History of Chemistry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Chapter One Foundations of Chemistry History of Chemistry Chemistry in the Old Testament The Egyptians made pottery and coated it with dyes, glazes, and ce- ramics. The Phoenicians, who are credited with being the first to make soap, used snails to make a dye that served as the basis of a thriving textile business. Their purple cloth was a prized commodity at the time King Solomon was rebuilding the temple. The development of processed iron had a great influence on determining the military powers of the ancient world. Iron swords were used throughout the Middle East and Greek peninsula over one thousand years before Christ. Until then, the best armament had been bronze swords, but those shattered into pieces under a heavy blow from the stronger iron weapons. When the Philistines occupied Canaan during the days of Saul, they did not allow the Israelites to make iron weapons (1 Sam. 13:19–22). The Chemistry of the Alchemists Alchemists often dabbled in astrology, incantations, and other ac- tivities that seemed to them to link the spiritual with the scientific. You may wonder if a Christian should be involved in such a science that had its root in occultism and black magic. A Christian, through his practice of chemistry, can reshape the science to bring God glory. A Christian practice of chemistry involves wisely using the resources God has given us for mankind’s benefit and discovering the intrica- cies in God’s creation, which reveals to us a little of His wonderful character. Francis Bacon noted the contribution of the alchemists to the field of chemistry when he wrote the following: Alchemy was like the man who told his sons he had left them gold buried somewhere in his vineyard; where they by digging found no gold, but by turning up the [dirt] about the roots procured a plentiful vintage. Alchemy made its first steps toward modern chemistry under the guidance of the Swiss alchemist Philippus Paracelsus. In the early 1500s, Paracelsus promoted the use of chemicals to treat disease. Philippus Paracelsus (1493–1541) was an alchemist born in Einsiedeln, Switzerland. This application of chemistry to medicine became the forerunner He spent most of his adult life traveling of modern pharmacology. Pharmacology is the science of making, through Europe, Asia, and Russia as a phy- using, and studying the effects of medicinal drugs. The relationship sician. His experimental approach revolu- between chemistry and medicine is even more important today. As tionized the field of medicine. a result, all students studying to be medical doctors, nurses, or phar- macists are required to study chemistry. © BJU Press. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Chapter 10 – Chemical Reactions Notes
Chapter 8 – Chemical Reactions Notes Chemical Reactions: Chemical reactions are processes in which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different chemical compounds. How to tell if a chemical reaction has occurred (recap): Temperature changes that can’t be accounted for. o Exothermic reactions give off energy (as in fire). o Endothermic reactions absorb energy (as in a cold pack). Spontaneous color change. o This happens when things rust, when they rot, and when they burn. Appearance of a solid when two liquids are mixed. o This solid is called a precipitate. Formation of a gas / bubbling, as when vinegar and baking soda are mixed. Overall, the most important thing to remember is that a chemical reaction produces a whole new chemical compound. Just changing the way that something looks (breaking, melting, dissolving, etc) isn’t enough to qualify something as a chemical reaction! Balancing Equations Notes: Things to keep in mind when looking at the recipes for chemical reactions: 1) The stuff before the arrow is referred to as the “reactants” or “reagents”, and the stuff after the arrow is called the “products.” 2) The number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the arrow. Even though there may be different numbers of molecules, the number of atoms of each element needs to remain the same to obey the law of conservation of mass. 3) The numbers in front of the formulas tell you how many molecules or moles of each chemical are involved in the reaction. 4) Equations are nothing more than chemical recipes.
[Show full text]
Chemistry - B.S
Chemistry - B.S. College of (Biochemistry Option) Arts and Sciences The Department of Chemistry offers the Bachelor of Science degree for students who Graduation Composition and Communication Requirement intend to become professional chemists or do graduate work in chemistry or a closely (GCCR) related discipline. There are three options in the B.S. program: a traditional track WRD 310 Writing in the Natural Sciences ............................................................. 3 covering all the major areas of chemistry, an option that emphasizes biochemistry and an option in materials chemistry. The Biochemistry and Traditional Options are Graduation Composition and Communication certified by the American Chemical Society. A Bachelor of Arts degree program is Requirement hours (GCCR) .................................................................... 3 offered as well for students who want greater flexibility in the selection of courses to perhaps pursue more diverse degree options, including dual and double majors. For College Requirements all majors CHE 109 and CHE 110 have been defined as equivalent to CHE 105. The I. Foreign Language (placement exam recommended) ................................... 0-14 Department also offers the Master of Science and the Doctor of Philosophy degree. II. Disciplinary Requirements a. Natural Science (completed by Major Requirements) 128 hours b. Social Science ......................................................................................... 3 Any student earning a Bachelor of Science (BS)
[Show full text]
Chemical Matter: Elements and Their Classification Through the Periodic System - Renato Ugo
FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY – Vol. I - Chemical Matter: Elements and Their Classification Through the Periodic System - Renato Ugo CHEMICAL MATTER: ELEMENTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION THROUGH THE PERIODIC SYSTEM Renato Ugo Università di Milano, Italy Keywords: chemical elements, electrochemical properties, electron affinities, electronegativity, electronic structure of atoms, ionization energies, metals, nonmetals, periodic table, size of atoms. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Introduction to the Electronic Structure of Atoms 3. The Building Up of the Periodic Table 4. The Periodical Trends of Some Physical Properties 4.1. Ionization Energies 4.2. Size of Atoms 4.3. Electron Affinities 5. Some Periodical Trends of the Chemical Behavior 5.1. From Metals to Nonmetals 5.2. The Binding Energies 5.3. Electronegativity 5.4. The Electrochemical Properties of the Metallic Elements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The building up of the periodic table of the elements, based on the aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule is described and explained on the basis of a preliminary introduction to the electronic structure of atoms. The periodicUNESCO trends of ionization energies, si–zes ofEOLSS atoms, electron affinities, and of the electronegativity of the elements are discussed together with some periodical chemical properties, such as binding energies, electrochemical properties of metals, and the shift along the periodicSAMPLE table from metals to nonmetals. CHAPTERS 1. Introduction Chemistry is an experimental science that involves an enormous number of observations and requires the investigation of all the various aspects of the properties of matter. For such a reason, from the beginning of the development of chemistry as a science at the end of the eighteenth century it was essential to try to rationalize the complexity of the elements’ physical and chemical behavior, which at first sight were completely casual.
[Show full text]
Unit 1 – Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Introduction to the Atom
Unit 1 – Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Introduction to the atom Modern Atomic Theory All matter is composed of atoms Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions. However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear reactions! Every atom has different properties from other atoms Ex: grinding down a gold ring Modern Atomic Theory Wait, it’s “only” a theory? Why are we learning it then? •A theory is a powerful term in science Theory -A set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon. Ex: Cell theory & Evolutionary theory We can now see atoms …sort of In 1981 a STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope) was created. - We can see them and manipulate them. The Kanji characters for "atom." This image was formed by using the tiny tip of an STM to pick up individual atoms of iron and place them on a copper (111) surface. Nanotechnology is coming Atoms can be moved and molded to make various devices such as molecular motors Structure of the Atom Accessing Prior Knowledge 1. Based on your previous science classes, draw a generic atom and label where you’d find the nucleus, protons, neutrons, & electrons. 2. For a common beryllium atom, what is the: a) # protons? b) # neutrons? c) # electrons? Structure of an Atom Electrons (in electron cloud) 1/2000th the mass of P+ & N Nucleus (protons + neutrons) Particle Charge Mass Location Purpose # Electron -1 0 Electron Behavior of cloud element Proton +1 1 Nucleus Identity of element Neutron 0 1 Nucleus Stability of nucleus Charges in an Atom The atom is generally neutral because: # of negative electrons = # of positive protons The nucleus is positively charged because: Contains positive protons (and neutrons which don’t have a charge).
[Show full text]
BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR the Biochemistry Major Is Offered Through the Department of Chemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR The Biochemistry major is offered through the Department of Chemistry. This sequence is recommended for students planning entry into graduate school in Biochemistry, Pharmacology, or related subjects. It is also strongly recommend for those desiring to pursue medical or dental school. NOTE: This course sequence may be modified to include a Senior Capstone Experience. FIRST YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits General Chemistry I for Majors (CHE111) 3 General Chemistry II for Majors (CHE112) 3 General Chemistry I Lab for Majors (CHE111L) 1 General Chemistry II Lab for Majors (CHE112L) 1 General Chemistry I Récitation (CHE111R) 0 General Chemistry II Récitation (CHE112R) 0 Precalculus (MAT116 or MAT120) 3-4 Calculus I (MAT231) 4 First Year Composition (ENG103) 4 Foreign Language (FL201) 4 African Diaspora/World I (ADW111) 4 African Diaspora/World II (ADW112) 4 First Year Experience (FYE 101-Chemistry) 1 First Year Experience (FYE 102-Chemistry) 1 First Year Seminar in Chemistry (CHE101) 0 Big Questions Colloquia (BQC) 1 TOTAL HOURS 16-17 TOTAL HOURS 18 SOPHOMORE YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits Organic Chemistry I for Majors (CHE231) 4 Organic Chemistry II for Majors (CHE232) 4 Organic Chemistry I Lab (CHE233L) 1 Organic Chemistry II Lab (CHE234L) 1 Organic Chemistry I Récitation (CHE233R) 0 Organic Chemistry II Récitation (CHE234R) 0 Biology of the Cell (BIO120) 4 Organismal Form and Function(BIO115) 4 Calculus II (MAT 232) 4 Physics I: Mechanics & Lab (PHY151) 4 Foreign Language (FL202)
[Show full text]
The Paracelsians and the Chemists: the Chemical Dilemma in Renaissance Medicine
Clio Medica, Vol7, No.3, pp. 185-199, 1972 The Paracelsians and the Chemists: the Chemical Dilemma in Renaissance Medicine ALLEN G. DEBUS* Accounts of Renaissance iatrochemistry have traditionally emphasized the con flict over the introduction of chemically prepared medicines. The importance of this cannot be denied, but the texts of the period indicate that this formed only part of a broader debate involving the relationship of chemistry to medicine - and indeed, to nature as a whole. The Paracelsian chemists argued forcefully that much - if not all - of the fabric of ancient medicine should be scrapped, and that a new medicine based on a chemical philosophy of the universe should be offered in its place. For them a proper understanding of the macrocosm and the microcosm would indicate to the true physician the correct cures for diseases. Others - who spoke with no less conviction of the benefits of chemistry for medicine - disagreed with the Paracelsians over the application of chemistry to cosmological problems. For these chemists the introduction of the new remedies and the Paracelsian principles were useful and necessary for the physician, but they were properly to be used along with the traditional Aristotelian-Galenic conceptual scheme. The purpose of the present paper is to give some indication of the deep divisions that separated chemical physicians from each other in this crucial period. By way of background it should be noted that most chemical physicians of the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries did not consider their work to be entirely new. They openly drew upon the writings of Islamic physicians and alchemists as well as a host of Latin scholars of the Middle Ages who had turned to chemical operations as a basic tool for the preparation of medicines.
[Show full text]
Ge Hong's Master Who Embraces Simplicity (Baopuzi). In: Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident
Michael Puett Humans, Spirits, and Sages in Chinese Late Antiquity : Ge Hong's Master Who Embraces Simplicity (Baopuzi). In: Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident. 2007, N°29, pp. 95-119. Abstract This paper attempts to answer the questions : What was Ge Hong trying to do when he wrote the Baopuzi ? What were his arguments ? And why, within the context of the time, were these arguments significant ? In answering these questions, the essay claims that there is a unified set of ideas concerning humans, sages, and the spirit world in the Baopuzi. Moreover, it is a set of ideas that underlies both the inner and outer portions of the text. Michael Puett m^nMMtanammm.mi «##»*, «KHira, «h»a. mxu Résumé Hommes, esprits et sages dans l'Antiquité tardive : Le Maître qui embrasse la simplicité (Baopuzi) de Ge Hong Le présent article s'efforce de répondre à la question de savoir quelle pouvait être la visée de Ge Hong lorsqu'il composa le Baopuzi. Quelles idées y a-t-il avancées et comment les a-t-il défendues ? Enfin, qu'est- ce qui à la lumière de son époque donne à ses arguments un tour si particulier ? Nous soutenons dans ces pages qu'il y a une réelle cohérence argumentative et une vision d'ensemble dans le discours de Ge Hong sur les humains, les sages et les esprits. Cette ensemble d'idées innerve aussi bien les chapitres intérieurs qu'extérieurs de l'ouvrage. Citer ce document / Cite this document : Puett Michael. Humans, Spirits, and Sages in Chinese Late Antiquity : Ge Hong's Master Who Embraces Simplicity (Baopuzi).
[Show full text]
Magic, Mysticism, and Modern Medicine: the Influence of Alchemy on Seventeenth-Century England
Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects History Department 4-2004 Magic, Mysticism, and Modern Medicine: The Influence of Alchemy on Seventeenth-Century England Lindsay Fitzharris '04 Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Fitzharris '04, Lindsay, "Magic, Mysticism, and Modern Medicine: The Influence of Alchemy on Seventeenth-Century England" (2004). Honors Projects. 16. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj/16 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. • ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY MAGIC, MYSTICISM, AND MODERN MEDICINE: THE INFLUENCE OF ALCHEMY ON SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND A THESIS PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY IN CANDIDACY FOR AN HONORS BACHELORS OF ARTS DEGREE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY LINDSAY A. FITZHARRIS BLOOMINGTON, ILLINOIS APRIL 2004 • [T]he historian of science can not devote much attention to the study of superstition and magic, that is, of unreason, because this does not help him very much to understand human progress.
[Show full text]
The Philosophers' Stone: Alchemical Imagination and the Soul's Logical
Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 2014 The hiP losophers' Stone: Alchemical Imagination and the Soul's Logical Life Stanton Marlan Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Marlan, S. (2014). The hiP losophers' Stone: Alchemical Imagination and the Soul's Logical Life (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/874 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PHILOSOPHERS’ STONE: ALCHEMICAL IMAGINATION AND THE SOUL’S LOGICAL LIFE A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Stanton Marlan December 2014 Copyright by Stanton Marlan 2014 THE PHILOSOPHERS’ STONE: ALCHEMICAL IMAGINATION AND THE SOUL’S LOGICAL LIFE By Stanton Marlan Approved November 20, 2014 ________________________________ ________________________________ Tom Rockmore, Ph.D. James Swindal, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Professor of Philosophy Emeritus (Committee Member) (Committee Chair) ________________________________ Edward Casey, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at Stony Brook University (Committee Member) ________________________________ ________________________________ James Swindal, Ph.D. Ronald Polansky, Ph.D. Dean, The McAnulty College and Chair, Department of Philosophy Graduate School of Liberal Arts Professor of Philosophy Professor of Philosophy iii ABSTRACT THE PHILOSOPHERS’ STONE: ALCHEMICAL IMAGINATION AND THE SOUL’S LOGICAL LIFE By Stanton Marlan December 2014 Dissertation supervised by Tom Rockmore, Ph.D.
[Show full text]
Chemical Reactions and Quantities
Chemical Reactions and Quantities Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions occur Everywhere… • …when fuel burns with oxygen in our cars to make the car move… • …when we cook our food… • …when we dye our hair… • …in our bodies, chemical reactions convert food into molecules that build and move muscle… • …in leaves of trees and plants, carbon dioxide and water are converted to carbohydrates… Some chemical reactions are simple, whereas others are quite complex… • However, they can all be written by chemical equations that chemists use to describe chemical reactions. • In every chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to give new substances. – Just like following a recipe, certain ingredients are combined (and often heated) to form something new. Chapter Seven 7.1 – Equations for Chemical Reactions 7.2 – Types of Reactions 7.3 – Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 7.4 – The Mole 7.5 – Molar Mass and Calculations 7.6 – Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations 7.7 – Mass Calculations for Reactions 7.8 – Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield 7.9 – Energy in Chemical Reactions 7.1 Equations for Chemical Reactions Write a balanced equation from formulas of the reactants and products for a reaction; determine the number of atoms in the reactants and products. Chemical Change • A chemical change occurs when a substance is converted into one or more new substances that have different formulas and properties. • For example, when silver tarnishes, the shiny, silver metal (Ag) reacts with sulfur (S) to become the dull, black substance we call tarnish (Ag2S). Chemical Reaction • A chemical reaction always involves a chemical change because atoms of the reacting substances form new combinations with new properties.
[Show full text]
Volatility and the Alchemy of Risk
Volatility and the Alchemy of Risk Reflexivity in the Shadows of Black Monday 1987 Christopher Cole The Ouroboros, a Greek word meaning ‘tail debt expansion, asset volatility, and financial Artemis Capital Managment devourer’, is the ancient symbol of a snake engineering that allocates risk based on that consuming its own body in perfect symmetry. volatility. In this self-reflexive loop volatility The imagery of the Ouroboros evokes the can reinforce itself both lower and higher. In infinite nature of creation from destruction. The a market where stocks and bonds are both sign appears across cultures and is an important overvalued, financial alchemy is the only way to icon in the esoteric tradition of Alchemy. feed our global hunger for yield, until it kills the Egyptian mystics first derived the symbol very system it is nourishing. from a real phenomenon in nature. In extreme The Global Short Volatility trade now heat a snake, unable to self-regulate its body represents an estimated $2+ trillion in financial temperature, will experience an out-of-control engineering strategies that simultaneously exert spike in its metabolism. In a state of mania, the influence over, and are influenced by, stock snake is unable to differentiate its own tail from market volatility.2 We broadly define the short its prey, and will attack itself, self-cannibalizing volatility trade as any financial strategy that until it perishes. In nature and markets, when relies on the assumption of market stability to randomness self-organizes into too perfect generate returns, while using volatility itself symmetry, order becomes the source of chaos.1 as an input for risk taking.
[Show full text]
Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity CALIFORNIA CLASSICAL STUDIES
Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity CALIFORNIA CLASSICAL STUDIES NUMBER 7 Editorial Board Chair: Donald Mastronarde Editorial Board: Alessandro Barchiesi, Todd Hickey, Emily Mackil, Richard Martin, Robert Morstein-Marx, J. Theodore Peña, Kim Shelton California Classical Studies publishes peer-reviewed long-form scholarship with online open access and print-on-demand availability. The primary aim of the series is to disseminate basic research (editing and analysis of primary materials both textual and physical), data-heavy re- search, and highly specialized research of the kind that is either hard to place with the leading publishers in Classics or extremely expensive for libraries and individuals when produced by a leading academic publisher. In addition to promoting archaeological publications, papyrolog- ical and epigraphic studies, technical textual studies, and the like, the series will also produce selected titles of a more general profile. The startup phase of this project (2013–2017) was supported by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Also in the series: Number 1: Leslie Kurke, The Traffic in Praise: Pindar and the Poetics of Social Economy, 2013 Number 2: Edward Courtney, A Commentary on the Satires of Juvenal, 2013 Number 3: Mark Griffith, Greek Satyr Play: Five Studies, 2015 Number 4: Mirjam Kotwick, Alexander of Aphrodisias and the Text of Aristotle’s Meta- physics, 2016 Number 5: Joey Williams, The Archaeology of Roman Surveillance in the Central Alentejo, Portugal, 2017 Number 6: Donald J. Mastronarde, Preliminary Studies on the Scholia to Euripides, 2017 Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity Olivier Dufault CALIFORNIA CLASSICAL STUDIES Berkeley, California © 2019 by Olivier Dufault.
[Show full text]