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2014 | 2 Tijdschrift Voor Zeegeschiedenis 2014, Vol Tijdschrift voor Zeegeschiedenis Jaargang 33 | 2014 | 2 Tijdschrift voor Zeegeschiedenis 2014, Vol. 33, No. 2 www.zeegeschiedenis.nl Amsterdam University Press Inhoud Ten geleide 1 Diplomatic support to Dutch prisoners of war 3 The contrast between the First and Second Anglo-Dutch Wars Gijs Rommelse and Roger Downing Schippers van Memel 23 Onderzoek naar de opkomst van een schippersgemeenschap aan de Oostzee, 1778-1819 Jelle van der Schaaf De bootsgezellen van Brazilië 41 Wim Klooster Anekdotes 57 Historische sensatie: het verhaal van Batte de Roos Ron Brand Boekbesprekingen 61 Signalementen 91 Agenda 97 Ten geleide Het tweede nummer van 2014 biedt drie artikelen over de Vroegmoderne Tijd. Het eerste van Gijs Rommelse en Roger Downing gaat over de zee¬ lieden van Nederlandse schepen, die tijdens de Eerste en Tweede Engel¬ se oorlog als krijgsgevangenen in Engeland werden opgesloten en daar in erbarmelijke omstandigheden moesten zien te overleven. De auteurs vergelijken de situatie in beide oorlogen en bezien in hoeverre de aanwe¬ zigheid van Nederlandse diplomaten gedurende de Eerste Engelse Oorlog een verbetering voor de krijgsgevangenen betekende. Jelle van der Schaaf analyseert de opkomst van de schippersgemeenschap Memel aan de Oost¬ zee. Zijn studie is gebaseerd op de database Sonttol registers online en vormt een prachtig voorbeeld van de rijkdom en mogelijkheden van deze gegevens. Het laatste artikel is van de hand van hoogleraar Atlantische Ge¬ schiedenis Wim Klooster. Hij beschrijft de slechte leef- en arbeidsomstan¬ digheden voor de bootsgezellen aan boord van de schepen van de WIC en laat zien hoe deze uiteindelijk bijdroegen aan het verval van Nederlands Brazilië. Annette de Wit VOL. 33, NO. 2,2014 1 Diplomatic support to Dutch prisoners of war The contrast between the First and Second Anglo-Dutch Wars' Gijs Rommelse and Roger Downing Introduction In 1653 a pamphlet by the Dutch theologian and historian Amoldus Mon- tanus protested against the wretched conditions under which Dutch pris¬ oners taken in the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654) were held at Chelsea and elsewhere: “Some died from hunger and cold. Those who were spared resembled skeletons rather than men ... Some, from deprivation, lost their reason. Under the open sky they lay in Chelsea, within a walled enclosure with guards set round it. Those who from despair chose to risk death and make their escape were often overtaken, put to the sword or shot, or at the least tortured."2 Compared with the subject of the capture and imprisonment of bel¬ ligerents in land-based wars during the Late Middle Ages and early-mod¬ ern period,3 prisoners of war taken in maritime conflicts have received less 1 We are grateful to Professor Simon Groenveld for his helpful advice during the research for this article, and to Dr. Remmelt Daalder for his comments on successive drafts. Dr. Robert Blyth and Dr. Phil Marter were kind enough to help in collecting the illustrations. Dates of primary sources not designated New Style (NS) may be taken to be Old Style. 2 “Sommigen stierven door honger en kou. Die de door spaarde, geleek meer een geraamte als een mensch ... Ettelijke, bij mangel van lijfs noodsakelijkheden, kregen te mets een domheid der zinnen, en eindelijk vlotte hersenen. Onder den blaauwen hemel lagen ze tot Celsey binnen een bemuurd veld, rondom met wacht beset. Dewelke, uit mismoedigheid verkiesende een hacche- lijke dood voor een gevangenis swaarder dan de dood, haar behoudenis bestonden te soeken in de vlucht: wierden vaak achterhaalt, gezaabelt, geschooten of ten minsten gequetst”. Amoldus Montanus, De beroerde oceaan, of twee-jaarige zee-daaden der vereenigde Nederlanders en de Engelsche (Amsterdam 1656). 3 Geoffrey Parker, The military revolution. Military innovation and the rise of the West, 1500- 1800 (Cambridge 1988) 52,59 and 73; Peter Wilson, 'Prisoners of war in early modem Europe’, in: Sibylle Scheipers (ed.), Prisoners in war (Oxford 2010) 39-56; Rémy Ambühl, Prisoners of war in the Hundred Years War. Ransom culture in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge 2013); Frank Tallett, War and society in early modem Europe, 1495-1715 (London 1992) 128-131; Philippe Contamine, The growth of state control. Practices of war, 1300-1800', in: Philippe Contamine (ed.), War and VOL. 33, NO. 2, 2014 3 DIPLOMATIC SUPPORTTO DUTCH PRISONERS OF WAR TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ZEEGESCHIEDENIS attention from historians.4 For the former, research conducted until now centralization in progress for land wars during the period.6 It further con¬ has focussed largely on aspects such as the monopolization by the state of centrated on the previously under-emphasized aspect of the physical con¬ military violence and other elements of the military domain, as part of the ditions under which they were held, and the practical organization of their continuing process of state formation, and the emergence of international eventual exchange or release. By examining the fate of Dutch combatants legal conventions regarding the treatment of prisoners. The legal context held in England during both the First and Second Anglo-Dutch Wars, the within which wars at sea were fought was essentially different from that on present article aims to increase further our understanding of the ‘human’ land. State sovereignty at sea was much less clearly defined, expressed and side of their treatment, and, implicitly, also of the handling of captured bel¬ enforced, while maritime warfare continued to feature a significant private ligerents during early-modern maritime conflicts in general. Comparison dimension, well into the nineteenth century.5 of the two wars makes it possible to focus on the effect, with respect to pris¬ For land wars, the late-medieval ransom culture, in which individual oners’ welfare, of factors present in only one of the conflicts, in particular captors and captives concluded private agreements about the conditions the presence for substantial periods of a Dutch diplomatic representation of treatment and release, gradually gave way to a system in which states as¬ during the first war. sumed the organization of the incarceration and treatment of all prisoners and negotiated their repatriation or exchange. Simultaneously, a cluster of generally accepted reciprocal legal conventions developed, regarding ‘good warfare’. These first emerged as informal modi vivendi between belligerent states, prompted by the idea that atrocities would very likely be avenged, and were subsequently formalized in bilateral agreements. A recent article of ours examined the case of Dutch captives incar¬ cerated in England during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and concluded that their treatment reflected the same processes of state formation and competition between states (Oxford 2000) 163-193; C.G. Roelofsen, 'Hoofdstuk IV: de periode 1450- 1713’, in: A.C.G.M. Eyffinger (ed.), Compendium volkenrechtsgeschiedenis (Deventer 1989) 56-126; During the First Anglo-Dutch War, the old royal palace at Greenwich was used Lawrence Malkin, ‘Prisoners of war’, in: Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker (eds.), The reader’s to detain Dutch captives. The palace, which was in poor condition due to years of companion to military history (Boston and New York 1996) 368-370; GeoSfey Parker, The army of neglect, had previously served as a prisoner-of-war camp during the English Civil War. Flanders and the Spanish road, 1567-1659 (second revised edn., Cambridge 2004) 14 and 143-144. This painting shows Greenwich Palace from the park (on the right). English school, 4 Exceptions are: Nelly Kerling, 'Nederlandse krijgsgevangenen in Engeland (1652-1654)’ in: c. 1620. BHC1820 Mededelingen van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Zeegeschiedenis 16 (1968) 5-13; Elaine Murphy, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich 'Atrocities at sea and the treatment of prisoners of war by the Parliamentary navy in Ireland, 1641-1649', in: The Historical Journal 53/1 (2010) 21-37; Adri van Vliet, Vissers en kapers. De zeevis¬ serij vanuit het Maasmondgebied en de Duinkerker kapers (ca. 1580-1648) (The Hague 1994); Holger Afflerbach, ‘Going down with flying colours? Surrender in sea warfare from Elizabethan to our The context: the First and Second Anglo-Dutch Wars own times’, in: Holger Afflerbach and Hew Strachan (eds.), Howfighting ends. A history of surren¬ der (Oxford 2012) 187-210. Even before achieving formal independence from Spain in 1648, the Dutch 5 Johanna Oudendijk, Status and extent of adjacent waters. A historical orientation (Leiden 1970); Nicholas Rodger, 'The new Atlantic: naval warfare in the 16th century’, in: John Hattendorf Republic had become a formidable power in commerce and maritime and Richard Unger (eds.), War at sea in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Woodbridge 2003) 233- trade. England, meanwhile, under its first Stuart kings, had lost much of its 248; Gijs Rommelse, 'Political agendas and the contestable legality of privateering: the case of the Dutch-Portuguese War (1657-1662)’ in: Forum Navale. Sjöhistoriska Samfundet 69 (2013) 10-33; John Hattendorf, ‘Maritime conflict’, in: Michael Howard, George Andreopoulos and Mark Shulman 6 Gijs Rommelse and Roger Downing, 'State formation, maritime conflict and prisoners of war: (eds.), The taws of war. Constraints on warfare in the Western World (New Haven and London 1997) the case of Dutch captives during the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667)’ in: Tijdschrift voor 98-115. Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis 11 (2014) 29-54. 4 VOL. 33, NO. 2, 2014 ROMMELSE AND DOWNING 5 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ZEEGESCHIEDENIS DIPLOMATIC SUPPORT TO DUTCH PRISONERS OF WAR former political and economie authority, while its trading companies and there existed a basis for peace negotiations.9 There had been no Dutch dip¬ manufacturers saw themselves displaced by their Dutch rivals.7 Following lomatic representation in England since the abortive attempt, by the del¬ the Civil War, the newly assertive Commonwealth sought to restore this by egation in 1652 of Raadpensionaris Adriaan Pauw, to avert the war. Hier¬ measures such as the Navigation Act of 1651 and a proposal for a closer onymus van Beverningk and Willem Nieupoort, both of the province of union’ between the two republics.
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