Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Resource manual Acknowledgments This manual has been compiled from resources developed by Philip Island Nature Park and some sections from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP).

Photo credit All photographs have been supplied by Philip Island Nature Park unless otherwise credited.

© The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 2017.

Printed by Razer Graphix, Bayswater ISBN 978-1-76047-565-9 (Print) ISBN 978-1-76047-566-6 (pdf/online) This work is licensed under an Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) from the international Creative Commons Version 4.0. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. Content

Introduction 2 Assessment and initial treatment Oil spills 3 of oiled seabirds 17 Steps for field stabilisation 19 Responding to marine Field collection point 20 pollution emergencies 3 First Aid/Forward holding facility 20 Effects of oil on small seabirds 4 Requirements 20

Seabirds at risk 5 Temporary rehabilitation centre General principles 6 design and requirements 20 Personnel safety 6 Temporary Rehabilitation Centre 21 Philip Island Nature Park 21 Occupational Health and Safety 6 Washing 22 Protective clothing 7 Cleaning 22 Toxicity 7 Working with seabirds 8 Cleaning and drying of oiled wildlife 22 Zoonotic diseases 8 Rinsing 23 Working environment 8 Drying 24 Emotional stress 8 Pre-release conditioning 25 Feeding 25 The role of volunteers 9 Aftercare/Recovery and release criteria 25 Field surveillance: Swimming 27 How to find oiled wildlife 10 Waterproof test 27 Why we need good record keeping 11 Weighing 28 Handling 12 Housing 28 Handling, capture, transport Release 29 and deterrence 12 Capturing 13 General 30 Transport 14 Steps for boxed birds 14 Deterrence and pre-emptive capture 16 Assessment 17 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Introduction

This unit of competency ACMGAS305A Rescue animals and apply basic first aid Assessment covers the process of rescuing and There are three assessment tasks to be restraining animals and providing basic first completed by candidates seeking aid and is from the Certificate III in ACM10 competency for this unit: Animal care and management training package. The unit is nationally accredited 1. Observation participation checklist and recognised. 2. Practical demonstration

The workshop and manual will focus on 3. Multiple choice quiz. Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds. The three assessment tasks will cover the following areas:

• Planning rescue responses and situation assessment

• Communication

• Rescue procedures

• Animal protection techniques

• Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

• Basic animal care and first aid

• Seeking advice and assistance

• Maintaining records.

All assessment tasks will be completed during the workshop.

2 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Responding to marine pollution emergencies

In Victoria, under the Emergency Oil spills Management Act 1986 the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport Accidental oil spills caused by maritime transport are still a source of pollution of the world’s oceans, and Resources and the various Victorian especially along some of the major shipping lanes. port authorities are responsible for The number of oil spills from tanker accidents has managing the response to a marine declined since the 1970’s and the amount of oil pollution oil spill emergency. spilled varies in each accident, but, an oiling incident This includes both the clean-up may occur, anywhere in Victoria, without warning. Regardless of the source or size of the incident, there and containment of the pollutant. is every likelihood that, as a result, there will be wildlife casualties. In some instances there may be a A marine pollution response is managed in warning about the impending threat; in others none accordance with the Victorian Marine Pollution at all, the first evidence that something is wrong Contingency Plan (VicPlan). VicPlan was set up under being the appearance of oiled wildlife on the the authority and guidance of the National Plan to beaches. Whether the number of oiled casualties are Combat Pollution of the Sea by Oil (NatPlan), few or counted in the thousands, these animals need developed by the Australian Maritime Safety prompt and appropriate treatment. Authority (AMSA). For more information relating to NatPlan visit the Australian Maritime Safety Oiled wildlife response consists of six basic stages: Authority website. 1. Capture and transportation The Department of Environment, Land, Water and 2. Intake/assessment Planning (DELWP) is responsible for coordinating the rescue and rehabilitation of wildlife that are 3. Stabilisation impacted by a marine pollution emergency, with the 4. Cleaning support of various agencies including Parks Victoria and Phillip Island Nature Park. 5. Pre-release conditioning

DELWP has a wildlife response plan for marine 6. Release. pollution emergencies which provides safe procedures and guidelines for the rescue, humane All stages, from rescue to release, should be treatment and rehabilitation of wildlife affected by regarded as integral components of successful pollutants in the marine environment. This plan rehabilitation. The details provided in these notes are specifies the operational structure and based on these six stages, but also reflect the responsibilities in dealing with affected wildlife, with protocols of Philip Island Nature Park and DELWP. priority going to human safety, then threatened Oil spills are extremely varied in nature, and there is species. The main aim of rescue operations is to no substitute for emergency response training and return as many animals as possible to the wild. hands-on experience. The type of oil, species affected, and available resources make each spill different. For this reason alone, it is impossible to generalise the success or failure of one response to another.

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Effects of oil on small seabirds

Specific effects of oil on seabirds vary depending on species vulnerability, the chemistry of the specific petroleum product or mixture, weather, time of contact, weathering of oil and many other factors. In general however, oil can have both physical and physiological effects. In birds, the feather structure will be damaged, resulting in loss of insulation, buoyancy and flight capability. Hypothermia and starvation are amongst the main consequences of exposure to oil and animals may suffer from dermal and ocular There will also be a decreased ability to fly if oiling is irritation. In cases where toxic fumes have severe. Oiled feathers may cause the seabirds to lose been inhaled the lungs may be damaged, buoyancy, sink and drown because of increased weight or lack of air trapped in the feathers. and when oil has been ingested, Moreover, the metabolic rate of oiled penguins and gastrointestinal functions may be affected. seabirds is significantly greater than those of non-oiled birds, and can lead to accelerated energy The external effects of oil on a bird are the most consumption and loss of mass. As such, the duration acute and can kill birds quickly. Oil is one type of of exposure to oil prior to treatment is also likely to contaminant that interferes with a feather’s normal have a significant effect on the mass and condition function. This function depends on the proper of birds when recovered, as well as increasing the alignment of individual barbs, barbules, and hooklets opportunity for oil ingestion. Even small amounts of achieved through regular preening. If these oil (a spot the size of a 10c piece) on a bird can affect structures are properly aligned, the feather serves as their waterproofness, a bit like a hole in a wetsuit a waterproof barrier, trapping air against the skin where the water seeps in! and providing insulation and buoyancy in an aquatic environment. When oil comes in contact with More highly refined products (for example diesel, feathers, it disrupts this alignment and allows water gasoline) are extremely caustic, and can also cause to penetrate the feather coat and contact the skin. chemical burns to the skin of oiled birds. The compact arrangement of small feathers on penguins The oiled feathers often become clumped leading to is thought to provide some barrier against a breakdown in their insulated properties and they penetration of oil to the skin. By contrast, other lose their ability to trap air and warmth close to the seabirds with longer, less dense body feathers body. The rapid loss of mass and condition that develop wet plumage during diving which may follows oiling is likely to result from a loss of explain their greater susceptibility to oil penetration thermoregulatory ability and diminished ability to to the skin. forage. The ensuing loss of buoyancy and the increased risk of hypothermia will limit the amount of Birds depend on their feathers being in good condition. time a bird can spend feeding at sea, resulting in Any disruption or contamination of a bird’s feathers rapid loss of condition and dehydration. results in intense preening. As the bird attempts to preen the oil off its feathers, some of the oil will be ingested. Penguins have been observed actively preening their oiled feathers prior to being cleaned, resulting in ingestion of oil and further damage.

Oil may also be ingested through feeding on oiled prey or drinking contaminated water. Ingestion of even small amounts of oil, whether through preening or ingestion at sea, can cause ulcerations, toxic poisoning and can cause changes to the liver, kidneys and intestine of seabirds and can result in anaemia. Such effects can be from the physical presence of oil in the gastro-intestinal tract, as well as the absorption of poisonous components of the petroleum product.

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Seabirds at risk

95% of animals affected by oiling in Victoria Of these, penguins are particularly vulnerable to oil and Tasmania have been penguins. spills because they spend considerably longer in the water than flying birds, are possibly less able to Seabirds are one of the most vulnerable groups of detect oil at sea, and even small amounts of oil on marine animals affected by oil pollution, but not all the plumage causes waterlogging. In addition, seabirds are equally at risk from oil pollution. The penguins will also intercept oil when walking ashore seabird species most at risk from oiling are those over polluted beaches and runways. that spend large amounts of time swimming on or In both South Africa and South America, where just below the sea surface. These groups of birds, penguins occur, over 90% of oil affected seabirds are more affected by oil spills throughout the world, penguins, similar to here. It seems wherever there are show considerable similarities in feeding techniques penguins, they are the species most susceptible and largely belong to two feeding groups: to oiling. • Pursuit divers (penguins, cormorants) Other seabirds have longer, less dense body feathers • Deep and pursuit plungers (gannets and terns). than penguins and develop wet plumage, due to oiling, during diving. Consequently, many oiled seabirds die at sea from drowning or hypothermia. Seabirds such as shearwaters and petrels are more commonly found dead than alive, often with extensively oiled wings and body feathers.

Other species which can be affected are shorebirds and waders, who may come into contact with oil that washes ashore on beaches or intertidal areas rather than at sea. Such species include Hooded Plovers and Oystercatchers.

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Occupational Health and Safety

Safety procedures should be followed by all personnel involved in catching, handling, rehabilitating oiled seabirds and in all areas where oil is present.

All staff and volunteers should be aware of safe working practices which, during an oil spill response, also include preventing contamination of yourself with chemicals and safe handling techniques for seabirds. The standard compliance with workplace safety legislation still applies during an oil spill and safe use of protective clothing and equipment is expected. Ensuring the work environment is as safe as possible involves, training, planning and monitoring. These notes address the most important issues specific to oiled seabird response.

General principles Personnel safety

• Human safety is the highest priority. Never place The health and safety of personnel is the oiled wildlife rescue above human safety. overarching principle in the development and • Never initiate an action that has not been implementation of all policies and procedures. Oiled thoroughly thought through. seabird emergency response work carries a number of inherent risks, some of which are significant. • Never succumb to pressure to take action by weather, failing light, the media, onlookers, or the Hazards specific to Oiled seabird emergency urge to do something. response include: • Keep lines of communication open at all times. • Exposure to wind, cold and sun • Approach all wildlife with caution as their • Fatigue behaviour can be unpredictable and potentially • Critical incident stress harmful, particularly if stressed. • Injury inflicted by equipment or animals • Illness or disease transmitted by contact with animals • Death by drowning.

Safety is therefore the highest priority in oiled seabird emergency response, taking precedence over the welfare of oiled seabirds at all times.

6 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Toxicity

The oil will be analysed ASAP and staff will be informed of the results. Generally, weathered/aged oil has less VOC’s than fresh/raw oil. You will come into contact with oil when handling oil covered birds, oily, soapy water may be splashed when washing birds – wear your protective clothing to minimise the likelihood of oil contacting your skin or eyes. All work areas will be well ventilated to reduce the risk of inhalation of fumes.

Toxicity in humans, resulting from the oil, can occur by absorption through the skin, by ingestion or inhalation of fumes. Any or all of the following symptoms may be present: • Nausea • Drowsiness • Burning sensation on skin • Breathing difficulty • Tight chest • Headache • Ringing in the ears Protective clothing • Blurred vision

Protective clothing will be made available, • Stinging of the eyes. this will include: Should any of these symptoms occur: • Protective goggles or face shield • Move the casualty into fresh air • Gloves • Wash contaminated skin and remove • Aprons and/or waterproof pants and jackets. contaminated clothing

You will be required to wear: • Loosen tight clothing • Sturdy enclosed footwear, preferably non-slip • If splashed into eyes, immediately flush with water and water resistant. Thongs and open sandals and continue flushing for 15 minutes will not be permitted • Seek medical advice on site, locally or from the • Appropriate, practical clothing – not shorts Poison Information Centre, phone 131 126. and singlet All volunteers will be made aware of the location of • Hat and sunscreen if working outside during first aid kits. All supervisors and most staff are trained the day first aiders. Any injuries, such as cuts and abrasions, • Warm clothing and beanie if working outdoors should be treated immediately with a disinfectant at night. such as Betadine. Wash hands thoroughly prior to handling food or drinks for human consumption. Any incidents or potentially hazardous incidents should be reported to the supervisor and an incident report form should be filled out.

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Working with seabirds Working environment

Remember wild seabirds are not used to being Capturing oiled birds is often physically and handled. Their natural response to human emotionally stressful for bird-handlers. Dehydration, interference is aggression, as a means of protection, exhaustion, and poor nutrition can all affect a which can be prompted by sudden movements, person’s ability to assess and react to a dangerous capture and noise—in fact by anything that they situation. It is therefore important that workers stay might perceive as a ‘disturbance’. Beaks, claws, well hydrated and eat nutritionally sound meals. Rest wings, etc. are all potential weapons and can cause is equally important. A tired, stressed person, the severe damage to those handling the wildlife. Refer presence of oil, and hazardous terrain are a to the section below for details on bird handling dangerous combination. Workers should be aware of techniques. These are designed to minimise stress to their own condition and also the conditions of those the bird, but also to protect yourself from being around them. The safety of all depends on the injured by the bird. Be aware of other people holding alertness of each individual. birds nearby which may also be able to bite a person walking by. Cuts, scratches, etc. should be treated Staff and volunteers collecting oiled birds will most immediately because these can be a source likely be working along the shoreline. This may of infection. involve walking up and down steep hills, walking on unstable ground and over slippery rocks. A lot of this Try to avoid breathing in toxic vapours when work will be conducted at night and in all weather handling birds covered in oil and by working in well conditions. People should be fit and healthy and be ventilated areas when indoors. Eating and drinking dressed appropriately for the environment. It may be in animal/bird areas/enclosures is not permitted. cold, wet and windy or can be extremely hot and sunny.

Zoonotic diseases In the rehabilitation centre you may be exposed to wet slippery floors in the washing rooms, warm/hot These are diseases which can be transmitted from conditions in the drying rooms and washing room. vertebrate animals/birds to people, and include These rooms will be well ventilated. You might also be bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. exposed to the sun for extended periods if, for Penguins are less prone to most avian diseases as example, you are monitoring birds in the pools. they spend a large part of their lives/time at sea. The best defence against zoonoses is good hygiene, Emotional stress common sense and by ensuring good ventilation in work areas, this will mostly prevent the occurrence of The emotional impact on personnel, especially these diseases in healthy humans. People who are ill, volunteers, of working with wildlife affected by oil and pregnant and/or on prescribed drugs which might dead and dying wildlife should not be affect their natural immunity should not work with underestimated. As the incident response exceeds oiled wildlife. Should illness occur within weeks of one week, the experience in Australia has been that tending to oil contaminated birds, the recent contact physical and emotional fatigue may result in with wild birds should be brought to the attention of decreased effectiveness and increased probability your medical practitioner. of interpersonal conflict.

Rehabilitation staff are experienced in the Again, it is best to ensure people have adequate observation and treatment of diseases in birds. If for breaks and days off. If anyone is feeling extremely any reason staff isolate or quarantine a bird/s, then upset, they should talk to their supervisor. They may any quarantine rules established by staff must not be able to assist in another area of the operation or be breached, to ensure the welfare of the bird and may need some time off. health of volunteers.

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The role of volunteers

During an emergency DELWP will respond Volunteers need to be managed appropriately and to offers of assistance from individuals in line with DELWP’s policies and procedures as wishing to volunteer to assist in the outlined in the DELWP Wildlife Emergency Volunteers Kit. All volunteers must be registered and assessed emergency response. Depending on the before being assigned a role and undergoing scale of the emergency, they can play an induction. At times some individuals who wish to important role in helping rescue and clean volunteer may not be suitable for deployment oiled wildlife during a marine The number one priority for DELWP in oiled wildlife pollution emergency. rescue operations is the safety of all personnel involved. Volunteers involved in an emergency Volunteers can help in: response must at all times follow the direction of a • the search and rescue DELWP officer or delegate. It is potentially dangerous to handle oiled wildlife. No one should handle oiled • cleaning and rehabilitation of oiled wildlife, and wildlife without appropriate training and authorisation • record keeping. to prevent injuries to people and wildlife.

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Field surveillance: How to find oiled wildlife

There is no clear relationship between To plan and implement an effective oiled wildlife the amount of oil spilled in the marine response it is crucial to have the best possible environment and the likely impact on information in advance of a spill occurring – there is never enough time during a response operation. wildlife. For example, a small oil spill may At the time of an oil spill, immediate access to impact on large numbers of wildlife, or information on the local area ecology is often conversely, a large spill may only impact essential (especially for people involved who are a few individual animals. unfamiliar with the local area) to facilitate the rapid capture of oiled wildlife. Important factors related to the impact of oil spills Good knowledge of the local habitat and wildlife is on wildlife are: critical. To help make an initial assessment of what • The spread of the oil slick might be at risk and what seabirds might have to be dealt with, it is important to be pre-warned. Different • The type of oil spilled, its movement and species and areas vary in terms of their sensitivity to weathering characteristics oil. A wildlife plan should identify the areas of • The location of the spill greatest sensitivity for wildlife species, such as feeding and breeding areas where there are likely to • The area of estuary, sea and foreshore be significant concentrations of individuals, the impacted by oil seasons when they may be present and also • The sensitivity of the regional environment, determine foraging distances from these areas. eg. Proximity to bird breeding colony Examples are seabird colonies and estuaries important for migrating shorebirds. Locations which • The number of different habitats impacted, such are important for threatened or endangered species as rocky shores, beaches, mangroves, wetlands should be highlighted. All of this will help determine • The timing of the incident (during seasonal the extent of the search area. breeding, bird migration) Oiled birds tend to come ashore at night, so the best • The nature, toxicity and persistence of the oil time to carry out search and collection activities is at • The variety of species at the spill location night (without compromising safety aspects) or in the early morning. In addition to nightly trapping, the • The potential for further pollution shore-line should be searched at least daily as some (eg. a grounded ship, where oil can leak for weeks). oiled birds return during daylight hours and are then vulnerable to predation. Searches for oiled birds Oiled wildlife can start to appear on beaches within should continue until less than 1% of birds captured hours of an oil spill, therefore a quick response is are oiled. Spot checks can continue in likely affected essential. Ideally, during the course of an oil spill locations until oiled birds are no longer found. there needs to be careful monitoring of wildlife over time at all significant colonies considered to be at Although the primary focus is live animals, dead risk. Even with relatively small spills, the interaction birds should also be collected. They provide valuable between birds and oil can last for many days and data for the assessment process, can be used as therefore requires repeated beach patrols to ensure evidence and decrease the risk of secondary that all the affected wildlife is found. It is also contamination to scavengers. important to respond to the number and type of species impacted or likely to be impacted by the oil spill rather than to the quantity of oil spilled. This stage is extremely time-sensitive because the sooner the birds are found and captured, the sooner negative impacts of oil exposure can be mitigated.

10 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Why we need good record keeping

The importance of recording information cannot be over-emphasised.

Record keeping is essential for several reasons: • To monitor the progress of each bird throughout over all care and rehabilitation • Determining survival rates • Evaluation of the wildlife response • Costing of the wildlife response • Improvement of future rescues • Information to the media • Information to the control centre • Subsequent research.

Documenting the recovery teams’ efforts is important. A record of area’s searched and length of search, GPS coordinates, time spent and species found can all help with future planning.

Records of staff and volunteer hours and areas of service are also important for evaluation of the response effort and future planning.

You will also need to keep records for individual oiled seabirds including date and location found, ID number, degree of oiling, washing data and rehabilitation data (including weights, amount fed per day, etc). A daily summary sheet should be produced to monitor the progress of each individual in care. As well, a log of totals should be maintained which allows for up-to-date information on patients treated, how many of each species, how many euthanased, how many birds sent to which rehabilitation centre, as well as a record of birds found dead. This will be invaluable for site management and planning. These can also provide valuable biological information (sex and age class, etc.) that is essential to evaluate more fully the impact of the spill on the affected population(s), as well as provide opportunities to collect collateral scientific data that would be otherwise unavailable. Such data could assist in the determination of total mortalities, and to assess and document potential short and long-term impacts on populations and habitats. (See Appendix 1. For an example of a data sheet from the National plan oiled wildlife records database).

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Handling, capture, transport and deterrence

Handling, capture, transport and deterrence refers to the process of capturing and transporting oiled seabirds from the spill area to the rehabilitation facility or temporary facilities. From the moment an oiled seabird is captured to the time it reaches a rehabilitation facility its rescuers have the opportunity to increase its chances of survival through proper handling, housing and transport.

Research has shown, the quicker the birds are captured and taken to the rehabilitation facility increases the likelihood of successful rehabilitation and lowers the chances of secondary complications. Collection of oiled seabirds will, in most situations, take place primarily on the shoreline. Casualties will have to be contained for removal from the beach and taken either to appropriate transport or, in a larger incident or remote location, to a collection point or temporary facility. Deterrence strategies can sometimes keep clean, healthy individuals away from the oil. A number of handling techniques can be used depending on the species, the most common are: Handling • For penguins: hold the head firmly, high up the neck around the base of the skull, with one hand Safety for both the bird and handler should be and support the body with the other hand. considered. Wear protective clothing, gloves and goggles when handling oiled birds: • Small bird hold: small birds and waders must be handled with extra care. These birds can be • Always hold birds at or below waist level to avoid loosely enclosed in the whole hand, the bird’s back injury to your face or eyes. lying against the palm of the hand. The head is • Do not lift any birds by the head or neck. secured very loosely between the thumb and index finger. Avoid applying pressure as this may • Always support the weight of the bird’s body. But, restrict breathing. do not hold the bird so tight that you restrict normal breathing. • Body hold: birds such as ducks and geese may be handled safely by folding the wings against the • Have control of the birds head and beak, then, body and loosely, but firmly, hold the bird with both fold the wings in against the birds’ body. hands around the body allowing for normal breathing. Always hold away from the face to avoid • A covering such as a sheet or towel can placed injuries from bills or claws. Alternatively, the bird over the bird to assist with restraint of the bird, can be tucked under one arm. The wings are then and to minimise damage to the bird’s feathers secured between the handler’s arm and body. and human exposure to oil. Aggressive birds should be handled with care as their • Minimise handling to reduce stress experienced by bills and claws may be capable of inflicting injury. A thick the bird and as much as possible work in quiet cloth such as a towel can be thrown over the bird, then surroundings when handling birds. the head and sometimes the feet must be secured. The bird can be held under the arm as described above, with this arm also securing the feet and the other the head. Large aggressive birds can be handled by two people to avoid injury to the animal or handler.

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Capturing transport vehicles and boxes. Each sack should only hold a single bird. The open end of the pillow case Capturing an oiled bird should be done rapidly, as should be tied shut, leaving enough room for the bird prolonged pursuits may cause further damage and to move. The bundle can be carried at waist-level distress. Capture techniques vary and are tailored to and held so the bird is upright and does not flap the species and circumstances of the oil spill. excessively. Birds should be transferred to a If collecting birds from the shoreline, place yourself container for transport in vehicles. between the water’s edge and the bird to avoid the bird returning to the water. The oil may have Capturing penguins is comparatively easy. rendered the bird flightless but only reduced their Funnel traps should be installed on runways (paths ability to dive or run and avoid being caught. used by penguins to reach their burrows) to capture penguins as they return from the sea each night. Heavily oiled birds most likely can’t fly so individuals Each trap consists of two 1m high lengths of wire will be easy to catch with a long-handled mesh net mesh/shade-cloth/hessian, set at 20–25º either side or even by hand by throwing a towel over the bird. of a penguin runway, 5–20 m in land from the If a bird is still able to fly, it is unlikely you will be able shoreline. These lengths of mesh converge and to catch it without specialised catching methods, effectively funnel the penguins into a holding pen equipment and personnel. Some catching methods through a small tunnel entrance. Traps are typically (Cannon-netting) require permits and authorised set late in the afternoon and should remain open personnel to operate. Wader species would be best until 1–2 hours after dusk, by which time most caught with a cannon-net. Hooded plovers would penguins should have returned. need to be caught in a noose trap, requiring someone experienced in the capture technique. All trapped penguins are then checked, with oiled birds retained and transported to the rehabilitation Realistically, you will need to assess the time, effort facility and non-oiled birds released behind the trap. and expertise needed to catch the affected birds, as At the conclusion of the trapping the mesh fence it may not be warranted. Exceptions are endangered should be removed to give the penguins’ unimpeded species or if the spill has only affected a small access to the shore the next morning. You need to be number of wildlife, then you may have the time to on site at least 2 hours prior to penguin arrival spend catching other oiled birds. (ie. 2 hours before sunset), oiled birds may start appearing at the waters’ edge an hour or so before If boxes or containers are not immediately available sunset and can be collected. or too cumbersome to carry in the field, lightweight pillowcases or large fabric sacks can be used to transfer birds from the beach to the location of

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Transport Box size will vary depending on the species but, generally, any bird must be able to stand in a box. Transporting a wild bird will cause it stress. If birds are sharing a box they must be equally oiled Depending on the location of facilities, otherwise lesser oiled birds will become more oiled. transportation may be short, requiring boxed wildlife Birds should be kept in boxes for as short a possible to be carried by hand, or a long trip of many time. (If using cardboard boxes, be aware they kilometres requiring vehicles. The transportation of become damp very quickly from faeces, if the bird is live animals is a challenging activity in a response. wet or from night air moisture, and fall apart without Distances have to be bridged between beaches warning!). All containers must close properly to where animals are collected and the facilities where prevent escape during transport. Collection of oiled they can be treated. In general, time spent in birds can take place in remote areas, therefore it is transport should be kept to a minimum. If long important to plan for the species to be encountered journeys cannot be avoided, regular re-hydration and have the appropriate containers available. stops should be considered. Small temporary first aid facilities in the periphery of the response at Steps for boxed birds strategic locations should also be considered, to prepare animals for a longer journey. • Pay attention. Do not leave containers with Pre-planning and great care is essential if this area birds unattended. of work is to be a success. Transporting sick birds • Place containers in a safe and quiet location over any distance is stressful and losses can be (e.g. away from noise and activity, above high significant if certain essential criteria are ignored. tide-line). Road transport is most often used but boats or aircraft are also suitable if the birds are • Minimise temperature extremes well prepared. (e.g. hot sun, cold wind, rain). • Space containers adequately to ensure Captured birds are immediately placed into sufficient ventilation. containers that provide safety for both the bird and the handlers. Birds should be placed and As the bird’s condition may already be compromised transported in solid-sided, well-ventilated containers, due to the oil contamination, deterioration of the any pet-pack, box or secure container can be used bird’s condition during transport is a common with ventilation holes cut into it. Plastic ‘airline occurrence. Good planning, suitable transport kennels’ come in many sizes and provide ample vehicles, boxes and optimum conditions will assist in airflow. A towel or sheet should be placed in the minimising stress on the birds and may contribute to bottom of the box to provide traction, cushioning overall survival rates. Captured birds should be and to absorb excrement and oil. Each container moved to the rehabilitation centre at the should contain only one bird at least 35 cm square earliest opportunity. for penguins and similar sized birds.

It is important not to overcrowd birds during transportation as hyperthermia in such conditions can be a major cause of mortality. If space is limited in the transport vehicle up to four penguins could go in a box (26 x 45 x 30high cm) for a short period of time, if determined by experienced personnel.

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The essential elements of successful transport are: • Short (less than 2 hours) –– Enclosed vehicle capable of maintaining a constant ambient temperature during transport of 25–28ºC, use well ventilated or air conditioned vehicles where possible Note, long distance (3 hours or more) transport of oiled wildlife is thought to contribute to a lower –– No draughts, but adequate ventilation survival rate of affected wildlife, due to transport- (oiled birds can emit hydrocarbon vapours). induced hypothermia or hyperthermia, dehydration Ensure that exhaust fumes cannot enter the and stress. birds’ holding area. –– Ensure boxes are not stacked against each If the distance to the nearest rehabilitation facility is other but that air can travel between the side longer than a 2 hour drive and the number of birds is vents of transport boxes (top vents are not, by high, the setting up of a nearer temporary first aid themselves, adequate). The containers should centre should be considered. be separated by an air gap measuring a minimum of 3.5cm. Some species, such as waders and shorebirds do not transport well and transport of these birds over any –– preferably one bird per box. distance should be carefully considered. Preferably, • Long (more than 2 hours) these birds would be treated in a temporary facility close to the site of the spill. All of the above plus: –– If transport from the site of the spill to the rehabilitation facility is more than 2 hours, ideally, some field stabilisation should take place, including the administering of oral electrolyte fluids prior to transportation. This is not always possible unless trained people are on site. –– Monitoring is critical during transport. Birds should be monitored periodically on trips longer than one hour and re-hydrated periodically on trips that take longer than 4 hours. Critical cases require more frequent monitoring. –– Check birds about every two hours during transport and adjust temperature if birds appear too hot or cold. –– If transport is to exceed approximately 4 hours, consider providing a dose of oral rehydration fluids midway during the transport.

Resource manual 15 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Deterrence and pre-emptive capture Deterrence might be used, for example, if a RAMSAR site and wader roost, were to become oiled or if oil The most important objective of any response to oil washed onto the rocks at a seal colony – again, know pollution is to minimize environmental impacts. your area, the wildlife and their habits, this will help Amongst other things, this can be achieved by: with planning strategies.

• Reducing the oiling of wildlife by preventing Information necessary to help determine whether or animals from entering the impacted environment not to begin a deterrence program includes, but is • If practical, the initiation of pre-emptive capture not limited to: spill location, species present, species and removal of animals at risk. type, time of year, availability of nearby uncontaminated habitat, and location of species in Deterrence strategies: Sometimes it is possible to relation to the spill. keep clean, healthy individuals away from the oil. Once it is known where the oil is and where the oil Pre-emptive capture means the capture of birds that may travel, consideration can be given to deterring are highly likely to be impacted by the oil in the birds/animals from oiled areas where possible. environment and includes the capture, handling, transportation, short-term holding and release of In many instances, such efforts are only practical in healthy, uncontaminated birds (a method recently ‘near-perfect’ conditions. A variety of deterrents— used in New Zealand). This will minimise the wildlife visual, auditory and sensory—can be used and are casualties and reduce the need for oiled wildlife collectively referred to as hazing. The appropriate cleaning and rehabilitation. Such an undertaking, deterrent or scarer needs investigation so that the however, is complex and requires good preplanning. right technique can be determined for the right Pre-emptive capture is best restricted to species species and in the right application. that are relatively easy to capture or of particular interest, e.g. endangered species. Before considering There are a range of deterrents and scaring this approach, a complete plan including capture, techniques available: transport, holding and release strategies and • Gas operated devices resources should be identified. The primary concerns when conducting pre-emptive capture are bird • Sirens, high frequency sounds safety and stress, and minimising transportation and • Strobe lights, reflectors holding times. Minimise stress by handling and transporting birds as quickly as possible, avoid • Guns unnecessary noise and disturbance during the effort and minimise contact with the birds. Birds should be • Balloons, flagging transported as described above. Pre-emptive • Falconry and predator models. capture is more commonly used in large spills with large numbers of birds already affected. The positive It should be noted that hazing at sea is more difficult and negative outcomes of pre-emptive action need than on land, especially with drifting oil. From time to to be considered before they are used. time the technique applied to scare animals may need to be altered due to habituation. Hazing works Pre-emptive actions may be required in the following best in small, well-defined, spill areas such as small circumstances: bays, harbours, narrow inlets, etc., which can be • Prevent non oiled birds or mammals from entering surrounded by a variety of scaring devices. An oiled shoreline regions attempt at hazing should be well planned and should be devised with input by those familiar with the local • Prevent animals accessing contaminated food species and their habitat, the topography, and a supply variety of hazing techniques. There must be clean areas for animals to move to where they will not be • Keep sea birds and mammals away from oil slicks disturbed. It is important to ensure that hazing at sea efforts do not make the situation worse by • Keep sea birds, mammals and fish away from inadvertently moving animals into the oiled area or chemical dispersant application operations. causing oiled animals to scatter.

16 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Assessment and initial treatment of oiled seabirds

It is optimal for initial stabilisation to occur within four hours after capture. Birds are brought in from the wild in varying numbers and at irregular times and is usually unpredictable, although a large number of penguins can be expected about an hour after sunset, when capture crews start to send birds in.

The assessment process involves collection of information on individual birds, to establish the medical and rehabilitation courses of action necessary to care for that bird. Additionally, steps Never attempt to feed birds or wash birds should be taken to minimise stress to birds during immediately after admission, time for stabilisation this process, including speaking in a low voice, and and assessment is needed first. Record all rapid completion of the assessment and treatment information, such as capture location, date, percent to reduce bird handling time. of body oiled, physical abnormalities, weight, species, id number and age and gender if possible. The entire As soon as the bird reaches the rehabilitation facility process of assessment and stabilisation, described its condition must be assessed and may range from below, should take no longer than 15 minutes for very weakened and completely oiled individuals to each bird. strong and lively ones which are only partly covered with oil. Where large numbers of birds are involved, it may be necessary to ‘sort’ them into priority groups Assessment and to select those animals that may have the best chance of surviving further treatment. This will not Birds are first assessed for their degree of oiling and only speed up the emergency procedure but is general condition. Degree of oiling is categorised on essential in increasing the overall survival rate. Low a 5 point scale: 0 = no oil; 1 = spots; 2 = <25% of body priority species or individuals with little chance of covered with oil; 3 = 25–50% of body covered with oil; release could be considered for euthanasia. 4 = 50–75% of body covered with oil; 5 = >75% of body covered with oil. When prioritising multiple birds of the same species, treatment is prioritised by weight, general health and The bird is given a physical examination to degree of oiling. However, when multiple species are determine their health condition, oil present in the presented for assessment, prioritisation by species nostrils or eyes should be removed with a cotton- may also be necessary. Endangered or rare species tipped swab or gauze sponge. Check for chemical should be given 1st priority. Some species are burns on the skin (these birds may need a quick particularly prone to stress in captivity (cormorants) wash to prevent further damage, which may be and pelagic and long legged birds are predisposed necessary prior to stabilisation – see washing notes to husbandry-related problems (leg cramp, below). Low body weight birds usually comprise the bumblefoot). Therefore, it is important to expedite majority of birds requiring intensive care but birds the rehabilitation process and have these birds should be checked for other obvious injuries such as released as soon as possible, so these birds would broken wings, legs or blood. also be given a high priority. Note if the bird is bright and alert or lethargic and Birds where oil has penetrated to the skin may have weak. Weakness is an evaluation of the habitus of the chemical burns, signs of reddening of the affected bird: a weak penguin is often lying down and does not area will be evident. These birds will also need attack when handled. Weakness in flying birds is priority treatment. The degree of oiling may not be a evaluated as birds struggling to stand and hold their limiting factor in the potential survival of a bird. heads up, and unable to hold their wings close to their Heavily oiled birds may have come ashore quickly bodies. Isolate any birds showing signs of weakness, and therefore may not be starved and would not or appear abnormal (unbalanced, not able to stand, have had time to preen themselves and ingest much abnormal respiratory sounds/wheezing) or that just oil. Irrespective of the degree of oiling, birds which don’t look well. These birds can be kept in an intensive are thin, with a sharply protruding breastbone, or care area and may need a veterinary exam and which pass large quantities of oil in their faeces have additional medication. Also note if the bird feels the poorest chance of survival. They should be given extremely thin, keel/breast bone protruding. Oiled second priority for treatment. weak birds often die within 48 hours.

Resource manual 17 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

After these initial assessments birds are weighed, described below) in a 5ml syringe to minimise the sexed if possible, given individual identification (we absorption of oil in the gastrointestinal tract. use coloured ribbon tied around the flipper or Alternatively, activated charcoal can be used, added numbered plastic poultry bands), a poncho for to the rehydration solution and administered orally penguins and rehydration fluids. These assessments to the bird (3–4g charcoal per kg of body weight). will allow an experienced rehabilitator to classify the birds into different groups for further treatment. Rehydration: Use a 50–60ml syringe with 15cm x 5mm diameter (for a penguin) flexible plastic tubing Weight: Birds can usually be weighed on kitchen attached (make sure the end is not sharp). Pre-mix scales (remember to subtract the weight of the box 45ml luke warm water with 5ml Vytrate for a ~1kg bird. or bag), or using a spring balance and bag. This is Look inside the mouth and observe the wind pipe the most useful piece of information that you can opening and closing. No fluid must get into this pipe or obtain about the bird. Weights of the most common it will enter the bird’s lungs and kill it. Slide the tube birds can be found in Walraven, E. (2004) or some gently down the side of the bird’s throat (see picture Field Guide books. Male penguins should never be below), making sure you bypass the wind pipe and less than 800g and should be 1100g when healthy, slowly depress the plunger. Watch for fluid in the females are generally 100g lighter. If a penguin mouth. If the bird starts spluttering or if fluid starts weighs less than 800gm it will need to build up running out of the bird’s mouth, withdraw the tube condition prior to the washing process. Any bird and let the bird take a breath. Try again. If the bird which is not in the normal weight range for the cannot take the fluid, leave alone for 10–15 minutes species will need to gain weight before washing. and try again with less fluid. If the bird is underweight Penguins are sexed on the basis of bill depth (by continue Vytrate solution 3 times per day, until the experienced personnel). Other species can bird has gained weight and is eating 150–250 grams sometimes be sexed by plumage, size or other field of fish per day. Once the bird is eating well, there is characteristics. A field guide such as Simpson & Day usually no need to continue fluids. could be used for this purpose. For other birds, the feeding tube is measured against Poncho: A simple poncho can be made from a 30cm the body of the bird from the level of the stomach to square of absorbent material, such as flannelette the bill and marked at that point with a permanent sheeting, with a neck hole cut in the middle. The hole marker. When the tube is then inserted it provides a should not be too tight around the neck but also point of reference on how far the tube should should not be so loose that the bird can preen any oil. be inserted. The poncho is simply placed over the head. If available, a knitted ‘penguin jumper’ can be used Housing: If only a small number of birds have been instead of the poncho. The poncho or jumper will stop affected, they can initially be kept individually in a the bird from preening itself and ingesting oil as well box, the bird must have enough room to stand, but if as keeping the penguin warm. Ponchos are usually a large number of birds are involved, they should be only used on penguins, other species of birds manage housed in small indoor enclosures. Birds need to be to get their beaks and wings caught in the material, kept in a warm (ambient Temp. of 25–28oC) draught which can cause further damage to the bird. free area. Birds need to have a warm room so they don’t use valuable energy on keeping warm. This is Stabilisation: Stabilisation of birds for the first especially important since oiled birds typically have 24 hours results in higher release rates and includes difficulty regulating their body temperature. Housing medical treatment if required, rehydration, feeding birds in 25–28oC ambient temperature will also if necessary and quiet rest. Fluids play an important reduce preening and result in less ingestion of oil. part in this process. The oiled birds which are normally dehydrated from not eating or drinking Try to house birds according to species (never house enough, are given an electrolyte solution and a different species together), by condition: heavily chemical (Tympanyl or activated charcoal) that will oiled in one area, less oiled in another, and never prevent absorption of any ingested oil, until it is overcrowd the pens. Weak birds should always be naturally defecated. Initial stabilisation is the housed individually, preferably in a designated administering of oral rehydration fluids by intensive care area. Minimise stress by keeping noise experienced personnel. Oral fluids have a dual levels down, handle birds as little as possible. Do not purpose; they help flush out toxins and counteract continually check the bird as this increases the stress the dehydrating effect of the oil. Despite being on the bird is already under. Providing long periods of water, oiled birds frequently experience dehydration quiet rest aims at bringing back the body condition and electrolyte abnormalities. If available, 1–2 ml of of the bird and allows them to recover from the Tympanyl should be administered orally (as stress of oiling, capture, transport and assessment.

18 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Birds in care are assessed by weight, degree of oiling Field stabilisation should be provided to oiled birds and general health before progressing to the that are likely to remain in the field longer than 2–3 washing phase. Birds will have a greater chance of hours, before being transported to the rehabilitation surviving the stress of washing and drying if their centre, or if the rehabilitation centre is some distance condition is stable. Birds captured later in the spill from the site of capture and the length of transport response, usually, have been hypothermic and is greater than 2 hours. Field stabilisation is a anorectic for longer periods of time, and therefore 'first-aid' method, rendered only by experienced may require a prolonged stabilisation process to personnel, for administering temporary care and address the debilitating effects of dehydration and initial treatment to quickly mitigate the effects of starvation. These deficiencies and any problems oiling on birds soon after capture. This field associated with oil exposure must be addressed treatment will increase the oiled bird’s chances for before birds can be washed. successful cleaning, rehabilitation and eventual release. The stabilisation phase may last from as little as overnight to several days, depending on the birds’ condition. Birds are weighed daily and monitored Steps for field stabilisation closely for early signs of husbandry-related or other • Clear mouth, nostrils and eyes. Heavily oiled birds medical problems. They are fed twice daily (see may have debris and oil built up in their mouths below) and may still need oral rehydration. Low body and nostrils, which may impair their breathing. weight birds usually comprise the majority of birds These foreign materials are removed prior to any needing intensive care. Birds judged to be alert and additional treatment. responsive, based on anecdotal evidence, and weigh over 800gm (for penguins), or within normal weight • Regulate temperature and minimise stress. Place range for other species, are eligible to progress to birds in a safe, quiet, warm, ventilated area away the cleaning phase. from drafts, sun, rain, human disturbance, and other noises. During a large oil spill, medical decisions are usually based on population health management. Birds with • Treat for dehydration (as above). Oiled birds are very little chance of survival or, in a big spill, requiring almost always significantly dehydrated and need intensive care, may be euthanased to use limited to be re-hydrated with electrolyte solution on a resources more effectively to benefit the larger regular schedule, beginning at stabilisation captive population. This also means that animals • Record field treatments. Treatment records for that have a small probability of survival will not be individual birds, should be transferred with the exposed to unnecessary suffering. Exceptions are bird when they are checked in at the when either threatened or endangered species are rehabilitation centre. impacted, or the number of oiled birds is small. Birds should be euthanased by a suitably qualified person.

Resource manual 19 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Temporary rehabilitation centre design and requirements

The size and extent of a rehabilitation First Aid/Forward holding facility facility will vary depending on location and need. Not all spill responses will require the In some incidents, oiled birds may come ashore in an extensive geographical area. If the distance to the use of, or will be in the vicinity of a rehabilitation centre is longer than a 2 hour drive, or permanent rehabilitation facility. the birds cannot be collected for several hours, then The size of the spill, its location and the some field stabilisation should be provided. number of birds oiled will determine the A contingency for some basic initial triage, including type and location of a facility that can rehydration may be necessary. In this case, an emergency first aid facility must be set up on-site as meet the required need. soon as possible, where triage and stabilisation can be carried out. Birds should be held for short periods There are several types of facilities to consider: (up to 24 hours) until fit for travel or until a • Field collection point rehabilitation facility is established. 'Forward holding' will buy time without compromising the health and • First Aid/Forward holding facility treatment of the animals. While the birds are being stabilised and held in the facility arrangements can • Temporary rehabilitation centre on site be made for their transport to a rehabilitation centre. • Philip Island Nature Park (if within two hours of Philip Island Nature Park, birds can come Requirements directly to us) • Indoor housing such as a shed, where birds can • Major spill. be kept in their boxes. It is critical that oil spill responders and pre-spill • If built facilities are not available, two large planners recognise the degree of effort and marquees (min 4mx4m) should be erected; complexity required to implement a response and one as a holding area for untreated birds and the establish an adequate facility. Pre-spill planning is other to house birds in boxes awaiting transport. encouraged to achieve wildlife response systems that will adequately address the needs of small as • Warmth, an ambient temperature of well as large bird-rescue efforts. 25ºC–28ºC is preferable. • Trestle tables for processing birds. Field collection point • Intake desk. Only rarely can birds be given a physical • Communication facilities. examination immediately on the beach. For practical reasons, birds are taken from the beach to collection areas from where they are transported to the rehabilitation centre. In these areas, where birds should stay only a short time, birds should be given warmth, shelter (protection from the weather) and quietness as minimum conditions. Birds could be housed in boxes in a vehicle or under tarps stretched between vehicles.

20 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Temporary Rehabilitation Centre Philip Island Nature Park

The establishment and selection of an appropriate Philip Island Nature Park has a permanent site is critical to the success of the operation. rehabilitation facility which can house over 500 birds. If an oil spill occurred within 2 hours of Phillip Island, It is preferable that the best possible facility is birds could be transported directly to Philip Island established in the area/region closest to the spill site Nature Park. If a spill occurs in regions more than a as possible to avoid transport-induced stress. Basic 2 hour drive from Phillip Island, birds will need to be facilities are required from the moment the first bird assessed and stabilised prior to transport. Regions comes in. You will need to establish and operate would need to establish a First Aid/Forward holding admission, indoor holding, some isolation areas and facility as a minimum. It may not be possible to a basic washing facility within 24 hours. transport all affected birds to Philip Island Nature Park. Some species are prone to transport induced Establish and operate cleaning and outside stress and would therefore need care close to the pre-release areas, including pools within 48 hours. spill site. Weak or injured individuals may need Try to centralise and combine most of the facilities as several days to gain strength before they could be far as possible; facilities that are too spread out safely transported. result in the inefficiency of the rescue and rehabilitation operation.

The number of birds affected will determine the size of the facility required. Early in an oil spill incident it will be difficult to determine how many birds may have been affected. It is important to select a facility or site that can be scaled up quickly if necessary.

Existing facilities that may be useful for conversion to a rehabilitation facility are: sporting facilities such as surf clubs, work sheds with staff amenities, educational facilities, etc. If existing facilities are identified it should be noted that these may be needed for several months, until all of the birds are released.

Resource manual 21 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Cleaning and drying of oiled wildlife

Birds will have a greater chance of surviving the stress of human handling, washing and drying if their condition is stable beforehand. Delay cleaning until the bird has been stabilised, rehydrated, gained weight and strength. The bird should be bright, alert and responsive, able to stand up and be within the normal weight range for the species (at least 800g for penguins).

Birds should never be fed for several hours prior to orafter washing or they will regurgitate their food. Effective washing and rinsing are an essential and critical factor in the rehabilitation process. The ability to thoroughly clean and rinse birds reduces the time needed for captive care and management.

It should be noted that expertise in washing and is prone to secondary problems such as leg cramp, drying of birds can also greatly enhance the overall to speed the rehabilitation process and time. The survival chances of the birds. (In the Apollo Bay spill process is the same as described below, except the in 1990, well intentioned, but inexperienced wash phase is shorter. A follow up wash is usually volunteers started washing birds which caused performed the following day once the bird has severe damage to the feathers and this contributed been stabilised. to a very low release rate of penguins). Ensure that the most experienced personnel are available in the Full wash. If a bird becomes very distressed during washing and drying room at all times in order to train any stage in the cleaning process, cleaning should and supervise those less experienced. be stopped immediately, rinse the bird promptly and dry the bird, put on a clean poncho, place the bird in Washing a warmed pen to recover and recommence cleaning the following day. Constantly check for signs of shock There are three types of washes: 1) spot wash; 2) or deteriorating condition such as weakness, abbreviated or quick wash; 3) full wash. becoming limp, panting or dilated pupils.

Spot washes are performed when a bird only has a very small spot of oil. Detergent is applied directly to Cleaning the spot of oil with a chux and gently sponged off. The bird is then rinsed as described below. The Oiled birds are washed in sequential tubs or sinks advantage of a spot wash is the bird is not immersed filled with warm water (39–41ºC) and diluted in soapy water and therefore retains most of its detergent (30ml to 4 litres water). Do not let the waterproofing. Birds which are spot washed are temperature of the water drop below 35oC as this usually able to be released within a few days, as long may chill the bird. When the water in one tub as they meet the release criteria. It is preferable for becomes soiled with oil, the bird is moved to the next birds to be stabilised prior to a spot wash, but if large tub of clean, warm, soapy water, 3 tubs are numbers of birds are affected and procedures need commonly used and further tubs may be required. to be adapted to cope, then if the bird is a good This process is repeated until the water remains weight and alert, it could be washed immediately. clear, the bird is clean or the bird is too stressed to continue. Tub size is based on the size of the bird. Quick washes are used if a bird has come into Plastic washing up basins at least 30cm deep work contact with more highly refined products (for well for small/medium sized species or a double sink example diesel, gasoline) which can be extremely is ideal. Large plastic storage bins or baby baths can caustic, creating chemical burns to the skin of the be used for larger, pelican sized birds. Because of its bird evident by reddening of the affected area. effectiveness we use Sumastar D1 detergent, These birds must be quickly processed and are an however many other dishwashing liquids are also exception for not stabilising first. Often these birds effective, such as Sunlight, Amway, Dawn or BioSolve. require an abbreviated wash, prior to stabilisation, to decrease the risks of chemical burns and respiratory Heavily oiled birds can have additional detergent complications associated with inhalation of volatile applied directly onto the feathers with a chux, prior compounds. Quick washes may also be used if a bird to being washed. The detergent is worked thoroughly into the feathers with gentle finger pressure.

22 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

The birds’ are immersed in the warm soapy water with If oil occurs on the head, sponge it off gently using a their feet touching the bottom of the tub/sink and the downward motion and protecting the eyes. The eyes water bird mid-torso depth. The washer holds the bird should be cleared of any detergent by tipping a cup by the head behind the eyes with one hand while the of clean warm water over the region. other hand gently presses, squeezing the hot soapy water through and into the feathers (sponging the Once there is no further visible evidence of oil on the plumage), working gradually down through the bird (one can gently lift the feathers in the areas feather layers, with a chux cloth, to release the oil. which were the oiliest to ensure that the oil has been Penguins can usually be washed by one person, but a cleaned right throughout the plumage), it can second person may be needed to hold the bird in the be rinsed. water, around the body and the legs.

A second or third person is usually required to hold Rinsing the bird when washing other species and to hold the Rinsing is equally as important as washing because wings so they don’t flap and cause further damag. the detergent has to be completely rinsed out of the Never hold a penguin by the flipper, you may break birds feathers otherwise the bird will not regain water it. The feathers should never be rubbed or pushed proofing and hence delay its release. upwards: always follow the direction of the feathers. (Avoid the temptation to use a nail or tooth-brush or Rinsing the detergent from a bird can be a lengthy to rub vigorously as this will severely damage the process and often takes as long as the wash. Birds feathers). Flight feathers should be carefully worked are rinsed with warm water under pressure (40-60 in the direction of growth, from the base to the end Psi) from a spray attachment like a shower nozzle on of the feather, to prevent damage to the feather flexible hosing, until all soap has been removed from shaft. Water can be agitated by hand (‘fooffing’) to the feathers. The water is directed against the lay of ensure all oil under the feathers is also removed. the feathers, by angling the spray upwards under the feathers, in a circular motion so the feathers spread Depending on the severity of the oiling, a period of and lift ensuring the plumage is rinsed thoroughly. 5 to 15 minutes should be sufficient to clean the bird. Birds should be methodically rinsed from the head If the water becomes soiled and dirty with oil, a fresh down. Particular attention should be paid to ensure container of clean, warm, soapy water should be all detergent is rinsed from the cloacal area. Rinsing used to continue the process. If the bird is not should continue until the water runs clear and showing signs of distress or hypothermia, the sometimes water begins to bead (the water comes procedure is repeated until all signs of oil have been off in droplets) on the feather surface. removed. Do not extend the washing period beyond 15 minutes as birds become stressed. Any remaining oil, after this time, can be removed at a subsequent washing. The bird can be washed two or three times if necessary, over several days. Never wash a bird more than once a day.

Resource manual 23 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Drying By the time birds are in the drying room they have been oiled, captured, transported, examined, Dry the bird first by wrapping in a towel and gently stabilised and then washed, generally all within squeezing off excess water. Pat the bird dry, do not 24 hours. Even with the utmost care, birds are usually rub. Birds are then released into a draught-free, very stressed by this stage and do not have the pre-warmed, enclosed area/pen with a small fan- ability to maintain their body temperature. Also, the heater where they can recover and shake and preen birds are not waterproof, as their natural feather themselves (infra-red lamps suspended in the pen alignment has been disrupted initially from the oil can also be used). The fan heater or lamps should be and further during the washing process, in addition, placed in one corner of the pen so birds can move skin irritation may cause heat loss. Therefore, this away from the heat source if they become too hot. area needs to be made as calm and stable an Air temperature is maintained at about 32–35ºC, environment as possible. Avoid overcrowding of birds with the birds being carefully monitored during this in these drying pens. time for signs of overheating, such as panting and holding wings away from the body. The drying time Never dry birds by hand with hairdryers or similar as with the fan heater is about 15 mins, at which time this causes excessive stress to the bird and may the fan heater can be turned off. The room should overheat the bird and/or irritate, dry or burn the skin be maintained at an ambient temperature of and feathers. around 25–28ºC for at least 4 hours, but preferably Birds which appear strong and alert the following overnight, allowing the birds to rest and preen until day can be transferred to outside holding facilities. their plumage is dry. After drying, birds need to be put through a gradual thermal acclimatisation process. These birds should be monitored closely and brought inside if they appear to be distressed or wet. Once outside the birds can start to be prepared for release.

Note: Birds which require several washes will need to be kept inside, with a poncho once dry, between washes. These birds will also need to be fed between washes (see ‘Aftercare’ for notes on feeding).

Note: Pre-treatment agents are used only when absolutely necessary because they are an additional substance that also must be removed. Very weathered oils may become tar like and difficult to remove. This can be treated with a vegetable oil such as warmed canola oil. Only if the oil product is tarry and heavily weathered should a pre-conditioner used.

24 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Aftercare/Recovery and release criteria

Pre-release conditioning

Once birds are stable, clean and dry the lengthier component of the response begins and birds gradually begin the process of pre-release conditioning. Husbandry encompasses the housing, hygiene and nutritional aspects of maintaining wild birds in captivity. The goal in rehabilitating oiled birds is the release of healthy birds back into their natural environment. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to treat the presenting problem — injury from oiling — as well as to prevent any secondary infections or injuries that may occur while keeping birds in captivity. For the rehabilitation process, birds should be kept for as short time as possible, but long enough for recovery to be effective. Immediately after washing, birds are not completely waterproof and must be given time to preen and re-align feathers. Restoring waterproofing is paramount to recovery and release. This process can take a matter of days or weeks depending on how much the birds’ condition has deteriorated as a result of oil and/or captivity.

Continual assessment of the animals in care is essential, and experienced animal husbandry staff is crucial. Good hygiene and calm, quiet operation is demanded throughout for the successful recovery of these animals. The maintenance of a good environment suitable for the species and their recovery is therefore critical.

Secondary effects related to captivity should not be overlooked and may include pressure sores, Feeding damage to feathers or skin, lack of appetite and The birds have now probably not eaten for spread of infectious diseases. Every effort should be 12–24 hours after being stabilised and washed, so made to avoid these secondary effects and minimise the first priority is to get them eating. the time animals spend in captivity. Minimising the time spent in captivity is critical to the success of If birds have been washed in the morning and rehabilitation and release. Lengthy periods of appear dry and alert, they should be fed that captivity can increase both stress and the risk of afternoon. Birds that have been washed late in the contracting diseases (i.e. Aspergillosis and day should not be fed until the following morning. bumblefoot). When large numbers of birds are concentrated for extended periods, there is Food suitable for penguins and seabirds include increased opportunity for transmission of infectious anchovies, pilchards or fillets of any type of fish if the diseases. Penguins generally are highly susceptible previous two are not available. Vitamin B1 and to the respiratory fungal infection, Aspergillosis. vitamin E are destroyed by freezing, so administration of a daily multi-vitamin supplement is On average oiled penguins at Philip Island Nature essential if using defrosted fish. We use Blackmores Park spend 25 days in rehab (most of this time is multivitamin tablets, ½ tablet per day given in the in aftercare). fish and Blackmores Vitamin E, one tablet two times a week.

Resource manual 25 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

The fish must not have been treated in any way i.e. After the initial feeding, most birds will take the packed in salt, treated with preservatives or tinned. ‘whole’ fish with little help. Eventually, some penguins Any contamination of food in these ways causes will be able to feed directly from a fish held in the vomiting and death within 24–48 hours. Only hand. However, most birds never learn this technique fresh-frozen fish should be used. Frozen fish should and are always difficult to feed. Persistence and preferably be defrosted in a bucket, in the fridge patience are required to make sure each bird eats its overnight. Alternatively, if large numbers of birds are quota. Some species (cormorants) will eventually in care, fish can be removed from the freezer the take fish that is thrown to them. Try not to squash the night before they are to be used and thawed in fish as you are feeding, the fish will soil the feathers plastic containers filled with fresh cold water. and the bird will not get waterproof. Care must also If inadequately thawed fish is fed to birds it can be taken that the feathers around the neck are not result in lowering the core temperature of the birds, damaged or covered with fish. Try not to hold the which can lead to an upset tummy or can puncture bird around the neck when feeding. the stomach wall, leading to death. If fish is thawed too quickly, elevated bacterial levels can result in Birds are fed systematically by teams of people, disease problems and soft fish are difficult to feed, each person with a specific task. Birds are fed twice resulting in fish soiling the feathers of birds. per day (morning and late afternoon). Medium sized birds, such as penguins (around 1kg) should be The thawed fish should be covered in tepid tap- eating 150–250 grams of fish per day (roughly 6–7 water with iodised salt added (1/2 cup per nine litre medium sized pilchards twice a day). Large birds, like bucket of water). Seabirds need to ingest salt and pelicans, can eat up to 2.2kg of fish per day (30–40 iodine daily. The salt is needed to stimulate the salt medium sized fish). All birds should be given 50 ml glands and the iodine to prevent the symptoms of rehydration fluids 2 or 3x daily until their hydration is iodine deficiency. The salt-water they ingest when normal, they are eating the required amount of fish catching their fish does all this in the wild. Left over per day and their weight is within the normal weight thawed fish may be drained and stored in the range for the species. refrigerator for 24 hours. Remember to run warm water over the fish prior to feeding. During the winter The face of the bird should be cleaned after feeding, months, pilchards are often too large for penguins by dunking the face in the pool, to prevent plumage and smaller birds to eat whole and will need to be from becoming soiled with fish. Every effort should sliced in half. be made to keep the bird as clean as possible - with difficult birds’, meals of more, smaller fish may help. Penguins and most seabirds must be force-fed as they do not recognise dead fish as food. For very If the bird starts regurgitating its food, it may have weak or thin birds being fed for the first time, large slight poisoning. Try increasing the rehydration and fish should be cut into small chunks on an angle (as decreasing the amount of fish for a day. Also, 1–2 ml shown above) healthier birds can be given whole fish. Tympanyl may relieve the problem. Some species and very weak birds unable to take whole fish, can Kneel on the ground with the bird facing away from be fed a slurry of blended fish which is tube fed to you, wrap it in a towel to confine the wings (if the bird (as described for rehydrating). These birds necessary). Hold the wrapped bird firmly but gently should be isolated for close monitoring. between your thighs leaving your hands free. Tip the birds’ head back gently with one hand and open the Birds which need to be re-washed should only be fed beak. Push a fish, head first and horizontally (or if small amounts between washes to prevent the bird sliced pointy end first), into the birds’ mouth and from regurgitating during the wash itself. Preferably, down the throat as far as it will go, the bird should the bird would be fed 2–3 fish in the morning, washed start swallowing. You might feel some resistance in around midday and then fed another 2–3 fish that the throat, but try to push the fish past this point. afternoon. When the bird is clean and no longer Repeat with the next fish. needs washing it should progress to the normal procedure as described above.

26 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Swimming

Oiled seabirds will not survive in the wild until they have regained their waterproofing. After oiling and washing, the plumage becomes waterproof when the microstructure of the feathers has been re- established.

Initially, washed birds should never have unsupervised access to water for bathing or swimming, as they can quickly become waterlogged and drown.

Birds should be swum daily, on a rotation basis, in large pools. Do not overcrowd birds in the pool, 10 birds in an 8,000L pool or 15 in a 15,000L pool. Length of time in the pool should be gradually Waterproof test increased as the birds become more waterproof. If the damage to the feather structure is extensive Each bird is observed and monitored during this (which it usually is after a full wash), the bird will process. Once the birds are able to spend 2–3 hours become wet, cold and stressed after a short time comfortably in the pool/water their waterproofing and will need to be removed so that it is not at risk should be tested/examined by manual checks after from hypothermia or drowning. Birds which become fixed periods of time in the water. After removal from wet and cold should be taken inside to dry. If they the pool, one person holds the bird and another appear stable when dry they can go back outside examines the outer feathers and under downy and swim again the following day. feathers by gently lifting the feathers in several locations on the body such as neck, chest, under Birds must be monitored closely whenever they are wing/flipper, around cloaca/bottom and legs. If any in the water/pool. Signs of discomfort include: of the plumage or down appears wet, the bird is not shivering or looking fluffed; agitated behaviour; head waterproof. For a bird to be considered waterproof shaking; swimming erratically or sinking; flippers low there should be no evidence of water penetrating in the water, head and neck extended above the the feather layers to moisten the skin. Observations water; frantic attempts to exit the water; floating low of the birds’ behaviour when swimming is also useful, in the water, low at the chest, tail or overall, neck a fully waterproof bird floats high in the water and appears thin and extended. If birds show any of beading on the feather surface is usually observed. these behaviours they should be removed immediately and returned inside until dry. The day The optimal number of birds in a swimming pool after washing, healthy (alert, good weight, etc) birds during swim-testing is about 10 birds per 8,000L should be given a short swim in the pool for 10 to 15 pool. Increasing the number of birds in a pool makes minutes, or until the feathers become waterlogged. it difficult to watch individuals and can cause birds Swimming time should be increased gradually over to panic (once one bird starts to panic they all do time. The bird should be able to spend longer and and the testing session cannot continue). longer periods in the pool without showing signs of Birds are graded (A to C or Release) according to distress. Once birds comfortably spend an hour or their degree of wetting. ‘C’ grade birds appear to be more in the pool they should start to be swim-tested in difficulty in the water, are removed from the pool for waterproofing. Penguins and most seabirds and wet when checked for waterproofing. ‘A’ grade should be able to remain in the pool and be dry for birds remain in the water for long periods but still at least 3 hours prior to release. have some feather wetting problems, areas which Birds are removed from the pool with a long handled are still wet should be noted (neck, chest, cloaca, fishing net or large scoop net, which is moved in a etc). ‘Release’ birds are those that can remain in the slow, calm manner to catch the bird. Do not chase water for around 3 hours with no obvious feather birds around the pool in an attempt to catch them, wetting. If possible, different grade birds should be they will quickly become tired and stressed. Regular swum together to reduce the need to continually swimming serves to maintain body condition through remove birds from the pool and to ensure birds exercise and encourages preening, which hastens remain calm during testing. the recovery of plumage.

Seabirds can be sprayed/misted with water from a hose while in the pool or pen, to further stimulate preening.

Resource manual 27 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Housing

Injuries or illnesses from improper captive housing can be a serious problem in the rehabilitation of oiled birds. The following are guidelines for good housing design and maintenance to maximise the chances of survival and release of healthy birds:

• Construct pens according to the needs of the species affected • Allow appropriate space based on species need • Avoid solid floors and provide padding as needed • Provide perches as required • Provide for an adequate thermal gradient (combination of ambient air temperature and radiant heat source) appropriate for birds to maintain normal body temperature. • Avoid placing washed (clean) birds in housing that previously held oiled (contaminated) birds to minimise the risk of re-oiling clean birds • Maintain high water quality in pools through water exchange or overflow to eliminate waterproofing problems. It is imperative that all floor surfaces of pens and enclosures are kept clean to prevent faecal soiling of feathers. All indoor pens should have blankets/ Birds that were ‘spot washed’ should be able to doonas/towelling on the floor to reduce the likelihood spend longer periods in the pool soon after washing. of birds developing bumble foot. This floor covering Waterproof test these birds as soon as possible, and should be changed and washed at least daily to if they meet all of the release criteria and there is no prevent a potential health risk. oil at the release location, they can be released. Sand in outdoor pens needs raking daily for two Weighing reasons: it prevents the sand compacting which can lead to bumblefoot; it helps move/disperse oily Birds are weighed twice a week to monitor their residue in the penguins’ faeces which passes health. Birds may initially loose a small amount of through the system from ingestion and preening and weight when first placed outside, but this should can cause loss of waterproofing when the penguins rectify within days. If an individual starts to lose or lie on the oily sand. Sand may even need changing can’t maintain weight, it should be isolated, housed several times. inside and monitored closely. Always avoid overcrowding in pens. Large pens may need to be divided into several smaller areas using plywood or similar.

The importance of minimising disturbance of penguins by human contact, noise, wind and movement of personnel and equipment was highlighted in Tasmania, when penguins in enclosures closest to human activity displayed reduced preening, swimming and vocalising behaviour. Normal behaviour returned within 12 hours of erecting a hessian fence as a visual barrier between penguins and people.

28 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Release Most birds should be released in the early morning, allowing them the day to recover and regain normal Before release, birds must meet the following criteria: behaviour before night. Preferably birds should be released close to where they were found. If the site is • Normal behaviour still contaminated alternative release sites may need • Body weight which is within the normal weight to be found. A suitable release site is one where other range for the species (900gm or more for members of the species are present or have been penguins or within 10% of normal weight range for observed recently. Other considerations for suitable other species) release sites include habitat similar to the capture site and availability of food supply. The timing of • Waterproof after three hours in the pool release and the location of release may be critical • Any medical problems resolved for that species. Releasing a bird in another’s breeding territory may cause problems as could • Birds should not be moulting or near to moulting. release of migratory birds after the migration period. These birds will need to be kept in captivity until Decisions like this often need to be made in after their moult. association with biologists who have monitored the Birds should have no significant feathers missing or spill event and who are familiar with the population damaged, such as tail or flight feathers. In all cases, in the region. Alternatively, birds may have to remain the general condition of the bird, is evaluated to be in captivity until the affected areas are clean. satisfactory prior to release. A stressed or unfit bird does not behave normally and is unsuitable All birds should be banded or marked with a for release. microchip prior to release so that post release monitoring studies can be conducted.

Resource manual 29 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

General

Mortality can occur during rehabilitation Avoid extremes of temperature when first placing a due to shock and fungal, bacterial or viral bird outside after washing, particularly if the weather infections. It is important to monitor the is cold or wet. It takes time for the birds to regain their waterproofing and they are susceptible to health of the birds during rehabilitation to hypothermia and hyperthermia for several days. prevent or arrest any infections. Infection Observe the birds and return inside if shivering, control and disease mitigation should be looking wet, or showing signs of distress. Often birds paramount when large numbers of birds need to come inside overnight when temperatures are in care. Stress is a common cause of usually drop. This process of moving between outside and inside pens can take several days until death when rehabilitating birds. It is also a the bird can be left outside overnight. condition which is hard to define. Stress can be caused by a multitude of aspects during Birds are likely to lose some fitness depending on human/animal contact such as incorrect how long they are in captivity. The birds’ fitness must be restored or maintained during this time. Provide handling, housing and diet. opportunities for exercise such as swimming and diving. Aquatic birds are often disinclined to fly in To avoid stress during any stage of the rescue and enclosures but will exercise their wings and pectoral rehabilitation process: muscles by flapping vigorously while or • Minimise handling and proximity to humans as after swimming. much as possible. Any animal that is suspected of carrying an • Capture quickly and expertly; avoid chasing. infectious disease should be immediately quarantined from others. It is essential that all staff • Avoid loud noises such as music, laughter, and volunteers are informed of quarantine shouting, car horns. requirements and that appropriate signage • Inadequate ambient temperature may cause is available. stress. Maintain 25–28ºC for oiled or wet birds and 20–25ºC for dry and recovering birds. Specialised care is needed for long-legged shorebirds and waders to prevent leg cramp and • Avoid overcrowding in pens/enclosures. paralysis. Migratory waders for example may be severely compromised by an extended period in • Visual stress; provide visual barriers to the captivity, resulting in a loss of muscle tone and ‘outside’, such as people, vehicles, other birds. stamina, which will affect their fitness for the long • Provide hiding places and shelters in pens. migration flight home. Further, migratory birds may be affected by missing other flocks of that species • Inadequate feeding techniques, not enough food, during seasonal migration if not released at the over feeding, or the wrong type of food can all appropriate time. cause stress. • The stress of captivity may predispose seabirds to several diseases such as Aspergillosis, salmonellosis and bumblefoot. • When animals require feeding and pen cleaning, these two tasks would ideally be accomplished at the same time, disturbing them once then allowing them to rest. Depending on the sort of housing/pens and the weather, birds should also be monitored for heat stress and/or hypothermia.

30 Oiled wildlife response for small seabirds Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

Notes

Resource manual 31 Notes delwp.vic.gov.au