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Citizen Scientists Highlight Conservation Value of a Small Subtropical Reef

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Citizen Scientists Highlight Conservation Value of a Small Subtropical Reef bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/602631; this version posted April 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Citizen scientists highlight conservation value of a small subtropical reef, 2 Flinders Reef, southeast Queensland, Australia 3 (Short title: A citizen science approach for environmental monitoring) 4 5 Authors: Monique G.G. Grol1,2,10*¶, Julie Vercelloni1,3¶, Tania M. Kenyon1,3,4¶, Elisa 6 Bayraktarov1,5&, Cedric P. van den Berg1,6,7&, Daniel Haris8, Jennifer A. Loder1,9,10&, Morana 7 Mihaljević1,11,12&, Phebe I. Rowland1&, Chris M. Roelfsema1,8¶ 8 9 1 UniDive, The University of Queensland Underwater Club, 159 Sir William MacGregor 10 Drive, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia 11 2 CoralWatch, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 12 Queensland, Australia 13 3 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of 14 Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia 15 4 Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, 16 St Lucia, Queensland, Australia 17 5 Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 18 Queensland, Australia 19 6 Visual Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St 20 Lucia, Queensland, Australia 21 7 Sensory Neurophysiology Lab, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, 22 St Lucia, Queensland, Australia 23 8 Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The 24 University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia 25 9 Reef Check Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/602631; this version posted April 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 26 10 Reef Citizen Science Alliance, Queensland, Australia 27 11 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 28 Queensland, Australia 29 12 Science Lab UZH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 30 31 * Corresponding author 32 Email: [email protected] (MGGG) 33 34 Author contributions 35 ¶These authors contributed equally to this work. 36 &These authors also contributed equally to this work. 37 38 Abstract 39 Subtropical reefs are unique ecosystems that require effective management – informed by 40 regular ecological monitoring – to foster resilience to environmental changes. Resources to 41 conduct monitoring are limited, and citizen science can complement data from local 42 management agencies. Here, citizen science efforts document the ecological status of a 43 subtropical reef, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay Marine Park, Australia. Ecological surveys, 44 following Reef Check Australia and CoralWatch protocols, were conducted by 44 trained 45 volunteers. Ten sites at Flinders Reef were surveyed at 5-10 m depth in autumn and spring. 46 Additionally, underwater photos and depth surveys were integrated with satellite imagery to 47 create a detailed habitat map. Coral cover across sites ranged between 14% and 67%. 48 Branching corals dominated the site with 67% cover and showed 89% dissimilarity in coral 49 community composition compared to other sites. Coral community composition was mostly 50 explained by spatial variation, of which 16% was influenced by wave exposure. Observed 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/602631; this version posted April 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 51 reef impacts including physical damage, unknown scars and coral disease were three times 52 lower than studies on more accessible reefs in Moreton Bay Marine Park. Invertebrate 53 abundance was relatively low (6.65 individuals per 100 m2), with the most abundant groups 54 observed being sea urchins (Diadema spp.), gastropods (Drupella spp.) and anemones. 55 Butterflyfish were recorded at every site and were the most abundant fish group surveyed. 56 Findings highlight the healthy condition of Flinders Reef, likely influenced by its offshore 57 location and protection status as a ‘no-take’ zone. This study demonstrates that increasing the 58 current 500m radius protection zone by a further 500m could double the protected area of 59 coral, offering potential further conservation benefits. The findings resulting from the 60 ecological data analysis and created benthic habitat map, provide an example of how citizen 61 science based projects can assist marine park authorities and the public in ongoing 62 conservation efforts. 63 64 Introduction 65 Subtropical, high-latitude reefs occur in a transition zone between tropical and temperate 66 regions. The mixing of warm and cold waters creates a unique climate in which marine 67 communities comprise tropical, subtropical and temperate species [1-3]. Though subtropical 68 coral community diversity is generally lower than on tropical reefs, coral cover can be 69 comparably high in some locations [4]. 70 71 High-latitude coral communities of eastern Australia, such as those in Moreton Bay, 72 Queensland, are commonly dominated by generalist, stress-tolerant species that are 73 seemingly well adapted to marginal environmental conditions [5]. Reef building coral taxa 74 typical of tropical reefs are often absent, macroalgal cover often high, and communities are 75 commonly structured by wave energy and exposure [6-9]. Like their tropical counterparts, 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/602631; this version posted April 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 76 these subtropical reefs are subject to climate change [5,10], as well as more localised 77 anthropogenic stressors including pollution, eutrophication, overfishing, and other physical 78 damage [3,11]. As sea surface temperatures increase, subtropical reefs are commonly 79 promoted as potential refuges for the conservation of tropical reef species moving poleward 80 under future climate change scenarios [10,12-14]. Despite the ecological value of subtropical 81 reefs now and into the future, they typically receive less attention and are understudied 82 compared to tropical reefs, which are highly recognised for their high biodiversity and 83 importance to tourism [12,15]. 84 85 The pressures of rapid population growth in the southeast Queensland region of Australia 86 have been specifically highlighted for Moreton Bay [11], located in proximity to the greater 87 Brisbane area of 2.3 million people [16]. To understand the potential impacts of ever- 88 increasing pressures on coral communities in this region and deliver management strategies 89 to ensure their longevity, the collection of long-term ecological monitoring data is essential 90 [17]. Unfortunately, many subtropical reefs have limited long-term monitoring programs in 91 place [15]. 92 93 Citizen science programs that engage the community in data collection, analyses and 94 reporting can provide scientific data to monitor changes and contribute to the development of 95 effective environmental management strategies [15,18-20]. Global citizen science 96 organisations such as Reef Check (http://www.reefcheck.org) and CoralWatch 97 (https://www.coralwatch.org) empower citizens to carry out visual surveys of coral health, 98 benthic habitat composition, anthropogenic impacts and invertebrate and fish biodiversity on 99 coral reefs. This information is collated into global publicly-accessible databases that 100 contribute to research, management and conservation practices [21-24]. In addition to 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/602631; this version posted April 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 101 generating scientific data, citizen science programs improve community knowledge about 102 ecosystem function and threats, thus enhancing public stewardship of those ecosystems 103 [18,22,25]. 104 105 Flinders Reef is a relatively small subtropical reef located at the northern entrance to Moreton 106 Bay. The reef is protected as a Marine National Park Zone (also referred to as a green zone, 107 i.e., a 'no-take' area where extractive activities like fishing or collecting are not allowed 108 without a permit) within the Moreton Bay Marine Park. Moreton Bay provides habitat for 109 many marine species including over 1,600 invertebrates, 125 coral species, 9 species of 110 dolphin, migrating humpback whales, manta rays, grey nurse sharks, leopard sharks, and 111 large herds of dugong [26]. Reef Health Impact Surveys [23] are carried out at Finders Reef 112 by Queensland Parks and Wildlife Services intermittently, and CoralWatch
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