DOCSLIB.ORG

GAO-20-80, SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS: DOD Should Develop a Plan for Implementing Its Recommendations on a Future Wideband Archite

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GAO-20-80, SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS: DOD Should Develop a Plan for Implementing Its Recommendations on a Future Wideband Archite United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees December 2019 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS DOD Should Develop a Plan for Implementing Its Recommendations on a Future Wideband Architecture GAO-20-80 December 2019 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS DOD Should Develop a Plan for Implementing Its Recommendations on a Future Wideband Architecture Highlights of GAO-20-80, a report to congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found DOD officials estimate spending an The Department of Defense (DOD) conducted a comprehensive analysis of average of $4 billion each year to alternatives (AOA) process for wideband satellite communications, as acquire and sustain wideband satellite determined through an assessment of the AOA against relevant GAO best communications that provide fast and practices. A comprehensive analysis of alternatives process indicates that the reliable voice, video, and data analysis team thoroughly addressed a wide range of possible satellite system transmissions critical to military alternatives. operations. DOD is considering how to meet its future wideband needs across DOD used multiple methods to obtain stakeholder input, in accordance with its many different operating environments Wideband AOA study plan. For example, the study team incorporated input from and scenarios. The National Defense across the military services and operational users, among others. Moreover, the Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 Air Force and Defense Information Systems Agency conducted interrelated required DOD to conduct a Wideband Communications Services AOA to studies to provide additional information to the Wideband study team. identify ways to replace current systems as the satellites reach the end of their DOD’s analysis concluded that integrating military and commercial systems into service lives. a hybrid architecture would be more cost effective and capable than either acquisition approach alone. However, DOD also found that it needs more The National Defense Authorization Act information to select its next satellite communications architecture and made for Fiscal Year 2017 contained a recommendations for further study. Examples of these recommendations include: provision for GAO to assess DOD’s analysis. This report addresses (1) • whether the Wideband AOA was Develop an enterprise satellite communications terminal strategy – comprehensive, (2) how DOD solicited DOD found the magnitude of replacing user terminals to work with new input from stakeholders, and (3) the systems was challenging and that more information on emerging technology conclusions DOD reached through the and possible changes to terminal acquisition approaches would help DOD Wideband AOA. address this challenge. • Invest in commercial technologies – DOD found that it lacked detailed GAO reviewed the Wideband AOA technical information on commercial systems’ cyber protections and that along with DOD policies, additional information on such protections would help DOD determine the documentation, and analyses; extent to which they would meet DOD’s needs. interviewed DOD officials and commercial stakeholders; and assessed Such recommendations align with GAO’s acquisition best practices for the AOA against best practices for a knowledge-based decision-making and have the potential to improve the comprehensive AOA process. department’s satellite communications acquisitions. However, DOD stakeholders said there is no formal plan to guide and coordinate implementation of the AOA What GAO Recommends recommendations. Without such a plan, DOD is at increased risk of not having GAO is recommending that DOD the information it needs to make timely, knowledge-based decisions on future develop a plan to guide implementation systems to provide critical communications for military operations. of the Wideband AOA recommendations. DOD provided technical comments on a draft of this report, which GAO incorporated as appropriate. View GAO-20-80. For more information, contact Cristina T. Chaplain at (202) 512-4841 or [email protected]. ______________________________________ United States Government Accountability Office Contents Letter 1 Background 3 DOD Conducted a Comprehensive Analysis of Wideband SATCOM Alternatives 8 In Accordance with Its Study Plan, DOD Used Multiple Methods to Obtain Stakeholder Input 12 DOD Concluded That Future Wideband SATCOM Requires a Hybrid Approach and More Knowledge, but It Lacks a Plan to Implement AOA Recommendations 16 Conclusions 23 Recommendation for Executive Action 24 Agency Comments 24 Appendix I Best Practices for the Analysis of Alternatives Process 26 Appendix II Department of Defense Wideband Communications Services Analysis of Alternatives Recommendations 30 Appendix III GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 32 Tables Table 1: Summary of Final Wideband Satellite Communications Alternatives 10 Table 2: Results of GAO’s Best Practices Assessment of DOD’s Wideband Analysis of Alternatives (AOA) 10 Table 3: Wideband Analysis of Alternatives (AOA) Working Groups 13 Table 4: Examples of Wideband Analysis of Alternatives (AOA) Recommendations and Additional Information Needed 18 Table 5: Analysis of Alternatives (AOA) Best Practices for Comprehensiveness 28 Figures Figure 1: Segments of DOD Space Capabilities 5 Figure 2: Examples of Different Types of Earth Orbits 6 Page i GAO-20-80 Satellite Communications This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. The published product may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. However, because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately. Page ii GAO-20-80 Satellite Communications Letter 441 G St. N.W. Washington, DC 20548 December 19, 2019 Congressional Committees Department of Defense (DOD) officials estimate spending an average of $4 billion each year to acquire and sustain wideband satellite communications capabilities, including developing and fielding military satellite systems, contracting for commercial satellite communications services, and acquiring and operating satellite ground terminals. Wideband satellite communication capabilities provide fast and reliable voice, video, and data communications on a global scale to support critical military operations. For example, wideband satellite communications provide military leaders information on their operational environment and allow commanders to communicate with geographically dispersed units to help ensure coordinated, successful operations. DOD is considering how best to meet its future wideband communication needs. Several factors shape these needs, including an expected increase in military systems that depend on satellite-provided data; many changing operating environments and scenarios; and growing threats to DOD space systems. For example, in recent years, threats to DOD space systems that provide communications have increased, including anti- satellite weapons, communications jamming, cybersecurity risks, and environmental hazards in space, such as orbital debris. Congress, in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, required DOD to conduct an analysis of alternatives (AOA) for a follow-on wideband communications system to the Wideband Global SATCOM system that includes space, air, and ground layer communications capabilities for DOD.1 DOD conducted a Wideband Communications Services (Wideband) AOA from December 2016 to June 2018. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 required DOD to submit its analysis to us for review and assessment.2 DOD provided the AOA to us in June 2019, after the Office of the Secretary of Defense finished its reviews. This report addresses (1) whether DOD conducted a 1National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, Pub. L. No. 114-92, § 1611 (2015). 2National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, Pub. L. No. 114-328, § 1605 (2016). Page 1 GAO-20-80 Satellite Communications comprehensive analysis of satellite communications alternatives in accordance with GAO best practices; (2) how DOD solicited and incorporated input from military and commercial stakeholder communities during the Wideband AOA; and (3) the conclusions DOD reached through the Wideband AOA. To conduct this work, we reviewed the Wideband AOA report and all supporting documents, such as AOA working group appendixes on technologies and alternatives, cost analysis, and ground terminals that communicate with satellites, among others. We also reviewed detailed cost models, schedules, and other Wideband AOA supporting documentation. We compared the Wideband AOA against DOD’s Wideband Communication Services AOA Study Plan. We reviewed related reports on an Air Force pilot program and documents the Navy and Army prepared to support the AOA. We also reviewed DOD documentation related to wideband communication including the Wideband MILSATCOM Roadmap Report, the National Security Satellite Communications Systems Synchronization Roadmap, the 2017 Commercial Satellite Communications Expenditures and Usage Report, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction on Department of Defense Satellite Communications. Using information from these documents, combined with information from interviews with DOD officials who led or participated in the AOA, we assessed the Wideband AOA against the six criteria from our Analysis of Alternatives
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MSM Feb2020 Review2
    SATCOM for Net-Centric Warfare MilsatMagazineFebruary 2020 issue This issue... SMC: Year of Success Kratos: Countering Threats from Space Maxar: Leveraging Commercial Innovation WTA: Hacking the Hacker Dispatches United States Space Command Kratos Defense L3Harris Get SAT 2nd SOPS Orbit Communications Comtech EF Data Maxar Technologies Booz Allen Hamilton Raytheon Schriever AFB Cover image is courtesy of Kratos Defense and Security Cover SNIPE Ad Publishing Operations Features Silvano Payne, Publisher + Executive Writer Dispatches Simon Payne, Chief Technical Officer Hartley G. Lesser, Editorial Director United States Space Command .................................................................................4 Pattie Lesser, Executive Editor Kratos Defense & Security Solutions .........................................................................6 Donald McGee, Production Manager Andy Bernard, Sales Director L3Harris................................................................................................................7 + 9 Teresa Sanderson, Operations Director Get SAT .....................................................................................................................8 Sean Payne, Business Development Director Space & Missile Systems Center...............................................................................10 Dan Makinster, Technical Advisor 2nd SOPS .................................................................................................................11 Wendy Lewis, Contributing Editor
    [Show full text]
  • Unclassified Unclassified
    UNCLASSIFIED Exhibit R-2, RDT&E Budget Item Justification: PB 2020 Air Force Date: February 2019 Appropriation/Budget Activity R-1 Program Element (Number/Name) 3600: Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Air Force / BA 5: System PE 1206433F / Wideband Global SATCOM (SPACE) Development & Demonstration (SDD) Prior FY 2020 FY 2020 FY 2020 Cost To Total COST ($ in Millions) Years FY 2018 FY 2019 Base OCO Total FY 2021 FY 2022 FY 2023 FY 2024 Complete Cost Total Program Element - 6.535 3.970 1.920 0.000 1.920 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.973 0.000 15.398 657102: Command & Control - 4.011 3.970 1.920 0.000 1.920 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.973 0.000 12.874 Sys-Consolidated (CCS-C) 657107: WGS Space Systems - 2.524 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.524 Resiliency Upgrade A. Mission Description and Budget Item Justification The Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) Command and Control System-Consolidated (CCS-C) system provides integrated launch and on-orbit command and control (C2) functionality at Schriever AFB and Vandenberg AFB for MILSATCOM satellites. Schriever AFB is used for primary operations and Vandenberg AFB is used for backup operations. CCS-C uses modified commercial off the shelf hardware/software to control emerging and legacy MILSATCOM systems including Milstar, Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS), Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) and Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) satellites. The CCS-C project 657102 funds system architecture evolution to provide increased performance for additional satellites and to comply with DoD, Air Force, and Air Force Space Command (AFSPC)-directed standards for Information Assurance, Satellite Control Standardization, and Net-Readiness.
    [Show full text]
  • The Market for Military Satellites
    The Market for Military Satellites Product Code #F678 A Special Focused Market Segment Analysis by: Space Systems Forecast - Satellites & Spacecraft Analysis 3 The Market for Military Satellites 2010 - 2019 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................2 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................3 Trends..........................................................................................................................................................................3 Competitive Environment.....................................................................................................................................13 Market Statistics .....................................................................................................................................................14 Table 1 - The Market for Military Satellites Unit Production by Headquarters/Company/Program 2010 - 2019 ................................................16 Table 2 - The Market for Military Satellites Value Statistics by Headquarters/Company/Program 2010 - 2019.................................................19 Figure 1 - The Market for Military Satellites Unit Production 2010 - 2019 (Bar Graph) ...............................................................................22 Figure 2
    [Show full text]
  • Delta IV WGS-9 Mission Overview
    DELTA IV WGS-9 MISSION DELTA IV MEDIUM+ (5,4) A United Launch Alliance (ULA) Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) will deliver The Delta IV family of launch vehicles combines design simplicity, the ninth Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) satellite to supersynchro- manufacturing efficiency, and streamlined mission and vehicle integration nous transfer orbit. Liftoff will occur from Space Launch Complex-37 to meet customer launch requirements. The Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), FL. configuration has launched six WGS satellites. First Launch: Dec. 5, 2009 WGS-9, the third Block II follow-on satellite, supports communica- Launches to date: 6 tions links in the X-band and Ka-band spectra. While Block I and II satellites can instantaneously filter and downlink up to 4.410 GHz, Image courtesy of The Boeing Company Performance to GTO: 6,890 kg (15,109 lb) WGS-9 can filter and downlink up to 8.088 GHz of bandwidth. De- Performance to LEO-Reference: 13,370 kg (30,250 lb) pending on the mix of ground terminals, data rates and modulation and coding schemes employed, a single WGS satellite can support data transmission rates over 6 Gbps, and WGS-9 with its advanced digital channelizer may support over 11 Gbps. WGS has 19 independent coverage areas, 18 of which can be positioned throughout its field-of-view. This includes eight steerable/shapeable X-band beams formed by separate transmit/receive phased arrays; 10 Ka-band beams served by independently steerable diplexed antennas; and one transmit/ receive X-band Earth-coverage beam.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolved Expendable Launch Operations at Cape Canaveral, 2002-2009
    EVOLVED EXPENDABLE LAUNCH OPERATIONS AT CAPE CANAVERAL 2002 – 2009 by Mark C. Cleary 45th SPACE WING History Office PREFACE This study addresses ATLAS V and DELTA IV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) operations at Cape Canaveral, Florida. It features all the EELV missions launched from the Cape through the end of Calendar Year (CY) 2009. In addition, the first chapter provides an overview of the EELV effort in the 1990s, summaries of EELV contracts and requests for facilities at Cape Canaveral, deactivation and/or reconstruction of launch complexes 37 and 41 to support EELV operations, typical EELV flight profiles, and military supervision of EELV space operations. The lion’s share of this work highlights EELV launch campaigns and the outcome of each flight through the end of 2009. To avoid confusion, ATLAS V missions are presented in Chapter II, and DELTA IV missions appear in Chapter III. Furthermore, missions are placed in three categories within each chapter: 1) commercial, 2) civilian agency, and 3) military space operations. All EELV customers employ commercial launch contractors to put their respective payloads into orbit. Consequently, the type of agency sponsoring a payload (the Air Force, NASA, NOAA or a commercial satellite company) determines where its mission summary is placed. Range officials mark all launch times in Greenwich Mean Time, as indicated by a “Z” at various points in the narrative. Unfortunately, the convention creates a one-day discrepancy between the local date reported by the media and the “Z” time’s date whenever the launch occurs late at night, but before midnight. (This proved true for seven of the military ATLAS V and DELTA IV missions presented here.) In any event, competent authorities have reviewed all the material presented in this study, and it is releasable to the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Warfare and Defense by Chapman
    SPACE WARFARE AND DEFENSE www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 SPACE WARFARE AND DEFENSE A Historical Encyclopedia and Research Guide BERT CHAPMAN Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Copyright 2008 by ABC-CLIO All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress 12 11 10 09 08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an ebook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 Production Editor: Alisha Martinez Production Manager: Don Schmidt Media Manager: Caroline Price Media Editor: Julie Dunbar File Management Coordinator: Paula Gerard This book is printed on acid-free paper. Manufactured in the United States of America www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 To Becky, who personifies Proverbs 31:10. www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 C ONTENTS Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi Chronology xv PART 1 1 Development of U.S. Military Space Policy 3 2 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission Overview Slc-37
    SLC-37 MISSION OVERVIEW CCAFS, FL PMS 280C PMS 279C PMS 123C Black United Launch Alliance (ULA) is proud to be a part of the WGS-6 mission with the U.S. Air Force Space Command’s Space and Missile Systems Center (AFSPC/SMC). The WGS-6 mission marks the 23rd Delta IV launch and the fourth launch of the Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) launch vehicle configuration. This WGS mission is the sixth installment of the Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) system. The WGS satellites are an important element of a new high- capacity satellite communications system providing enhanced communications capabilities to our troops in the field for the next decade and beyond. WGS enables more robust and flexible execution of Command and Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4lSR), as well as battle management and combat support information functions. The WGS constellation augments the existing service available through the UHF Follow-on satellite by providing enhanced information broadcast capabilities. The ULA team is focused on attaining Perfect Product Delivery for the WGS-6 mission, which includes a relentless focus on mission success (the perfect product) and also excellence and continuous improvement in meeting all of the needs of our customers (the perfect delivery).Mission Overview U.S. Airforce My thanks to the entire ULA team for its dedication in bringing WGS-6 to launch, and to the AFSPC/SMC for selecting Delta for this important mission. Go Delta, Go WGS! Jim Sponnick Vice President, Atlas and Delta Programs 1 Delta IV WGS-6 WGS-6 SATELLITE | Overview WGS supports communications links in the 500 MHz range of the X-band and 1 GHz range of the Ka-band spectra.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquisition of Space Systems, Volume 7: Past Problems and Future Challenges
    YOOL KIM, ELLIOT AXELBAND, ABBY DOLL, MEL EISMAN, MYRON HURA, EDWARD G. KEATING, MARTIN C. LIBICKI, BRADLEY MARTIN, MICHAEL E. MCMAHON, JERRY M. SOLLINGER, ERIN YORK, MARK V. A RENA, IRV BLICKSTEIN, WILLIAM SHELTON ACQUISITION OF SPACE SYSTEMS PAST PROBLEMS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES VOLUME 7 C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/MG1171z7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015933393 ISBN: 978-0-8330-8895-6 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2015 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover image: United Launch Alliance Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Space systems deliver critical capability to warfighters; thus, acquiring and deploying space systems in a timely and affordable manner is important to U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Supplemental Environmental Assessment to the November 2007 Environmental Assessment for the Operation and Launch of the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 Space Vehicles
    Final Supplemental Environmental Assessment to the November 2007 Environmental Assessment for the Operation and Launch of the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 Space Vehicles at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Florida Prepared For Space Exploration Technologies Corporation El Segundo, California and 45th Space Wing Patrick Air Force Base, Florida August, 2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) has prepared this Final Supplemental Environmental Assessment (SEA) in concert with the United States Air Force (USAF) to evaluate the potential environmental impacts resulting from SpaceX operating and launching the Falcon 9 Block 2 vehicle, also referred to as Falcon 9 Version 1.1 (v1.1), from Launch Complex (LC) 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Florida. The SEA is needed because the Falcon 9 v1.1 is larger than, and produces a greater total thrust than the Falcon 9 Block 1. The USAF is the Lead Agency. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Office of Commercial Space Transportation will be a cooperating agency due to their launch licensing authority, and the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) will be a cooperating agency because of their space vehicle expertise and their possible future use of the Falcon 9 v1.1 vehicle. In November 2007, the Air Force published the Environmental Assessment for the Operation and Launch of the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 Space Vehicles at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida (2007 EA) and in December 2007 issued a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). The 2007 EA analyzed the Air Force leasing land and facilities to SpaceX, as well as the required construction modification of the LC-40 facility, and the operation and launch for both Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 (Block 1) vehicles.
    [Show full text]
  • China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States
    China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦，航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Geosynchrono
    ESA UNCLASSIFIED - Limited Distribution ! esoc European Space Operations Centre Robert-Bosch-Strasse 5 D-64293 Darmstadt Germany T +49 (0)6151 900 F +31 (0)6151 90495 www.esa.int TECHNICAL NOTE Classification of Geosynchronous objects. Prepared by ESA Space Debris Office Reference GEN-DB-LOG-00270-OPS-SD Issue/Revision 21.0 Date of Issue 19 July 2019 Status Issued ESA UNCLASSIFIED - Limited Distribution ! Page 2/234 Classification of Geosynchronous objects. Issue Date 19 July 2019 Ref GEN-DB-LOG-00270-OPS-SD ESA UNCLASSIFIED - Limited Distribution ! Abstract This is a status report on (near) geosynchronous objects as of 1 January 2019. Based on orbital data in ESA’s DISCOS database and on orbital data provided by KIAM the situation near the geostationary ring is analysed. From 1578 objects for which orbital data are available (of which 14 are outdated, i.e. the last available state dates back to 180 or more days before the reference date), 529 are actively controlled, 831 are drifting above, below or through GEO, 195 are in a libration orbit and 21 are in a highly inclined orbit. For 2 object the status could not be determined. Furthermore, there are 60 uncontrolled objects without orbital data (of which 55 have not been catalogued). Thus the total number of known objects in the geostationary region is 1638. Finally, there are 130 rocket bodies crossing GEO. If you detect any error or if you have any comment or question please contact: Stijn Lemmens European Space Agency European Space Operations Center Space Debris Office (OPS-GR) Robert-Bosch-Str.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Security in Space: a Thirty-Year US Strategy
    APRIL 2021 The Future of Security in Space: A Thirty-Year US Strategy Lead Authors: Clementine G. Starling, Mark J. Massa, Lt Col Christopher P. Mulder, and Julia T. Siegel With a Foreword by Co-Chairs General James E. Cartwright, USMC (ret.) and Secretary Deborah Lee James In Collaboration with: Raphael Piliero Christopher J. MacArthur Brett M. Williamson Alexander Powell Hays Dor W. Brown IV Christian Trotti Ross Lott Olivia Popp The Future of Security in Space: A Thirty-Year US Strategy Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security The Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security works to develop sustainable, nonpartisan strategies to address the most important security challenges facing the United States and the world. The Center honors General Brent Scowcroft’s legacy of service and embodies his ethos of nonpartisan commitment to the cause of security, support for US leadership in cooperation with allies and partners, and dedication to the mentorship of the next generation of leaders. Forward Defense Forward Defense helps the United States and its allies and partners contend with great-power competitors and maintain favorable balances of power. This new practice area in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security produces Forward-looking analyses of the trends, technologies, and concepts that will define the future of warfare, and the alliances needed for the 21st century. Through the futures we forecast, the scenarios we wargame, and the analyses we produce, Forward Defense develops actionable strategies and policies for deterrence and defense, while shaping US and allied operational concepts and the role of defense industry in addressing the most significant military challenges at the heart of great-power competition.
    [Show full text]