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Nuclear Waste Management and the Use of the Sea

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Nuclear Waste Management and the Use of the Sea BNIIII~lllllllill/lll/l/lll RC298751 PlllllllllII NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE (NACOA) MEMBERS John A. Knauss, Chairman Michael R. Naess Vice President for Marine Programs President Graduate School of Oceanography Westminster Ventures, Inc. University of Rhode Island Houston, Texas Kingston, Rhode Island Vernon E. Scheid S. Fred Singer, Vice Chairman Professor of Mineral Economics Professor Department of Mining Engineering Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Mackay School of Mines Char lottesv ille, Virginia University of Nevada Reno, Nevada FitzGerald Bemiss President, FitzGerald & Company Sharron L. Stewart Richmond, Virginia President Services Paui Bock Quintana Environmental Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Lake Jackson, Texas University of Connecticut Jack R. Van Lopik Storrs, Connecticut Dean, Center for Wetland Resources Carl Franklin Brady, Sr. Louisiana State University President Baton Rouge, Louisiana ERA Helicopters, Inc. Anchorage, Alaska James M. Waddell, Jr. Senator, South Carolina State Legislature Sylvia A. Earle Beaufort, South Carolina Curator of Phycology California Academy of Science Don Walsh San Francisco, California Director Edward N. Gladish Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies Manager, Land Services University of Southern California Champlin Petroleum Company Los Angeles, California Long Beach, California Warren M. Washington Burt H. Keenan Senior Scientist Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer National Center for Atmospheric Research Offshore Logistics, Inc. Boulder, Colorado Lafayette, Louisiana Robert M. White Jay G. Lanzillo President President Northern Banks Fish Company National Academy of Engineering New York, New York Washington, D.C. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Steven N. Anastasion Tb S/v ,Dc-. A Special Report to The President and The Congress Nuclear Waste Management and the Use of the Sea, National Advisory Committee on Oceans and SEP 1 9 1985 Atmosphere .20.5.5) "j' "rD . April 1984 Washington, D.C. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE 3300 Whitehaven Street, N W. Washington, DC 20235 To the President and the Mmbers of the Congress: I have the honor of submitting to you the report of the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere (NACOA), "Nuclear Waste Management and the Use of the Sea." The question of how to best manage wastes is a serious one, and the urgency of the problem will increase in the future. In 1981, this Gommittee sent you a copy of our report on non-radioactive wastes entitled "The Role of the Ocean in a Waste Management Strategy." In our report, we recommended an integrated multimedia approach to waste management where the least harmful disposal media would be chosen for wastes, rather than a continuation of the U.S. prac tice of attempting to separately protect the oceans, land, freshwater, and air by unrelated statutes. In this report, although we do not suggest a reversal of U.S. land-oriented disposal policy at this time, we do recommend a revision of policy that ex cludes the use of the ocean for low-level radioactive waste disposal, subject to adequately funded and well-identified monitoring and research efforts which would provide full assessment of the fate and effects of such disposal. In preparing this report, the objective of NACOA has been to review the current situation regarding nuclear waste disposal policies in the United States and elsewhere, and to relate these to implications for the oceans. We did not, and do not, comment on nuclear power as an energy source, but the accumulation of radioactive waste both here and abroad is a fact of life that presents prob lems challenging all nations. NACOA hopes this report is a positive contri bution to meeting that challenge. Respectfully yours, Jbhn A. Knauss Chairman iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Forew ord ............................................................................................................................................. vii PART I- THE NACOA REPORT Management of Nuclear Waste: Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................... 3 PART Il-THE BACKGROUND Chapter I: Radioactive W aste: An Inventory .................................................................................. 13 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1.................13 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle ............................................................................................................... 14 U.S. Inventory ............................................................................................................................. 15 International Inventory .......................................................................................................... 19 Sum m ary ..................................................................................................................................... 21 References and Footnotes ....................................................................... ,............................ ..... 22 Chapter II: Radioactive Waste Management: An Evolving Strategy ....................... 25 High-Level W aste ....................................................................................................................... 25 Transuranic W aste ...................................................................................................................... 28 Low -Level Waste ........................................................................................................................ 28 Low -Level Waste Ocean Disposal by the United States ......................................................... 29 Low -Level Waste Ocean Disposal by Other Nations ............................................................. 29 Other Sources of Anthropogenic Radioactivity in the Ocean ................................................. 32 Sum mary ..................................................................................................................................... 33 References and Footnotes ......................................................................................................... 34 Chapter III: Institutional Fram ew ork: Avenues and Roadblocks ................................................. 39 Domestic Law s and Policies ...................................................................................................... 39 International Law Regulating Ocean Disposal ....................................................................... 42 References and Footnotes ......................................................................................................... 46 Attachm ent 1 ............................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter IV : M arine Radioactivity .................................................................................................... 51 Sources of Oceanic Radioactivity .............................................................................................. 51 The Prim ordial Elem ents and Radioactivity ....................................................................... 51 Cosm ic Ray-Produced Radionuclides ................................................................................... 52 The Fate of Radionuclides in the Ocean .................................................................................. 54 Dispersion and A dvection .................................................................................................... 54 Chem ical Cycles in the Ocean .............................................................................................. 55 Radioactive M arine Sedim ents ............................................................................................. 56 Recent Advances in Ocean Science .......................................................................................... 57 Anthropogenic Versus Natural Radioactivity ......................................................................... 58 Mechanisms for Human Exposure to Radioactivity in the Sea ............................................. 59 Sum mary ..................................................................................................................................... 59 References .................................................................................................................................... 60 Chapter V: Ocean Disposal of Nuclear W aste: Possible U.S. Proposals ........................................ 61 Disposal of Defueled, Decom m issioned Nuclear Subm arines ................................................. 61 Ocean FUSRAP Project ............................................................................................................... 63 Subseabed Disposal of High-Level Waste ................................................................................ 63 Decom missioned Nuclear Reactors .......................................................................................... 66 v Low -Level W aste from Institutions and Facilities ................................................................. 66 Need for a National Consensus ................................................................................................ 66 References and Footnotes ......................................................................................................
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