, pers. comm., May 2020). Liberia – Monravia (Le Cerf, 1927). Ghana – Cape Coast Castle (Godman & Salvin, 1884); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Lokoli (Tchibozo et al., 2008); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Rumpi Hills (Helps, vide Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Libreville (Vande weghe, 2010); Cape Esterias (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Lambarene (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Gamba (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). 192 Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Somalia – Ola Uager (Storace, 1949); Belet Amin (Storace, 1949); Salambo (Storace, 1949). Uganda – Mpanga Forest (Safian & Pyrcz, 2020); 28 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Kibwezi (Le Doux, 1928); Rabai (Stoneham, 1943); Dida (Stoneham, 1943); Kilimanjaro (Stoneham, 1943). Tanzania – Throughout (Kielland, 1990d); Mhonda (Vuillot, 1891); Mikindani (Wichgraf, 1914); Tewe (Le Doux, 1923); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018). Malawi – Throughout (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); 19 localities given by Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mokambo (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Kamaila (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Zumbo (Aurivillius, 1909b); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Botswana – Widespread (Larsen, 1991l); Nosop Valley, Kgaligadi Transfrontier Park (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Verloren Vallei Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c). North West Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006); Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams; female illustrated above); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2010). Gauteng – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson, unpublished checklist, 2001). Free State Province – Cyferfontein [-30.3736 25.8131] (R. Griesel, unpublished). KwaZulu-Natal – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Muden (male illustrated above). Eastern Cape Province – Port Elizabeth (Swanepoel, 1953); Hogsback (Swanepoel, 1953); Somerset East (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Bathurst (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Alfred (Swanepoel, 1953); King William’s Town (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Queenstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Bughersdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Van Son, 1963). Western Cape Province – Little Spitskop, Knysna (H. Edge, African Butterfly News, 2021 no.1: 3). Northern Cape Province – Victoria West (Swanepoel, 1953); Hopetown (Van Son, 1963); Kenhardt (Van Son, 1963); Prieska (Van Son, 1963). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Yemen – Makálla, Râs Fártek (Rebel, 1899); Hagher-Gebirge bis 4500' (Rebel, 1907); Wadi el Hebs (Gabriel, 1954). Seychelles – Aldabra (TL); Assumption (Lawrence, 2014); Astove (Lawrence, 2014); Cosmoledo (Lawrence, 2014). Note: Changes in plant community composition on Aldabra since 1976 has resulted on its extirpation on that island (Gerlach, 2012). Habitat: Savanna, especially Acacia thornveld (Van Son, 1963) and anthropogenic environments (Larsen, 1991c). Absent only from virgin forest (Larsen, 1991c). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 2 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common, widespread savanna butterfly that, at times, may be abundant. The flight pattern is low and fairly rapid for an acraea but sometimes lazy and circling (Larsen, 1991c). Males are avid hilltoppers, floating around the highest trees (Pringle et al., 1994). It is attracted to flowers, mainly those of flowering trees and tall bushes (Van Son, 1963). In the Kumasi area of Ghana it is a serious pest of tossa jute

193 (Corchorus olitorius) (Ewete, 1990; Larsen, 2005a). It is also sometimes a pest on sweet potatoes, tobacco and various species of Hibiscus grown as vegetables in Ashanti villages (Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: All of the warmer months of the year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 126. “The eggs are laid in groups or clusters on a creeper with a coarse fibrous leaf [unnamed] usually on the underside of the leaves, but often on the main stem. They are creamy at first but become orange as they mature. They are rather longer in shape than most acraeine eggs and rather pointed. The newly hatched larva is blackish or brownish, changing through brown to the reddish brown of the full fed caterpillar. A mature larva is terracotta above and white below, with a narrow white lateral line. The legs are yellowish, with black ends. The spines are fairly long with short barbs. The head is ochre-yellow. The pupa is white with heavy black markings, those on the wing cases particularly so. The abdominal segments have the usual orange spot encircled with black. The thorax is dorsally marked with two inverted U’s, the lower being joined up to the two black lines from the spines of the head-piece.”

Darlow, 1949b.

Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 18. Egg. Laid in clusters on the surface of a leaf. They are 0.65 mm in diameter by 0.85 mm high, pale watery yellow when laid, darkening slightly later. There are 18 longitudinal ribs cross-braced by some 18 transverse ridges. Incubation period eight days. Larva. There are two groups discernible in the development, both originating from the same cluster of eggs, one taking six instars, the other seven, but occasionally the seventh instar of the latter group is dispensed with. When the 7th instar is not taken, the larvae grow from 19 mm to 28 mm in the final instar. Six instar group: 1st instar 2mm, growing to 3.5 mm in 5 days; 2nd instar growing to 6.5 mm in 5 days; 3rd instar growing to 10 mm in 5 days; 4th instar growing to 15 mm in 6 days; 5th instar growing to 21 mm in 6 days; 6th instar growing to 28 mm in 10 days. Seven instar group: 1st instar 1.75 mm, growing to 3 mm in 5 days; 2nd instar growing to 6 mm in 5 days; 3rd instar growing to 9 mm in 8 days; 4th instar growing to 13 mm in 8 days; 5th instar growing to 19 mm in 8 days; 6th instar growing to 24 mm in 10 days; 7 th instar growing to 28 mm in 10 days. The duration of each instar varies according to the prevailing conditions, and in warmer districts there is a continuous succession of broods.”

Ewete, 1990 [as Acraea terpsichore L.].

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014: 139. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 574. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 19]. Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Flacourtiaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 159]. Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323; as Tryphostemma zanzibaricum]. Corchorus olitorius L. (Tiliaceae) [Ewete, 1990]. Hibiscus species (Malvaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. (Violaceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast); Bernaud (Benin)]. Ipomoea species (Convolvulaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Nicotiana species (tobacco) [Larsen, 2005a]. Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Platt, 1921]. Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 574]. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Bernaud & Murphy, 2014; Malawi]. Triphostemma species (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 574]. Turnera angustifolia Mill. (Turneraceae) [Legrand, 1965; Seychelles].

seis Feisthamel, 1850 (as sp. of Acroea [sic]). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (2) 8: 247 (247-262). Gambia: “Gambie”. Given as Acraea neobule seis in Ackery et al., 1995. Larsen (2005a: 458) treats this 194 taxon as a synonym of neobule, giving good reasons for so doing. Treated as a synonym of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. calyce Godman & Salvin, 1884 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1884: 221 (219-227). Benin: “Dahomey”; Niger; Ghana: “Cape Coast Castle”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. mhondana Vuillot, 1891 (as sp. of Acraea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 60: 115. Tanzania: “Mhonda (Zanguebar)”. Given as a synonym of Acraea neobule in Ackery et al., 1995: but regarded to be a synonym of Acraea terpsichore Linnaeus (an extralimital species) by Pierre & Bernaud, 1997 (Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 102 (5): 410). arabica Rebel, 1899 (as sp. of Acraea). Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. 36: 359-361. Yemen: “Makálla, Râs Fártek”. The status of this taxon is uncertain; it may or may not be a valid subspecies (see discussion in Larsen, 1983). Treated as a synonym of neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. socotrana Rebel, 1907 (as ssp. of Acraea neobule). Denkschrift der Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. 71 (2): 31-130 [1931 republication]. Yemen: “Hagher-Gebirge bis 4500'”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014 and spelt as sokotrana. zambesina Aurivillius, 1909b (as sp. of Acraea). Arkiv för Zoologi 5 (5): 29 pp. Mozambique: “Zumbo am Zambezi-Flusse, Portug. Ost.-Afrika”. Given as a synonym of Acraea neobule in Ackery et al., 1995: but regarded to be a synonym of Acraea terpsichore Linnaeus (an extralimital species) by Pierre & Bernaud, 1997. (Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 102(5): 410). braesioides Wichgraf, 1914 (as female f. of Acraea neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 347 (345-353). Zimbabwe: “Mashonaland”. Probably refers to a deformed specimen (Van Son, 1963). Treated as a form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. guttata Wichgraf, 1914 (as ab. of Acraea neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 348 (345-353). Tanzania: “Mikindani”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. incredibilis Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violae neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 300 (297-316). South Africa: “Natal”. Van Son (1963) avers that this name refers only to an aberration. Treated as an aberration of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. camaenopsis Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea violae neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 222 (207-226). Tanzania: N.-Usambara, Tewe (Deuthsch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a female form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. cyaniris Le Cerf, 1927 (as f. of Acraea neobule seis). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 49 (44-58). Liberia: “Monravia”. Treated as a form Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. kibwezina Le Doux, 1928 (as female f. of Acraea terpsichore neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1928: 110 (97-115). Kenya: “Kibwezi, Br.-O.-Afrika”. Treated as a female form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. isabellina Stoneham, 1943 (as female f. of Acraea neobule). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (45): 3 (4 pp.). Kenya: Rabai”. Treated as a female form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. didalis Stoneham, 1943 (as female f. of Acraea neobule). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (45): 4 (4 pp.). Kenya: “Dida”. Treated as a female form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. montana Stoneham, 1943 (as f. of Acraea neobule). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (45): 4 (4 pp.). Kenya: “Kilimanjaro”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014. macra Storace, 1949 (as f. [?] of Acraea neobule). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacomo Doria 64: 24 (12-29). Somalia: “Ola Uager”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

195 pallidepicta Storace, 1949 (as f. [?] of Acraea neobule). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacomo Doria 64: 25 (12-29). Somalia: “Belet Amin; Salambo”. Treated as a female form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

sheba Gabriel, 1954 (as f. of Acraea neobule). British Museum (Natural History) expedition to south-west Arabia 1937-8 1: 356 (351-391). Yemen: “East Aden Protect., Wadi el Hebs”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

legrandi Carcasson, 1964 (as ssp. of Acraea Terpsichore [sic]). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society & Coryndon Museum 24 (4): 69 (67-72). Type locality: Seychelles: “Aldabra”. Treated as a synonym of neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

melanica Woodhall, 2000 (as f. of Acraea neobule). Metamorphosis 11 (1): 30 (28-32).

maore Turlin, 2002 (as f. of Acraea neobule). Treated as a form of Acraea neobule by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea mahela Boisduval, 1833 Madagascar Acraea

Acraea mahela Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 179 (149-270). Acraea (Acraea) mahela Boisduval, 1833. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea mahela. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Antananarivo, Madagascar. 20-21 April 20186. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea mahela. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Antananarivo, Madagascar. 20-21 April 20186. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

196 Type locality: Madagascar: “Tintingue et Tamataue [Toamasina]”. Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Tintingue (TL); Toamasina (Boisduval, 1833); Antananarivo (images above). Habitat: Transformed grasslands and anthropogenic environments (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea matuapa Grose-Smith, 1889 Kenyan Acraea

Acraea matuapa Grose-Smith, 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 127 (121-137). Acraea (Acraea) matuapa Grose-Smith, 1889. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea matuapa. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sokoke-Arabuku Forest, Kenya. 29 September 1997. AG & MG. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Mombasa”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Mombasa (TL); vicinity of coastal forests (Larsen, 1991c); Kibwezi (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mazumbai, West Usambara (Kielland, 1990d); Lushoto, West Usambara (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Mainly in grassy areas in and around coastal forests (Larsen, 1991c). Found at an altitude of 1 400 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A butterfly that occurs in somewhat localized populations; these populations may sometimes contain a large number of individuals (Larsen, 1991c). On the wing it is difficult to distinguish from the common A. neobule (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea camaena (Drury, 1773) Large Smoky Acraea

Papilio camaena Drury, 1773. Illustrations of Natural History 2: index et 12 (90 pp.). London. Acraea (Acraea) camaena (Drury, [1773]). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Gold Coast”.

197

Distribution of Acraea camaena

Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola.

Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Ackery et al., 1995), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso (south), Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin (south), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola (Cabinda enclave). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Gambia – Fajara, Tanji (Jon Baker, pers. comm., May 2020). Guinea – Parc National du Haut Niger (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Kintampo Falls (Larsen, 2005a); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Nigeria – coast near Lagos (Larsen, 2005a); Okomu (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Drier forest, including open coastal forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A generally scarce species, with occasional population explosions (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes visit flowers, especially during the dry season (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Premna hispida Benth. (Verbenaceae) [Owen, 1971 (Sierra Leone)]. Smeathmannia pubescens Sol. ex R.Br. (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)].

murcia Fabricius, 1781 (as sp. of Papilio). Species Insectorum 2: 33 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii. “Africa aequinoctiali”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea camaena by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea turlini Pierre, 1979 Unmarked Acraea

Acraea turlini Pierre, 1979. Revue Française d’Entomologie (N.S.) 1: 27 (27-29). Acraea (Acraea) turlini Pierre, 1979. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Rwanda: “Sud-Ouest du Ruanda: Wincka, forêt de Nyungwe, 2500 m”. Distribution: Rwanda. Known only from the type locality. Specific localities: Rwanda – Nyungwe Forest (TL). Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

198 epaea species-group

*Acraea epitellus Staudinger, 1896 Pale Orange Wanderer

Acraea epitellus Staudinger, 1896. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 9: 207 (193-240). Acraea epaea epitellus Staudinger, 1896. Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea epitellus Staudinger, 1896. Pierre & Bernaud, 2008: 406. Acraea (Bematistes) epitellus Staudinger, 1896. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Lindi”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Mozambique (Larsen, 1991c). Specific localities: Kenya – Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); coast (Kielland, 1990d). Tanzania – Lindi (TL); Rondo Plateau near Lindi (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); East Usambara (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Masagati Forest south of Ifakara (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest. In Tanzania it occurs from sea-level to 1 750 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: Larsen (1991, 2005a) believed that this taxon is a species distinct from Acraea epaea. This was formalized by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008.

*Acraea epaea (Cramer, [1779]) Equatorial Wanderer

Papilio epaea Cramer, [1779] in Cramer, [1779-80]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 64 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Acraea epaea (Cramer, 1779). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) epaea (Cramer, [1779]). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea epaea epaea. Male (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

199

Acraea epaea epaea. Female (Wingspan 70 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea epaea epaea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ebogo, Cameroon. 13 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea epaea epaea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Hillwood-Nchila, Zambia. 15 April 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

200

Acraea epaea epaea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lisombo, Mwinilunga District, Zambia. 30 April 2001. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Alternative common name: Common Bematistes. Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leona”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 407. Diagnosis: Differs from B. aganice in that the forewing has a large orange (male) or white (female) patch in the lower median area; somewhat smaller size; weaker flight (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius,1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Misattributed to the Madagascar fauna by Mabille [1887] (Lees et al., 2003). Recorded, in error, from Gambia (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest, including quite strongly degraded forest. Also in dense Guinea savanna in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes between 800 and 1 200 m (occasionally up to 1 500 m) and ssp. melina at about 1 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is by far the commonest of the acraea species belonging to the bematistes group (Larsen, 2005a). Periodic population explosions are known to occur (Larsen, 1991c). Sometimes they stray far from their natural habitat; Larsen (2005a) noted numbers feeding from the flowers of teak trees in a plantation. Females are often seen fluttering low down in search of host-plants (Larsen, 2005a). Telchinia jodutta is probably a co-mimic. Both sexes of A. epaea are the primary models for Elymniopsis bammakoo and Pseudacraea eurytus. The female is the model for the female of Papilio cynorta (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Bernaud, 2000. (Cameroon).

Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. (Cameroon).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 586. (larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 385]. Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Oncoba dentata Oliv. (Flacourtiaceae) [Larsen, 2005a; Bernaud & Murphy, 2014 (for ssp. melina); both as Lindaeckeria dentata]. Oncoba schweinfurthii (Gilg) Hul & Breteler (Flacourtiaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 41; as Lindaeckeria schweinfurthii].

Acraea epaea epaea (Cramer, [1779]) Equatorial Wanderer

201

Acraea epaea epaea. Male (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea epaea epaea. Female (Wingspan 70 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea epaea epaea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ebogo, Cameroon. 13 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

202

Acraea epaea epaea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Hillwood-Nchila, Zambia. 15 April 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea epaea epaea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lisombo, Mwinilunga District, Zambia. 30 April 2001. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leona”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 407. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni), Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda (west), Kenya, Tanzania (north- west), Zambia. Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ivory Coast – Abidjan (male and female illustrated above). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Throughout (Vande weghe, 2010). Equatorial Guinea – Alen Benito area (Strand, 1914); Malen (Strand, 1914). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (Suffert, 1904); Kwidgwi Island (Jordan, 1910); Kafakumba (Le Doux, 1937); Kapanga (Le Doux, 1937); Uele (Le Doux, 1937); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Sesse Islands (Grünberg, 1910); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017); 11 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Tanzania – Mpanda to Malagarazi River in Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002).

gea Fabricius, 1781 (as sp. of Papilio). Species Insectorum 2: 32 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii. “Africa aequinoctiali”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea epaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

lutosa Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema epaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 36 (12-107). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge”; Cameroon: “Camerun”. Larsen (2005a), on the advice of D. Bernaud, considers this subspecies to be redundant. . Not recognized as a valid subspecies by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. Treated as a synonym of Acraea epaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

sublutosa Strand, 1914 (as ab. of Planema epaea). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.12.): 107 (97-144). 203 Equatorial Guinea: “Span.-Guinea, Alen Benitogebiet; Weg in der Urwald bei Malen”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea epaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

bicolorata Le Doux, 1937 (as ssp. of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 160 (151-187). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kafakumba; Kapanga”. Larsen (2005a), on the advice of D. Bernaud, considers this subspecies to be redundant. Not recognized as a valid subspecies by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. Treated as a synonym of Acraea epaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

cremea Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 159 (151- 187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Uele”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea epaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

insolita Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 158 (151- 187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea epaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

aurata Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 159 (151- 187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea epaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

nigrita Le Doux, 1937 (as ssp. of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 160 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea epaea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea epaea homochroa (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905) Ethiopian Equatorial Wanderer

Planema epaea homochroa Rothschild & Jordan, 1905. Novitates Zoologicae 12: 185 (175-191). Acraea epaea homochroa (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) epaea homochroa (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea epaea homochroa. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 40 km south of Ghibe, Ethiopia. 29 September 1997. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Banka, Malo; Kankatito to Djibbe, Djimma”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 410. Distribution: Ethiopia (south). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Banka, Malo (TL); Kankatito (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905); Djibbe (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905); Djimma (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905).

204

Acraea epaea insulana Ackery, 1995 Bioko Equatorial Wanderer

Acraea (Acraea) epaea insulana Ackery, 1995. In Ackery, et al., 1995: 237. Acraea (Bematistes) epaea insulana Ackery, 1995. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Basilé, Fernando Po”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 409. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (island of Bioko). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Basile, Bioko Island (TL); Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015).

insularis Aurivillius, 1910 (as var. of Planema epaea). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacoma Doria (3) 4: 518 (494-530). Equatorial Guinea: “Basilé, Fernando Po”. [Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Acraea insularis Sharpe, 1893 [Acraeinae].]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea epaea insulana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea epaea melina (Thurau, 1903) Yellow Equatorial Wanderer

Planema epaea var. melina Thurau, 1903. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 135 (117-143). Acraea epaea melina (Thurau, 1903). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) epaea melina (Thurau, 1903). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea epaea melina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Livingstonia, Malawi. 8 April 1995. A. and M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “N.-Nyassa-See, Langenburg”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 409. Distribution: Tanzania (south-west), Malawi (north and south). Specific localities: Tanzania – Langenburg (TL); Tukuyu (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Eight records given by Bernaud & Murphy (2014).

*Acraea parageum (Grose-Smith, 1900) Grey Wanderer

205

Acraea parageum parageum male. Kibale Forest, Uganda. October 2014. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Planema parageum Grose-Smith, 1900. Novitates Zoologicae 7: 547 (544-547). Acraea epaea parageum (Grose-Smith, 1900). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea paragea (Grose-Smith, 1900). Pierre & Bernaud, 2012: 11. stat. nov.

Acraea parageum parageum. Male (Wingspan 64 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 September 2008. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Port Alice, Uganda”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 409. Distribution: Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages:

Van Someren & Rogers, 1927. “The pupa is a pale bluish-green with black lines on the wing scutae, linear markings along the lateral aspect of the abdominal segments, anterior to the long spines. The spines are present on the 1 st to 4th segments; red at the base, yellow centrally and black tipped.”

Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea parageum parageum (Grose-Smith, 1900) Grey Wanderer

206

Acraea parageum parageum. Male (Wingspan 64 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 September 2008. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Port Alice, Uganda”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 409. Distribution: Sudan, Uganda (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Port Alice (TL); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017); 37 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Tanzania – A small forest in Gombe Stream National Park (Kielland, 1990d).

angustifasciata Grünberg, 1910 (as ab. of Planema epaea). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1910: 165 (146-181). Uganda: “Sesse Inseln im Victoria-Nyansa”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea parageum by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

angustifasciata d’Abrera, 1980 (as subspecies of Bematistes epaea). Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 113 (593 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Uganda: “Sese Is. In L. Victoria”. Larsen (2005a), on the advice of D. Bernaud, considers this subspecies to be redundant. Not recognized as a valid subspecies by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. Treated as a synonym of Acraea parageum by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea parageum kivuana (Jordan, 1910) Kivu Grey Wanderer

Planema epaea kivuana Jordan, 1910. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469). Acraea paragea kivuana (Jordan, 1910). Pierre & Bernaud. 2012: 11 comb. nov.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kwidgwi Island in Lake Kivu”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kwidgwi Island, Lake Kivu (TL); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

*Acraea tellus (Aurivillius, 1893) Orange Wanderer

Planema tellus Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 280 (257-292). Acraea tellus (Aurivillius, 1893). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) tellus (Aurivillus, 1893). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Alternative common name: Orange Bematistes. 207 Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoki, Ekundu, Kitta”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/t). Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 410. Diagnosis: Similar to Acraea epaea but the forewing orange subapical band is much wider and is not kinked at vein as it is in epaea (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A fairly common butterfly that flies about slowly in shady places in the forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 597. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322]. Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 597; for ssp. eumelis; Uganda].

Acraea tellus tellus (Aurivillius, 1893) Orange Wanderer

Planema tellus Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 280 (257-292). Acraea tellus (Aurivillius, 1893). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) tellus tellus (Aurivillus, 1893). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoki, Ekundu, Kitta”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/t). Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 410. Distribution: Benin (south), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan (south), Uganda (north-west) (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Specific localities: Benin – see Coache et al., 2017. Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Okomu (J. Wojtusiak, vide Larsen, 2005a); Makurdi (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Itoki (TL); Ekundu (Aurivillius, 1893); Kitta (Aurivillius, 1893); Bipindi (Neustetter, 1916); Korup (Larsen, 2005a); Ekonjo (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Equatorial Guinea – Alen Benito district (Strand, 1914). Gabon – Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (Suffert, 1904); Sankuru, Loto (Le Doux, 1937); Isiro (Berger, 1981); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Eringeti (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kafakumba (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Sudan – Aloma (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Uganda – Kei (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Metu (Bernaud, et al., 2019).

lustella Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema epaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 36 (12-107). Cameroon: “Camerun”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge, Congo Staat”. Treated as an synonym of Acraea tellus tellus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

albofasciata Neustetter, 1916 (as ab. of Planema tellus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 98 (95-108). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Bipindi”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea tellus tellus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

helichta Neustetter, 1916 (as ab. of Planema tellus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 98 (95-

208 108). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Bipindi”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea tellus tellus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

ferruginea Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema tellus). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 162 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Sankuru, Loto”. Treated as female form of Acraea tellus tellus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

bernardi Berger, 1981 (as f. of Bematistes tellus tellus). Les Papillons du Zaire 193 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Isiro”. Treated as a form of Acraea tellus tellus by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014 and spelt as bernardii.

Acraea tellus eumelis (Jordan, 1910) Eastern Orange Wanderer

Planema tellus eumelis Jordan, 1910. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469). Acraea tellus eumelis (Jordan, 1910). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) tellus eumelis (Jordan, 1910). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea tellus eumelis. Female (Wingspan 65 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Toro”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 411. Distribution: Uganda (central and east), Kenya, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Toro (TL); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Tanzania – Ntakatta Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Bukoba Region (Kielland, 1990d).

platyxantha Jordan, 1910 (as ssp. of Planema tellus). Synonymized with eumelis by Jordan (1916). Treated as a synonym of Acraea tellus eumelis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

subapicalis Strand, 1914 (as ab. of Planema tellus). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.12.): 107 (97-144). Equatorial Guinea: “Span.-Guinea, Alen Benitogebiet; Weg nach Manononam”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea tellus eumelis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea schubotzi (Grünberg, 1911) Bicolor Wanderer

Planema schubotzi Grünberg, 1911. Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907-1908. 3 (17): 519 (506-560), 4 pls. Leipzig. 209 Acraea schubotzi (Grünberg, 1911). Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. Acraea (Bematistes) schubotzi (Grünberg, 1911). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: No locality given. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 411. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, north Kivu), Uganda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Budongo (van Someren, 1936); Semuliki (Le Doux, 1937); Bwamba (Carcasson, 1961); Bugoma (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Buyenvu (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Itwara (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

jacksonianus Van Someren, 1936 (as female f. of Bematistes schubotzi). Treated as a female form of Acraea schubotzi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea adrasta Weymer, 1892 Golden Wanderer

Acraea adrasta Weymer, 1892. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 53: 85 (79-125). Acraea (Bematistes) adrasta Weymer, 1892. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [East Africa]: “Westafrica”. [False locality.] Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east), Kenya (south-east), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Shimba Hills (Carcasson, 1961; Sevastopulo, 1974). Tanzania – Zanzibar (Oberthur, 1893); Nguelo, Usambara (Suffert, 1904); East Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kimboza Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Mwanihana Forest at Sanje (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Lowland forest (Kielland, 1990d). The nominate subspecies in Tanzania occurs at altitudes between 200 and 1 250 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Considered to be a rare butterfly in Kenya but apparently it is common in the Usambaras, Tanzania (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

machoni Oberthür, 1893 (as sp. of Acraea). Études d’Entomologie 17: 29 (17-36). Tanzania: “Zanguebar (Nguru)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea adrasta by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

haydni Suffert, 1904 (as sp. of Planema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 34 (12-107). Tanzania: “Nguelo in Usambara”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea adrasta by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

pancalis Jordan, 1910 (as ssp. of Planema adrasta). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 34 (12- 107). Tanzania: “Nguelo in Usambara”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea adrasta by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea formosa (Butler, 1874) Narrow-banded Wanderer

Planema formosa Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 213 (209-217). Acraea formosa (Butler, 1874). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) formosa (Butler, 1874). Henning & Williams, 2010.

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Acraea formosa. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zika Forest, Uganda. 12 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Angola: “Cabinda, Ambriz”. Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Basile, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Angola – Ambriz, Cabinda (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Bwamba (Carcasson, 1961); Kayonza (Carcasson, 1961); Agoro-Agu (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Busowe (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kerenge (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Mawakota (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Patiko (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Mpanga Forest (Safian & Pyrcz, 2020); Zika Forest (images of female above). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea dewitzi Staudinger, 1896

Acraea dewitzi Staudinger, 1896. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 9: 209 (193-240).

Central African Republic: “Njamnjam”. Distribution: Central African Republic. Specific localities: Central African Republic – Njamnjam (TL). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

simulata Le Doux, 1932 (as sp. of Acraea). Treated as a synonym of Acraea dewitzi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

similator Ackery et al., 1995 (as replacement name for Acraea simulata Le Doux, 1932). Treated as a synonym of Acraea dewitzi by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

211

*Acraea obliqua (Aurivillius, [1913]) Oblique Wanderer

Planema obliqua Aurivillius, [1913] in Seitz, [1908-25]. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 243 (614 pp.). Acraea obliqua (Aurivillius, 1913). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) obliqua (Aurivillius, 1913). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Alternative common name: Yellow-banded Bematistes. Type locality: Cameroon: “Fonga Tunga”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/o). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon. Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Mambilla Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Fonga Tunga (TL). Habitat: Submontane forest (above 1 300 m) (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Quite common in Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Flies high up, with a slow sailing flight, mainly on the edges of the forest (Larsen, 2005a). A form of Pseudacraea eurytis is an excellent mimic (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1995; Cameroon].

*Acraea kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1927) Kivu Wanderer

Planema obliqua kivuensis Joicey & Talbot, 1927. Encyclopédie Entomologique (B.3. Lepidoptera) 2: 12 (1-14). Acraea obliqua kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1927). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Acraea) kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1927). Pierre & Bernaud, 2012. stat. rev.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “North-West Kivu: Kivu-Oso Watershed, 4,500-6,000 feet”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea kivuensis kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1927) Elgon Oblique Wanderer

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “North-West Kivu: Kivu-Oso Watershed, 4,500-6,000 feet”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda (south-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kivu-Oso Watershed (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018).

212 Uganda – Kibale Forest (Poulton, 1929); Fort Portal (Poulton, 1929); Katera (Jackson, 1951); Kayonza (Jackson, 1956); Kalinzu (Carcasson, 1961); Mbarara (Carcasson, 1961).

toroense Poulton, 1929 in Eltringham et al., 1929 (as ssp. of Planema elgonense). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 77: 489 (475-504). Uganda: “Kibale Forest, near Fort Portal, Toro”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea kivuensis kivuensis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea kivuensis elgonense (Poulton, 1927) Elgon Oblique Wanderer

Planema elgonense Poulton, 1927. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 2: 37 (36-37). Acraea obliqua elgonense (Poulton, 1927). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) oblique elgonensis (Poulton, 1927). Henning & Williams, 2010. [Misspelling of ssp. name] Acraea kivuensis elgonense (Poulton, 1927). Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “W. Elgon District”. Distribution: Uganda (western and southern slopes of Mt Elgon). Specific localities: Uganda – Mount Elgon (TL); Jinja (Carcasson, 1961); Mabira (Carcasson, 1961); Mbale (Carcasson, 1961).

ela Rumbucher, 1992 (as female f. of Bematistes elgonense). Lambillionea 92 (3):231, 232 (231-232). Uganda: “Mt Elgon”. Treated as a form of Acraea kivuensis elgonense by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea poggei Dewitz, 1879 Great Wanderer

Acraea poggei Dewitz, 1879. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4 (2): 190 (173-212). Acraea (Bematistes) poggei Dewitz, 1879. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea poggei poggei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Semuliki National Park, Uganda. 4-8 June 2017. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

213

Acraea poggei poggei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sakeji School, Ikelenge, Zambia. 20 May 2017. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea poggei poggei. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sakeji School, Ikelenge, Zambia. 17 April 2004. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Angola]: “Guinea”. [False locality.] Distribution: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola. Habitat: Forest and riverine thicket (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A not uncommon species (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is slow, allowing the warning coloration to be advertised (Larsen, 1991c). Often flies high up in the forest canopy and unlike similar congenerics is not restricted to the darker parts of the forest (Kielland, 1990d). It is a model for certain forms of Papilio dardanus, Pseudacraea eurytis and Acraea aurivillii (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Van Someren & Rogers, 1927. (egg, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Van Someren & Rogers, 1927].

Acraea poggei poggei Dewitz, 1879 Great Wanderer

Acraea poggei Dewitz, 1879. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4 (2): 190 (173-212). Acraea (Bematistes) poggei poggei Dewitz, 1879. Henning & Williams, 2010.

214

Acraea poggei poggei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Semuliki National Park, Uganda. 4-8 June 2017. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea poggei poggei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sakeji School, Ikelenge, Zambia. 20 May 2017. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea poggei poggei. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sakeji School, Ikelenge, Zambia. 17 April 2004. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Angola]: “Guinea”. [False locality.] Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania (west), Zambia (north-west and north-east), Angola. Specific localities: Cameroon – Pama-Quelle (Gaede, 1916). Democratic Republic of Congo – Makala (TL of macrosticha); Ruschuru, Kivu (TL of brevimacula); Mukenge (Hering, 1936); Aruwini (TL of nelsoni); Kiwu (Hering, 1936); Kindu, Lusuku (Le Douz, 1937); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

215 Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); 50 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Nandi (Larsen, 1991c); Elgon area (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Ebua River (Larsen, 1991c); Suna (Larsen, 1991c); Malakisi (Larsen, 1991c); Lugari near Kipkaren (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Ukerewe (Hering, 1936); Kalenga, Kambaza (Le Doux, 1937); Mpanda and Kigoma Districts (Kielland, 1990d); Minziro forests (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Rumanyika Game Reserve (Congdon & Collins, 1998);. Zambia – Matonchi (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002); Kamapanda. Angola – North Bailunda (Jordan, 1910).

nelsoni Grose-Smith and Kirby, [1892] (as sp. of Acraea). Rhopalocera exotica, being illustrations of new, rare and unfigured species of butterflies 1: 10 (183 pp.). London. Angola: North Bailunda”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

macrosticha Bethune-Baker, 1908 (as sp. of Planema). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 2: 472 (469-482). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Makala”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

entalis Jordan, 1910 (as sp. of Planema). Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Aruwini”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

vendita Wichgraf, 1911 (as sp. of Planema). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 5: 174 (173-175). “Victoria-Nyanza-See”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

intermissa Gaede, 1916 (as var. of Planema leopoldina). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 111 (105-106, 109-112, 125-126). Cameroon: “Pama-Quelle, Neu-Kamerun”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

brevimacula Talbot, 1928 (as ssp. of Planema poggei). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 16: 217 (217-220). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Ruschuru, Kivu”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

paragoga Hering, 1936 (as ssp. of Planema poggei). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 7: 22 (21-22). Tanzania: “Ukerewe, Bukoba”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kiwu”; “Victoria Nyansa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

amela Hering, 1936 (as ssp. of Planema poggei). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 7: 22 (21-22). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge”. Treated as a form of Acraea poggei poggei by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

flava Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema poggei nelsoni). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 169 (151-187). Tanzania: “Kalenga, Kambaza”. Treated as a form of Acraea poggei poggei by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea poggei ras (Ungemach, 1932) Ethiopian Great Wanderer

Planema nelsoni ras Ungemach, 1932. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 71 (1-122). Acraea poggei ras (Ungemach, 1932). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) poggei ras (Ungemach, 1932). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Oullaga; Youbdo, Guebba”. Distribution: Ethiopia (south-west). Specific localities: 216 Ethiopia – Oullaga (TL); Youbdo, Guebba (Ungemach, 1932).

*Acraea leopoldina (Aurivillius, 1895) Leopoldville Wanderer

Planema leopoldina Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 112 (111-112). Acraea leopoldina (Aurivillius, 1895). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) leopoldina (Butler, 1895). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Leopoldville”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south). Specific localities: Gabon – Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Leopoldville (TL); Uele Niangara (Le Doux, 1937); Kapanga (Le Doux, 1937). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

mixta Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema poggei leopoldina). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 171 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as a form of Acraea leopoldina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

albofasciata Le Doux, 1937 (as female f. of Planema poggei brevimacula). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 171 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Uele Niangara”. Treated as a female form of Acraea leopoldina by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea elongata (Butler, 1874) Elongate Wanderer

Planema elongata Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 212 (209-217). Acraea elongata (Butler, 1874). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) elongata (Butler, 1874). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea elongata. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ebogo, Cameroon. 28 April 2019. J. Dobson. Images M. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Elongate Bematistes. 217 Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic. Recorded, in error, from Ghana by Ackery et al., 1995 (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kimuenza (Schultze, 1923); Prêtres de Sacré-Coeur (Le Doux, 1937); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: An uncommon species that flies, slowly, in dark dense forest (Larsen, 2005a). Pseudacraea kuenowii gottbergei is a wonderful mimic of this species and is almost impossible to distinguish in flight (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

serena Schultze, 1923 in Schultze & Aurivillius, 1923 (as var. of Planema elongata). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1 (17): 1117 (1113-1242). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Belg. Kongo: Kimuenza”. Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Papilio serena Fabricius, 1775 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea elongata by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

varia Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema elongata). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 164 (151- 187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “District de Stanleyville (Prêtres de Sacré-Coeur)”. Treated as a female form of Acraea elongata by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea persanguinea (Rebel, 1914) Bloodless Wanderer

Planema persanguinea Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 235 (219-294). Acraea persanguinea (Rebel, 1914). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) persanguinea (Rebel, 1914). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Rutschuru-Ebene”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Mongala, Uele, Lualaba), Uganda (south-west), Rwanda, Burundi,. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Rutschuru-Ebene (TL); Stanley Falls (Le Doux, 1931); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Kasuo (Bernaud et al., 2019); Kalenge (Bernaud et al., 2019). Uganda – Kayonza (Jackson, 1956); Bwindi (Bernaud et al., 2019). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

consanguinoides Le Doux, 1931 (as sp. of Planema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 58 (49-59). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Stanley-Falls, Congo”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea persanguinea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

218 *Acraea epiprotea (Butler, 1874) Insipid Wanderer

Planema epiprotea Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 210 (209-217). Acraea epiprotea (Butler, 1874). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) epiprotea (Butler, 1874). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Alternative common name: Insipid Bematistes. Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017), Tanzania (west). Recorded, in error, from Ghana by Ackery et al., 1995 (Larsen 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Rebola, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kimuenza (Schultze & Aurivillius, 1923); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Tanzania – Kigoma District: Ntakatta Forest; Mihumu; Mukuyu (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Lowland forest of good quality (Larsen 2005a). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 800 to 1 000 m, occasionally reaching 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A fairly common species in the Oban Hills but not elsewhere in Nigeria (Larsen 2005a). The flight is slow and hovering and specimens are usually found in the shadiest parts of the forest where their dark colouration makes them difficult to see (Kielland, 1990d). They fly close to the ground (Larsen 2005a). On occasion they may be seen flying through woodland as they cross from one forest to another (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 621. (larva, pupa).

Larval food: Barteria nigritana Hook. f. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud & Pierre, 1996].

conformis Schultze, 1923 in Schultze & Aurivillius, 1923 (as ab. of Planema epiprotea). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1(17): 1117 (1113-1242). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Belg. Kongo: Kimuenza”. Treated as a female aberration of Acraea epiprotea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea alcinoe Felder & Felder, [1865] Nymph Wanderer

Acraea alcinoe Felder & Felder, [1865], in Felder & Felder [1865-7]. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 368 (549 pp.). Wien. Acraea (Bematistes) alcinoe Felder & Felder, 1865. Henning & Williams, 2010.

219

Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Male (Wingspan 66 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 29 December 2009. A. O’Gorman. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Female (Wingspan 82 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Alcinoe Bematistes. Type locality: [Guinea-Bissau]: “Africa septentrionali-occidental: Ins. Bissao”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Felder & Felder ,1865), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest, including degraded habitat (Larsen, 2005a). Dense lowland forest (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania ssp. camerunica occurs at altitudes between 800 and 950 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Flies quite low down in shady parts of the forest (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

220

Aurivillius, 1913. (larva, pupa).

Bernaud, 1995.

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 624. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 384]. Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1995; Cameroon].

Acraea alcinoe alcinoe Felder & Felder, [1865] Nymph Wanderer

Acraea alcinoe Felder & Felder, [1865], in Felder & Felder [1865-7]. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 368 (549 pp.). Wien. Acraea (Bematistes) alcinoe alcinoe Felder & Felder, 1865. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Male (Wingspan 66 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 29 December 2009. A. O’Gorman. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

221

Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Female (Wingspan 82 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Guinea-Bissau]: “Africa septentrionali-occidental: Ins. Bissao”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Felder & Felder, 1865), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Sao Tome & Principe (island of Principe), Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Recorded, apparently in error, from Zambia by Ackery et al., 1995 (Heath et al., 2002). Specific localities: Guinea-Bissau – Ins. Bissao (TL). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Wli Falls (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo – Pereu (Karsch, 1893). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Bonge (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Sao Tome & Principe – Terreiro Velho, Principe (TL). Gabon – Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); 30 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kasoge Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Kemfu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Luntampa (Kielland, 1990d); Kasye Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mihumu (Kielland, 1990d).

camerunica Aurivillius, 1893 (as var. of Planema alcinoe). Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 285 (257-292). Type locality: Cameroon: “Bonge”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Treated as a synonym of Acraea alcinoe alcinoe by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

godmani Butler, 1895 (as sp. of Planema). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 16: 415 (415-417). Sierra Leone. Treated as a synonym of Acraea alcinoe alcinoe by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

salvini Butler, 1895 (as sp. of Planema). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 16: 415 (415-417). Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”; Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea alcinoe alcinoe by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

racaji Pyrcz, 1991 (as ssp. of Bematistes alcinoe). Lambillionea 91: 370, 373 (362-373). Type locality: Sao Tome & Principe: “Terreiro Velho, Principe Isl.”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea alcinoe alcinoe by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

222 Acraea alcinoe nado (Ungemach, 1932) Ethiopian Nymph Wanderer

Planema nado Ungemach, 1932. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 72 (1-122). Acraea alcinoe nado (Ungemach, 1932). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) alcinoe nado (Ungemach, 1932). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Ethiopia: “Bouré”. Distribution: Ethiopia (south-west). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Boure (TL).

*Acraea umbra (Drury, 1782) Clouded Wanderer

Papilio umbra Drury, 1782. Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 23 (76 pp.). London. Acraea umbra (Drury, 1782). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) umbra (Drury, 1782). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea umbra umbra. Female (Wingspan 76 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 23 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Clouded Bematistes. Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Distribution: Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Le Doux, 1937), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Forest, including degraded habitat (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A relatively common butterfly that flies about slowly in the shade (Larsen, 2005a). Occasional population irruptions occur (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Bernaud, 1995.

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 629. (larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 383]. Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1995; Cameroon].

223

Acraea umbra umbra (Drury, 1782) Clouded Wanderer

Papilio umbra Drury, 1782. Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 23 (76 pp.). London. Acraea umbra (Drury, 1782). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) umbra umbra (Drury, 1782). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea umbra umbra. Female (Wingspan 76 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 23 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Distribution: Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Le Doux, 1937), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria, Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Gambia – Walikunda (Jon Baker, pers. comm., May 2020). Guinea-Bissau – Bissagos Island (TL of carpenteri). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017.

hewitsoni (Aurivillius, 1899). Treated as a synonym of Acraea umbra umbra by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

carpenteri Le Doux, 1937 (as ssp. of Planema umbra). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 180 (151-187). Type locality: Guinea-Bissau: “Bissagos-Inseln”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea umbra umbra by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea umbra macarioides (Aurivillius, 1893) Central Clouded Wanderer

Planema macarioides Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 284 (257-292). Acraea umbra macarioides (Aurivillius, 1893). Larsen, 2005a: 459 Acraea (Bematistes) umbra macarioides (Aurivillius, 1893). Henning & Williams, 2010.

224

Acraea umbra macarioides. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 2 December, 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea umbra macarioides. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 17 November, 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Kitta Bonge”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/m). Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (west), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia. Specific localities: Cameroon – Kitta Bonge (TL); Barombi (Suffert, 1904); Victoria (Suffert, 1904); ‘Camerun Oberland’ (Suffert, 1904); Angabe (Suffert, 1904); Ebea (Heath et al., 2002); Mamfe (male illustrated above). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Malibe (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Tanzania – Mihumu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Kemfu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Ntakatta Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Lubalizi (Kielland, 1990d); Luntampa (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002).

rabuma Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema umbra). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 38 (12-107). Cameroon: “Barombi; Victoria; Ebea; Camerun Oberland; Angabe”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea umbra macarioides by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

fasciata Aurivillius, 1913 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as ab. of Planema umbra). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 241 (614 pp.). Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Treated as a female form of Acraea umbra macarioides by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

225

*Acraea macaria (Fabricius, 1793) Black-spot Wanderer

Papilio macaria Fabricius, 1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 174 (488 pp.). Acraea macaria (Fabricius, 1793). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) macaria (Fabricius, 1793). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea macaria macaria. Female (Wingspan 79 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Bopiri Forest, Ghana. 22 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Black-spot Bematistes. Type locality: [West Africa.] Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin (Tchibozo et al., 2018), Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya. Misattributed to the Madagascar fauna by Mabille [1887] (Lees et al., 2003). Recorded erroneously from Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Wetter forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A generally scarce butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Owen & Owen, 1972; Sierra Leone].

Acraea macaria macaria (Fabricius, 1793) Black-Spot Wanderer

226

Acraea macaria macaria. Female (Wingspan 79 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Bopiri Forest, Ghana. 22 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Black-spot Bematistes. Type locality: [West Africa.] Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin (Tchibozo et al., 2018), Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Kenya (west). Misattributed to the Madagascar fauna by Mabille [1887] (Lees et al., 2003). Recorded erroneously from Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Sierra Leone – Freetown (Owen & Owen, 1972). Benin – Niaouli Forest (Tchibozo et al., 2018)).

Acraea macaria hemileuca (Jordan, 1914) Half-white Black-Spot Wanderer

Planema macaria hemileuca Jordan, 1914. Novitates Zoologicae 21: 254 (254). Acraea umbra hemileuca (Jordan, 1914). Larsen, 2005a: 459. Acraea (Bematistes) umbra hemileuca (Jordan, 1914). Henning & Williams, 2010. Acraea macaria hemileuca (Jordan, 1914). Pierre & Bernaus, 2014.

Acraea macaria hemileuca. Male (Wingspan 74 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 10 November 2007. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Semliki valley, Toro; Buamba Forest”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Kenya (west). Specific localities:

227 Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semliki Valley (TL); Buamba Forest (Jordan, 1914); 18 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c).

*Acraea aganice Hewitson, [1852]# Dark Wanderer

Female Wanderer (Acraea aganice) upper- and underside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea aganice Hewitson, [1852] in Hewitson, [1851-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 58 ([124] pp.). London. Acraea aganice Hewitson. Trimen, 1862c. Planema aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Bematistes aganice Hewitson, 1852. Swanepoel, 1953a. Bematistes aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Bematistes aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Pringle et al., 1994: 72. Acraea aganice Hewitson, 1852. Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) aganice Hewitson, 1852. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea aganice aganice. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 19 December 2006. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

228

Acraea aganice aganice. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Savanne Forest, Mozambique. 14 August 1998. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea aganice aganice. Female (Wingspan 73 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 14 May 2009. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Alternative common name: Common Wanderer. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Natal”. Taxonomy: Bernaud & Murphy (2014: 66) recognize only three subspecies, viz. aganice in the south, montana centrally and orientalis in the north. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Forest and coastal bush (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania and Zambia, recorded in heavy woodland (Kielland, 1990d; Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania ssp. montana is found from sea-level to 2 140 m and ssp. nicega from 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a common species that may have cyclical irruptions (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is leisurely and usually a few metres above the ground. Males are territorial, establishing these on the fringes of the bush. They perch high up, often on a twig, with closed wings. Both sexes feed from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994) and males are known to mudpuddle (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: All year but commoner during the summer months (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 181 [as Planema Aganice (Hewitson)]. “Larva: Pale whitish-green; the spines not rigid, very long, yellowish, set with inconspicuous black bristles. Head yellowish-brown, shining, the base slightly tridentate; mandibles black. Legs of the same colour as the body, longer than usual. Along middle of back, on segments four to eleven, a row of indigo-blue dots arranged in pairs between each subdorsal pair of spines; only one such spot on segments three and twelve. On each side, between subdorsal and lateral rows of spines, a row of larger indigo-blue spots, one on each segment from the second to the eleventh; spiracle, ringed with the same colour; also an indigo-blue sub-spiracular festooned streak. Pupa. Whitish- green. On back of abdomen four pairs of long divergent red spines, set rather widely apart; on each side between each spine and its successor two indigo-blue dots; on back of thorax three pairs of short tubercular processes, each marked

229 with an indigo-blue dot; head with a pair of similar, longer, curved processes. I describe this curious larva and very remarkable pupa from the sketches and notes of Mr. W.D. Gooch, who reared the butterfly in Natal. He observes that one of the caterpillars, in the absence of a proper supply of its food-plant, devoured a chrysalis of its own species.”

Aurivillius, 1913.

Van Someren & Rogers, 1927. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa; ssp. montana).

Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 5. Egg: Laid in neat clusters of regular rows. Clusters contain from 50 to 200 eggs. The egg is 0.6 mm in diameter by 1 mm high, pure white when laid and only darkens slightly afterwards; they have 21-25 longitudinal ridges cross-braced by some 18-20 transverse ribs. The egg-stage is about 12 days. Larva: The young larvae eat their way out near the top and after a rest eat the discarded shell; after a further rest, they feed on the surface of the leaf. There are either 5, 6 or 7 larval instars and the larvae change from white with a black head to pale blue with a salmon head. After the first instar the larvae develop black-spined, black protuberances which gradually change to yellowish ones with pale brown spines in the final instar. Five, six or seven larval instars taking, respectively, 43, 50 and 59 days. Larva grows from 1.75 mm to 30-34 mm in length. The larvae cluster along the stalks and feed on the surface, eating right through the stem, then follow the pith down as far as they can. They are gregarious till the penultimate instar, when they start to separate. In captivity, full-grown larvae will eat pupating ones if they meet them. Van Son notes that there is a discrepancy between the description of the larva given in Trimen & Bowker and the paintings by Clark in respect of certain colours, indicating that there may be some variability.

Dickson, 1972.

Bernaud & Murphy, 2014 – larva.

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 632. (egg, larva, pupa; ssp. aganice).

Eggs of Acraea aganice aganice. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Early instar larvae and final instar larva of Acraea aganice aganice. Images courtesy Andre Coetzer (left) and Steve Woodhall (right).

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Final instar larva and pupa of Acraea aganice aganice. Images courtesy Andre Coetzer.

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren & Rogers, 1927]. Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921]. Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; as Tryphostemma zanzibaricum]. Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Platt, 1921]. Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 50]. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 50].

Acraea aganice aganice Hewitson, [1852]# Dark Wanderer

Acraea aganice Hewitson, [1852] in Hewitson, [1851-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 58 ([124] pp.). London. Bematistes aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Swanepoel, 1953. Bematistes aganice aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Pringle et al., 1994: 72. Acraea aganice Hewitson, 1852. Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) aganice aganice Hewitson, 1852. Henning & Williams, 2010.

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Acraea aganice aganice. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Savanne Forest, Mozambique. 14 August 1998. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea aganice aganice. Female (Wingspan 73 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 14 May 2009. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Natal”. Distribution: Malawi (south), Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. In South Africa its distribution covers 126 quarter degree squares (941 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Malawi – South (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014); Mt Mulanje (TL of nyasae); 15 localities are listed in Bernaud & Murphy, 2014. Mozambique – Maputo (Van Son, 1963); Ihaca Island (Van Son, 1963); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013); Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013).. Zimbabwe – Mutare district (Van Son, 1963); Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Duiwelskloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Entabeni Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Wyliespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Tchakhuma (Van Son, 1963); Waterpoort (Van Son, 1963); Buzzard Mountain Retreat [-23.012 29.765] (Williams, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); White River (Van Son, 1963); Rosehaugh (Van Son, 1963); Sabie (Van Son, 1963); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Greytown (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Van Son, 1963); Ngoye (Van Son, 1963); Maputa (Van Son, 1963); Hluhluwe Game Reserve (Van Son, 1963); Ndumu Nature Reserve (Van Son, 1963); Gwaliweni (Van Son, 1963); Ingwavuma (Van 232 Son, 1963); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963); Lusikisiki (Van Son, 1963). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).

nyasae Carpenter, 1920 (as race of Planema aganice). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 53: 98 (84-98). Type locality: [Malawi]: “Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aganice aganice by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea aganice montana (Butler, 1888) Mountain African Wanderer

Planema montana Butler, 1888. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1888: 91 (91-98). Acraea aganice montana (Butler, 1888). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) aganice montana (Butler, 1888). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea aganice montana. Male (Wingspan 57 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 September 2008. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea aganice montana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Meru, Tanzania. 31 January 2015. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

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Acraea aganice montana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mosa Hill, East Lumwana, Zambia. 4 April 2007. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea aganice montana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ndola, Zambia. 21 March 1981. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea aganice montana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Loita Hills, Kenya. 29 January 2019. A. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Slopes of Kilima-njaro”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Uganda (south), Kenya (Nairobi to the coast), Tanzania, Malawi (north), Zambia (north). Specific localities: Uganda – Mawakota (TL of ugandae); 19 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – coast (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Thika (Larsen, 1991c); lower Meru Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Sagala (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c); Kisii (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Zanzibar (Vuillot, 1891); Meru (Rogenhofer, 1891); northern, north-eastern and south-eastern parts (Kielland, 1990d); Rondo (Kielland, 1990d); Kitesa Forest west of Songea (Kielland, 1990d); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018); Langenburg (TL of nicega); Malawi border at Tukuyu to Mpanda and Kigoma

234 (Kielland, 1990d).. Malawi – North (Bernaud & Murphy, 2014). 10 localities are given in Bernaud & Murphy, 2014; Nkhata Bay (male illustrated above). Zambia – Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chiwoma (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002; female illustrated above); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Lufubu River (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002).

bertha Vuillot, 1891 (as sp. of Acraea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 60: 96 (96-97). Tanzania: “N’Guru (Zanguebar)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aganice montana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

meruana Rogenhofer, 1891 (as sp. of Planema). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 6: 458 (455-466). Tanzania: “Meru”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aganice montana Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

chanleri Holland, 1896 (as sp. of Planema). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 18: 748 (741- 767). “East Africa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aganice montana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

nicega Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema aganice). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 78 (12-107). Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Langenburg am Nyassa See”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aganice montana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

ugandae van Someren, 1936 (as ssp. of Bematistes aganice). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 12: 152 (147-199). Type locality: [Uganda]: “Mawakota”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aganice montana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea aganice orientalis (Ungemach, 1932) Eastern African Wanderer

Planema aganice orientalis Ungemach, 1932. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: ? (1- 122). Acraea aganice orientalis (Ungemach, 1932). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) aganice orientalis (Ungemach, 1932). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Bouré”. Distribution: Sudan (south), Ethiopia (south-west), Uganda (north). Specific localities: Sudan – Boma Plateau (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Ethiopia – Boure (TL). Uganda – Agoro (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Mount Rom (Bernaud, et al., 2019).

*Acraea scalivittata (Butler, 1896) Bright Wanderer

Planema scalivittata Butler, 1896. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 18: 159 (159-163). Acraea scalivittata (Butler, 1896). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) scalivittata (Butler, 1896). Henning & Williams, 2010.

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Acraea scalivittata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mufundi, Tanzania. 4 April 1995. A. and M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Acraea scalivittata. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mufundi, Tanzania. 4 April 1995. A. and M. Gardiner. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Kasungu Mountains, Nyika”. Distribution: Tanzania (west), Malawi (north), Zambia (east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Bisi Mountain in Ufipa (Collins, in Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi (TL of kiellandianus); Image Mountain (Collins, in Kielland, 1990d); Nyumbenitu (Collins, in Kielland, 1990d); Poroto Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Njombe (Kielland, 1990d); Livingstone Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Mangalisa (Kielland, 1990d); Chugu Mountain (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Kasungu Mountains, Nyika (TL). Zambia – Nyika (Heath, et al., 2002; male illustrated above). Habitat: Montane forest (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 1 700 to 2 340 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Appears to be very common for short periods at certain times (especially March-April) but rare to absent most of the time (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Congdon, vide Kielland, 1990d: 148]. Adenia stolzii (Passifloraceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Mufindi, Tanzania].

kiellandi Collins, 1990, in Kielland, 1990d (as ssp. of Bematistes scalivittata). Butterflies of Tanzania 339 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: “Mufindi, Dec. 1987, 3 000 m, S. Collins.”. Holotype male in the Natural History Museum, London. [Invalid name]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea scalivittata by Pierre

236 & Bernaud, 2014.

kiellandianus Koçak, 1996 (as replacement name for Acraea scalivittata kiellandi Collins, 1990). Centre for Entomological Studies Miscellaneous Papers 27-28: 12 (10-16). Treated as a synonym of Acraea scalivittata by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea quadricolor (Rogenhofer, 1891) Four-colour Wanderer

Planema quadricolor Rogenhofer, 1891. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 6: 458 (455-466). Acraea quadricolor (Rogenhofer, 1891). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) quadricolor (Rogenhofer, 1891). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea quadricolor. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nandi Forest, Kenya. 7 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Acraea quadricolor. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nandi Forest, Kenya. 5 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Alternative common name: Four-colour Acraea. Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Meru”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Namwamba Valley (Gabriel, 1939); 19 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – Mt Elgon (TL of latifasciata); Ol’Doinyo Orok near Namanga (Larsen, 1991c); Mara (Larsen, 1991c); Elgon area (Larsen, 1991c); Kikuyu Escarpment (TL of leptis); just north of Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Aberdares (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Kenya (Larsen, 1991c); Nyambeni Hills (Larsen, 1991c).. 237 Tanzania – Mount Meru (TL of nominate ssp.); Mount Kilimanjaro (Kielland, 1990d); Oldeani (Kielland, 1990d); Ngara District at Rulenge (Kielland, 1990d); upper and lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2018); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); South Pare Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Itumba District (TL of itumbana); Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Ukaguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kiboriani Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Chugu Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Mangaliza Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Masakati, Morogoro district (TL of morogoro); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kanga Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguu Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Bondwa in the Uluguru Mountains (TL of uluguru) (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Mahale (TL of mahale). Habitat: Semi-montane and montane forest. Habits: A relatively common species (Larsen, 1991c). Often flies high up, with a fluttering flight, descending along forest edges and along forest roads (Larsen, 1991c). Males defend territories from perches (Kielland, 1990d). Mimicked by a very rare form of Pseudacraea eurytus and by a female form of Telchinia johnstoni (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Van Someren & Rogers, 1927. (host-plant, egg, larva, pupa).

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 641. (host-plant, larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren & Rogers, 1927]. Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [S. Collins, vide Bernaud et al., 2019: 640; Kenya].Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 148; ssp. latifasciata]. Tryphostemma species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 385]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322].

latifasciata Sharpe, 1892 (as sp. of Planema). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 635 (633-638). Type locality: [Kenya/Uganda]: “Mount Elgon”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea quadricolor by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

leptis Jordan, 1910 (as ssp. of Planema quadricolor). Novitates Zoologicae 17: 463 (462-469). Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kikuyu Escarpment”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea quadricolor by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

itumbana Jordan, 1910 (as ssp. of Planema quadricolor). Novitates Zoologicae 17: 463 (462-469). Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Itumba”. Kielland (1990) notes that the type locality refers to the Itumba District on the Itigi-Rungwa road south-east of Tabora. Treated as a synonym of Acraea quadricolor by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

pallescens Gabriel, 1939 (as ab. of Bematistes quadricolor latifasciata ). British Museum (Natural History) Ruwenzori Expedition 1934-5 3 (3): 65 (51-95). Uganda: “Namwamba Valley”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea quadricolor by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

morogoro Carpenter & Jackson, 1950 (as ssp. of Bematistes quadricolor). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 19: 105 (97-108). Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Morogoro district, Masakati”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea quadricolor by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

uluguru Kielland, 1990 (as ssp. of Bematistes quadricolor). Butterflies of Tanzania 147 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: “Morogoro, Uluguru Mts., Bondwa Mt., 2140 m.”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. The female is not known (Kielland, 1990d). Treated as a synonym of Acraea quadricolor by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

mahale Kielland, 1990 (as ssp. of Bematistes quadricolor). Butterflies of Tanzania 147 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: “Kigoma, Mahale Mt., Lukandamira, 1700 m.”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. The female is not known (Kielland, 1990d). Treated as a synonym of Acraea quadricolor by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

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*Acraea consanguinea (Aurivillius, 1893) Blood-brother Wanderer

Planema consanguinea Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 282 (257-292). Acraea consanguinea (Aurivillius, 1893). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) consanguinea (Aurivillius, 1893). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea consanguinea consanguinea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 20 November, 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Blood-brother Bematistes. Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoke, Bonge; Gebiete des Camerunflusses”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Very scarce west of the Dahomey Gap (i.e. ssp. sartina) but commoner in the eastern part of its range (Larsen, 2005a). Individuals hover around trees and bushes (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages:

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 649. (larva, pupa; Uganda).

Larval food: Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 597; for ssp. albicolor]. Barteria nigritiana Hook.f. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1995; for nominate ssp.; Cameroon].

Acraea consanguinea consanguinea (Aurivillius, 1893) Blood-brother Wanderer

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Acraea consanguinea consanguinea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 20 November, 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoke, Bonge; Gebiete des Camerunflusses”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Ghana, Benin (south), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015), Angola, Zambia. Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Kambui Hills (Owen & Owen, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Tai forest (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bansu, Axim (TL of sartina). Benin – see Coache et al., 2017. Nigeria – Okumu (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Cameroon – Itoke, Bonge (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Ogowe (Le Doux, 1931); Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Lake Titina (female illustrated above). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge, Bena-Bendi (TL); Kapanga (Le Doux, 1937); Kapelkeze (Le Doux, 1937); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Kinanga (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Mayombe (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kasuo (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Mamove (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Zambia – a single male recorded from Mwinilunga Township (Dening) (Heath et al., 2002).

intermedia Aurivillius, [1889] (as var. of Planema consanguinea). Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 120 (1-561). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congogebiet: Mukenge, Bena-Bendi”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea consanguinea consanguinea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

sartina Jordan, 1910 (as ssp. of Planema consanguinea). Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469). Type locality: Ghana: “Bansu, Axim”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea consanguinea consanguinea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

inaequalis Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Planema consanguinea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 58 (49-59). Gabon: “Ogowe, Gabun”. Treated as a form of Acraea consanguinea consanguinea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

conspicua Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema consanguinea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 183 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga; R. Kapelkeze”. Treated as a form of Acraea consaguinea consanguinea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

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Acraea consanguinea albicolor (Karsch, 1895) White Wanderer

Planema albicolor Karsch, 1895. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 21: 280 (275-286). Acraea consanguinea albicolor (Karsch, 1895). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) consanguinea albicolor (Karsch, 1895). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea consanguinea albicolor. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zika Forest, Uganda. 12 June 2017. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Uganda: “Uganda”. Distribution: Uganda (south-east), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Entebbe (Sharpe, 1902); Sesse Island (Le Doux, 1931); 23 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019; Zika Forest (images of female above). Tanzania – Kikuru Forest; a small forest near Bukoba town (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

arenaria Sharpe, 1902 (as sp. of Planema). Entomologist 35: 135 (135). Uganda: “Entebbe”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea consanguinea albicolor by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

flava Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Planema consanguinea albicolor ). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 59 (49-59). Uganda: “Sesse-Insel; N.W. Victoria-Njansa; Entebbe”. Treated as a form of Acraea consanguinea albicolor by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea excisa (Butler, 1874) Excised Wanderer

Planema excisa Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 212 (209-217). Acraea excisa (Butler, 1874). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) excisa (Butler, 1874). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Alternative common name: Excised Bematistes. Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo”. Distribution: Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Benin (Larsen, 2005a); Okomu (Larsen, 2005a); Sapoba (Larsen, 2005a); Old Ekuri Village, Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). 241 Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Forest with dense understorey (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [D. Bernaud, vide Larsen, 2005a; Cameroon].

peregrina Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema consanguinea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 183 (151-187). Angola. Treated as a female form of Acraea excisa by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea indentata (Butler, 1895) Indented Wanderer

Planema indentata Butler, 1895. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 16: 416 (415-417). Acraea (Bematistes) indentata (Butler, 1895). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons; Barombi”. Distribution: Cameroon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018). Specific localities: Cameroon – Barombi (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea pseudeuryta Godman & Salvin, 1890 Ochreous Wanderer

Acraea pseudeuryta Godman & Salvin, 1890. In: Jameson, J.J., Story of the rear column of the Emin Pasha relief expedition: 429 (426-445). Acraea pseudeuryta Godman & Salvin, 1890. Bernaud, 2009. Acraea (Bematistes) pseudeuryta Godman & Salvin, 1890.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Yambuya Camp”. Distribution: Central African Republic, Sudan (south), Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Yambuya Camp (TL); Mukenge (Suffert, 1904); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Biakato (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Bambesa (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Central African Republic – Njamnjam (Staudinger, 1896). Uganda – Bwamba (Carcasson, 1961); Kayonza (Carcasson, 1961); Semuliki N.P. (Pierre & Bernaud, 2012); Budongo (Davenport, vide Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kasyoha-Kitomi (Davenport, vide Bernaud, et al., 2019); Bugoma (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Itwara (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

angulata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema formosa). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 38 (12- 107). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseudeuryta by Pierre &

242 Bernaud, 2014.

schoutedeni Le Doux, 1937 (as ssp. of Planema poggei). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 172 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kindu, Lusuku”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseudeuryta by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea bana Pierre & Bernaud, 2012 Bana Wanderer

Acraea (Acraea) bana Pierre & Bernaud, 2012. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 117 (1): 24 (7-36).

Type locality: “Mt Bana (Cameroun”. Distribution: Cameroon to Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Specific localities: Cameroon – Mt Bana (TL). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Pierre & Bernaud, 2012); Itwara (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kalinzu (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Katera (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Kibego (Bernaud, et al., 2019); Rwoho (Bernaud, et al., 2019). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages:

Bernaud, 1995.

Bernaud, et al., 2019: 657. (larva, pupa).

Larval food: Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, et al., 2019: 657; Cameroon].

distincta Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema macarista macarista). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 175 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as a form of Acraea bana by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea lequeuxi Bernaud & Pierre, 2012 Ugandan Wanderer

Acraea (Acraea) lequeuxi Bernaud & Pierre, 2012. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 117 (1): 25 (7-36).

Type locality: Uganda: “Buvuma island (Ouganda central)”. Distribution: Uganda. Specific localities: Uganda – Buvuma Island (TL); 10 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea macarista (Sharpe, 1906) Marked Wanderer

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Planema macarista Sharpe, 1906. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 18: 76 (75-76). Acraea macarista (Sharpe, 1906). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) macarista (Sharpe, 1906). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea macarista. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 68mm. Entebbe, Uganda. 1/2/73. Rev Falke. (Henning collection – H134).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Entebbe”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Sudan, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Yaounde (TL). Gabon – Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010). Equatorial Guinea – Bonito area (Le Doux, 1937). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (Suffert, 1904); Beni-Mawambe (Bethune-Baker, 1908); Kapanga (Le Doux, 1937); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Entebbe (TL); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015); 28 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Kenya – southern slopes of Mt. Elgon (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mpanda and Kigoma Districts (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Dense forest (Kielland, 1990d). The nominate subspecies in Tanzania occurs at altitudes between 800 and 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies together with forms of Pseudacraea eurytus which are good mimics of macarista (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Van Someren & Rogers, 1927. (egg).

Larval food: Nothing published.

moforsa Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema formosa). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 37 (12- 107). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea macarista by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

latifasciata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema formosa). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 37 (12- 107). Type locality: Cameroon: “Jaunde, Camerun”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea macarista by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

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plagioscia Bethune-Baker, 1908 (as sp. of Planema). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 2: 471 (469-482). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Beni-Mawambe, Congo Free State”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea macarista by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

vendita Grünberg, 1010 (as sp. of Planema). Treated as a synonym of Acraea macarista by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

rileyi Le Doux, 1937 (as ssp. of Planema macarista). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 176 (151-187). Equatorial Guinea: “Span. Guinea, Bonito-Gebiet”. Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Acraea rileyi Le Doux, 1931 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea macarista by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

*Acraea ducarmei Bernaud & Pierre, 2012 Falcate Wanderer

Acraea (Acraea) ducarmei Bernaud & Pierre, 2012. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 117 (1): 27 (7-36).

Acraea ducarmei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 10 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Biakato, Kivu (Rép. Dém. Du Congo)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Tanzania (north- west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017); 23 localities are listed in Bernaud, et al., 2019. Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea vestalis Felder & Felder, [1865] Smoky Wanderer

Acraea vestalis Felder & Felder, [1865] in Felder & Felder, [1865-7]. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 369 (549 pp.). Wien. Acraea (Bematistes) vestalis Felder & Felder, 1865. Henning & Williams, 2010.

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Acraea vestalis vestalis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Kloto, Togo. April 2013. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Alternative common name: Smoky Bematistes. Type locality: “Guinea”. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania. Habitat: Lowland forest, including somewhat degraded habitat (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania ssp. congoensis occurs at altitudes of 800 to 900 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is slow and sailing, specimens keeping to the dense shade of the forest undergrowth (Kielland, 1990d). The striata morph of Pseudacraea eurytus is a nearly perfect mimic of Acraea vestalis (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, vide Larsen, 2005a; Cameroon].

Acraea vestalis vestalis Felder & Felder, [1865] Smoky Wanderer

Acraea vestalis Felder & Felder, [1865] in Felder & Felder, [1865-7]. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 369 (549 pp.). Wien. Acraea (Bematistes) vestalis vestalis Felder & Felder, 1865. Henning & Williams, 2010.

Acraea vestalis vestalis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside.

246 Mount Kloto, Togo. April 2013. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Type locality: “Guinea”. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (north-west – Mongala). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Burkina Faso – Ouagadougou (A. Prost, vide Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Malimbo (TL of stavelia). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010).

stavelia Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema vestalis). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 39 (12-107). Type locality: Cameroon: “Malimbo, Camerun”; Togo. Treated as a synonym of Acraea vestalis vestalis by Pierre & Bernaud, 2014.

Acraea vestalis congoensis (Le Doux, 1937) Congo Smoky Wanderer

Planema vestalis congoensis Le Doux, 1937. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 185 (151-187). Acraea vestalis congoensis (Le Doux, 1937). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Bematistes) vestalis congoensis (Le Doux, 1937). Henning & Williams, 2010.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Alle, Lushala”. Distribution: Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Lushala), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Alle, Lushala (TL). Tanzania – Mukuyu and Mihumu in Kigoma District. The forest at the first locality has been destroyed (Kielland, 1990d).

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